44, 45. 46. 41. 48. 49, 50. 51. 52. 53. 54, 55. 56. 37. 58. Responsible mining 125 In the opinion of Yearly, sustainable development, from the mining viewpoint, requires three things. What are they? Discuss the concept that ‘sustainable development is a journey rather than a destination,” Discuss the need to make a ‘business case’ for sustainable development. Why is this important? In what ways can sustainable development strategies help to minimize mining costs? ‘Comment on the statement ‘Managing environmental and social impacts is not just a cost to be minimized.” What are the key priorities for enhancing the contribution of mining, minerals and metals to sustainable development? What role must mine engincering play in ‘Responsible Mining’? Is mine engineering a ‘cost’ center or a ‘profit’ center? Be prepared to discuss this, In your own words, what is the practical meaning of the phrase ‘Plan the mine, mine the plan’? ‘What is the way forward for mining in light of the substantial emphasis on sustainable development worldwide? ‘What is the significance of the Milos statement? ‘What is the Milos vision? To achieve the Milos vision, what needs to be done? Summarize this in your own words. How do you fit into the Milos vision and into its achievement?” Clearly state your view on the practical meaning of “Responsible Mining.”Index access associated volume 285, 350-352 pit 290 Agenda 21.701 angle of repose 274, 299, 929, 954 angular exclusion 235 anisotropy 890-892 direction 763, 820, 829 ratio 763, 820-821, 829 ares, labelling 448-449 ‘Arizona Copper property description 740 drill hole data 909-910 geologic description 905-906 historical background 904 location 904 mineralization 906-909 ‘mining considerations 910-911 topography 905 assays, undefined 759 assessment and reporting criteria, checklist 645, 646-649 at-mine-revenue (AMR) 88 ‘Australasian Joint Ore Reserves Committee ORC) 644, 645 average annual investment (AAD 144-145 average annual investment cost (AIC) 145 average profit ratio (APR) 606 avoirdupois weight 61 basic smelter return (BSR) 87, 91 bearing capacity 355-356 bench composites 191, 758, 806. 811 bench representation changing from one type to another 330 median lines 328-330 toes and crests 326-330 bench, geometry altemative designs 273-215 back break 271 bank width 271 bench floor 271 bench width 271 crest 271, 326-330 cut 271 definitions 270-277 face angle 271, 272, 303 height 271-275 ‘median lines 328-330 plan representation 326-330 safety/catch bench 272-274, 296-302 selection 275-276 toe 271, 326-330 working bench 271-272, 280, 296 benefits, worker 156 berms median 274, 364-365 parallel 364 safety 274, 299, 314 Bingham Canyon Mine T5118, 180 block coordinate system 792-793 dimensions 227, 741, 820 rade assignment 235, tid 229 sid definition 748-750 kriging 258 mode 761 model creation, steps 740-743 7a models 227-235 sequencing 586 size 227 ‘wo- and three-dimensional modeling 821-822 value assignment 839 versus point representation 230 block model mode 815 assigning block values, 820-826 creating block model 826-831 defining block model grid 816 file description 832-834 a block file 832 saving a block file 831-832 surface topography 816-820 block modelling assigning values in 418-420 creation, steps. 740-743, 826-831 data file 743-744 economic 418-420 block plots ‘configure command 848-851 control keys 840 controlling the blocks plotted 851-853, creating 765-769 block reports 862-865 block sequencing Lagrangian parametrization 598-604 set dynamic programming 586-598 branch 446728 Index breakeven grade between milling and leaching 559-562 cutoff grade definition 396 Bureau of Land Management (BLM) 25 California bearing ratio (CBR) 356-358 Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (CIM) 662 capital cost, inclusion in block model 513-515 cash flow calculations 55, 499 components 56 definition 49) economic concept 46 example 49-51, 54-55, 522-523 factors considered 56 cash flow example, ‘molybdenum mine pre production 500 505 production 505-511 catelvsafety bench 272-274 cell, size 243, 865 centrifugal force 362, 363 chaotic variance 246, 247 checklist, planning data 7-11 CIF, definition 61 CIM, guidelines ‘z¢ological interpretation and modeling, 666-669 mineral reserve estimation 674-676 ‘mineral reserves reconciliation 680-681 ‘mineral resources estimation 669-673 reporting 676-680 source database 664-666 ircular failure 314, 320 closure, graph theory 446 CMJ (Southam), Reference Manual and Buyers Guide 96 Codeleo Andina Copper property background information 9a geology 941-942 geotechnical slope analysis and design 943-946 structural geology 942-943 unit operations and initial costs, for pit generation 946-947 Codeleo Norte Copper property 947 economic analysis. 958 geology 949-950 geotechnical information 950-952 leach pad desig ‘operation 954-955 location and access 949 material handling systems 952-953, metallurgical testing/process development 953-954 ‘mine design and plan 955 open pit geometry 952 Unit operations and ‘manpower 955-957 cohesion, slope 315 composite files ‘creating 741 description 813-815, reading 813 saving 812 storing and loading 759 ‘composite mode 745, 758, 788, 806 calculation 758-759, 807-810 composites benebvcollar 811 calculation 758-759 dialog command 812 hhighest bench 811 interval 812 maximum number 812 mode 806-815, ore-zone composite 190 reasons and benefits 191 types. 806 ‘compositing bench 190-191 benefits 191 definition 187 ore-zone 190, 193 cone, volume of 209 contour plots configure command 853-859 contour filling 850-853 creating 770-772, 810-816 menu control keys 840 menu value descriptions 840 coordinate system 749 description 792-798 capper mine assumptions 483-492 examples. 563-564 cost actual operations 96 calculations, detailed. 137 current equipment, supplies ain labor 153-138 depletion basis. 52-53 escalation 88, 96 estimating 95 hourly earnings 112, 113, 14 indexes. 88, 96, 111, 114, 17 types 95-96 cost estimation 95 actual operations 96 detaited example 137 escalation 96 O'Hora cost estimators 116 quick and dirty mining 152-153 types 95 Cost Reference Guide 153 covariance 252-254 critical path representation 24 ‘cross slope 361 CSMine, basics changing modes 790-791 coordinate system description 792-793 data window 793 file types 788-789 formatting the data screen 791-192 printing data 792 project file 789-790 sorting data 792 CSMine, data printing 792 sorting 792 window 793 CSMine, installing 738-739 CSMine, program design overview 744-745 hardware requirements 738 installing 7/38 running 739 warranty 737 CSMine, section creation 801CSMine, slope command 783-786 CSMine, software features 788 C8Mine, tutorial 737 Arizona Copper property description 740 block mode 743-744, 761 composite mode 758-761 creation of block model 740-744 rill hole mode 747 executing commands 745 program design overview 748-145 starting 738-739, 745-747 CSMine, user’s guide basics 788-793 block model mode 815 block plots 48-853 block reports 862-865 ‘composite mode 806-815 ‘contour plots 853-859 drill hole mode 793 economic block values 834-840 pit modeling 840-848, plotting pit profiles 859-861 statistics 865 variogram modeling 882 €SMine, warranty 737 cut drive-by 293 drop 278-287 frontal 290-293 parallel 293 sequencing, 302-303 cutoff grade definition 392, 393 dump versus mill 392-394 incremental financial analysis 515-518, Lane approach 538 material destinations 556 stockpile 562-568 cyanide solutions 33-34 data file creating a block modet 743-744 De Wijsian model 250 density metals 196 minerals 195 rock types 196 techniques for determining 194-198 depletion cost 52, 510 example 54-55, 508-510 percentage 52 development definition 2 differential stripping ratio (DSR) 472 discounted cash flow (DCF) 50 discounted cash flow rate of return (DCFROR) calculation 51 definition 50 example 51-52 distributions grade 238 logarithmic 239 normal 239 double benches 273, 274 drill hole construction of cross-section 199-203 examples 188 iron ore 199-203 log 185-186 drill hole mode lock grid. 748-750 data file description 794-195 creating plan map 750-754 plotting plan map 796-801 plotting section map 801-806 reading a file 747, 795 section map, creation 155-157 drive-by cuts 293, drop cut 278-287 ‘dump leaching ‘concept 557 recovery 558-559 time value of money effect 596 versus milling 559-561 dump planning 629-631 earnings, hourly 112-114 Earth Summit ‘Agenda 21 701-703, Rio Declaration 698-701 econometric models 86 Index 129 economic block model description 418-420 capital and profit costs 513-515 ‘economic block values assigning 773-774 calculation 834-836 creating economic block model 839-840 example 837-839 formula evaluation 836-839 economics cash flow 49 DCF 50 DCFROR 50 depletion 52-55 depreciation 51 future worth 46 payback period 48 present value, equal ‘uniform payments 47-48 present worth 47 rate of return (ROR) 48-49 Engineering News Record (ENR) cost indices 111 environmental Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) 25, 35-36 Environmental Protection ‘Agency (EPA) 32 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) 25 recommended Environmental Assessment (ERA) 25 environmental planning procedures initial evaluation 35-37 permits and approvals 40 strategy 37-38 team 38-40 equipment fleet requirements 627-629 equipment ownership cost ‘AAL 144 AAIC 145 depreciation 144 erusiun protection 30 escalation cost 96 estimation variance 253, 823, 826730 Index exploration definition 2 information 3,4 IRS 50 exploratory drilling drill hole log 185, 192 structural data 186 techniques 184 F.O.B. (free-on-board) definition 61 Feasibility study ‘activity network 26 content 12-14 definition 12 functions 14 preparation 19-24 Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA) 25, final pit outline ‘cross-sections 398 generation 411-416 longitudinal sections 206, 405411 radial sections 405-411 smoothing 412 final pt, sections end completion 207 outline 204 side completion 203 tons and grade 207 floating cone 3-D 840 advantages 436 bounds 780-781 description 420 example 421-429 missing combinations 25-427 problem combinations 428-429 unprofitable extensions. 427 forecasting, price 76 formatting, data sereen 791-792 freight rates 61-63, 90 friction angles 315 fringe benefits 136 front, mining. 280-283 frontal cuts 290-292 future worth, cash flow 46 geologic planning information 183-187 geometric pit limits 777-778 ‘geometrical considerations bench geometry 270-277, 326-330 final pit slope angles 312 geometric sequencing 374-377 ‘ore access 277 pit expansion process 290 pit slope geometry 303-312 road construction 352 addition of road 330 stripping ratios. 369-374 geostatistics cells 243, 244 example 243-248 lag distance 241 Jog normal distribution 241 nugget effect 246 range of sample influence 242 variance 243) Global Mining Initiative (GM}) 704-706 rade anisotropy 234, 247, 250 assignment 235-251 contours 212-218 statistical assignment 235-251 graph theory 444-447 greenfield deposit, evaluation steps 632-6: highest bench elevation 759 IDS technique 232-235 block model grid, value 822-823 CSMine 816, 820 federal 510 state 508. incremental financial analysis, plant sizing example 518-526 principles 515-518 indexes, tables of cost 111 ENR 111 producer price 112 productivity 112-113 instantaneous stripping ratio (ISR) calculation 372-374 example 372-374 intermediate valuation report content 12, 13-14 Internal Revenue Service (IRS) development definition 55 exploration definition 55 exploration versus development 55 International Council on Mining and Metals, (CMM) 706-708 interpolation rules inverse distance 232 inverse distance squared (IDS) 232-235, 236 linear 232 polygon 226 rule of nearest points 230-231 interramp angles 304311 inverse distance squared (IDS) N16, 820, 822-28, 827 Joint Ore Reserves Committee (ORC) 644 JORC Code -2004 edition competence and responsibility 650-652 economic mineralized material 661-662 exploration results, Teporting 653-654 general reporting 653 ‘mineral resources, reporting 654-658 ‘ore reserves, reporting 658-661 reporting terminology 652-653 scope 649-650 Kennecott Barneys Canyon Gold property climate 934 geologic setting 932-933 geotechnical data 933 mining data 935-936 ore processing 934-935 resource definition 933 topography and surface conditions 934 key block coordinates. 750, 816kriging block value 258, 823-826 block versus point 258 ‘common problems 250-260 concept 252-254 example 254-258 lognormal 825-826 ordinary block 825 ordinary point 823, 824, 825 universal 826 kriging/IDS parameters 829-831 lag distance 242 Lagrange multipliers 254, 824 Jandform reclamation 34-35 Lane's algorithm equation development 528-529 illustrative example 529-530 model definition 527-528 ‘modified Lane's algorithm, 565-568 net present value maximization 538 Teaching, copper example 557-562 tailings and slime ponds 3 types 33-34 Lerchs-Grossmann 2-D algorithm 429-438 Lerchs-Grossmann 2%-D algorithm 438-441 Lerchs-Grossmann 3-D algorithm, terms and ‘concepts ares 443-446 branch 446-447 chain 446 circuit 446 closure 446 cycle 446 description 441~447 directed graph 445 example 447-456 graph 445 maximum closure 446 path 446 root 446 subgraph 445 tree 446 tree construction 447-454 tree cutting 454-456 wig 447 level plans 411, 414 linear interpolation, grade 231 logging. drill core 168 ltu, definition 57 map scale factor 798, maps coordinates 177-178 ‘general area 174 ‘general mine 174-178 isometric view 180, 183 preparation guidelines 177-180 purpose 168 quadrangle 170-171 scale 168-171 types. 170, 173 material destinations considerations. 556 cutoff grade(s) 556 in pit materials 416-418 Teach dump alternative 587-562 stockpile alternative 562-568 Matheron (spherical) model 250 ‘maximum search distance. 821 mill(e) levy 504, 508 Milos Statement 716-719 ‘mine development phases S~7 mine life ‘concepts 483, 493 example, small copper deposit 483-492 ‘molybdenum mine example 494-499 yylor’s rule. 493-494 mine planning accuracy, estimation 17-18, data collection checklist TH development phases 5-7 phases 11-16 planning costs 17 studies 11-12 mine reclamation 24 imine waste dumps 31 management 32-33 tailings and slime ponds 33, tailings dams 33 Index 731 mineral deposit, stages 2 mineral inventory average grade versus cutoff grade 486 definition 168 grade class interval 484 tonnage versus cutoff grade 485, 486 tonnage versus grade class interval 485 mineral reserve reconciliation 680-683 estimation 674-675 mineral resource estimation 669-672 indicated 4 inferred 4 measured 3 ‘mineral resource to mineral reserve, ‘quantifying elements 672-6714 mineral resources and ore reserves CIM best practice guidelines 662 JORC Code ~2004 edition 645 reporting 644, 652-662 Mining Cost Service 154 mining department, planning activities 28 mining industry and related initiatives. 704 GMI 704-706 ICMM 705, 706-708 MMSD 705, 708-709 ULS. government and federal land management 709-112 US.NMA 712-114 Mining Minerals and Sustainable Development (MMSD) 705, 706, 708-709 mining/milling rates ‘copper example 483-492 molybdenum example 494-499 Minnesota Natural fron property access 913-914 climatic condition 914-915 economic basis 918-920 ‘general geologic setting 916-917732 Index Minnesota Natural fron property (contd) historical background 915-916 initial hand design 918 tmine-specific geology 917-918 topography 916 Minnesota Taconite property general geology 927-928 history 926-927 location 926 mining data 929-931 ore processing 931-932 structural data 928-929 topography and surface condition 927 mode command 748, 758, 761,791 Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion 314 molybdenum mine, example cash flow, pre-production 500-909 cash flow, production 505-511 ‘mining/milling rate 494-499 nested pits 494-499 MSHA rules 364 mtu, definition 57 ‘multiple use management 25 nested pits, sequencing 494-499 vet smelter return (NSR) definition 86-88 example 90-92 net value block 418-420 calculation for copper 395-396 net value versus grade curve construction 395-398 use 398, Newmont Gold property deposit mineralization 938-939 general geologic setting 937-938 initial pit modeling parameters 940, local climatic conditions 940 property location 936-937 topography and surface conditions 939-940 NMA. principle 712-714 sustainable development pledge 712-714 nugget effect 246, 250, 885, 886 number of blocks block mode 763 ‘maximum number, point 830 plan maximun 828 Hara cost estimator concentrator operating costs, 135 daily operating cost 134-136 general plant cost. 130-132 mill capital cost 116=118 capital cost 116-118 original 116-118 other operating costs 136-137 personnel requirements 140 Pil operating cost 134-135 updated 118 ore definition 1 jobs 2 meaning 1-2 reserves 4,5 ore reserve definition 4. 5 probable 4,5 proven 4,5 ore reserve, calculation block models 227~; by level 416 final 416 ‘grade contours 21 horizontal sections, 219-227 pit 203-212, 216-222 polygons 223-227 triangular prisms 219-2 vertical sections 198-212 ‘ore-zone composites 190-191 orebody important books 903-904 journals 903 orebody description block models 227 composite calculation 187-193, geologic information 183-187 kriging 251 method of horizontal sections 219 mine map. 168 statistical basis for grade assignment 235, tonnage factor calculation 193-198 Orebody, case examples Codeleo Andina Copper property 941~947 Codelco Norte Copper property 947-958 CSMine Arizona Copper property 904-911 Kennecott Barneys Canyon Gold property 932-936 Minnesota Natural fron property 911-920 Minnesota Taconite property 925-932 Newmont Gold property 936-940 Utah Iron property 920-925 outer economic bound 778-780, 784, 847, 861 parallel euts 293-302 payback period 48 percent payment 90 permits, Hist. 40 phase planning, steps phase scheduling pre-production stripping 564-585 sawtooth ore-time plots 583 steps. 580-586 pit plots 781-783, 840 slopes 841, 844, 924.925 pit extensions’ 463 pit generator, RTZ 457-463 Pit limit determination computer assisted 463-47 floating cone 420-429hand methods 389 Lerehs-Grossmann. 2-D 429-438 Lerchs-Grossmann 2!/-D. 438441 Lerchs-Grossmann. 3-D 441 RYZ pit generator 457-463 pit Limits, hand methods comparison of sections 406 cutoff grade 392-393 example, pit botwomn avd cone side in ore 404-405 example, pit bottom in ore 404-405 example, pit bottom in waste 398-403 final pit outline 411-416 net vale vs grade curve 395-396 radial sections 405-411 smoothing 412 stripping cost 396 stripping ratio vs grade curve 306-308 pit modeting changing pit limit restrictions 847-848 centering pit slopes 844-847 geometric pit limit restrictions 841 pit slopes 841 positive apexed cone limits 841-844 surface topography restrictions 841 three-dimensional floating cone 844 pit slopes bench 270, 302 final 312-326 interramp 304-311 overall 304-311 plan map. creation 750-754 Plan of Implementation 703-104 planar failure 314-320 planning studies accuracy 17-18 conceptual 11-12 costs 17 feasibility 12 phases 11-16 preliminary/pre-feasibility M12 plant size ‘ore reserves suppor 511-515 plotting pit profiles 859-861 polygons computer generated 231 interpolation rules 226, 227 ‘ore reserve calculation 249 pre-production stripping 121, 584, 585, 609, present value, calculation series of equal uniform payments 47~48 single payment 47 price current mineral 55-61 econometric models 86 forecasting 76-86 historical data 61-76 tend analysis 76-86 trends. 63 price-cost relationship 92-93 prism, volume of 208-209 Producer Price Index 112, 114 production planniny ‘cash flow calculations 499 design process. 631-633 goals. 482 Vane’s algorithm 526 material destination considerations. 556 rmine and mill plant sizing st mine planning 631-633 plant size concept 483-492 production scheduling 568 push back design 604 rulesfcommandments 483 sequencing, nested pits 494-499 Taylor's mine rule 493-494 types 483 production scheduling, simplified example 568 production, definition 2 productivity calculation 150 definition 112 index 114, 115 profit cost, inclusion in block model 514 profits 2 project phases 5 property evaluation, greenfield deposits 632 f Index 733 property ownership 912 pushback design, manual example 613, steps 611-613 pushback, definition 375 quadrangle maps 170, 171 radial sections 405-411 range of influence definition 243, 246 example 243-248, rate of return (ROR) definition 49 example 49, 50 ratio of concentration 393 realization cost 88 reclamation management cyanide leach systems, 33-34 mine waste 32-33 soil 30 surface and ground water 31-32 tailings and slime ponds 33, water 31 reclamation plan content 28-29 purpose 28 reclamation standards 29-31 1g mineral resources and ore reserves exploration results, 653-654 general 653 ‘mineral resources 654-658 ore reserves. 658-661 terminology 652-653 reserve definition 4 probable 4, 5 proven 4,5 resource definition 3 indicated 4,5 inferred 4, 5 measured 4,5 responsible mining 688, 116-119 1972 UNCHE Conference 689-693 Earth Summit 698-703 good engineering 716-719 mining industry and related initiatives 704-716 693-696 repor734 Index responsible mining (contd) World Commission on Environment and Development 696-698 WSSD 703-704 restrictions command floating cone bound 780-781 geometric pit Himits 777-178 ‘outer economie bound 78 779 Rio Declaration 698-701 Stockholm Declaration 691-693 surface constraint 775-777 revegetation 30-31, 34 revenues, estimation of 35 Reverse Polish Notation (RPN) 774, 835-840 Rio Declaration 698-701 road, addition to a pit factors 333 inside the wall 336-341 iematin 341-342, 340 outside the wall 341-344 switchbacks. 344-347 volume 280-282, 347-352 road. construction base 356, 358 California Bearing Ratio (CBR) 356-358 equivalent wheel loads 355 particle gradation 357-358 section design 353-358 soil bearing capacity 355-356 subbase 353 subgrade 353 tips 368-369 tire contact pressure S43 wearing surface 353, 355-357 road. geometry cross slope 361 sradients 365-367 median berm 364-365 parallel berm 364 superelevation 362 width 359-361 road, maintenance tips 368-369 rock quality designation (RQD) 189 rolling radius, tire 299, 364 root, graph theory 444, 446 royalties rule-of-nearest points 230-231 safety bench 299-302 berm 299-800, 364365 factor. slope 315, 317 322, 324 save and print commands 1786-787 search ellipse 763, 765, 820-821 section development 178-183, ‘manual example from iron core 197-203, 204 types 406 semi-variance 243 sequencing bench cut 301, 302 geometric 374-377 Lagrangian parametrization 598-602, 606, 610 nested pits 494-499 set dynamic programmi 386 shovel cutting height 275 digging radius 275,276, 279 specifications 276 swing angle 290-2 shovel cuts drive-by 293 example 287, 289 frontal 290-292 parallel 293-302 sequencing 301-303 sidehill 289 width 279, 301 sill 246, 250, 885 Simitkameen mine 96, 97 skewness 238, 870 slime ponds. 33 slope angle hench 271-272, 303-304 final 312 interramp 304308 overall 304-309, 311 slope, design charts circular 314, 320, 321, 322, 323 planar 314-320 slope. failure modes 3-Deffects 324 circular 320, 321, 322, 323 planar 314-320 toppling 314 wedge 314 slope, problem classification 312 data presentation 322-323 economic aspects 324-325 safety factor 317, 318, 320, 324 slope, properties cohesion 315 friction angle 315 ground water 322, 324 stress condition 313 slopes command. 783-786 sludge analysis. 185 smeiter. contracts content 89-90 escalation provisions 88 model 90 percent deduction 87 unit deduction 87 smelter, deductions percent 87 unit 87 smelter, return 86-92 spherical model 246-248, 250, 888 spotting, shovel double 294, 297-299 single 294, 295-296 standard deviation 84, 243, 869-870 statistics description 865-871 distribution 871-878 EXI.CMP data set 865 EX2.CMP data set 865 ‘ore body 238-242 statistics command 881-882 transform command 878-881 statistics, orebody additive constant, 241 average grade 241 basis for grade assignment 235-251cumulative frequency 239, 241 ‘cumulative probability 240, 241 ‘grade distribution 238, 241 histogram 238 logarithmic transformation 239 normal distribution 239, 241 normalization 241 range 241 skewness 238, 239 standard deviation 242 variance 241 ‘Stockholm Declaration 691-693 stockpiling 562-568 straight fine depreciation 51, 14, 505 stripping ratio breakeven 391, 374, 397 definition 372 differential (DSR) 472 example 372 generalized formula 402-403 instantaneous 372, 373-374, 389-390, 392 overall 372, 373-374, 392 versus grade curve (parallel sections) 396-297 versus grade curve (radial sections) 405411 structural domains 323-324 stu, definition 57 subdrill 275 superelevation 362-364, 368 surface constraints 775-777 topography file 741, 787, 816-820 sustainable development, mining requirement 69% switchbacks 344-347, 368 tailings ponds. 9, 33, tax, inclusion in cash flow calculations 49-51, 54-55 taxes calculation 504 federal 504,510 property 504,506, severance 508 state 508 ‘Taylor's mine fife rule 493-494 tension cracks, slopes. 315, 319-320, 323 time period plans. 625-627 tonnage factor calculation 187 definition 193-194 example 197-198, toppling failure 314 tree construction 447-454 cutting 454-456 definition 446 trend analysis 76-86 triangular prisms area 223 average grade 220 concept 219-223 thickness 223 troy weight 61 twig 447 ULS. Government and federal and management 709-7112 ultimate pit, definition 388 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (UNCHE) 689, 693, 698 Stockholm Declaration 691-693 Utah Iron property background 920-921 climate 922-923 general geology 923-924 initial cost estimates 925 mineral processing 924 mineralization 924 mining history of the district 921-922 other considerations 925 pit slopes 924-925 topography and surface vegetation 922 variance chaotic 246 estimation 253-254, 257, statistical 241-242 structured 246 variogram ‘construction 242-243 definition 243 information from 250 Index 735 ‘minimum number of pairs 246 parameters $28 variogram modeling anisotropy 890-892 experimental 887-890 variogram command 892 variograms, models de Wijsian 249-250 deposit quantification 250-251 linear 248-249 Matheron/spherical 250 vertical sections, method of 198 volumes, calculation of frustum of a cone 209 prism 208, right circular cone 209 warranty, software 737 ‘waste dumps, design 32-33, 369 water management Clean Water Act (NPDES) 31 ‘ground water 31-32 planning 630-631 surface 31-32 tailings and slime ponds 33, wedge failure 314 weighted average grades areas, 206-207 holes. 190-193, 208 volumes 207 ‘weights and measures, units, avoirdupois 61 tons 57 troy 61 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) 19-22 Work Classification Structure 20 working bench 270, 271-272, 296-297 working capital 133, 504, 511 World Commission on Environment and Development specific goals 696 World Conservation Strategy (WCS) 693 obstacles 695-696 World Summit Sustainable Development (WSSD) 103-708, 706