joe
2
Media Coverage of Sexual
Violence Against Women
and Children
Jenny Kitzinger
“Rendall shoo it!” Seal lence a medi fodder
‘et histories intodeon
Te ssl apo of women aod ben ha plage «By oe a
‘he hoy ofthe ad, In HAS ccna sok Landon bes Wi
Sau eto ofthe Pall Vall Greta, derokuniave peo ine
‘gt jourolam, Ip the contest of widespread debate about cid
ren itt ta rpyiagl re aes
[it ia Areutng wndialy eric to cals at dhe wae en
‘rd henpchd bar oto ure Sad wee vp dcp oi dv
Tuer af rides wih hada "Deere fr stuction”
The voto of vig "Seapping gs dowa and "Te fring of
ung akens” The nemgape ws banned by majo newsagents ut
seid cut on he steets. The Gaze repos stated neon Roe
Proved mane ple demonsttons in arecree wth png
"aie the age of cment rgd om (2106 (Peal 1 Baty (99).
Tres ys ltr, sri lene sa he ce tense ei
"see ith ete af Yah Ripper” srl leon Landon
spre oder forthe 3 ata lin ot caption whi
Tie Gor eta, deers of ales women” ad ports offre
Toning specs hat he icine we ually murdered by orto
ews ensured good cicltion fre forthe bareroning separ
Indo, Sack was he vce of sory tt on uppestion wa htJeo Kien
the Ripper we an elerping swaps mun ls
pene "f08 epy forbs newspaper (Cuts 20)
‘Ove a bupdred years ner vera lence il makes “pod cay.
Instead ial ns Armatong oe he pce of Tack he per me
sow hve inthe UK, ax murders mach a an Bay nr ney,
‘ho abduced nd mired cen in he 196 the "Yoke inp
{medled ons geen century oun wo ped end marred
sas 13 women bef e was eught 198 ad Fed a Rosey
‘Wee, who sted an unknown nam of women and chee er
Asederand wre aly seed i 1994 Hihepol eet in he USA,
Schad the 1964 Big Dan al asin the gang rape a won
ter, which ioe the Hl The Aceh a e199 rotate
om oggerin Cera Prk. Thre were ao ede al ing
the 198 such ar thw of Mie Teo, the boxer, nd Willm Kenndy
Shia ember the promis Kenedy dy. who bth ced aca
Sons fae However the cr aed by aces hoo Elon Arson
Fleck the Ripper overs hunded ea ago ail eaptare many of the
Teron in mor seca edi reproecaions of sal Yolnce: Media
‘Sponare i imporant to inom and poveke pe swarms debe,
fd poly responses ours hough, re high select in what hey
"eput and cam ep of vpearim ad ematenalim. Coverage on
onextlizeabse enoamge rac, promote sete fw
(ce vigor whore beme ity exes an
“Thi cpr revewe seach inte how arta abe gto women
nd chien bus Uren epee i the me tthe UK an the US
fom the 19705 ode present aoe feist cleges to a
‘inal odes of eal yolenee nthe wa it which thee se
Sele to Weston dacnue and reprerenttionlngurpe and en
1th revew the ongoing problems with media repring and th
ontoversdevdopment toch atthe eergnce of mw dou of
ina
ie
‘The (rescovery of sexual volene=
the sen media attention dusing the 1970s and 1980
‘nis un te deat seul vnlece malts “god copy Howers,
rely wich fra of veal lens aac the medi aed ew
res ey it tg ems
Coverage of Sea tence
sively arsine ser cts nthe 194s, 1985 a 98,
forexampl lence guint women wi she rt, ut tention to
al ors of wl ght women ad dike nee exponetaly
trig te 1974 and 1980
Wi ating’ The mela yi ile ateton to dome ence
nt he m7 indeed, bre then te Amer ek wt
‘hephzwe domestic llc” to mea oad trons win th
ord f the US rater than yeing to dosh ole in the
Dome Atay of the New ere Ter shows hat ja seven ates
spb dieused uch ence between 1970 and 1976 Hower
1977 there mere ate bout ie beating and byte flowing
ean tered waive” began appening aw epee oi inthe New
York Tene index evidence tnt had naw ben ented
‘eos foci isi Tey 1982 215,
+ Rape Pree to developments ia he 1970, the mainsce media
ald wey inl anton to rape: ours een ave the word,
Pefing pha chu "tal kro” tn 17 for example,
‘ber were 31 repr of rape eter a the Bish neweppee the
Sie the Diy Mir and The Tie However, coverage mere an
oubes in 978 end hd mon doubied aun by 196 Sol and
Waly 1981 18) sia ices in ater wo saa
‘evident inthe Ameren psy eh 280 per cee inate nave
‘fh ise Inthe New Yor ines between 1972 and 1974 (yey
i959,
+ Ch sea ase: Cid ves abate wa nt maj sabe! for
pli dicsion ut them 98D lagging behing the covey of
feral wolece aga all nomen) Ane of The Toes und the
Sindy Tes eel ey Eve rice bo hs tpi in 138 Ho
er, ut tae eas nether were Ge ais aoa thi ae,
pre which ncented 010) 198 4nd 250i 985, The sovrage
ese in 1987, wth 41 ems a The Times and te Sunday Toes
Fa this ya lone (Kite 1930,
1 addon to tissue exgusion in ewe reporting shou seu
oles aginst women an ter cen, the ae so aed prom
nce in documentaries ta shows dua, ad soap opers. For erm,
inthe UK, child sexual abuse suey stared to be dicated in oc
‘ena seis such a8 Bs Tick ( Fl 1987, veo (8 sy 198),
Rye4a
Jeoy Ratner
Arta (10 May 1988), an Hoon (19 Je 1988). By he ety 1950,
{ese began to appear soy Hn ipl hop an egal ras
2 wel 2 sap opr The Inst extensive tevimen 2 the "Beth
Tord? sry othe soup Brae stutig i 9, potyings man
‘who esis wit nd slo sean acted is wo dager. The sory
Te psted when se un’ nd lee angled He nd bared.
ea under he pao (ee Hendon 1956.
“The Women’s Liberation Movement
snd the frit anal of seul ike
1 the caty 19705, omen hepa 1 orgie to cmp fir he eu
‘tester women Ths mosemen een eld "sco Wi” fe
Ini the Set mare ving peed with the Suffrage movement snd
Sern cmpigns theond ofthe intent adn the nti eset
ore, Scond we femini enti vlence sat women 3
‘top peonty. slong with iar uch ws ea pep ase wo cba,
‘horton gts apd scl el deeition The seventh demand ofthe
‘omer’ oeraion Movement (WIA) produced a bos 21
amine secanged capers in concours 0
ocomented snd ep seul vlece trough rotate, Rl, se
tsrtiogapby (estas, Ar 189, Arson 1978). Ath
‘Sale es nes and pened eso tht worsen and ils who
‘rrr bused atone oul exape te asa They ao fought
{othe ua on he pb agents an otro he a ses
oles was epeeted in he naan undertod ythe pac a
a EET
"Bona Tie vada fe amen ata
svete
reins om intuition by tht of wt of lense a
oerion eas fmt ut A ed othe least
‘ops and iris tha prpeuate male dominance ad me's
‘egreon tard women: eee ns tae na
1 1
Coverage of Seu Ven
Sat sad Smart 1928 Donat nd Dero 1992). Angie his
feminists woted fo form pice ad legion, Campaign ince
‘Sulogiag the unsympatete vay which pce ested pe om
Pisin he out us of omen’ previous ex sory odie
Them cour sn th fc tat an col ot be charged wh ang
wire
sn sas e-eabped ape and senate tx gmp of
eure of Wolence api snd darepct for women, wi soald
is Need sor fsa ate crime rater han a pubic f
‘sl nod) Slutons had to inca roa soil change ef 0
Spyies so be tae gre, eins eed
‘rin hh pr the one pry on women to Be “sensible” (uch as
Uroiing plc aro ring ou afer ak anger dor, rng
{hese so sou props of men, rearing rape sts). The ong
[cheek abcabout howe to avd rape reproduced ia bx 22 sams up
he tele ures 3 hl ne. The ped highs ie
Svea natre of ot adc Tr aly chabeges the way i whichTae t
Jey King
women ere epete t8 Behave sch 6 Bing Saf a 8 ds
vest)" and sping a unl ts
Producing cultural charge:
‘he media and ein ranaformatons
‘The WLM wat very suse in achieving me reforms ven it
eveath demand from elie’ een inte sll ptt
‘kpe Rape mariage aro ad» i, chang che ore
‘eran ater nthe ate 82 ane expr eno ele in
England sl Wales uni 191, Tors aw song i werd
Sil under hcl) reo f alpine andres, 8 el ome
Femin-ngpeed ntotives (ot land eral ovens) 10 ca
lenge bur (Kiting 194) Mote smote women now tale opely
abet sexual say nd the number prepared to iy 1 ak juste at
Ineesed although os ripe al go anepotd ond ss! bought
‘a al ito soe coven,
‘The WIA alo hid 3 peau! Impact on mei represents Most
jjuralts ow resogaze ee lec vs sos wal te, I ot
aly be sinply seated a3 ling los st ar sary 0
‘be japoed wih pictures of hal-nakel women a hee hasbeen +
ecree i sation. and overt sexs (Spill rd Wal 1981.
‘Centain nth such hat ween “7” ape ta ed we ariel
‘avo areal ut appenre (Loan Chaar 9973132 in.
‘nt es ad beepers of raped women ae incensed
(Cela 1996: 126. Many archer ao pont some exelent ene
fe nesses. expec by women eporters (Sot and
‘Wal 199; is 997,
In icy the mel nt ont csponed to fins ctiques. bat were
somatic an aly a achieving fois goa.Spcfc mea tres wee
‘Sule some casi reforms In 1982 for eta ary ele
‘egoter fom + mor Sele elev ston Ica fogs of
‘tea efor sing onthe Ste Door aking: "Wl, you at
‘pe yureife ho cn you rape? This ced pict and hed
to fal remove the masta exon from the Washing alte ape
lay az edsin now led in ery all US sae (Byer 1984 Te
‘wu sind teen event which Babe opp etag the same
Ccvere of Seal Vien
eae inte UK, Pale handing of rape complits was reve Ina
Aycoeoral documentary oa Taney Teevion, Millon a views
she wicous and baying inerogutin of 2 woman hol oe
‘hepolie sing she was oped The program proved idsyrend ote
nd ped tel demands fr mses ip the Heat 9 ape
omelamant (Soil and Wily 191).
Tr ali tothe horace of sich ero he fat of ea
recognton i ld sould no be wndereinated, The pid expansion
In medi tendon tool iene bots alee ads dramatic
put upon, canpne wndentandngs of cela ie My owt ne
‘owrend ew group Sees cnace othe eal 1980s tough
{othe 90 hight the rc nerplay meen eda atenton
ii rvrensy nd survivalist dent thr experienc,
fsa erm ih ter peop rot aga abe King
‘WO, The I yew he an of ths reece Bight eos
Spe le qe dint but nt indpendent) om other eta
‘Sours an ajng to sont andsue a aban
Tene the mi 1, he oon ht youll Be evel be
yf eter ely cise” The of ett
tools undersand what was ging ona the ny co el sme
hing wr hight by mashes of abe chile: One sterenes
‘thon eal Katy, deed how ileus 0 coro
‘he pouty of sett sae un se acualy walled on er asbund
‘he auger
ty oy jn emi ab we eta ae
Tu weap and dnt yen dS yan
fae Rng my hand tac oad ha ie Ah
Fd itn (ah Kine 095)
“Tg er acct Kathy seed the banc feral ree
ovata hing repond by “ninth om anil without ony
idee
{vem och ean id fos ha pe be
out eta cae on and ot pt tho Ane a
[Mh iano ewe hw ut abe ee at
tethered hea ngs se
O50et
eny itinger
ee taping toa cay a sin he pope ot
‘iicton) tuto al rn woe aie ht 1
age 295),
or fandaretaly cen nd al saris ce the concept
tools to muh ses oftheir expres the fice. The ce
ft only nspeabl tas Hell “iaconceimble” A wom who aa
Uren abused by ber ater expe tht the abuse dnt a ea
‘bene she ci ot nw wha till. Thieme of rey permet
any of my iteriwer acon fice sae The hades
‘hig is ing to Beep bee ia tl ~ ying toga of I
apres trough your Kayes as you yt rap it” One Wea,
Samant exlaed that she ould not ie what her there chet
ren had done t et ince cod stp: Tas was ease bet
"he abe dpleed isc ence Vit Ueno I any ae,
‘he ave rape a an ennurter in dank lley-way wth a an th
[sie Suna argued thot she ol eer be aed ago
enue wal jt down ke yo gt oer wath ge
201-95)
The emia expo of elven a promi of mare opis
td ideas tout power conser cca emplation mae ti
‘oom weston af rat alse Toe WLM yah! are people diet
were my mor were raced withers in aio vod
frown up without thar experince beng rcagaed byte dona
ste gan ond word an ages fo what had happened Pomped
yes ein coverage any age ial to “ele” and Ye-
‘embe” abuse childhood Some of my intense dese bo,
‘teng the 1880 they a begun to ess wht had en dane a aes
Tilly ling tts wang or nota” eat ty Sl
tse i Othe fund tha media overage fred the to coon
emer tat they had ban ting gnc Tone comment
Indore tems thing ht eet See
tele oer al wor avs und ti tom yd
‘ng irae se i 097)
Cur ecogtion ba a nortan cle in eirting experience
ss Janne wont on 0 eg
It
onerage of Sexual Violence
[Wher nin or epern ti singe i os
ny i in oar pane een en
hue i dng eth ino en et Su Nelo ot
hos plas ct na shin 32) ver wend es
{ite bse keting ht ha hte (A) Kors ppl red
ene an ite re i tac en
role thi, vein 20197).
By she mid 19905 Sion to ha become an import source of
Infomation and could sctvey litte communication ith fly
‘nd ed One fr example tld be wa TY fr, Lad
Improved von wi er mothe
fv oni td sat pce he went ough 0 made
ere how cn ft Youre nest sume dco Jou BoM
man
May nest savior pila aed he i ep pra finer
‘reo eth Js nthe oop opts Drab, Be one Syed
pin sh nd ethe mie oF ar og see moe sare
up wold fe er he progres
ines sey Set (ure ne aos A
ovp. guy no. 48a Ringer 2 Se
eb ordch a red angen oie mage fsa she
seus mrong sy amine, snd emer”
“ema 1 ete ig aon ll ce at Ta ene
leer heya ay 1 up "Tin gg om wp ans
gig be seed fering” Bot Bt (Bola
lon gyi eying Bees ere ae es
eect eh ae ped me. Yung ne
‘esac goap rape, Kiger 039)
aJenny Kiger
Mesa ccogtion nd cepts tate (ind cove 10 be)
4 vl pr of women’s proce of ating and aig tee of tht
Inemorts an commonicton stout te esperience Mesa covenge made
eri contrite 2 spl ef rengton spn Taney
‘rao pate ad pub thinking abd dcuon I emauraged ie
‘ero and expen of eon ens ound very gene
snd alemed experince a Helped sexual abuse pricy ico, 9
‘ter piedicoue kite 20)
"AW accoon of how the medi fepreset sex volene should
remember quite haw new and tii ach met ste his Bah
However at doe not mein that mais oneree perce or wr
‘aledebraton, Alou three cy een ih spear changer,
Tn the een of tention, and some erm nthe mate of ever,
{fe Tots and 1990 ted fave esined walla the new millers,
Deve prlrs hae ln emerge thn cer fa rte fst
(the et wen of hs cape.
[New and ongsingctitcisns of mela coverage
‘The flowing ston Wigs sx Imerelated axes In whic the
rein in otras or crn sere ofthe med ae ope sic
‘Tes ar
the “eemshosel emphasis of news reporting
* smi sigue and deci nee rote
+ the focuron cate lations
+ eosing courte dour exsing perpetrate ad erst
‘erecta bot victim and vtniaation
+ he "ombole explo” o sera ence fom mnsteam soci,
‘Brough he empha cn erage anger
‘son or miaepreattion of xl aa pong kexts
‘other ate selene by asian to bomen,
Posoning ins is "he mde reenion of he lwand-oder
‘gendh
‘em th white ga, nd selene “enor Winds”
n
Geant
Conrae of Sexual Violence
The “een as neha of es eprsing
Many medi cic noted that te ews ora tend tee by
‘ena thi nus Thi is ern te of ews reporting box
ext violence. Oe sy for example Fund that overage of pacar
(lee scouted fr 71 per cat of UK ps eepore wet chides
be (stage ad Shdeove 1995) Th ees Tie pce orient
‘exploration of oe tes ov any thorongh dete bout the under
Ing cases of anton fo, the peclem Ine, the ove sey
ete a four es that fan om the ne of Cl ea eb
(out of» ttl spe of 168 ters). Sma oberon have nen
mae abou the eertingo thee bring, nd abuse of alt women
(Callan 199: 84 Btls 190 117]. The news melas Bas towne
Focuingon evens rather an ses ely presnts sel lace 8
‘ales ted lc of fe withthe eps plc on ineresion
$e judgment n priate tn bowt il ions
‘The ac tt en lence fea fa win edna sims beat
ted that och soporting ee on ida cour ces al proiie
fhe janice stem se the primary syne of tervetin
eae eigen declining irs in tonne es
1 edo o lag vent the nove medi ao Bae notre
‘ot ateaton pu. Ps nrestin he 1M an 98D som eae
teed cnn urls nesewsd inthe 1890 rcodes tr sese tht
freon thi sled came "tue oy eh are
(Dt (92 251; King nd Sidr 19% Smee 3), eee
thse qui ese 1 be news oe oer ot mean
“ange onthe sos do at gma bering A 8 nl ase be Po
side by commen leptons and thers of ne fro hi
‘The cts om conteoverialslegations
Stott abot the premlene fsenavsene no longer make
‘echingtries or tract sustained reporting, Controversies in hick
Ulgton sre hte on, weve very well them ed em
260Jey Kiting
‘lus and rstn Journ races. ren whee ch cites do at
{fom to anda “hae” pt et for en, having cl es
“event” and ight source), hee hus ben esl bush
apne women's and cen’ termony. Ta buch at hooked
‘nt er ets cla ne ncn he “an ts
(poring the dread men beng "cimin” by fe Apion,
Hoping proj gun he vray of women amd cliente
thelow ts of hoe who nevene in stspeced abe ce,
"Themedia now fe py more tent suppose alleons
than te do enabled facts thot sexual vtec, “Dit ope “fe
‘memory soe” and contested slept of ead seal abe ve
{Met anew or reviled) acura of sep, Whether no
ou baliwe sock septic jie in the arr ee under
uty, the deni of mai atenton tthe cates sees oer
‘hele problem of wna vane (Tor emis damon of xn of
the crop Geneon tue how me scp! lptions os Rowe
tnd Warer 200),
nthe UX, for umple seas abuse began tbe econ «
seis scl problem in 1086 However, a ne yet ner the bigest
Sry athe met ws bout ootesed alleging a Cleland Repos
fecudon the angus ohne wot ilren bd Been tke noc,
‘halenged he vali oF agnosie tchiquy, and ville te profes
Sona vale Hess nea “srs and ees MP aco hil
‘he sandal oil series baer” (Dey Mira, Jane 197), “Sack
‘ne dos” (Si 2 Fe 196) Accused pres era They came
form sw bine" (Nar on Sunde 28 Je 198) This age of
‘he "Ceveland cae” na etablhed meis empate (tainge 00)
sd wed mae vee of ture sandal, eh athe 199] controversy
nthe Osony ends pet ee UR) whee cil ore wee ected of
owtehng cen om innocent aie” Repent king f Orkney
with Chel lle jours ante rer shortcut "under
Stancig” both events, Whatever the righ and wrongs a exch ese the
‘Shave th nue of eral vlence by ain on cll moses 2 the
fel wins whe “cute tnd “hdc” cde (Ringe 1996 200.
Sach canals were ar flowed bythe “scone of ale memory
symdrome. Assn pre's lege that teal rn had een
Prompted incor el choad bus bytes «ele
‘ston with seal lene oe box 23).
Coverage of Sexual tone
‘ox2Fuamps ofeidin stout “leemenery adem a
the res
| "eer eneenir teen rrear Shee as
‘or ed ae, Deter
xe hates dy a (Sandy Tis Mia 1529)
Te cl Yam ie meron ue oma ht ee
Crd oi) 38)
ote sghmare dite made vp ap ary fe emp
onlin (Oa Ma Macht) a
set AMER
“il hin bu New te ge nt ce monn
‘in cys weal nde yes at
Takes ap ety Ma SIS)
Assit he Onley ce, jal tok wp hs sue fina wit
ect vg Joule prozed the woces of patents protesting thei
“sncence and invited aes en it th ter tan with the
feces Thebes (and sone ts) were etn ties
they wo be qred than ter acon eeeng, Asi, he eepring
falowed problema fain, Thre ws fr example king ar
tery in bow the cdi fea side wes aed The emotions of
‘eed thors enced th nocenee the "hier of Bove
Iain the eckson wis not undermine hes ely. The od
‘he and ture of mea tenon tthe have speak volar about
{dered power and da pats Men ray ave ester atv aed
focorlaorlresuee ee sour, Mn ao ha ore po
‘ans of power within medi erietons an sometinescleaenty
fot the seed fas (Rizinge 938). Hower, perhaps mre sg
Diane isbe yin wich "seine os pects new
Soe Mate soverage cane infrmed by me proces su he
‘seve privepingof asin” ov feminine dors and "ways |
ncwing” og versus etn, sclence vers inion), amma
Juni out mers and women emotions and cbt such 6ny Kroger
Shrug the notion of ptr, pd the ered apt of me
feats an gives Chard noma "all es) (Kg
‘teal efestiony abot fe memories a the conden of cx
Abuse eperionce trou a emis en se Reser ané Wares 203)
Reflecting courbes easing prpetaon aud
Peptuaingseroypes aut vine at vtnction
‘Te reine of outs on contrreia carer curt pocetngs kor
Inne of hei tore mene hat he den abou canes of al okt
Tt alip no reports ae ate uneetereeston of emon ene
sumptions. Aleotly they may sly echo cot sacar
“hela parelay problemi beca ourroomr ae plas hers
{adn patra tadenandings of ape ee elie.
‘Mala pring of ur eau fe ees Sometimes amps
ths patie deca The ven fs fen Svisble andl, th
‘snemmous bet of competing dicure She "icons spoken of
other emai indie nerprenbl ke ndaplae 9 petec
‘Sut emaineuorepresentble” (Moot 20110) Inthe our nd
in them, itm ae oer ko rote eat eter ax “onan
‘arpa’ aceboy tht ope rept of whi ea
tooryprtclar women and clita tre abowed to osupy. Cen,
foe example may saaly be cara inherently ianocent” but is an
be oquil ope es Rasinger 150), ir cee apy She
framing of ed vicina of exiles, + epost
note “bp for gabe frst woman tan for clon (singer 18
Benet 932,
Tnccees guilt mya pec ona womans eho. The woman
taped by the Aten boner Mike Tyaon vas sly sce inthe
‘oa for dvng tow fs, pring, nd soi lining (Bnet 193
2 Gime of ae eins Willa Kenedy wee chenged by
‘earth defers coucl reer the mea, hat he ape
‘hg was made “aera ih of Giking in seer al Be bu
(sora m9),
‘We memes behav sae tointense sci te men charge
wither asl may hae the sane obscura en
the psie tense deci asus in ways which ron ey fom
‘he pepetator anf to Bo Hi cena slence Henley
%
ie Salt
avons of Ses Wen
fa 1995) Jalsa ge pominese tthe deans is
Scan tht he mad hg tate wprovaky he won
Fehr by ancontolal at Les 1985) Andy price
‘bos how eats ny obec ature fsa Some epee
(alte such fading” hang sa odes the gang ae
{aici Bed in he fe th ack (Beal 192) An NCB nes
epee ci pe change at Willan Kennedy Saha“
fiend misconduct” (Mert 202: 91
Sch rpors ote ncn pcre india women. More
nny ty rors tes swt bo sal wolece shal be or
‘Elsed fan or rset) or Bow coment oul be deduced fr
fame neptng an bone» Pel room). The ssp
Pe eof avd "provocative des “immo f
Fein eo tne not avec enough. or np eine out or #
Sink wth a mand The 197? gary of adc wo worn repodiced
‘ove fbox 22) unforisatly fom a copa toy as sa
thew dc go
The “pmb expulsion” of rea vere
FP gon maim sty
The filth major soe I with to Nght ere what Isl ca the
“Shnlieexuscn fon scene Te the pe bgp
fie hat maeomeam rpeemntins of sexu ence to aes
hcl stges fr expling ti om sce (ivan, for example
Esanensl challenge ogee and exal norms md power ins
‘Ha: Inner thee pecans fen te snd of the son
tothe prelem, Thi vos very dior efectos of the nate oF
‘esl Vole th a emg range dager an a tendeey(0
‘Meibue Jounwlece oy ceri pe offs” (ne othe”).
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