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Ket Cau Cong Trinh PDF
Ket Cau Cong Trinh PDF
KT CU CNG TRNH
TT
LI
( 2 TN CH )
- TI LIU S DNG NI B -
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
KT CU CNG TRNH
Chng 1
TI TRNG TC DNG LN CNG TRNH
Ti trng l cc loi ngoi lc tc dng ln cng trnh. l trng lng bn thn cc
b phn cng trnh v cc tc ng lu di v tm thi khc trong thi gian s dng cng
trnh.
Ti trng l nguyn nhn ch yu gy ra ni lc, chuyn v v khe nt trong kt cu
cng trnh. Ngi thit k cn xc nh ng v y cc loi ti trng trn c s xc
nh ni lc, kim tra bn, cng v n nh, nhm mc ch cui cng l m bo
tui th ca cng trnh, ng thi m bo tnh kinh t.
1.1. Phn loi ti trng
Ti trng c phn loi theo tnh cht tc dng v theo thi hn tc dng.
Theo tnh cht tc dng, ti trng c chia ra ba loi:
Ti trng thng xuyn, cn gi l tnh ti, l nhng ti trng c tr s, v tr v
phng, chiu khng thay i trong sut qu trnh tc dng ln cng trnh, nh trng
lng bn thn cc cu kin hoc trng lng cc thit b c nh.
TT
LI
Ti trng tc dng di hn, nh trng lng cc vch ngn tm, trng lng cc thit
b c nh, p lc cht kh, cht lng, vt liu ri trong b cha hoc ng ng, trng
lng vt liu cha v b thit b trong phng, kho cha
Ti trng tc dng ngn hn, nh trng lng ngi, vt liu, ph kin, dng c sa
cha, ti trng sinh ra khi ch to, vn chuyn v lp rp kt cu xy dng; ti trng
sinh ra do thit b nng chuyn di ng(cu trc, cu treo, my bc xp), ti trng gi
Ti trng thng xuyn thuc loi ti trng tc dng di hn. Nhng ti trng tm thi c th
tc dng di hn hay ngn hn.
Theo tr s, mi loi ti trng u c:
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g ng n .
H s tin cy ca ti trng do trng lng ca cc kt cu xy dng, nn mng nh v cng
trnh, ly theo ch dn mc 2.2 ca [1] hoc tham kho bng 2.4 [2].
Theo cch thc tc dng, ti trng c chia ra:
1.2 T hp ti trng
LI
TT
Tr s tiu chun ca cc loi ti trng (ti trng tiu chun) cng nh cc loi t hp
ti trng c ly theo tiu chun thit k. i vi cng trnh dn dng v cng nghip, tiu
chun ti trng v tc ng hin dng l TCVN 2737-1995 [1]. i vi cc cng trnh
chuyn ngnh nh giao thng, thy li, cng, dng tiu chun ngnh tng ng. Chng hn
tiu chun thit k cng trnh thy li hin dng l TCVN 4116-85.
TCVN 2737-1995 quy nh hai loi t hp ti trng:
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tr nhng trng hp ring, c ghi trong tiu chun thit k cng trnh trong vng ng
t hoc tiu chun thit k kt cu v nn mmg khc.
1.2 Xc nh ti trng bng tnh ton
LI
b)
TT
a)
H.1.1
H s tin cy n
Lp gch lt nn
1 = 10
1= 1800
1,2
Lp va lt
2 = 20
1= 1500
1,2
Tm btng ct thp
3 = 120
3= 2500
1,1
Vt liu
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Lp va t
4 = 15
1,2
4= 1500
Gii: Tr s tnh ton tng cng ca trng lng bn thn bn sn (lc phn b din
tch):
= 18000,011,2 + 15000,021,2 +
25000,121,1 +
i
i i
H.1.2
5 [1].
Ti trng gi xc nh theo mc 6 [1].
TT
LI
Bng 2-1 [2] cho tr s tiu chun ca trng lng n v ca mt s loi vt liu xy
dng thng dng.
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Chng 2
NI LC TRONG KT CU CNG TRNH
Di tc dng ca ti trng v cc tc ng khc (nh s bin thin nhit , s
chuyn v gi ta ), trong kt cu pht sinh ni ni lc.
Xc nh ni lc trong kt cu l nhim v ca mn Sc bn vt liu v mn C hc
kt cu. y ch nu phng php xc nh ni lc trong mt s trng hp n gin ca
kt cu dng thanh, ch yu l h thanh phng, v dng bn, dng tnh ton cc kt cu
thng gp.
2.1 Cc thnh phn ni lc trong h thanh phng
2.1.1. H dm v khung
biu th ni lc, cn chn mt h trc cc vung gc Oxyz theo quy c sau
(h.2.1,a):
Gc O trng vi trng tm ca mt ct K;
LI
b)
TT
a)
M Q
N
lc dc Nz hay n gin l N.
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LI
TT
P4
K
P2
P3
P1
P1
M
N
Q
P2
Xc nh ni lc khng ch l
xc nh gi tr, m cn phi c du
ca chng, v du th hin chiu tc
dng ca ni lc, yu t quan trng
tnh ton kt cu cng trnh sau
ny.
Nu h thanh l tnh nh th
trong nhiu trng hp, cn phi xc
V
nh cc phn lc lin kt trc khi
xc nh ni lc ti cc mt ct. Ch
ring trng hp dm hoc khung n gin lin kt vi mng bng mt ngm th khng nht
thit phi xc nh cc phn lc lin kt.
H.2.2
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Gii: y l
nhng dm v khung
lin kt vi mng bng
1 ngm nn khng nht
thit phi tm phn lc.
a)
b)
Dm trn
h.2.3,a:
MK = Pa;
QK = +P;
NK = 0.
H.2.3
Khung trn
h.2.3,b:
MK = Pa
(q.2a).a = Pa - 2qa2 (quy c mmen cng bn trong l > 0);
QK = P;
NK = q.2a = 2qa.
TT
H.2.4
LI
0:
VBl - ql.l/2 - M = 0
VB = ql/2 + M /l.
B
0:
VAl - ql.l/2 + M = 0
VA = ql/2 M /l.
Th li:
Y V
VB ql (
ql
ql
M / l ) ( M / l ) ql 0 (ng).
2
2
Nu xt on AK:
l
l l
l l ql 2 M
ql M l
M K VA . q. . . q. .
.
2
2 4
l 2
2 4
8
2
2
QK V A q.
l
l
M
ql M
q. .
2
2
l
2
l
Nu xt on KB:
l
l l
l l
ql 2 M
ql M l
M K VB . q. . M o . q. . M
.
2
2 4
l 2
2 4
8
2
2
QK VB q.
l
l
M
ql M
q. .
2
l
2
l
2
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TT
LI
Gii thiu cch s dng bng tra xc nh ni lc trong mt s h thanh siu tnh
n gin.
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Chng 3
KT CU BTNG CT THP
3.1. VT LIU BTNG CT THP
3.1.1. Bn cht ca btng ct thp
Btng ct thp (BTCT) l mt loi vt liu hn hp, trong btng v thp phi hp lm
vic vi nhau nh mt th thng nht.
Btng l vt liu chu nn tt, nhng chu ko rt km. Ngc li thp chu nn v chu ko
u tt. Do ngi ta tm cch dng thp lm ct cho btng: t ct thp vo nhng ni
m cu kin khi lm vic s pht sinh ng sut ko (h.3.1). l nguyn l c bn to nn
vt liu BTCT. Ngoi ra, trong nhiu trng hp, ct thp cng c th c b tr c vng
chu nn ca cu kin tr lc cho btng hoc bo m yu cu cu to.
LI
Kt cu BTCT c cc loi:
TT
Kt cu BTCT c kh nng chu lc tt nhng kh nng chng nt km. Khi chu ti trng,
cu kin BTCT thng lun c khe nt min chu ko. Khe nt lm cho tit din ca cu
kin b thu hp, cng gim. Khe nt qu ln s lm cho ct thp tip xc vi khng kh v
nc, lm n mn ct thp, gy h hng kt cu. hn ch khe nt, cch tt nht l dng
BTCT ng lc trc. l nhng cu kin m khi ch to, ngi ta dng ct thp cng
cao, ko cng ct thp to ra mt lc p trc tc dng ln btng ti nhng ni s pht
sinh ng sut ko khi s dng sau ny. Lc p trc s hn ch hoc trit tiu hon ton khe
nt, ng thi lm cho cng tng ln nhiu so vi cu kin BTCT thng c cng kch
thc tit din v hm lng ct thp cng nh cch b tr ct thp.
3.1.2. u nhc im chnh ca kt cu BTCT
BTCT l mt trong nhng loi vt liu ch yu trong xy dng cng trnh dn dng-cng
nghip, giao thng v thu li. Vi nhng u im ni bt nh kh nng chu lc ln, d to
dng theo yu cu kin trc, chu la tt hn thp v g, d s dng vt liu a phng sn
c (ct, , ximng) nn phm vi ng dng ca BTCT ngy cng rng ri. Nhng cng trnh
nghin cu c bn v tnh cht c hc v l hc ca vt liu, v l thuyt tnh ton v cng
ngh ch to BTCT thu c nhng tin b rt ln.
10
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R28
LI
Cng R
Rt
TT
Tiu chun trc y quy nh trong thit k phi xc nh mc btng theo cng chu
nn (k hiu M), l con s biu th gi tr cng khi lp phng khi cng tnh
theo n v kG/cm2. Trong xy dng thng dng btng nng vi nhng mc M150, M200,
M250, M300, M400, M500 v M600. Ngoi ra cn dng mc btng theo cng chu ko
(k hiu K) nh K10, K15, K20, K25, K30, K40; mc btng theo kh nng chng thm (l
tr s p sut ln nht tnh bng atm m mu th khng nc thm qua, k hiu T) nh T2,
T4, T8, T10, T12.
TCXDVN 356:2005 quy nh khi thit k kt cu btng v btng ct thp cn ch nh cc
ch tiu cht lng ca btng theo cp bn chu nn B v cp bn chu ko dc trc Bt.
i vi kt cu btng ct thp dng btng nng, khng cho php s dng cp bn chu
nn nh hn B7,5; nn s dng btng c cp bn chu nn khng nh hn B15 i vi
cu kin chu nn dng thanh, v khng nh hn B25 i vi cu kin chu ti trng ln nh
ct chu ti trng cu trc, ct cc tng di ca nh nhiu tng.
2. Cng tiu chun v cng tnh ton ca btng
Lm th nghim cc mu th ca cng mt loi btng s thu c cc tr s cng khc
nhau. Trung bnh cng cc tr s cng k hiu l R :
11
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1 n
Ri
n i1
2
i
n 1
d
;
R
LI
TT
Cng tiu chun ca btng khi nn dc trc Rbn v cng tiu chun ca btng khi
ko dc trc Rbtn ph thuc vo cp bn ca btng, ghi ct 2 v ct 3, bng 1, ph lc A
[3].
Khi tnh cu kin v kh nng chu lc (tnh ton cu kin theo cc trng thi gii hn th
nht), cn dng tr s tnh ton ca cng btng (cng tnh ton - k hiu chung l
R). Cng tnh ton ca btng khi nn dc trc Rb v cng tnh ton ca btng khi
ko dc trc Rbt ph thuc vo cp bn ca btng, ghi ct 4 v ct 5, bng 1, ph lc A
[3].
Cng tnh ton ca btng khi tnh cu kin v bin dng v nt (tnh ton cu kin
theo cc trng thi gii hn th hai) Rb,ser v Rbt,ser ly tng ng bng cc cng tiu
chun Rbn v Rbtn.
Cc cng tnh ton Rb v Rbt ca btng khi tnh ton cu kin theo cc trng thi gii
hn th nht tra bng 1 ph lc A [3] cn phi nhn vi h s iu kin lm vic ca btng
bi theo bng 2, cng ph lc ny. Cc h s ny xt n tnh cht c th ca btng, tnh di
hn ca cc tc ng, tnh lp ca ti trng, iu kin v giai on lm vic ca kt cu,
phng php sn xut, kch thc tit din v.v
Cc cng tnh ton Rb,ser v Rbt,ser khi tnh ton cu kin theo cc trng thi gii hn th
hai a vo tnh ton cn phi nhn vi h s iu kin lm vic ca btng bi =1, ngoi tr
khi tnh ton s hnh thnh vt nt do ti trng lp hoc s hnh thnh vt nt xin cn theo
ch dn nu trong cc iu 7.1.2.9, 7.1.3.1 v 7.1.3.2 ca TCXDVN 356:2005.
3. Cc yu t nh hng n cng btng
12
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b)
b
el pl
b
pl el
LI
TT
Di tc dng ca ti trng, btng b bin dng. ng cong quan h ng sut - bin dng
b - b khi gia ti (nt lin trn h.3.3, a v b) v c qua th nghim nn mu btng chu ti
trng ngn hn cho thy bin dng tng nhanh hn ng sut. Khi d ht ti (ng AD trn
h.3.3,b), ng cong b - b khng trng vi khi gia ti v bin dng cng khng hi phc
hon ton. Phn bin dng c hi phc el l bin dng n hi, phn cn li pl l bin
dng do. Nh vy btng l mt vt liu va c tnh n hi va c tnh do. Bin dng tng
cng b = el + pl.
T s
pl
el
c gi l h s n hi; t s
- h s do ca btng ( + = 1).
b
b
Eb
b
.
el
13
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a)
b)
Bin dng
ng sut
b
Thi gian t (nm)
Bin dng
H.3.4. T bin ca btng. a) Bin dng tng khi ng sut khng tng;
b) T bin tng theo thi gian
TT
LI
t l nc ximng cng cao, lng ximng cng nhiu, cng ca ct liu cng
nh, cht ca btng km th bin dng t bin cng ln;
crp
;
el
crp
b
, thng
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LI
TT
Biu quan h ng sut - bin dng v c qua th nghim ko mu thp nh trn h.3.5.
Loi thp c thm chy r rng gi l thp do, thng l thp cn nng (h.3.5,a). Loi thp
khng c thm chy r rng gi l thp gin (h.3.5,b), thng l thp ko ngui, si thp
cng cao.
Cc ch tiu c hc i vi thp gm c:
-
a)
p B C
el A
p
el
b)
B
A
pl
0,02%
0,2%
H.3.5. Biu ng sut - bin dng. a) Thp do; b) Thp gin
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15
Theo hnh dng b mt, thp lm ct trong cu kin BTCT gm c ct thp trn trn v
ct thp c g (h.3.6).
TT
LI
Thp si, b si thp cng cao v cc ch phm ca chng l nhng loi thp dng cho
cu kin BTCT ng lc trc.
Trong cu kin, ct thp trn phi c un mc hai u khng b tut khi btng, cn
ct thp g khng cn un mc. Ct thp ng lc trc phi c neo chc chn vo hai u
cu kin nhm duy tr lc p trc to ra trong btng.
3.2.3. Mt vi c im ca s phi hp lm vic gia btng v ct thp
1. Lc dnh gia btng v ct thp
16
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vi
N
N
S dl
LI
TT
max
d
N
H.3.7. Th nghim xc nh lc dnh
duy tr lc dnh, chiu di on ct thp trong btng phi ln khng tut khi
btng. Chiu di ti thiu ca on ct thp trong btng - gi l on neo ct thp, c
xc nh nh sau: lc cn thit ko thanh ct thp tut khi btng l dl ( - lc dnh,
xc nh bng thc nghim; d - ng knh ct thp; l - on neo ct thp) khng c nh
hn lc ko lm cho ct thp b chy l pd2/4 (p gii hn chy ca thp):
pd 2
dl
4
pd
.
4
300d
= 25d.
4 3
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Nh bit, btng c cc hin tng co ngt v t bin. Khi trong btng khng c ct
thp, bin dng do co ngt v t bin l bin dng t do. Nhng khi c ct thp, v c lc
dnh nn bin dng ca btng b ct thp cn tr.
Khi btng co ngt gim th tch, s c mt ca ct thp lm cho btng chu ng sut ko,
cn ct thp chu ng sut nn. Nu ng sut ko trong btng vt qu cng chu nn,
btng s b nt.
Khi btng t bin, nu cu kin chu nn, th s cn tr bin dng t bin lm cho ng sut
nn trong btng gim i, cn ng sut nn trong ct thp tng ln. Ta ni rng trong btng
v trong ct thp c s phn phi li ng sut do t bin.
Ngoi co ngt v t bin, s thay i m, nhit , s hnh thnh khe nt, bin dng do
ca btng v thp cng gy ra s phn phi li ng sut trong btng v ct thp.
LI
Phng php tnh theo ng sut cho php da trn quan nim cho rng BTCT lm vic nh
mt vt liu n hi, p dng cc cng thc tnh ton c thit lp trong mn Sc bn vt
liu, c xt n c im ca vt liu btng v thp. Vn dng giai on II ca trng thi
ng sut - bin dng, vi cc gi thit sau:
xem biu ng sut trong vng nn ca btng c dng tam gic;
ct thp v btng vng nn bin dng tuyn tnh, tc l tun theo nh lut Hooke;
TT
Cho bin dng ca btng ngang mc ct thp v bin dng ca ct thp bng nhau do s lm
vic ng thi, theo nh lut Hooke c th vit:
b b .
Es
Eb
Suy ra
s
trong
Es
b b
Eb
Es
c gi tr khong t 7 n 10, ngha l ng sut trong ct thp ln gp ln
Eb
ng sut trong btng ngang mc ct thp. V th trong tit din quy i, din tch ct
thp As c thay th bng mt din tch btng tng ng l As .
ng sut trong ct thp chu ko v ng sut trong btng chu nn, nhng i lng khng
c vt qu ng sut cho php tng ng, c xc nh theo cc cng thc ca Sc bn
vt liu i vi tit din quy i.
18
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Kt qu tnh ton theo ng sut cho php thng sai khc ng k so vi kt qu nghin cu
thc nghim. S d nh vy l v btng khng phi l vt liu hon ton n hi nh gi
thit m va c tnh n hi va c tnh do. vng nn, biu ng sut trong btng c
dng ng cong. T s mun n hi ca ct thp v btng () l mt i lng thay i,
bi v vi s pht trin ca bin dng do th mun n hi ca btng gim i, iu
cha c k n trong tnh ton. Kt qu l ng sut trong ct thp tnh theo phng php
ng sut cho php s ln hn gi tr thc t. Ngoi ra, khi b nt, btng vng ko khng
cn lm vic ng thi vi ct thp; coi bin dng ca btng v bin dng ct thp bng
nhau l khng hp l.
Trong phng php ng sut cho php, mt h s an ton chung cho ton kt cu c s
dng m gi tr ca n khng c cch xc nh vi mt c s y .
3.3.2. Phng php tnh theo ni lc ph hoi
Phng php tnh theo ni lc ph hoi khng chp nhn gi thit vt liu n hi m c xt
n tnh do ca btng, do s lm vic ca vt liu trong kt cu c phn nh ng n
hn; tuy nhin phng php ny cng ch dng mt h s an ton chung nh phng php
tnh theo ng sut cho php.
Phng php tnh theo ni lc ph hoi da trn cc gi thit sau:
kh nng chu lc ca cu kin c tnh ton theo s ph hoi, trng hp ph
hoi do, btng v ct thp ng thi t n ng sut gii hn;
biu ng sut trong btng vng nn c dng cong, nhng trong tnh ton c
thay th bng hnh ch nht;
TT
LI
lc ph hoi.
Es
khi tnh ton ni
Eb
M u kM As y z Abc Ru z
trong z ho x / 2 .
H s an ton v bn k c xc nh tu thuc loi kt cu, c trng ph hoi v loi t
hp ti trng, c gi tr trong khong 1,52,5.
Nhc im c bn ca phng php tnh theo ni lc ph hoi l s dng mt h s an ton
chung, trong khi kt cu chu nh hng ca rt nhiu yu t tc ng nh: s khc nhau ca
c tnh vt liu btng v thp, s sai khc gia tr s ti trng thc t so vi tr s ti trng
c a vo cc php tnh ton, iu kin lm vic ca btng v ct thp v.v Tuy vy so
vi phng php tnh theo ng sut cho php th phng php tnh theo ni lc ph hoi
c tin b hn, nh da vo mt s gi thit phn nh y hn s lm vic ca hai loi vt
liu, nht l tnh do ca ct thp.
3.3.3. Phng php tnh theo trng thi gii hn
Phng php tnh theo trng thi gii hn (TTGH) ngoi vic xt n tnh do ca btng,
cn xt kh nng thay i ca ti trng v cng vt liu. Mi yu t tham gia vo qu
19
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trnh tnh ton u c xt n kh nng thay i bng mt h s tnh ton c lp. Phng
php ny phn nh kh ton din s lm vic ca kt cu, hin ang c xem l phng
php tin tin. Quy phm nhiu nc trn th gii cng nh nc ta quy nh p dng
phng php tnh theo trng thi gii hn trong tnh ton thit k cng trnh xy dng dn
dng cng nghip, giao thng v thy li.
Khi nim TTGH c xy dng vi hai nhm: nhm th nht l cc TTGH v kh nng
chu lc v n nh; nhm th hai l cc TTGH v bin dng v nt.
Cc gi thit c s dng trong phng php tnh theo TTGH gm c:
-
tnh ton v vic s dng bnh thng xut pht t giai on I hoc II ca trng thi
ng sut v bin dng trn tit din ca kt cu, ty theo trng hp tnh ton;
LI
TT
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LI
TT
N
a)
Theo chc nng, ct thp trong cu kin c hai loi: ct thp chu lc v ct thp cu to (ct
thp thi cng).
b)
c)
21
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LI
i vi ct thp chu lc, khi din tch c xc nh, ng knh ct thp v khong
cch gia chng c quan h vi nhau. ng knh ct thp qu ln hoc qu b u gim tc
dng chu lc ca cu kin. Khi tnh ton v cu to cc loi cu kin c th s c ch dn v
vic chn ng knh ct thp. V mt khong cch, khe h gia cc thanh ct thp ni
chung khng c nh hn 30 mm khi btng theo phng nm ngang v khng c
nh hn 50 mm khi btng theo phng thng ng. Mt khc, khong cch ct thp ni
chung khng c ln hn 200 mm trong cc bn mng di 150 mm v khng ln hn 400
mm trong ct v dm. Khong cch ct thp qu ln th s phn b ni lc trn tit din
khng u, nh hng khng tt n kh nng truyn lc qua li gia ct thp v btng.
Nhng khong cch qu nh th lp btng bao bc xung quanh b mt ct thp b gim, kh
nng truyn lc cng gim, hn na cn gy kh khn cho thi cng.
TT
ln
r = 10d
b)
r = 10d
a)
c)
d)
3d
2,5d
ln
22
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Ct thp phi c neo trnh b ko tut khi btng. Trong khung v li thp buc, cc
thanh chu ko bng thp trn trn cn c un mc hai u. Ct thp trn trn dng
trong khung v li hn, cng nh ct thp c g th khng cn un mc. on ct thp k t
u mt n v tr m ct thp c tnh ton vi ton b kh nng chu lc ca n (h.3.4,b,c)
gi l on neo. Da vo kt qu th nghim, quy phm quy nh chiu di ti thiu ca on
neo ln.min (xem bng 3.1), cn chiu di on neo ln c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
R
ln = m s d ln.min
Rb
(3.13)
LI
Ni ct thp l trng hp thng gp khi cc thanh ct thp khng chiu di. Theo quy
nh, ct thp ch c ni nhng v tr c ni lc khng ln. C th ni chng (h.3.10)
hoc ni hn (h.3.11). Ni chng (buc) ch c thc hin vi cc thanh ct thp chu nn
v khng c ni chng nhng thanh c ng knh ln hn 30 mm.
H
s
ln.min
ct thp
g
1,2
0,7
11
25d; 250 mm
0,8
0,5
15d; 200 mm
1,55
0,9
11
30d; 250 mm
0,65
15d; 200 mm
TT
ct thp
trn
23
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
LI
3.5.3. Lp btng bo v
TT
10 mm (15 mm)
15 mm (20 mm)
15 mm (20 mm)
+ h 250 mm:
20 mm (25 mm)
- trong ct:
20 mm (25 mm)
- trong dm mng:
30 mm
- mng:
+ lp ghp:
30 mm
35 mm
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
10 mm (15 mm)
15 mm (20 mm).
LI
3.5.4. Mi ni trong kt
cu lp ghp
C1
C2
H.3.12. Lp btng bo v:
C1: ca ct dc; C2: ca ct ai
TT
lin kt cc b phn ca kt cu lp ghp, khi thi cng phi cha cc u ct thp ra ngoi
hoc b tr sn cc chi tit thp; sau khi lp ghp th hn ni cc u ct thp hoc cc chi tit
thp ca cc b phn li vi nhau ri btng lp kn ch ni.
25
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
TT
LI
Ngy nay vi nhng thnh tu mi v phng php kim tra cht lng vt liu, vi nhng
thit b o truyn sng siu m, s xut hin ca vt liu plyme, cng ngh ch to cu kin
ng lc trc v.v xut hin mt lnh vc cng ngh mi v gia c, phc hi kh nng
chu lc ca kt cu BTCT, em li gi tr kinh t, k thut rt ln.
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
a)
15 cm
c)
10d
b)
TT
LI
27
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
bf
c)
b)
a)
d)
TT
LI
Ct dc chu lc thuc nhm thp A-I hoc A-II, ng knh d trong khong 12 32 mm.
Khe h gia cc ct phi btng, trong mi trng hp khng c nh hn ng
knh ct thp, khng nh hn kch thc ln nht ca ct liu. Chiu dy lp bo v chn
theo yu cu cu to nu mc 2.3.3 v ti thiu phi l 3 cm. Trong dm c b rng b >
15 cm, phi c t nht hai thanh ct dc chu lc; khi b 15 cm c th ch b tr mt thanh.
Cc ct dc chu lc c th b tr thnh mt hoc vi lp.
28
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
a)
1
c)
b)
2
5
2
1
b<15 cm
3
1
Ct ai trong khung thp buc thng dng nhm thp A-I, l loi ct bao quanh cc ct dc,
c ng knh 6 8 mm; khi chiu cao dm h > 80 cm th dng ng knh 8 10 mm.
Khong cch gia cc ct ai c xc nh theo tnh ton, nhng trong mi trng hp
khng qu 30 cm trn on 1/4 nhp dm k t gi ta v khng qu 50 cm trn trn on
gia dm. Mi vng ct ai bao quanh khng qu 5 thanh ct dc chu ko v khng qu 3
thanh ct dc chu nn. Do yu cu nn khi c nhiu ct dc th ct ai phi t thm
nhnh ph. Khi b rng dm b nh hn 15 cm v ch c mt thanh ct dc th ct ai ch gm
mt nhnh (h.3.15,b).
LI
TT
Rbbx
h
ho
M = Mp
RsAs
S
s
s
b
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
29
T phng trnh cn bng mmen ca cc lc tc dng ti tit din i vi trc s-s (trc i
qua trng tm cc ct thp S v thng gc vi mt phng un - h.3.16,b):
M s-s = 0 Mp Rbbx(ho x/2) = 0
vit c iu kin cng di dng:
M Mp = Rbbx(ho x/2).
(3.1)
(3.2)
LI
TT
Cc cng thc 3.1 v 3.2 l nhng cng thc c bn. Chng ch ng vi s tnh trn hnh
3.4 ca [3], ngha l ch ng nu btng v ct thp u pht huy ht cng ca chng.
Nh nu mc 3.2, mun t c iu ny th ct thp khng c b tr qu nhiu. Kt
qu nghin cu thc nghim cho thy mt lng ct thp va phi l tng ng vi chiu
cao min chu nn x c hn ch sao cho:
x rh o
(3.3)
x
ho
(3.4)
As
x Rb
=
, hay l:
bho ho Rs
Rb
Rs
(3.5)
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
Rb
= max .
Rs
(3.6)
M Mp = Rbbh o2
LI
trong
= ( 1 - /2)
(3.7)
(3.8)
(3.9)
TT
Rbbh o = RsAs
tnh din tch ct thp cn thit, trc ht chn a - khong cch t trng tm cc ct thp
n mp chu ko ca tit din; ho = h a; t (3.7) tnh c h s :
M
Rb bho2
(3.10)
Do (3.8) nn c th k hiu:
r = r( 1 - r/2).
r l tr s gii hn ca h s , v iu kin x rh o tng ng vi r . Do vy:
- nu theo 3.10 tnh c r , th tng ng c
= 1 1 2
(3.11)
As bho
Rb
Rs
(3.12)
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
M Mp = RsAsh o
(3.13)
= 1 - /2
(3.14)
trong
T (3.13) c mt cng thc khc tnh din tch ct thp cn thit:
As
M
Rs ho
(3.15)
- nu theo (3.10) tnh c > r , th cn tng cc kch thc tit din (tt nht l tng chiu
cao h), ri tnh li t u.
d) Kim tra cng
Vi mt tit din c b tr ct thp, cn xc nh mmen un tnh ton Mp m cu kin
c th chu c ti tit din .
T (3.9) suy ra chiu cao tng i ca min chu nn:
Rs As
Rb bho
(3.16)
= ( 1 - /2);
LI
- nu > r ngha l ct thp qu nhiu (tng ng vi > max), khi n gin tnh
ton, c th ly bng tr s gii hn r , tng ng vi = r .
C , theo (3.7) tnh c kh nng chu lc: Mp = Rbbho2 v iu kin cu kin khng b
ph hoi l:
TT
M Mp = Rbbh o2.
V d 3.1. Dm c tit din ch nht b h = 2050 (cm), btng B15, h s iu kin lm vic
ca btng b2 = 1; ct thp nhm A-II, h s iu kin lm vic ca ct thp s = 1. Tnh din
tch ct thp cn thit ti tit din c mmen un do ti trng tnh ton M = 96,4 kNm.
Gii:
M
96,4 10 6
=
= 0,28 < r = 0,439.
Rb bho2 8,5 200 450 2
= 0,28
= 1 1 2 = 1 1 2 0,28 = 0,34.
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
As = bho
Hm lng ct thp: =
Rb
= 0,34200450 8,5 = 929 mm2.
Rs
280
929
As
=
= 1,03% > min = 0,05% (hp l).
bho
200 450
165 10 6
M
=
= 0,479 > r = 0,439
Rb bho2 8,5 200 450 2
165 10 4
M
=
= 0,388 < r = 0,428. Nh vy vi h = 55 cm, tnh ct n l hp
Rb bho2 85 20 50 2
LI
l.
= 1 1 2 = 1 1 2 0,388 = 0,526.
= 0,388
Din tch ct thp cn thit:
As
15,97
=
= 1,6% > min = 0,05% (hm lng ct thp hp l).
bho
20 50
Hm lng ct thp: =
Rb
85
= 0,5262050
= 15,97 cm2.
Rs
2800
TT
As = bho
a = 50 mm
Rs As
280 1140
=
= 0,417;
Rb bho 8,5 200 450
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
M
0,5 .
Rb bho2
LI
RsAs
S
s
s
b
TT
H.3.17. tnh ct
thp kp tit din
ch nht
M = Mp
RscAs
Rbbx
h
ho
Rb
(3.19)
(3.20)
(3.21)
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
Bi ton 1. Bit cc kch thc tit din, cp btng, nhm ct thp, mmen un M do ti
trng tnh ton gy ra, h s khi tnh ct n tho mn iu kin r 0,5 . Yu cu
tnh ct kp.
Tng t trng hp ct n, y vn dng cc k hiu:
x
,
ho
= (1 - /2),
khi iu kin cng (3.19) ca trng hp ct kp c th vit li di dng
M Mp = Rbbh o2 + RscAs(ho a)
(3.22)
Do s n s nhiu hn s phng trnh nn bi ton thng c gii quyt bng cch chn
trc chiu cao min chu nn x bng chiu cao ti a rho li dng ht kh nng chu nn
ca btng; iu ny tng ng vi chn h s r , t tnh c din tch cn thit
ca ct thp chu nn theo cng thc:
As'
M r Rb bho2
Rsc ho a '
(3.23)
Rb
R
As' sc
Rs
Rs
LI
As r bho
T 3.20 tnh c:
(3.24)
TT
Bi ton 2. Bit cc d kin nh bi ton 1 v din tch ct thp chu nn As. Yu cu tnh
din tch ct thp chu ko cn thit As.
T (3.22) suy ra cng thc tnh h s khi bit trc din tch ct thp chu nn As:
M Rsc As' (ho a ' )
Rb bho2
(3.25)
Rb
R
+ As sc
Rs
Rs
(3.26)
(3.27)
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
M Mp = RsAs(h o a)
(3.28)
M
Rs ( ho a' )
(3.29)
2. Ngc li, nu > r , ngha l din tch ct thp As cho trc cha , th coi nh cha
bit As v gii quyt theo cch ca bi ton 1.
d) Kim tra cng cu kin chu un tit din ch nht ct kp
Bit cc kch thc tit din (b, h), cp bn btng, nhm ct thp, din tch ct thp chu
nn As v din tch ct thp chu ko As ; cc khong cch a v a.Yu cu xc nh ti tit
din ang xt, cu kin c kh nng chu c mmen un tnh ton Mp l bao nhiu.
Trc ht gi s chiu cao min chu nn x tho mn iu kin hn ch (3.21): 2a x rh o ,
t (3.20) suy ra x theo cng thc:
x=
Rs As Rsc As'
Rb b
(3.30)
LI
- Nu x > rho (d ct thp chu ko) th ly x = rh o ri cng tnh kh nng chu lc theo cng
thc trn.
- Nu x < 2a th ly x = 2a , tnh kh nng chu lc theo theo (3.28):
TT
Mp = RsAs(h o a).
V d 3.4. Dm c tit din ch nht bh = 2050 (cm), btng cp B15, b2 = 0,9; ct thp
nhm A-II, s = 1. Tnh din tch ct thp cn thit ti tit din c mmen un tnh ton M =
148,3 kNm.
Gii:
Btng B15, b2 = 0,9: tra bng 1 ph lc A, c Rb = 0,98,5 = 7,65 MPa.
Ct thp nhm A-II, s = 1: tra bng 4 ph lc A, c Rs = 280 MPa.
r = 0,681; r = 0,449 (bng 5 ph lc B).
M = 148,3 kNm = 148,3.106 Nmm.
Chn a = 50 mm ho = h a = 500 50 = 450 mm.
Nu tnh ct thp n th:
=
148,3 10 6
M
=
= 0,479;
Rb bho2 7,65 200 450 2
r = 0,449 < < 0,5 vy nu khng tng tit din th c th tnh ct thp kp.
36
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
Chn ct thp chu nn nhm A-I, cng chu nn tnh ton Rsc = 225 MPa. Chn khong
cch a = 30 mm. Tnh theo bi ton 1, p dng cc cng thc (3.23) v (3.24) tnh din tch
tit din ct thp chu nn v ct thp chu ko cn thit:
As'
As r bho
Rb
R
7,65
225
= 2205 mm2.
As' sc = 0,681 200 450
307
Rs
Rs
280
280
V d 3.5. Dm c tit din ch nht bh = 2055 (cm), btng cp B15, b2 = 0,9; ct thp
nhm A-II, s = 1. Tnh din tch ct thp chu ko cn thit ti tit din c mmen un tnh
ton M = 150 kNm; ti tit din bit ct thp chu nn 214, nhm A-I (308 mm2) vi a
= 3 cm.
Gii:
Btng B15, b2 = 0,9: tra bng 1 ph lc A, c Rb = 0,98,5 = 7,65 MPa.
Ct thp chu ko nhm A-II, s = 1: tra bng 4 ph lc A, c Rs = 280 MPa.
r = 0,681; r = 0,449 (bng 5 ph lc B).
LI
TT
= 1 1 2 = 1 1 2 0,307 = 0,379;
Rb
R
+ As sc = 0,379200500 7,65 + 308 225 = 1283 mm2.
Rs
Rs
280
280
V d 3.6. Dm c tit din ch nht bh = 2050 (cm), btng cp B15; b2 = 1. Ti tit din
c mmen un tnh ton M = 120 kNm, ct thp chu nn 212-A-I (As=2,26 cm2) vi a = 3
cm; ct thp chu ko 312-A-II (As=11,4 cm2), a = 4 cm; h s s = 1 Kim tra kh nng chu
lc ti tit din .
Gii:
Tra bng c cc cng : Rb = 8,5 MPa; Rs = 280 MPa; Rsc = 225 MPa.
r = 0,650; r = 0,439 (bng 5 ph lc B);
M = 120 kNm = 120.106 Nmm.
37
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
h o = h a = 50 4 = 46 cm.
Vi gi thit 2a x rh o , tnh chiu cao min chu nn x theo cng thc (3.30):
Rs As Rsc As'
280 1140 225 226
x=
=
= 158 mm;
8,5 200
Rb b
2a = 60 mm; rh o = 0,650460 = 299 mm;
2a < x < rh o (ng vi gi thit).
Kh nng chu lc:
Mp = Rbbx(h o x/2) + RscAsc(ho a) =
= 8,5200158(460 158/2) + 225226 (460 30) =
= 124150800 Nmm = 124 kNm.
M = 120 kNm < Mp= 124 kNm cu kin kh nng chu lc ti tit din tnh ton.
Theo tiu chun thit k, khi cu kin dng btng nng, nu tha mn iu kin:
(3.32)
LI
Q 0,6Rbtbh o
th khe nt nghing khng hnh thnh, khi khng cn tnh ton v cng trn tit din
nghing theo lc ct, ct thp ai ch cn b tr theo yu cu cu to.
TT
38
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
s s1 =
81 f n Rbt bho2
Q2
(3.33)
R sw Aw
(3.34)
LI
Qwb =
qw =
TT
H s w1 = 1+5w , trong
E s 21 10 4
=
= 9,13;
Eb 23 10 3
Aw
2 50,3
=
2 10 3 ;
bs 250 200
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
Vy iu kin (3.45) tha mn, khng cn tng kch thc tit din.
8 cm
10 cm
45o
6 cm
45o
Qwb=22889
Q2=29100
Q1=35000
Q (daN)
x = 1,42 m
H.3.18. Hnh
ca v d 3.12
LI
L /2 = 4 m
v tr ct dc c un lm ct xin;
v tr ct dc b ct bt gn gi ta .
TT
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
a)
b)
N1
II
I
C ho / 2
III
IV
N2
Zs
N2
Zs
N1
V
II
III
IV
c)
2
LI
TT
C ho / 2
Qo Qinc
5d 20d
2q w
trong :
Qo - lc ct ti v tr ct l thuyt (ti tit din III-III);
Qinc = RswAincsin ;
Ainc - din tch ca lp ct xin (nu c) nm trong vng ct bt ct thp;
d - ng knh ct dc b ct bt;
qw - ni lc trong ct ai, xc nh theo cng thc (3.42):
qw
R sw Aw
.
s
41
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
Qo Qinc
150000 0
5d =
5 20 = 740 mm > 20d = 400 mm.
2 117
2q w
Vy c th ly W = 740 mm.
LI
TT
Cu kin chu nn thng c cc dng tit din hnh vung, hnh ch nht, ch I, ch T, hnh
hp, hnh trn, a gic u, hnh vnh khuyn. Vi tit din ch nht, t s hp l gia chiu
cao h v chiu rng b ca tit din nm trong khong 1,5 3.
hay
r =
lo
120
r
(3.35)
b =
lo
31
b
(3.36)
(3.37)
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
lo = H vi kt cu sn lp ghp;
lo = 0,7H vi kt cu sn ton khi
(H l chiu cao tng).
b) i vi ct nh mt tng lin kt khp vi cc kt cu chu lc mi v i vi cc cu kin
ca dn v vm, lo ly theo cc bng 31 v 32 ca TCXDVN 356 : 2005.
a)
b)
c)
e1=M / N
N
M
LI
TT
Ct dc chu lc trong cu kin chu nn lch tm phng phi c b tr c hai cnh thng
gc vi mt phng un ca tit din (ct thp kp). Nu l cu kin chu nn ng tm th cc
ct thp lun c b tr i xng trn tit din. Nu l cu kin chu nn lch tm, ct thp
c th b tr i xng hoc khng i xng ty tng trng hp.
Trong cu kin chu nn lch tm xin, hp l nht l b tr ct thp theo c chu vi ca tit
din.
Ct thp pha chu ko (hoc chu nn t hn) ca tit din c k hiu l S vi din tch
tit din As, ct thp pha chu nn (hoc chu nn nhiu) c k hiu l S vi din tch
tit din As. Din tch tit din btng k hiu l Ab.
ng knh ct thp dc (d) trong cu kin chu nn khng c nh hn 12 mm v khng
c ln hn 40 mm khi cu kin dng btng nng c cp bn thp hn B25.
Hm lng cc ct thp S v S l cc t s :
As
A'
(%) ; ' s (%) .
Ab
Ab
(3.38)
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
min 17, h 5
0,1
0,2
0,25
1000< h 1500
500<h 1000
b > 500
TT
h 500
b > 500
b > 500
h > 500
b 500
LI
b 500
h 500
c)
b)
b 500
a)
1000< h 1500
Ct ai
Ct ai c ng knh khng nh hn ln ng knh ln nht ca ct dc chu lc,
thng l t 6 n 8 mm. Khong cch gia cc ct ai (s) khng ln hn 15 ln ng knh
nh nht ca ct dc chu lc, ng thi s 400 mm. Trong on ni ct thp dc, yu cu s
khng ln hn 10 ln ng knh nh nht ca ct dc chu lc v phi c t nht 4 ct ai.
Theo cnh ngn ca tit din, mi ct ai khng c bao quanh nhiu hn 4 thanh ct dc
chu ko; trng hp c nhiu hn 4 thanh ct dc chu ko th phi t thm ct ai ph
(h.3.21,c).
3.9.2. Cu kin chu nn ng tm
Nn ng tm l trng hp c bit, khi lch tm bng e1 = 0 v khng k n lch
tm ngu nhin ea, chng hn khi xc nh sc chu ti ca cc BTCT theo vt liu lm cc.
44
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
(3.39)
LI
M y M sin
M x M cos ;
M y Ne1 y
TT
M x Ne1x ;
Khi tnh ton cn phi k n cc lch tm ngu nhin eax v eay . Xc nh lch tm
ban u eox v eoy theo hng dn mc 4.2.1 [3].
K hiu cx v cy ln lt l cc cnh song song vi trc x v trc y ca tit din (h.4.8). Quy
nh iu kin a v tnh ton theo nn lch tm phng l 0,5
cx
2 , ngha l cnh di
cy
Mx
c
v t l cc cnh x ,
My
cy
cx
c th nh sau:
x
x. Khi k hiu:
b cy ;
y
H.3.22
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
e1x
e1y
Mx My
cy
- Khi
45
h cx ;
M 1 x M x ;
M 2 y M y ;
e a eax 0,2e ay .
- Khi
My
cy
Mx
th tnh theo phng
cx
y. Khi k hiu:
b cx ;
h cy ;
M1 y M y ;
M 2 x M x ;
e a eay 0,2eax .
2,5 E b I
l o2
TT
N cr
LI
1
N
1
N cr
I v lo l mmen qun tnh ca tit din v chiu di tnh ton ca cu kin; khi tnh theo
phng x th l Ix v lox ; khi tnh theo phng y th l Iy v loy.
Nu mnh nh, b qua nh hng un dc:
-
khi x
khi y
l ox
8 th ly x =1;
cx
loy
cy
8 th ly y =1.
Sau khi xc nh phng x hay phng y, vic tnh ton ct thp c thc hin theo
hng dn sau:
1. Xc nh s b chiu cao min chu nn:
2. H s tnh i:
mo 1
0,6 x1
ho
N
.
Rb b
(3.41)
khi x1 ho;
(3.42)
x1
46
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
mo 0,4
3. Mmen un tnh i: M M 1 mo
e1
4. lch tm tnh:
h
M2.
b
(3.43)
(3.44)
M
.
N
= max(x, y)
6. mnh:
trong x
lox
;
cx
l oy
cy
eo
). Tnh c din tch ct thp cn thit, chuyn sang bc 11.
ho
LI
1
;
0,5 2
TT
- H s un dc ph thm:
1
0,3
(3.45)
(3.46)
(3.47)
eN
Rb bh
e
Ast
.
Rsc Rb
(3.48)
9. Khi nn lch tm b:
- Tnh li chiu cao vng nn:
trong
-
1 r
h
x r
1 50 o2
(3.49)
eo
.
h
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
Ast
Ne Rb bxho x / 2
0,4 Rsc Z s
(3.50)
trong
e e o h / 2 a ;
Z s h 2a ;
Rsc - cng chu nn tnh ton ca ct thp.
10. Khi nn lch tm ln, tng din tch ct thp
Ast
N e ho x1 / 2
.
0,4 Rsc Z s
(3.51)
Ast
2 min th tit din chn l hp l (min bh
hm lng ti thiu mi pha). Ngc li, nu st 2 min (c nhng trng hp
tnh c din tch ct thp m) th gim kch thc tit din ri tnh li; khi khng
th gim kch thc tit din, cn b tr ct thp vi tng hm lng ti thiu l
2 min .
My
cy
Mx
nn tnh
cx
cx = 600
lox 3400
5,7 8 . Vy b qua un
cx
600
cy = 400
150
375kN ;
0,4
cy
TT
M x 200
333kN ;
cx
0,6
Gii.
My
LI
V d 4.13. Ct thuc kt cu siu tnh c tit din nh hnh 3.23. Chiu di tnh ton theo
hai phng lox = loy = 3,4 m. Ni lc tnh ton N = 1000 kN, Mx = 200 kNm, My = 150 kNm.
lch tm ngu nhin eax = 3 cm, eay = 2 cm. Btng B20; b2 = 0,9; ct thp nhm A-II; s
= 1. Tnh ct thp dc chu lc.
dc theo phng x.
l oy
cy
3400
8,5 8 . Tnh y:
400
H.3.23
400 6003
Iy
70 10 8 mm4;
12
Btng B20 c Eb = 27.103 MPa; Rb = 0,911,5 MPa = 10,35 MPa.
N cr
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
N
N cr
1
1,026 .
1000
1
40800
x1
N
1000 10 3
=
161mm .
Rb b 10,35 600
0,6 161
0,6 x1
= 1
0,73 .
360
ho
mo 1
Mmen un tnh i: M M 1 mo
h
400
M 2 = 153,9 0,73
200 251kNm .
b
600
M
251
=
0,251m 251mm .
N 1000
LI
e1
lch tm tnh:
eo 251
=
0,7 ;
ho 360
TT
Ast
3850
49
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
Chng 4
KT CU THP
Phn ny trnh by mt s khi nim s lc v vt liu v cch tnh ton kt cu thp trong
cng trnh xy dng.
Hin nay nc ta, cc cng trnh dn dng v cng nghip c thit k theo tiu chun ca
nhiu nc nh Vit Nam, Nga, M, Anh, trong cng trnh cu s dng tiu chun 22TCN
272-05, c dch t AASHTO. Trong ti liu ny, quy cch thp xy dng, cc ch tiu c
l ca vt liu cng nh cng thc tnh ton c ly theo quy phm thit k kt cu thp ca
M AISC/ASD.
Quy phm AISC/ASD p dng phng php thit k theo ng sut cho php. C s ca
phng php ny nh sau: mi cu kin v cc lin kt phi c tnh ton sao cho ng sut
gy ra do ti trng s dng khng c vt qu ng sut cho php.
ng sut cho php ly bng ng sut gii hn (nh gii hn chy Fy hoc ng sut ti hn
Fcr) chia cho mt h s an ton FS (vit tt ca factor of safety). H s an ton c a ra
nhm m bo mt lng d tr v kh nng chu lc cho kt cu cng nh cc cu kin,
xt n kh nng qu ti (ti trng vt qu mc d kin khi s dng bnh thng) v kh
nng kch thc tit din b thiu ht hoc do cng ca thp c th thp hn gi tr ti
thiu quy nh.
LI
Fy
0,6 Fy ,
TT
1,67
Thp dng trong kt cu xy dng l thp cacbon thp hoc thp hp kim thp, c ch to
thnh thp hnh, thp thanh dt v thp tm.
1. Vt liu thp
Tiu chun ASTM quy nh 16 loi thp s dng trong kt cu nh. Sau y l mt s loi
trong s .
Loi thp
Cng ko t Fu,
kN/cm2
22
A36
40 - 55
25
Ghi ch
Dy trn 200 mm
Dy n 200 mm
62
69 89,5
Dy 65 150 mm
69
76 89,5
Dy n 65 mm
29
41,5
Dy n 150 mm
cp 50
34,5
45
Dy n 100 mm
cp 60
41,5
52
Dy n 32 mm
A514
A572 cp 42
50
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
cp 65
45
Dy n 32 mm
55
2. Thp hnh
Thp hnh c ch to bng phng php cn nng, thng thng l thp gc (tit din hnh
ch L), ch C (hay ch U) v ch I.
a)
h)
c)
d)
i)
j)
e)
f)
k)
g)
b)
TT
LI
Thp ch I tiu chun k hiu bng ch S (vit tt t standard). Kch c thp I tiu chun
trong phm vi S24106 n S34.1 (h.4.1,a).
Thp ch I dng rng ri nht l loi cnh rng, c k hiu bng ch W (vit tt t wide
flange) km theo chiu cao tit din tnh bng inch (in) v trng lng trn mt n v di
tnh bng pound/food (lb/ft). Loi ny c cnh rng hn v bng mng hn so vi thp ch I
tiu chun. V d W1860 l thp I cnh rng c chiu cao tit din 18 in v nng 60 lb/ft (1
lb/ft = 1,487 kg/m). C rt nhiu loi kch c ca thp I cnh rng, loi ln nht l W44285,
loi nh nht l W413 v W69 (h.4.1,b).
Thp ch I khng phi loi S cng khng phi loi W, k hiu l M (miscellaneouce pha
tp), c kch c t M1418 n M64.4.
Thp ch C (vit tt t channel mng) gm cc kch c t C1550 n C34.1. Thp
mng pha tp k hiu MC, kch c t MC1858 n MC612 (h.4.1,c).
Thp gc gm 2 loi: u cnh v khng u cnh, k hiu l L, cnh di, cnh ngn v b
dy, tnh bng in. C ln nht l L945/8 i vi thp gc khng u cnh v L8811/8
i vi thp gc u cnh; c nh nht l L111/8 (h.4.1,d,e).
Thp hnh ch T l thp ct ra t thp ch I (loi S, W hay M), k hiu l ST, WT hay MT.
V d thp WT544 c chiu cao danh ngha 5 in, trng lng 44 lb/ft, c ct ra t
WT1088 (h.4.1,f).
Thp ng trn gm loi tiu chun (standard), rt dy (extra strong) v cc dy (doubleextra strong), tu theo chiu dy ng, v c k hiu theo ng knh. V d ng 8 in,
51
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
double- extra strong c ng knh ngoi 8,625 in v chiu dy thnh ng 0,875 in; ng 8 in,
standard th c ng knh ngoi 8,625 v chiu dy thnh ng 0,322 in (h.4.1,g).
Thp hnh hp ch nht c k hiu bng cc kch thc ngoi v chiu dy. V d thp hp
1461/2 (h.4.1,h).
Thp thanh dt c cn t phi, c chiu rng n 6 in hoc 8 in, dy t 0,23 in tr ln
(h.4.1,i).
3. Thp tm
Thp tm l loi c cn mng v rng hn thp dt; chiu rng c th trn 48 in, dy t
0,18 in tr ln (h.4.1,k).
4.2. CU KIN CHU KO
1. Cc dng tit din cu kin chu ko
b)
c)
d)
e)
LI
a)
Cu kin thp chu ko gp trong thanh cnh di ca dn cu, dn mi, h thng ging trong
kt cu nh. Thanh ko c th c lm bng thp thanh trn hoc vung, thanh dt hay tm,
thp hnh n hoc ghp bng thp gc. Nhiu trng hp cu kin chu ko c lm bng
dy cp.
g)
h)
i)
TT
f)
(1)
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
An = Ag ntd + ts2/4g
(2)
(3)
Ae = UAg
(4)
i vi lin kt hn:
a)
b)
A
T
LI
trong Ag - din tch tit din nguyn; An - din tch thc; U l h s hu hiu, ly nh sau:
i vi thp hnh W, S hay M c chiu rng cnh khng nh hn 2/3 chiu cao, lin
kt ti cc cnh bng mi hn hoc bulng, inh tn vi t nht 3 inh trn mt hng
theo phng ca lc, U=0,9;
TT
Fy A g
FS
Fy A g
1,67
0,6Fy A g .
53
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
Fu A e Fu A e
0,5Fu A e .
FS
2
T 0,5Fu A e 0,5Fu UA n
T
600
40,3 cm2.
0,5Fu U 0,5 40 0,85
LI
Ag
Suy ra din tch cn thit ca tit din nguyn (gm 2 thp gc):
TT
a
b
c
P
d
e
H.4.5
Hnh v du 4.2
Gii: Thanh c cc hng l so le nn cn phi xc nh xem tit din no l nguy him nht.
Khi tnh din tch tit din, ng knh thn bulng phi tnh thm 3,2 mm:
20 + 3,2 = 23 mm.
tnh din tch tit din, cn khai trin thp gc thnh ln mt phng. B rng ly bng tng
b rng ca hai cnh tr i b dy, ngha l bng 180 + 110 10 = 280 mm.
54
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
65 2
65 2
2
An = Ag ntd + ts2/4g = 280 10 3 23 1 +
= 2339 mm .
4
75
4
120
Vy phi tnh theo tit din thng abde v din tch thc nh hn.
Din tch thc An = 2330 mm2; din tch hu hiu Ae = UAn = 0,85 2330 = 1980 mm2.
Thp A572, cp 50 c: Fy = 34,5 kN/cm2; Fu = 44,8 kN/cm2.
ng sut cho php trn tit din nguyn:
LI
Cu kin thp chu nn gp trong ct. Tit din c hai hnh thc: h v kn.
TT
- Tit din bng thp hnh tiu chun (h.4.3,a) l loi n gin nht nhng ch ph hp khi
chiu di tnh ton lx >> ly.
x
y
x
y
x
y
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
TT
LI
Hnh 4.7 v vi dng tit din ct rng v lin kt gia cc nhnh ct trong trng hp ct hai
nhnh.
H.4.8. Hai dng lin kt cc nhnh ct. a) bng bn ging; b) bng thanh ging.
2. Tnh ton cu kin chu nn
Khi tnh ton cu kin chu nn, mt i lng quan trng l mnh ca cu kin phi c
xt n.
l o kl
r
r
56
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
H s k theo l thuyt
2 u ngm
0,5
0,65
1 u ngm, 1 u khp
0,7
0,8
2 u khp
1,2
1 u ngm, 1 u t do
2,1
2E
Fy
LI
TT
2
81 2 Fy
2c
Fa
3
53 3
c c
Fa
12 2 E
.
23 2
iu kin bn:
f a Fa
fa = P/Ag;
din tch:
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn
I x 2 150 8 204 2
8 1503
4500000 mm4;
12
Iy 2
-
Ix
131870000
182 mm;
A
4800
rx
Iy
ry
mnh:
6 4003
131870000 mm4;
12
l oy
ry
4500000
33,5 mm.
4800
l ox
1 18200
100 ;
rx
182
H.4.9
3000
89,5 .
33,5
2E
2 20000
3,14
107 .
Fy
34,5
LI
x 100 c
ng sut cho php:
ng sut lm vic:
TT
2
1002
34,5
81 2 Fy 81
2c
2 107 2
Fa
10,14 kN/cm2.
3
3
100 100
53 3
53
c c
107 1073
fa
P 400
10 kN/cm2.
A
40
http://elib.ntt.edu.vn