Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INDEX
CONTENTS
SL.no
EXPERIMENTS
PAGE.NO
GROUP-A
1
Vernier calipers
Screw guage
Moment Bar
GROUP B
Youngs modulus
10 A
10 B
11
Page1
2
4
ii) Volume of Hollow Cylinder: - The given hollow cylinder is kept between the jaw with its
axis parallel to the cage of the scale and corresponding main scale reading by rotating the
cylinder between the jaws and length L is calculated. The cylinder is again kept in between
the jaws. To find the external diameter D with its axis perpendicular to the plane of the
measurement is repeated 3 or 4 times and the average diameter D is calculated.
To find the internal diameter d of the hollow cylinder the jaw extension are used to kept the
cylinder from within corresponding M.S.R and noted. The measurement is repeated 4 or 5
times by rotating the cylinder above the jaw extension can be calculated using the following
formula
( 2 2 )
4
3 ,
D=External Diameter
d=Internal Diameter
L=length
= 3.14
Least Count LC =
Value of MSD
.
cm
Page2
Dimension
object
MSR
cm
DIAMETER
(d)
CVSD
LC
Total reading
Average
cm
TR=MSR+(CVSD x LC)
In cm
1)
SOLID
CYLINDER
2)
3)
LENGTH
1)
(L)
2)
3)
INTERNAL
1)
DIAMETER
2)
(d)
HOLLOW
3)
CYLINDER
EXTERNAL
1)
DIAMETER
2)
(D)
3)
LENGTH
1)
(L)
2)
3)
Page3
Procedure: The given sample of the wire or lead shot is placed between the jaws of the
screw gauge on the corresponding pitch scale reading and corresponding head scale reading
are note down. The total reading is calculated using the relation. Total reading = pitch scale
reading+ (H.S.RZ.C) least count. The experiment is repeated for different position of
object. The screw gauge is said to be zero setting when the jaws are brought closed together
as shown in figure. If the pitch line consider with zero of the head scale then there is no zero
error. If the head scale zero about pitch scale then error is negative and correction because
positive it is shown in the figure. If head scale zero is below pitch line the error is positive
and correction in negative.
Formula
Volume of wireV=
2
4
3
3
6
Result:
Page4
=
=
= . .
= . = . .
L.C in
OBJECT
DIMENSION
TRIAL
mm
Total reading
PSR
Diameter (d)
WIRE
i)
ii)
iii)
i)
Length (L)
ii)
iii)
LEAD
i)
SHOT
Diameter(d)
ii)
iii)
GLASS
PLATE
i)
Thickness (t)
ii)
iii)
Page5
Procedure: Fix a paper on the drawing board; attach two smooth pulleys to the board at its
top. Take three strings and the one end each together to get a common knot. Pass two of them
over the pulleys and from the free ends of the strings suspend weight hanger. Adjust the
weights so that they remain in equilibrium. Take the shadow of three strings with help of
mirror. Take out paper join the lines and indicate the directions by arrow marks. Find the
angles between the forces. P.Q. & R. in all cases it will be found that.
=
=
observations
Trial
no
Forces in gmwt
Angles
Page6
Procedure : Fix a paper on the drawing board, attach two smooth pulleys to the board at
the top. Take three strings and the one of each together to get a commonknot. Pass two of
them over the pulleys and from the free ends of string suspend weight hanger, weight hanger,
adjust the weights so that they remain in equilibrium. Take out the paper join the lines and
indicate the directions by arrow marks. Taken a convenient scale (say 50 GMS=1CM) and
represent three forces acting at O as OA, OB & OC. Complete the parallelogram having OA
and OB as adjacent sides. Join OC which represent forces R it will be seen that OC=OC 1
with acts in opposite direction and COC1 =1800Repeat the experiment taking different
weights.
TRIAL P gmwt
Q gmwt
Rgmwt
OA cm
NO
OB cm
OC
OC1 COC1
cm
cm
Page7
Procedure : Fix a paper on the drawing board, attach two smooth pulleys to the board at
The top take three strings and tie one end so each together to get common knot. Pass two So
than over the pulleys and from free ends suspends weight hangers.Adjust.So that They
remains in equilibrium. Taken shadow of the string with the help of mirror. Take out The
paper join the points and indicate the direction by arrow marks. Draw parallel lines. Indicate
directions forces P.Q & R and name the triangle in order
It will be found that
TRIAL
= =
Forces in gmwt
Length of side in cm
Q/EF
NO
P
DE
EF
FD
Page8
R/FD
Moment Bar
Aim: to verify the condition of equilibrium of parallel forces using moment bar
Apparatus: Meter scale ,spring balances, hooks,loop of threads,weight hangers and slotted
weights
ii)
Procedure: meter scale is suspended horizontally with the help of 2 springs balances which
are fixed to a rigid support.the readings of the springs balances P& Q are noted.the weight of
the scale W= P+Q is calculated.the weight hangers are suspended from the loops attached on
either side the meter scale as shown in fig.suitable loads R and S are added to the weight
hangers and their positions are adjusted so that the scale remains horizontal .the reading of
the spring balance and the distance of the points of action of different forces from a reference
point O are noted
Sum of the upward forces and sum of the downward forces are found the sum of moments of
forces in the clockwise and in the anticlockwise direction are calculated. the experiment is
repeated for different loads and at different points of action of forces the readings are
tabulated the conditions of equilibrium of parallel forces are verified
Page9
i)
Trial .no
ii)
Q in gmwt
R in gmwt
S in gmwt
P+Q
R+S+W
Trial .no
WxOC
SxOE
Anti-clock wise
Sum
PxOA
QxOB
Sum
Page10
Result :
i)
ii)
Page11
Procedure: A clean capillary tube of uniform bore is supported vertically with its lower
end well below the surface of water taken in beaker ,the bent pin adjusted such that, its tip
just touches the surface of water. Now water rise in the capillary tube and its concave
meniscus stands at a particular height.
Now traveling microscope is adjust horizontally and focused to the base of meniscus of liquid
rises in the capillary tube. Take the microscope reading R3 now remove the beaker of water,
without disturbing capillary tube and pin lower the microscope to focus it on the top of pin
observe the microscope R4. The difference
(R3 & R4) between the two reading gives the height (h) of capillary rise.
Determine the radius r of the capillary tube by focusing the microscope on its cross-section.
OBSERVATION:
Room Temperature = t =. c
Density of water = d = 1gm/cc.
Angel of contact of water with glass (0) = 0
Acceleration due to gravity g = 980 cm/s2
1
.
= .cm
Page12
No.
Right
Left
d=R1~R2 in cm
R1=MSR+(CVDLC)
R2=MSR+(CVDLC)
in cm
T.M.
Height h =R3~R4 in cm
No.
Top
Bottom
R3=MSR+(CVDLC)
R4=MSR+(CVDLC)
Page13
= dynes/cm
Page14
(ht/m)Ns/
Page15
OB
Traveling
s.
Reading-R1
No.
M.S.R
C.V.S.D
TR1
M.S.R
CVSD
TR2
D=R1~R2
R=D/2
cm
in cm
TR1=MSR+(CVSD X LC)
TR2 =MSR+(CVSD X LC) in cm
Page16
Procedure : A reference wire A and a specimen wire B of the material, whose modulus of
elasticity is to be determined are suspended from a rigid support.Using micrometer screw
gauge the diameter of wire is noted.
The sphedometer screw is turned upwords until the air bubble of the sprit levelis at the
center.Note the reading RO (Reading for Zero load) .The put half Kg weight (M) in the
hanger.Now the experimental wire is elongated slightly. Hence frame F2 movers downwords
relative to F1 and air bubble moves left.Now the screw of sphedometer is again moved up to
bring the air bubble at the center.The reading R1 is noted. The difference between two
reading extension produced by the half
are reading noted. In the same way readings are noted again by decreased the load in the
same regular steps.
Page17
pitch
no. of devision on head scale
= Cms
Zero error = ..mm
zero correction = mm
Obs
No.
P.S.R mm
CMSD div
T.R = PSR+(CVSD-RC)LC
Mean diameter d= mm
Radius of wire
= ................................mm
Page18
Obs
Mass M
no
Reading of sphedometer
Load increasing
Mean =
Extension L
Load decreasing
Mean
= .
Youngsmodulus(Y)=
x mean
= dynes/cm2
X slope
= .dynes/cm2
Page19
Sonometer-1(comparison Method),
Aim: To verify first law of transverse vibration of string and hence find the
frequency of given tuning fork.
Apparatus: Sonometer board, slotted weights, tuning forks, rubber pad, wedges.
Theory: First law of transverse vibration of string says the tension and mass per
unit
length remains constant the frequency of the string is inversely proportional to the length of
vibration segment.Sonometer is used to find the frequency of tuning fork it consist of a
hollow rectangular wooden box with wires stretched along it one of the string passes over the
pulley and carries a weight hanger. When a vibrating tuning fork is kept over the box the
string starts vibration along its length if resonance occurs.
Procedure: Firstly suitable weight are added in the weight pan a small v shaped paper
rider is kept over the string between the wedges. A tuning forkof frequency is struck against
the rubber pad and its shank is kept over the box. If the frequency of fork matches the
frequency of
Trail No
Frequency N in Hz
Unison length
Nx=.Hz
Lx=cm
N X L in cps
Mean NXL=cps
Lx
in Hz
Page20
Apparatus: sonometer box, slotted weights tuning fork, rubber pad, weight box wedges.
Theory: If the length of vibrating segment and mass per unit length are content the
frequency varies directly as the square root of stretched tension.
Procedure: Take the total marks and length so that wire a 1000 grms weight is added in
weight pan. A small v shaped paper rider is kept over the string between wedges. A tuning
fork of unknown frequency is struct against the rubber pad and its shank is kept over the box.
The wedges are adjusted such that paper rider filters and falls down when it happens, measure
the length of the wire between wedges which corresponds to unison length. Repeated the
experiment with different weights.
Observations.
Length of wire L =
T=mg
Mass of wire M =
Trial
Weight in WTPan
Tension T
Unison Length L in cm
T/L
No.
1.
1000 GRMS
2.
1500 GRMS
3.
2000 GRMS
Mean =
= .
1
2
=. CPS or Hz
Page21
Procedure:- In the position of maximum resonance. The air column in tube vibrates with
fundamental made of it is resonating length and wave length of note united then.
V = N>C
(1)
(2)
If l2 is sound length of our column is resonance with the tuning fork then.
V= l2 + 0.033d
From equation
(3)
(1) & (3)
V= l2 l1 or 2 (l1-l2)
Or v=2n (l1-l2)
(4)
Procedure:- A metal is held vertically by a clamp. So that its lower dips in water in tall jar.
An exited tuning fork of know frequency is held closed to the open of tube is whom in the
figure. Then length of the tube outside that water is adjusted such that resonance takes place
(A loud sound is heard). In this case a node at lower end and a anti node at the upper end are
formed. Stationary waves are set up in the tube between direct and reflected wave. The length
l1 of the tube is measured.
The experiment is repeted by raising the tube till as second position or resonance is obtained
and length l2 column is found. In this case are column has nodes and two anti nodes formed
Page22
Frequency of
the Resonating
length Mean
Velocityofsound
= + . /
. =
=.cm
Page23
Object
Dimension
M.S.R
C.V.S.D
L.C
HOLLOW
CYLINDER
INTERNAL
OR
DIAMETER
METAL
TUBE
273
/
273 +
Page24