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Stressing Other Than Fully Reversed Loadings
Stressing Other Than Fully Reversed Loadings
Cyclic Stressing
As the name implies, the induced stresses vary in some pattern with time. This
can be due to variation in the applied load itself or because of the conditions of use as seen
earlier. Let us assume that the pattern of such a variation is sinusoidal. Then the following
are the basic terminology associated with variable stresses. The definitions included here
are elementary. They are introduced for clarity and convenience.
Machine Design II
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
C
Compression Sm /S uc
Tension S m / S ut
Machine Design II
Mean stress (Mid range stress) : m The algebraic mean or average of the
maximum and minimum stress in one cycle.
+ min
m = max
2
Stress range: r The algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum stress in
one cycle.
r = max min
Stress Amplitude: a Half the value of the algebraic difference between the maximum
and minimum stress in one cycle or half the value of the stress range.
a =
max min r
=
2
2
Types of Variations
(a) (Completely)Reversible stressing:
Stress variation is such that the mean stress is zero; Same magnitude of
maximum and minimum stress, one in tension and the other in compression .Now for
Completely reversible loading m = max= min; R = - 1 and A = 0
Machine Design II
Stress
+
max
0
_
m=0
min
Stress
max
a
------------------------------------------------------
t=0
0
min
_
(b) Repeated
Machine Design II
Stress
+
max
a
------------------------------------------------------
t
min
m
_
(b) Flutuating
Stress
+
max
------------------------------------------------------
a
r
t=0
------------------------------------------------------
min
= max min
Machine Design II
Stress amplitude: a =
1
( max min )
2
m =
1
( max + min )
2
Mean stress:
Stress ratio:
R=
min
max
min
m = max
2
2
a
min
R=
A=
max
m
m =
Machine Design II
Su
Sy
max
Se
min
0
45
Se
Sy
Mean Stress
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
C
Compression Sm /S uc
Tension S m / S ut
Machine Design II
4.0
2.33
1.5
A=1
0.67
0.43
0.25
0.11
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
R=0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
S ut
A=
R=-1.0
840
700
560
420
280
140
140 280
Minimum stress
min
,MPa
It is evident from the above figures that the presence of mean stress reduces the magnitude
of variable component or the stress amplitude that can be sustained before failure. The
higher the magnitude of mean stress the lower is the magnitude of amplitude stress that
can be sustained. However note that if the nature of mean stress is compressive, then it
has no effect on the magnitude of the variable component or the stress amplitude value.
Failure Criteria
Yield line
Gerber line
Se
Goodman line
Sa
Soderberg line
0
Sm
Alternating stress
S yt
S ut
Machine Design II
Four criteria of failure are diagrammed in figure, the Soderberg's, the modified
Goodman, the Gerber, and yielding. It is evident that only the Soderbergs criterion guards
against yielding. The linear theories of Figure can be placed in equation form: The equation
for the Soderbergs criteria (line) is
Sa Sm
+
=1
Se Syt