Th nghim chng t rng c nhng trng hp m nguyn l v s truyn

thng nh sng khng c nghim ng trong th nghim trn sai lch gia
nguyn l y v thc nghim ng. Trong th nghim trn, sai lch gia nguyn l
y v thc nghim cng r rt nu l O cng nh.
Mun thy r mt kha cnh khc ca hin tng ta lm th nghim truyn sng
qua hai khe hp song song S1 v S2 (h.6.3a) t lin tip ci n cch ci kia chng
1m. rng mi khe chng 1mm, rng khe S2 c th thay i c: t mt
sau khe S2 . Khi S2 cn kh rng ta nhn thy S1 mt cch bnh thng. Thu nh dn
S2 n mt mc no ta s thy 2 mp khe S1 tr nn khng sc nt, khe n rng
ra, ng thi, song song vi vt sng m rng l nhng vt sng hp hn nm
bn vt sng chnh gia (h6.3b).

Hnh 6.3. s quan st Hnh

nhiu6.4
x gii
nh sng.
thch s m
Qua hai khe lin tip(a)v rng
hnh nhiu
biu kin
x (b)
khe S1.
S m rng biu kin ca khe S1 ch c th c nu tha nhn s lch khi
phng ban u cu chm sng sau khi qua khe S2 hp. Do mt quen nhn thng
, ta c cm gic cc tia I v II truyn t cc im A v B nm qua mp khe (h6.4).
ng nhin, s xut hin cc vt sng ti xen k hai bn vt sng chnh gia
khng th gii thch ch bng gi thuyt v s ph v nguyn l truyn thng nh
sng.

6.2 Nguyn l Huyghen Frnen

1. Nguyn l huyghen. T nhng quan st v s truyn sng nc, c bit l
hin tng nhiu x sng nc, huyghen (1690) nu kin v s truyn sng.
Theo Huyghen, nh sng truyn c trong chn khng l nh c mt mi trng
c bit gi l te n hi, cha y trong khng gian v trong khong gia cc
phn t vt cht, ta nh cc vt th c dm trong mt i dng te . S dao

ng ca cc ht te khi truyn sng xy ra tng t s dao ng cu cc phn t

vt cht khi truyn sng m, m ta gi l sng c hay sng n hi . Huyghen cho
rng nh sng gm
Cc xung n hi trong te. V vy ng khng a vo
khai nim bc sng. Cng tng t nh qu trnh truyn
sng m, mt ht te A dao ng do nhn c xung nh
sng. N truyn dao ng cho cc phn t xung quanh,
ta nh A l mt ngun sng th cp . kin ca
Huyghen c pht trin thnh nguyn l sau : mi im
ca mt m sng truyn ti tr thnh ngun pht sng
cu th cp ; mi thi im, mt bao ca cc mt cu
y l mt sng ca sng thc s truyn i (h6.5).
Di dng n gin , nguyn l Huyghen cho php
gii thch s lch chm nh sng khi qua l nh, Ta s
thy, n c th gii thch c hin tng phn x v khc x
nh sng ( 11.1) . Nhng n khng th gii thch c s
truyn thng ca nh sng. Thc vy, theo gnuyeen l
Huyghen mt im C bt k nm su trong bng ti hnh
hc (h6.4) bao gi cng nhn c nh sng. Hn na
nguyn l cng khng gii thch c im ca
hnh nhiu x trn hnh 6.3b, bi v Huyghen khng a
vo khi nim bc sng, do khng tin on c
hin tng giao thoa.

Hnh 6.5 minh ha

nguyn l Huyghen
AB,A1B1,A2B2 l mt
v ng truyn sng
thc

2. B Frenen. Da vo cch gii thch hin tng giao thoa do Yoong nu

ra (1801), nm 1815 Frenen b sung cho nguyn l huyghen mt ni dung vt
l mi, gi l b Frenen : Bin v pha ca sng cu th cp pht i t im
M trn mt chnh l bin v pha ca sng s cp t ngun t ti M .Vic
quan st c sng ti im b no chnh l kt qu giao thoa ca tt c cc
sng th cp gi t mt n B.
Nu ti B khng quan st c nh sng th iu c ngha l s giao thoa ti
c cng bng khng. B Frenen cng vi nguyn l huyghen lm thnh
nguyn l Huyghen-Frenen, l nguyn l c bn nht ca quang hc sng.
3.Nghim lai nguyn l huyghen-Frenen. C th kim chng tnh ng n
ca nguyn l Huyghen Frenen bng th nghim bt lng(h6.6). S l mt ngun
sng mnh dng im chng hn phn gn cc dng ca mt h quang than. Thu
knh O cho mt nh tht ca S ti S cch O chng vi chc centimet.

Hnh 6.6 Th nghim kim chng nguyn l Huyghen-Frenen.

Gia ngun S v thu knh O t mt bt lng BI , sao cho nh tht ca n c th
thu ln mn E cch O chng vi mt. Trong nn sng SAB nh ca bt lng c
dng mt bng en.
By gi t S mt chn sng nh, va che ht nh S, th chm sng hnh
nn hon ton b chn . Mn E ti li, nhng nn ti hin ra mt nh sng ca
bt lng. Nh th, cc si nh ca bt lng, do c chiu sng thc s c
tr thnh cc ngun sng th cp. V mi si ch nhiu x c t nh sng nn nh
ca bt ch c th quan st c trn mt nn en khi che ht nhng tia truyn
trc tip t ngun.
Tm li, bng th nghim bt lng c th khng nh rng nguyn l v s tn
ti ca cc sng th cp l ph hp thc t.

6.3 p dng nguyn l Huyghen-Frenen kho st s truyn sng

sau khi pht biu li nguyn l Huyghen, nhim v u tin m Frenen t ra cho
minhd l p dng n kho st s truyn thng ca nh sng. Tuy nhin ta s thy,
kt qu thu c c tnh cht tng qut hn, c th p dng kho st hin tng
nhiu x.
n gin, ta xt s truyn sng t mt ngun im n sc A n mt im
B. C ngun ln im quan st u nm trong mi trng ng tnh v ng
hng.
1.Phng php gii tch. Theo nguyn l Huyghen-Frenen, tc dng ca
ngun sng im A gy ra ti B c th c thay bng tc dng ca cc sng

Cu th cp pht i t cc phn t din tch d

ca mt kn bao quanh ngun A (h6.7).theo
huyghen, phi l mt mt sng, nhng thc ra
n c th l mt mt bt k. Cc sng th cp
trn mt phi l cc sng ph hp. Khi t ti
B chng giao thoa vi nhau cho chn ng thc
quan st c ti B
Hnh 6.7. tnh rng sng
1
Gi s chn ng sng A c biu thc a0 cos 2 T o , th ln sng ds1

ti mi phn t d , cch A mt khong r1, bng

[ (

a0
1 r 1+r 2
ds1 = h r 1 k1d cos 2 T o

(6.1)

trong K1 biu th s nghing ca d so vi r1. Lng ds1 cng chnh l sng cu

th cp phi i t d , khi t n B, cch d mt khon r2 , sng c biu thc

[ (

a0
1 r 1+r 2
ds = K r 1 . r 2 d cos 2 T o

(6.2)

trong K l h s biu th nh hng ca nghing ca yu t din tch d so

vi c r1 v r2 .Frenen gi K l tha s xin. N ph thuc vo 1 v 2 , v nhn
tr s ln nht khi c 1 v 2 u bng khng.
ln sng tng hp ti B bng

sD =

a0

K r 1 .r 2 cos 2 ( T

r 1+r 2
o

(6.3)

Tch phn (6.3) rt kh thc hin ngay c khi mt l mt cu tm Ar bi v

khng th cho tha s xin K mt biu thc ton hc. Ch trong mt s trng hp
c bit ( xem di ) tch phn (6.3) mi c th tch c kt qu cui cng.
Nu gia ngun A v im B c mt mn chn ch h mt phn ca mt
th tch phn (6.3) ch tnh trn phn h . V cc sng cu th cp pht i phn b
chn ca mt khng nh hng g n trng thi chn ng ti B.
2. Phng php i Frenen. kho st s truyn nh sng t ngun im A
ti im B, Frenen dng mt phng php khc thay cho vic tnh tch phn (6.3).
Chn c dang mt cu tm A. v ngun sng nm trong mi trng ng tnh v

ng hng, ng thi l mt mt sng s cp. Tt c cc sng th cp trn n

l ng pha.
Lm theo Frenen , ta chia mt sng thnh nhng phn thch hp c th
chuyn tch phn (6.3) thnahf mt tng n gin.
Gi M0 l giao im ca ng ni AB vi mt sng 0 a v b l khong cch
t M0 tng ng n A v B. Dng cc mt cu tm B vi cc bn kinh cu ln
lt l

b,b+ 2 ,b+, b+ 2 ,

(6.4)

cc mt cu ct mt sng thnh cc i cu (h6.8). ng truyn ca song

th cp t cc di ti B, theo (6.4) chnh nhau mt lng j 2

. Do , chn ng

gi t hai i lin tip khi t ti B c pha ngc nhau. iu tng ng vi

vic xem rng chn ng gi t mi i ti B c pha ging nhau, nhng bin
tun t nhn gi tr s m v dng. Gi Sj l bin tuyt i gi t i th j,
chn ng tng hp ti b c bin bng
AB = s1 - s2 + s3 - s4 + s5

Hnh 6.8 Dng cc i Frenen

Hnh 6.9 Tnh din tch cu