Sifat Air Laut PDF

Oceanography
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I

Bandung, 18 Februari 17 Maret 2013





Oceanography
Definition
Oceanography is the study of the
ocean, with emphasis on its
character as an environment. The
goal is to obtain a description
sufficiently quantitative to be used
for predicting the future with some
certainty


Oceanography
Why study oceanography?
no other planet has an ocean
oceans influence weather. carbon
dioxide and oxygen exchange
stable environment for life
source of food, minerals, and energy.


Oceanography
Scope
marine organisms and ecosystem
dynamics
ocean currents, waves, and
geophysical fluid dynamics
plate tectonics and the geology of
the sea floor
fluxes of various chemical substances
physical properties within the ocean
and across its boundaries


Oceanography
Branch
Biological Oceanography
Chemical Oceanography
Geological Oceanography
Physical Oceanography


Oceanography
Biological Oceanography
Biological oceanography investigates the
ecology of marine organisms in the
context of the physical, chemical, and
geological characteristics of their ocean
environment. It is closely aligned with
marine biology, though the latter has
more emphasis on the biology of
individual marine organisms.


Oceanography
Chemical Oceanography
Chemical oceanography, or marine
chemistry, is the study of the chemistry of
the ocean and its chemical interaction
with the atmosphere;


Oceanography
Geological Oceanography
Geological oceanography, or marine
geology, is the study of the geology of the
ocean floor including plate tectonics and
paleoceanography;


Oceanography
Physical Oceanography
Physical oceanography, or marine
physics, studies the ocean's physical
attributes including temperature-salinity
structure, mixing, waves, internal waves,
surface tides, internal tides, and currents.


Ocean
Definition
from Ancient Greek
(Okeanos) the
World Ocean of classical
antiquity
A body of saline
water that composes
a large part of a
planet's hydrosphere


Ocean
Definition
There is only one ocean. It is
divided into three named
parts by international
agreement: the Atlantic,
Pacific, and Indian ocean
(International Hydrographic
Bureau, 1953).


Sea
Definition of Sea
A sea is a large body of
saline water that may be
connected with an ocean or
may be a large saline lake
that lacks a natural outlet.
Sometimes the terms sea
and ocean are used
synonymously


Water Properties
Physical Water Properties
Salinity
Conductivity
Temperature
Pressure
Density


Water Properties
Chemical Water Properties
Heat Latency
Surface Tension
Hydrogen Bounding
Dissolving Power
Light Transmission
Acidity/Alkalinity
Dissolved Oxygen
Nutrients


Salinity
Definition
Salinity is total mass, expressed in grams, of all substances
dissolved in 1 kg of sea water when all carbonate has been
converted to oxide, all bromine and iodine has been
replaced by chlorine and all organic compounds have
been oxidized at a temperature of 480C
Expressed in 0/00 or ppt (part per thousand) or psu

(practical salinity unit)
Normal range of salinity of open sea water 30 35 psu
Coastal areas salinity varies more widely


Salinity
Extreme Value
Highest salinity value : 300 400 psu in the Dead
Sea (Israel and Jordan)
Lowest point on dry land 418 m below MSL




Conductivity
Definition
Sea water conductivity is the ability or
power of sea water to conduct or transmit
heat, electricity, or sound
Its units are Siemens per meter [S/m] in SI

and micromhos per centimeter
[mmho/cm] in U.S. customary units
Normal range of conductivity : 2 5 S/m
Salinity in practice is calculated from
conductivity


Temperature
Definition
Temperature is a measure of the heat content
Temperature is a thermodynamic property of a
fluid, and is due to the activity of molecules and
atoms in the fluid. The more the activity (energy),
the higher the temperature.
Unit : Degrees Celsius (C)
Normal range of sea water temperature : 0 33 C




Pressure
Definition
Pressure is the force per unit area exerted by
water on either side of the unit area, therefore
it increases with increasing depth
Ocean pressure is usually measured in decibars

1 dbar = 10-1 bar = 105 dyne/cm2 = 104 Pascal
The total vertical variation in pressure in the
ocean is thus from near zero (surface) to
10,000 dbar (deepest)


Density
Definition
The density of an object is the ratio of its
mass to its volume
The density of pure water in SI units is
1000 kilogram per cubic meter. Range of
seawater density is 1020 - 1050 kg/m3


Heat Latency
Heat Capacity
Heat required to raise one gram of a water by

1C.
highest of all substances (except liquid
ammonia)
thermal buffering and heat transport by
ocean currents


Heat Latency
Latent Heat of Fusion
Heat required to melt one gram of ice at

0C to liquid water at 0C.
highest of all substances (except liquid
ammonia)
thermal buffering
Latent Heat of
Evaporation
Heat required to evaporate 1 gr of water at

100C to water vapor at 100C
highest of all substances
thermal buffering and heat transfer from
the ocean to the atmosphere


Surface Tension
Definition
measure of how difficult it is to stretch

or break the surface of a liquid
water has a greater surface tension
than most liquids


Hydrogen Bounding
Definition
The electromagnetic attractive interaction of a
polar hydrogen atom in a water molecule
Oceans and lakes don't freeze because of
hydrogen bonding, water is less dense as a solid
than it is as a liquid. Density Anomaly
Consequences:
Ice layer in the frozen lakes, river or seas is located
on the top layer
Insulating the water from further freezing
Keep fish and other organism in the lake and river
alive during winter




Dissolving Power
Definition
Ability to dissolve a wide range of substances
Highest of all liquids

solvent for all biological and geochemical reactions
Water's polarity allows it to dissolve other polar substances
very easily. When a polar substance is put in water, the
positive ends of its molecules are attracted to the negative
ends of the water molecules, and vice versa
Water dissolves more substances than any other liquid even the strongest acid!


Light Transmission
Definition
Ability to absorb or transmit UV,
visible and IR light
transparent to visible
strongly absorbs UV and IR
absorbs heat energy from the
sun



Accidity
Definition
measure of the dissociation of water

into ions (H+, OH)
pH = - log [H+]
pH effects on biological and

geochemical reactions


Dissolved Oxygen
Definition
is a relative measure of the amount of oxygen

that is dissolved or carried in a given medium
seawater\atmosphere exchange at air water
interface only
biological processes that affect O2 concentration:
photosynthesis and respiration




Nutrient Concentration
Definition
Concentration of nutrient molecule in the
water
Nitrates (NO3-), Ammonia (NH3),
Phosphate (PO4) and Sulphur (SO4)
inorganic sources of N, P, S and other
atoms required for phytoplankton
growth
photosynthesis and respiration
contributes in nutrient distribution


Nutrient Concentration
Nutrient pollution, especially from nitrogen and
phosphorus, has consistently ranked as one of the
top causes of degradation in some waters for
more than a decade
Excess nitrogen and phosphorus lead to
significant water quality problems including
harmful algal blooms, hypoxia and declines in
wildlife and wildlife habitat
EUTROPHICATION
Excesses have also been linked to higher amounts
of chemicals that make people sick



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Oceanography

Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata

Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I

Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata

Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I

Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata

Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I

Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata

Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I

Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata

Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I

Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata

Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I

Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata

Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I

Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata

Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I

Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata

Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I

Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata

Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I

Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata

Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I

Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata

Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I

Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata

Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I

Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata

Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I

Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata

Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I

Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata

Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I

Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata

Expressed in 0/00 or ppt (part per thousand) or psu

Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I

Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata

Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I

Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata

Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I

Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata

Its units are Siemens per meter [S/m] in SI

Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I

Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata

Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I

Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata

Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I

Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata

Ocean pressure is usually measured in decibars

Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I

Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata

Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I

Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata

Heat required to raise one gram of a water by

Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I

Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata

Heat required to melt one gram of ice at

Heat required to evaporate 1 gr of water at