Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Mc Lc
BI 1 : GII THIU V VI IU KHIN AVR.................................................. 5
1. Gii thiu v vi iu khin ............................................................................. 5
2. Gii thiu v vi iu khin AVR ................................................................... 7
3. Lp trnh cho AVR....................................................................................... 10
BI 2 : GIAO TIP VO RA I/O ........................................................................ 17
1. Gii thiu giao tip vo ra I/O ..................................................................... 17
2. Cch cu hnh chc nng IO ........................................................................ 18
3. V d minh ha ............................................................................................. 19
BI 3 : GIAO TIP VI LED 7 THANH............................................................ 24
1. C bn v led 7 thanh................................................................................... 24
2. Nguyn l lp trnh cho led 7 thanh.............................................................. 26
3. V d minh ha ............................................................................................. 27
BI 4 : GIAO TIP VI BN PHM .................................................................. 31
1. C bn v phm bm .................................................................................... 31
2. Chng trnh v d ....................................................................................... 32
3. K thut chng rung bn phm...................................................................... 34
BI 5 : B CHUYN I ADC.......................................................................... 36
1. Gii thiu v ADC ....................................................................................... 36
2. Cch cu hnh ADC trong Code Vision cho Atmega32. ............................. 38
3. V d minh ha ............................................................................................. 39
BI 6 : GIAO TIP LCD...................................................................................... 41
1. Gii thiu v LCD 16x2............................................................................... 41
2. Cch cu hnh cho LCD trong Code Vision cho Atmega32........................ 47
3.
V d.......................................................................................................... 49
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S chn Atmega32
M t chc nng cc chn ca atmega32
- Vcc v GND 2 chn cp ngun cho vi iu khin hot ng.
- Reset y l chn reset cng khi ng li mi hot ng ca h thng.
- 2 chn XTAL1, XTAL2 cc chn to b dao ng ngoi cho vi iu khin,
cc chn ny c ni vi thch anh (hay s dng loi 4M), t gm (22p).
- Chn Vref thng ni ln 5v(Vcc), nhng khi s dng b ADC th chn
ny c s dng lm in th so snh, khi chn ny phi cp cho n
in p c nh, c th s dng diode zener:
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- S dng chp AVR no v thch anh tn s bao nhiu ta nhp vo tab Chip.
khi to cho cc cng IO ta chuyn qua tab Ports.
- Cc chn IO ca AVR mc nh trng thi IN, mun chuyn thnh trng
thi OUT c th a cc mc logic ra ta click chut vo cc nt IN (mu
trng) n chuyn thnh OUT trong cc Tab Port. Sau chn File ->
Generate, Save and Exit.
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Ta c nh sau :
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3. V d minh ha
Chng trnh sau s lm nhp nhy c 8 led, led ni vo port A.
Phn tch
Chng trnh trn rt n gin, s thut ton ca chng trnh trn nh
sau :
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Sau khi vit xong chng trnh, chng ta nhn Shift+F9 bin dch. Nu
chng trnh khng c li v bin dch thnh cng, s c thng bo nh sau :
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Chng ta c ca s nh sau :
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- C bn v led 7 thanh
- Nguyn l lp trnh led 7 thanh.
- V d minh ha
1. C bn v led 7 thanh
bi hc ny, chng ta s hc v giao tip gia AVR v led 7 thanh ,cc
hin th s trn led 7 thanh , cng nh cc gii thut v qut led.
Led 7 thanh l linh kin in t dng hin th s. u im ca led 7
thanh l gi thnh r, khong cch quan st xa v d dng trong lp trnh. Nhc
im l led 7 thanh ch hin th c 1 s k t nht nh.
Led 7 thanh c 2 loi l anot chung v catot chung. C hnh dng thc t v
hnh dng nguyn l nh hnh sau :
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10 9
B
7
C
6
D
4
E
2
D13A
Anot chung
F
1
G DP
10 9 5
D12A
Catot chung
8 3
8 3
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S ghp ni vi vi iu khin
Led 7 thanh bao gm 7 thanh a,b,c,d,e,f,g v 1 thanh dp, mi thanh l mt
led. Ty vo cch ni chung anot hay catot gia cc thanh m ta c 2 loi anot
chung hoc catot chung.
Nh hnh v trn, led 7 thanh c dng anot chung, mun thanh no sng, chng
ta ch vic cp in p dng vo chn tng ng, khi led tng ng vi thanh
s c phn cc thun v pht sng.
V d nh hnh v trn, sng thnh hnh s 5, ta cn cc thanh a,f,g,c,d sng,
khi ta cn cp mc logic 1 (tng ng vi in p 5V) vo cc chn tng ng,
v kt qu l ta c 1 chui s nh phn 10110110, hay dng m hex : 0xB6.
Bng cch tng t, ta cng to c gi tr (m) xut ra port ca vi iu
khin led sng cc s t 0 n 9. Ngi ta thng to ra 1 bng m nh vy
nh vy tin s dng.
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3. V d minh ha
v d sau, chng ta s hin th ln lt cc s t 0 n 9 ln led 7 thanh.
S mch :
Bng m ha cc ch s
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Chng trnh
Trong chng trnh trn, cc cu lnh cu hnh tng t nh phn trc, chng
ta ch phn tch v thut ton.
Bin font[] l mt mng s kiu char, dng lu tr cc m ca cc s tng
ng, v d s 0 s c m l phn t u tin ca mng : font[0] hay 0xC0, tng
t, s 1 s c m l font[1] hay 0xF9
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Bi tp
- Vit chng trnh hin th s 1234 led 4 led 7 thanh theo nh gi trn.
- Vit chng trnh m trong 1 khong bt k nh hn 9999, v d t 1000
n 65535. S m c hin th ln 4 led 7 thanh.
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1. C bn v phm bm
Bn phm c s dng trong rt nhiu cc thit b, gip ngi s dng
la chn cc chc nng ca thit b. C th ni giao tip bn phm l mt ng
dng kh quan trng.
Phm bm thng dng nht c cu to gm 2 u tip xc, mi khi chng ta
bm phm, 2 u ny s chm vo nhau (xem hnh v s nguyn l bn di).
Ngoi ra cn nhiu loi phm bm khc, v cu to cng khc, c th l
phm bm thng ng, khi ta bm phm th 2 u tip xc khng thng nhau.
Hoc cng c loi phm bm cm ng, da trn s thay i in tr ca mng
in tr, hoc da trn s thay i in dung hay in cm mi khi c tay ngi
chm vo.
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2. Chng trnh v d
v d ny ,chng ta s lp trnh dng bn phm iu khin cc con led bt
tt theo mun.
S nguyn l
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Chng trnh :
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}
Bi tp
- Vit chng trnh giao tip vi phm bm v led 7 thanh, mi khi bm
phm, s trn led li tng ln 1 n v. Khi s tng n 9 m bm tip th s
tr v 0.
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BI 5 : B CHUYN I ADC
- Gii thiu v ADC.
- Cch cu hnh s dng module ADC trong Code Vision cho Atmega32
- V d
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ADCSRA (ADC Control and Status Register A) : L thanh ghi iu khin hot
ng v cha trng thi ca module ADC.
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3. V d minh ha
Trong v d sau, chng ta s c gi tr ca ADC c ni vo chn A0, gi tr
ADC sau khi chuyn i c xut ra port B v D
Chng trnh
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Bi tp
Bn hy phn tch chng trnh trn v ch ra cc ch hot ng ca
module ADC c cu hnh nh trn.
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RS ( Register select)
Khi mc thp, ch th c truyn n LCD nh xo mn hnh ,v tr con
tr .Khi mc cao, k t c truyn n LCD
R/W (Read/Write)
Dng xc nh hng ca d liu c truyn gia LCD v vi iu
khin. Khi n mc thp d liu c ghi n LCD v khi mc cao, d liu
c c t LCD. Nu chng ta ch cn ghi d liu ln LCD th chng ta c th
ni chn ny xung GND tit kim chn
E (Enable)
Cho php ta truy cp/xut n LCD thng qua chn RS v R/W.Khi chn E
mc cao (1) LCD s kim tra trng thi ca 2 chn RS v R/W v p ng cho
ph hp. Khi d liu c cp n chn d liu th mt xung mc cao xung thp
phi c p n chn ny LCD cht d liu trn cc chn d liu. Xung ny
phi rng ti thiu l 450ns. Cn khi chn E mc thp (0), LCD s b v hiu
ho hoc b qua tn hiu ca 2 chn RS v R/W.
Cc chn D0 - D7
y l 8 chn d liu 8 bt, c dng gi thng tin ln LCD hoc c
ni dung ca cc thanh ghi trong LCD. Cc k t c truyn theo m tng ng
trong bng m ascii. Cng c cc m lnh m c th c gi n LCD xo
mn hnh hoc a con tr v u dng hoc nhp nhy con tr.
LCD c 2 ch giao tip, ch 4 bit (ch dng 4 chn D4 n D7
truyn d liu) v ch 8 bit (dng c 8 chn d liu t D0 n D7), ch 4
bit, khi truyn 1 byte, chng ta s truyn na cao ca byte trc, sau mi
truyn na thp ca byte.
Trc khi truyn cc k t ra mn hnh LCD ta cn thit lp cho LCD nh
chn ch 4 bit hoc 8 bit, 1 dng hay 2 dng ,bt/tt con tr Di y l
bng tp lnh ca LCD :
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c thanh ghi lnh,ta phi t RS=0 v R/W =1 v xung cao xung thp
cho bt E. Sau khi c thanh ghi lnh,nu bit D7(c bn ) mc cao th LCD bn,
khng c thng tin hay lnh no c xut n n. Khi D7=0 mi c th gi lnh
hay d liu n LCD. Chng ta nn kim tra bit c bn trc khi ghi thng tin ln
LCD.
Bng d liu ca LCD
C th di chuyn con tr n v tr bt k trn mn hnh LCD bng cch np
vo cc gi tr tng ng nh bng sau v gi yu cu n LCD:
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S kt ni vi vi iu khin :
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3. V d
Trong v d sau, chng ta s hin th dng ch LOP HOC VKD AVR ln
LCD, LCD ni vo port B, s kt ni ch ra nh trn.
Chng trnh :
Bi tp
Cc hm c sn trong th vin ch h tr chng ta hin th k t ln LCD,
by gi bn hy lp trnh mt hm sao cho c th hin th s thc, s nguyn ln
LCD, i s truyn vo l s cn hin th.
Gi :
Cc k t hin th ln LCD tun theo chun trong bng m ASCII, mun
hin th k t no, chng ta c th truyn lun k t vo hm lcd_putc() hoc c
th cho i s truyn vo l v tr ca k t trong bng m ASCII.
V d s 1 c v tr l 49 trong bng m ASCII, nh vy mun hin th s 1
ln LCD, chng ta dng th c 2 cch sau :
lcd_putchar (1);
Hoc
lcd_putchar (49);
Hay :
GIO TRNH VI IU KHIN AVR
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- C bn v led ma trn
- Cch to font cho led ma trn
- V d minh ha
1. C bn v led ma trn
Led ma trn l mt lot cc led n c sp xp thnh cc hng v cc ct
dng ma trn, cc led c cng hng th s chung 1 chn, chn cn li ni chung
vi cc led nm cng ct.
Ma trn led c ng dng rt nhiu trong thc t, in hnh l cc bng
quang bo.
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C 1 cch qut led ma trn l qut theo hng v qut theo ct, v d trong
bi s trnh by cc qut theo hng (ma trn led chng ta s dng l ma trn kch
c 8x8), y cng l cch qut led ph bin hin nay.
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3. V d minh ha.
on chng trnh sau s lm hin th ch A ln led ma trn, cc hng v
cc ct c ni tng ng vo cc port B v D :
Bi tp
Da vo nguyn l to ch A trn, bn hy to v vit chng trnh hin
th cc k t bt k trong bng ch ci
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3. V d.
Sau y l mt chng trnh minh ha giao tip RS232, chng trnh s
lin tc gi chui k t ln Chuong trinh giao tiep RS232 ln PC.
Mch nguyn l :
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- Nu li xut hin hp thoi nhc nh nhp tn thng tin khu vc, chng ta
lm nh trn.
- Sau , chng ta chn cc thng s thit lp kt ni :
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Bi tp:
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3. V d
V d sau s s dng module I2C c trong Atmega32 giao tip vi IC thi
gian thc DS1307, khi khi ng chng ta t giy trong DS1307 l 5s, sau
chng ta c li t DS1307 ri hin th s giy ln LCD.
S lc v DS1307
DS1307 l IC thi gian thc, s dng giao tip I2C giao tip vi cc
thit b khc. D liu trong DS1307 nh gi, pht, giy c t ti cc a ch
c nh, c cung cp bi nh sn xut. Vic c hay ghi gi, pht, giy
chng ta s c/ghi vo cc a ch tng ng.
S chn DS1307
Chi tit v chc nng v a ch ca cc d liu trong DS1307, cc bn c
th tham kho trong datasheet.
Mt iu lu l d liu trong DS1307 c lu di dng s BCD, trong
khi d liu dng trong vi iu khin li di dng s nh phn, do vy, trc
khi c, ghi d liu, chng ta phi chuyn i gia 2 loi s ny cho ph hp.
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Chng trnh :
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Bi tp :
- Da vo chng trnh mu trn, hy vit chng trnh s dng DS1307,
LCD v cc phm bm cn thit lm mt lch vn nin
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BI 10 : NG C BC
- C bn v ng c bc.
- Cc mch iu khin ng c bc
- V d minh ha
1. C bn v ng c bc
ng c bc l loi ng c n gin, c chnh xc cao, iu khin d
dng, kch thc nh gi v c ng dng rt rng ri trong cc lnh vc iu
khin chuyn ng, cc ng c dng trong u a CD, trong cng... hu ht l
cc ng c bc.
ng c bc hin nay t ti chnh xc rt cao, c th quay 1,8o mi
bc.
Cc c im chnh ca ng c bc :
- Khng chi than : Khng xy ra hin tng nh la chi than lm tn
hao nng lng, ti mt s mi trng c bit (hm l...) c th gy nguy
him.
- To c mmen gi : Mt vn kh trong iu khin l iu khin
ng c tc thp m vn gi c mmen ti ln. ng c bc l
thit b lm vic tt trong vng tc nh. N c th gi c mmen
thm ch c v tr nh vo tc dng hm li ca t trng rotor.
- iu khin v tr theo vng h : Mt li th rt ln ca ng c bc l ta
c th iu chnh v tr quay ca roto theo mun m khng cn n phn
hi v tr nh cc ng c khc, khng phi dng n encoder hay my pht
tc (khc vi servo).
- c lp vi ti : Vi cc loi ng c khc, c tnh ca ti rt nh hng
ti cht lng iu khin. Vi ng c bc, tc quay ca rotor khng
ph thuc vo ti (khi vn nm trong vng momen c th ko c). Khi
GIO TRNH VI IU KHIN AVR
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2. Cc mch iu khin ng c bc
C 3 cch iu khin ng c : iu khin bc, na bc v vi bc.
chnh xc tng dn theo th t trn.
Xt v cu to th ng c bc cng c cu to gm cc cun dy, mch iu
khin ng c bc gn ging vi mch iu khin ca cc thit b nh relay,
ng c 1 chiu
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3. V d
Chng trnh sau s iu khin ng c bc 6 u dy quay theo 1 chiu
c nh, cc u dy c ni vo Port D (Xem phn define trong chng trnh).
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Bi tp
Chng trnh trong v d iu khin ng c bc theo ch bc
(cp xung vo 1 cun dy ti 1 thi im), bn hy vit chng trnh iu khin
ng c bc theo ch na bc. (cp xung vo 2 cun dy k tip nhau ti
mt thi im).
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- C bn v cng LPT
- V d minh ha
1. C bn v cng LPT
LPT l vit tt ca ch Line Print Terminal, giao tip LPT l giao tip song
song nhm mc ch ni my tnh PC vi my in. V sau, cng song song pht
trin thnh mt tiu chun khng chnh thc. Tn gi ca cng song song bt
ngun t kiu d liu truyn qua cng ny : cc bit d liu c truyn song song
hay ni c th hn l byte ni tip cn bit song song.
Cho n nay cng song song c mt hu ht cc my tnh PC c sn
xut trong nhng nm gn y. Cng song song cn c gi l cng my in hay
cng Centronics. Cu trc ca cng song song rt n gin vi tm ng d liu,
mt ng dn mass chung, bn ng dn iu khin chuyn cc d liu iu
khin ti my in v nm ng dn trng thi ca my in ngc tr li my tnh.
Giao din song song s dng cc mc logic TTL, v vy vic s dng trong mc
ch o lng v iu khin c phn n gin.
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S cng LTP
Khong cch cc i gia cng song song my tnh PC v thit b ngai vi
b hn ch v in dung k sinh v hin tng cm ng gia cc ng dn c th
lm bin dn tn hiu. Khong cch gii hn l 8m, thng thng ch c 1,5 2 m.
Khi khong cch ghp ni trn 3m nn xon cc ng dy tn hiu vi ng ni
t theo kiu cp dy xon hoc dng loi cp dt nhiu si trong mi ng
dn d liu iu nm gia hai ng ni mass.
Tc truyn d liu qua cng song song ph thuc vo linh kin phn
cng c s dng. Trn l thuyt tc truyn t gi tr 1 Mbit/s, nhng vi
khong cch truyn b hn ch trong phm vi 1m. Vi nhiu mc ch s dng th
khong cch ny hon ton tha ng. Nu cn truyn trn khong cch xa
hn, ta nn ngh n kh nng truyn qua cng ni tip hoc USB. Mt im cn
lu l : vic tng khong cch truyn d liu qua cng song song khng ch lm
tng kh nng gy li i vi ng d liu c truyn m cn lm tng chi ph
ca ng dn.
Sau y l chc nng ca cc ng dn tn hiu:
Strobe (1)
Vi mt mc logic thp chn ny, my tnh thng bo cho my in bit c
mt byte ang sn sng trn cc ng dn tn hiu c truyn.
D0 n D7
Cc ng dn d liu
Acknowledge
Vi mt mc logic thp chn ny, my in thng bo cho my tnh bit l
nhn c k t va gi v c th tip tc nhn.
Busy (bn 11)
My in gi n chn ny mc logic cao trong khi ang n nhn hoc in ra
d liu thng bo cho my tnh bit l cc b m trong my tnh bit l cc b
m trong my tnh b y hoc my in trong trn thi Off-line.
Paper empty (ht giy 12)
Mc cao chn ny c ngha l giy dng ht.
Select (13)
Mt mc cao chn ny, c ngha l my in ang trong trng thi kch
hot (On-line)
Auto Linefeed (t np dng)
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2. V d minh ha
My tnh s gi d liu (dng 8 bit) thng qua cc ng data, t DATA0
n DATA7. V s nhn d liu phn hi t thit b thng qua cc ng iu
khin, sau y l s kt ni :
Do hnh thc giao tip l giao tip song song, nn lp trnh kh n gin,
on code sau y dng nhn d liu t cng LPT v xut ra led, led c ni
vi PORT B, d liu nhn t cng LPT c ni vo PORT C.
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1. C bn v ma trn phm
Ging nh led ma trn, ma trn phm l tp hp cc phm n, c ni vi
nhau thnh dng ma trn.
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2. V d minh ha
Sau y l chng trnh minh ha cch qut phm, bn phm gm 8 phm
c ni vo Port B, gi tr ca cc phm sau khi c c a ra port C.
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Bi tp
Chng trnh trn ch c gi tr ca phm bm v xut gi tr (nh phn) ra
Port C, bn hy vit chng trnh c gi tr ca phm v xut ra led 7 thanh.
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BI 13 : TIMER
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S cu to ca Timer 0
Cc ch hot ng c ci t tr thanh thi TCCR0.
Thanh ghi TCNT0 dng cha gi tr ca Timer 0, thanh ghi ny c th
c c hay ghi.
Thanh ghi OCR0 l gi tr t trc dng so snh vi gi tr trong thanh
ghi TCNT0, khi gi tr 2 thanh ghi ny bng nhau s to ra 1 tn hiu ra chn OC0.
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S cu to ca Timer 1
Timer 2 : L timer 8 bit, c cc tnh nng sau :
- T xa khi t ti 1 gi tr t trc (T ng np li)
- B to tn s
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- H tr PWM
- m s kin (Counter)
- H tr prescaler.
- H tr clock input t thch anh 32KHz qua chn I/O.
S cu to ca Timer 2
Cc thanh ghi cho Timer 1 v timer 2 cng tng t nh timer 0, cc bn c
th tham kho trong datasheet bit r hn.
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2. V d minh ha
V d sau s s dng timer o mc logic ti port A, ch hot ng
ca timer l ch n gin nht, chng ta s dng timer 1
quan st gi tr logic ti port A, chng ta mc vo 8 led n.
Chng trnh
Bi tp
- Bn hy tnh ton xem vi cu hnh timer nh trn th sau bao lu PORT A
o gi tr mt ln.
- Vit chng trnh tr n(ms) s dng timer.
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BI 14 : NGT
-
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ISCx1
0
1
0
1
M t
Ngt INTx xy ra khi chn INTx mc thp
Ngt INTx xy ra khi c thay i mc logic chn INTx
Ngt theo sn xung
Ngt theo sn ln
M t
Ngt theo sn xung
Ngt theo sn ln
Cc bit INT0, INT1, INT2 c dng enable cc ngt tng ng, khi cc
bit ny c set ln 1, cc ngt tng ng s c enable.
Ngt timer
Ngt timer xy ra khi trn timer hoc khi gi tr trong timer t ti mt gi
tr t trc. Cu hnh timer cc bn c th tham kho bi timer, cu hnh
ngt cho timer, chng ta s dng thanh ghi TIMSK :
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- Ngt ngoi :
o t ch cho ngt : ngt theo sn ln (xung), hay ngt theo mc.
o Cho php ngt ton cc.
o Vit chng trnh cho ngt ngoi
- Ngt timer :
o
o
o
o
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3. V d
V d sau s thao tc vi ngt ngoi INT2, mi khi c ngt ngoi xy ra,
chng ta o mc logic ti PORTA. Chng ta c th mc led vo PORTA quan
st mc logic ti port A.
Chng trnh
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Bi tp
- Da vo v d trn, bn hy cu hnh s dng vi cc ngt INT0, INT1
v cc ngt timer.
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BI 15 : IU KHIN NG C MT CHIU
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2. V d minh ha
Sau y l s nguyn l 1 van ca module iu khin ng c c s
dng trong v d :
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Bi tp
c th iu khin c tc ng c 1 chiu, chng ta thay i in
p cp vo chn MotorPWM bng cch iu xung thng qua module PWM ca vi
iu khin. Bi tp dnh cho bn l hy vn dng bi hc v timer, thit lp ch
PWM iu khin tc ng c.
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1. C bn v GLCD
Graphic LCD (gi tt l GLCD) loi chm khng mu l cc loi mn hnh
tinh th lng nh dng hin th ch, s hoc hnh nh. Khc vi Text LCD,
GLCD khng c chia thnh cc hin th cc m ASCII v GLCD khng c
b nh CGRAM (Character Generation RAM). GLCD 128x64 c 128 ct v 64
hng tng ng c 128x64=8192 chm (dot). Mi chm tng ng vi 1 bit d
liu, v nh th cn 8192 bits hay 1024 bytes RAM cha d liu hin th y
mi 128x64 GLCD. Ty theo loi chip iu khin, nguyn l hot ng ca
GLCD c th khc nhau, bi ny s gii thiu loi GLCD c iu khin bi
chip KS0108 ca Samsung, c th ni GLCD vi KS0108 l ph bin nht trong
cc loi GLCD loi ny (chm, khng mu)
Hnh nh GLCD
Chip KS0108 ch c 512 bytes RAM (4096 bits = 64x64) v v th ch iu
khin hin th c 64 dng x 64 ct. iu khin GLCD 168x64 cn 2 chip
KS0108, v thc th trong cc loi GLCD c 2 chip KS0108, GLCD 128x64 do
tng t 2 GLCD 64x64 ghp li
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S chn GLCD
Chn VSS c ni trc tip vi GND, chn VDD ni vi ngun +5V, mt
bin tr khong 20K c dng chia in p gia Vdd v Vee cho chn Vo,
bng cch thay i gi tr bin tr chng ta c th iu chnh tng phn ca
GLCD. Cc chn iu khin RS, R/W, EN v cc ng d liu c ni trc tip
vi vi iu khin. Ring chn Reset (RST) c th ni trc tip vi ngun 5V.
EN (Enable): cho php mt qu trnh bt u, bnh thng chn EN c gi
mc thp, khi mt thc hin mt qu trnh no (c hoc ghi GLCD), cc chn
iu khin khc s c ci t sn sng, sau kch chn EN ln mc cao. Khi
EN c ko ln cao, GLCD bt u lm thc hin qu trnh c yu cu, chng
ta cn ch mt khong thi gian ngn cho GLCD c hoc gi d liu. Cui cng
l ko EN xung mc thp kt thc qu trnh v cng chun b chn EN cho
qu trnh sau ny.
RS (Register Select): l chn la chn gia d liu (Data) v lnh (Instruction),
v th m trong mt s ti liu bn c th thy chn RS c gi l chn DI
(Data/Instruction Select). Chn RS=1 bo rng tn hiu trn cc ng DATA
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(D0:7) l d liu ghi hoc c t RAM ca GLCD. Khi RS=0, tn hiu trn ng
DATA l mt m lnh (Instruction).
RW (Read/Write Select): chn la gia vic c v ghi. Khi RW=1, chiu truy
cp t GLCD ra ngoi (GLCD->AVR). RW=0 cho php ghi vo GLCD. Giao tip
vi GLCD ch yu l qu trnh ghi (AVR ->GLCD), ch duy nht trng hp c
d liu t GLCD l c bit BUSY v c d liu t RAM. c bit BUSY th
chng ta kho st cho Text LCD, bit ny bo GLCD c ang bn hay khng,
vic c ny s c dng vit hm wait_GLCD. c d liu t RAM ca
GLCD l mt kh nng mi m Text LCD khng c, bng vic c ngc t
GLCD vo AVR, chng ta c th thc hin nhiu php logic hnh (hay mt n,
mask) lm cho vic hin th GLCD thm th v.
CS2 v CS1 (Chip Select): nh ti trnh by trong phn trn, mi chip
KS0108 ch c kh nng iu khin mt GLCD c kch thc 64x64, trn cc
GLCD 128x64 c 2 chip KS0108 lm vic cng nhau, mi chip m nhim mt
na LCD, 2 chn CS2 v CS1 cho php chn mt chip KS0108 lm vic.
Thng thng nu CS2=0, CS1=1 th na tri c kch hot, ngc li khi
CS2=1, CS1=0 th na phi c chn. Chng ta s hiu r hn cch phi hp
lm vic ca 2 na GLCD trong phn kho st b nh ca LCD.
T chc b nh.
Chip KS0108 c mt loi b nh duy nht l RAM, khng c b nh
cha b font hay cha m font t to nh chip HD44780U ca Text LCD. V vy,
d liu ghi vo RAM s c hin th trc tip trn GLCD.
Mi chip KS0108 c 512 bytes RAM tng ng vi 4096 chm trn mt
na (64x64) LCD. RAM ca KS0108 khng cho php truy cp tng bit m theo
tng byte, iu ny c ngha l mi ln chng ta vit mt gi tr vo mt byte no
trn RAM ca GLCD, s c 8 chm b tc ng, 8 chm ny nm trn cng 1
ct. V l do ny, 64 dng GLCD thng c chia thnh 8 pages, mi page c
cao 8 bit v rng 128 ct (c 2 chip gp li). Hnh 3 m t b mt mt GLCD v
cng l cch sp xp RAM ca cc chip KS0108.
T chc RAM ca 2 chip KS0108 tri v phi hon ton tng t, vic c
hay ghi vo RAM ca 2 chip cng c thc hin nh nhau. Chng ta s chn
na tri GLCD kho st. Nh bn thy trn hnh 3, 64 dng t trn xung di
c chia thnh 8 dy m ta gi l 8 pages. Page trn cng l page 0 v page
di cng la page 7. Trong cc GLCD, page cn c gi l a ch X (X
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address), hay ni cch khc X=0 l a ch ca page trn cng, tng t nh th,
X=7 l a ch ca page di cng. Mi page cha 64 ct (ch xt 1 chip KS0108),
mi ct l mt byte RAM 8 bit, mi bit tng ng vi 1 chm trn LCD, bit c
trng s thp (LBS - tc bit D0 nh trong hnh 3) tng ng vi chm trn cao
nht. Bit c trng s cao nht (MBS - tc bit D7 nh trong hnh 3) tng ng vi
chm thp nht trong 1 page. Th t cc ct trong 1 page gi l a ch Y (Y
address), nh th ct u tin c a ch Y = 0 trong khi ct cui cng c a ch Y
l 63.
Bng cch phi hp a ch X v a ch Y chng ta xc nh c v tr ca
byte cn c hoc ghi. Chip KS0108, tt nhin, s h tr cc lnh di chuyn n
a ch X v Y ghi hay c RAM
Tp lnh cho chip KS0108.
So vi HD44780U ca Text LCD, lnh cho KS0108 ca GLCD n gin v
t hn v v th vit chng trnh iu khin GLCD cng tng i d hn Text
LCD. C tt c 7 lnh (Instruction) c th giao tip vi KS0108. Ti s ln lt
gii thch ngha v cch s dng ca tng lnh.
Display ON/OFF Hin th GLCD: lnh ny cho php GLCD hin th ni dung
trn RAM ra b mt GLCD. vit lnh ny cho GLCD, 2 chn RS v RW cn
c ko xung mc thp (RS=0: y l Instrucion, RW=0: AVR->GLCD). M
lnh (code) c cha trong 7 bit cao (D7:1) v bit D0 cha thng s. Quan st
bng 2, d thy m lnh nh phn cho Display ON/OFF l 0011111x (0x3E+x)
trong x=1: cho php GLCD hin th, x=0: tt hin th.
Set Address chn a ch: ng hn y l lnh chn ct hay chn a ch Y.
Hai bit D7 v D6 cha m lnh (01000000=0x40=64) v 6 bit cn li cha ch s
ca ct mun di chuyn n. Ch l mi na GLCD c 64 ct nn cn 6 bit
cha ch s ny (26=64). Vy lnh ny c dng 0x40+Y. V d nu chng ta mun
di chuyn n ct 36 chng ta ghi vo GLCD m lnh: 0x40+36. Hai chn RS v
RW c gi mc thp khi thc hin lnh ny.
Set Page chn trang: lnh cho php chn page (hay a ch X) cn di chuyn
n, do GLCD ch c 8 pages nn ch cn 3 bit cha a ch page. M lnh cho
lnh ny c dng 0xB8+X. Trong bin X l ch s page cn di chuyn n. Hai
chn RS v RW c gi mc thp khi thc hin lnh ny.
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Display Start Line chn line u tin: hay cn gi l lnh cun, lnh ny cho
php di chuyn ton b hnh nh trn GLCD (hay RAM) ln pha trn mt s
dng no , chng ta gi l LOffset. S lng LOffset c th t 0 n 63 nn cn
6 bit cha gi tr ny. M lnh Display Start Line c dng 0xC0+LOffset. Hai
chn RS v RW c gi mc thp khi thc hin lnh ny. Khi di chuyn
GLCD ln pha trn, phn d liu pha trn b che khut s cun xung pha
di. Hnh 5 l mt v d cun GLCD ln 20 dng.
Status Read c trng thi GLCD: y l mt trong 2 lnh c t GLCD. Cng
ging nh vi Text LCD, lnh c trng thi GLCD ch yu xt bit BUSY (bit
th 7) xem GLCD c ang bn hay khng, lnh ny s c dng vit mt hm
wait_GLCD ch cho n khi GLCD rnh. V y l lnh c t GLCD nn chn
RW phi c set ln mc 1 trc khi thc hin, chn RS vn mc thp (c
Instruction).
Write Display Data ghi d liu cn hin th vo GLCD hay RAM: v y l 1
lnh ghi d liu hin th nn chn RS cn c set ln 1 trc khi thc hin, chn
RW gi mc 0. Lnh ny cho php ghi mt byte d liu vo RAM ca KS0108
v cng l d liu s hin th ln GLCD ti v tr hin hnh ca 2 con tr a ch X
v Y. 8 bit d liu ny s tng ng vi 8 chm trn ct Y page X. Ch l sau
lnh Write Display Data, a ch ct Y t ng c tng ln 1 v v th nu c
mt d liu mi c ghi, d liu mi s khng ln d liu c. Vic tng t
ng a ch Y rt c li cho vic ghi d liu lin tip, n gip gim thi gian set
li a ch ct Y. Sau khi thc hin ghi ct Y=63 (ct cui cng trong 1 page,
i vi 1 chip KS0108), Ys v 0.
Read Display Data c d liu hin th t GLCD (cng l d liu t RAM ca
KS0108): lnh c ny mi so vi Text LCD, n cho php chng ta c ngc 1
byte d liu t RAM ca KS0108 ti v tr hin hnh v AVR. Sau khi c
c gi tr ti v tr hin hnh, chng ta c th thc hin cc php Logic nh o
bit, or hay andlm tng kh nng thao tc hnh nh. Trc khi thc hin c
chng ta cn di chuyn n v tr mun c bng 2 lnh set a ch X v Y, sau khi
c gi tr a ch page X v ct Y khng thay i, do nu c tip m khng
di chuyn a ch th vn thu c gi tr c.
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2. V d minh ha
Phn ny s trnh by v d minh ha giao tip vi GLCD, cc hm giao
tip vi GLCD c vit trong file myglcd.c, s chn ni cng th hin r
trong file myglcd.h, sau y l chng trnh :
Bi tp
Da vo driver cung cp trn, bn hy lp trnh hin th cc hnh
2D nh hnh ch nht, hnh vung, hnh trn
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