=the-teading-titernational Secx ay Magezine tor roTessh sional-buyers D INTERNATIONAL — WwW.asmag.com == jug 2008 | Se = == LEADERS OF THEPACK:- - HOW THETOP 10 PLAVERS- = MAKETHEIRMARK. ATM SECURRTY: as FACIAL : HIGH ‘CRIME RATES SEND = RINGINGUP BUSINESS" RECOGNITION: Sea' Technology Column The Art of Night Time Iumination Part 2 of 3 - Howto Specify CCTV Lighting In this, the second of three articles, David Lambert, marketing director of Raytec, explains how to specify CCTV lighting. The next article in this series will be an illumination quality test to let installers evaluate their current lighting systems. Infrared or White light? ening the purpose of the ssten determines the typeof ight toe used, Inve light provides greater distance, a varying degree of imvsblity (depending on the exact wavelength) and no ight postion. tard is designed only tobe wae by CCTV camer However, white light provides the opportunity to anne a ates Jor pedestrians, staf or vehicles in addition to the CCTV System, Tea abo be used sa visual deter, tamed on when an inuaer is detected by a PIR. (Regain the ference between ‘white light and infrared ight, peace ler 1 191 pp. L15) Angle? Theillumiration should ideally match the ange dhe camerfenss sect in order o provide best performance. I ot, the angle chosen forillminaton mig be wo mo, ad the camera wl simply ee a bight spt inthe mile ofthe scene, an he contrast een Tight and dark aweason scene will be to great to provide gh Varifocal Lenses 11 DD LAMBERT, MARKETING RECTOR OF AVEC nality images, Hlumination which is 100 wide wastes energy and reduces achievable distance The adoption of vartocal lenses has eased dificulty in specifying lighting, With varifocal lenses the exact FOV is oltenwsty cstablished on site through trial and error, making extet prior ‘matching to fied angle lighting impossible, Figures \ and 2 below show the FOV angle for diferent fixed and vt focal lenses. Distance? Aller selecting the angle, the next consideration is distance. How ‘a should the lighting illuminate? Installers and specifiers should be aware that as angle Increarss,dstance decreas, ‘Theinverse Square Law The intensity ofa light is inversely proportional 10 the square of the distance from the point of source (ie illuminator) Light obeys the inverse sae lw so to fully understand the way that light travels, and the resultant impact on CCTV systems, some understanding ofthe inverse square aw i require. As light travels away from the point source it spreads bath horizontally and vericaly: therefor, intensity decreases. In practise hs msn that i an object is moved from x given point toa point double the distance from the light source, it wall receive only a 1 of the Tight (2 times the distance, squared = 4). The iversesquare lw applies to both, white light ancl iran light in the same way? (see the: charton next page) Technical Tip © The effects of ve inverse square law shows how a CCTV cies‘The Effect of he Invorse Savare Law on Light Levels @. @ i oie 2m teh ax tas to handle 9 wide range of Tight levels within a given field of ew and shows the itaponance of even lamination allowing ‘he camera and lens to be calibrated tone light eset ‘sing Mutiple Mursinators The inverse kaw exp how light intensity reduces over sdstance but can als be wsed to calewlate how many additional tluminators are needed to achieve specific mceases in distance by taking the square root of the charge in illumination intensity at sonrce. (See Figure 3) Using four illuminators will produce a swofald fnerease in distance (the square ‘oe of four is two) and using evens Ge illuminators will esult in a five fold Increase in distance (the square reot of twenty five ve), Technical Tip * To double the illumination disance requizes four tines the power * Double the mursber of jlminators provides a 14 times increase in Ascace. Camera and Lens Considerations Exact performance of any illuminator in a CCTV system is ‘ependent on the camera and lens combination used. Far best results, high sensiviry camera (lor IR projects an IR sensitive comers) should be used wih 2 high transmission lens. Generally a CHV imaging system (camera, lens. illumieation) is onby a6 Roe ts woes! link Camera Considerations This describes a CCTY cameras sersitvty to light and esses ‘Seasures the minimum light evel aeedeel 10 produce seceptable CCW simages. Ye danger here isthe difference in yualities of anufacticers. One image may be acceptable 10 one person and ‘ouly unacceptable wo anothet ‘Sensitivyy is typically measured in hue, with camera ewanufae- ‘ures stating the minimum lus level needed to provide acceptaie ‘pictures, However, the camera manufacturers rarely state the rinse bs figorerepmesents the ein light on scene, a the lens, orat the camera chip, Aluhough lux claims tend to be overstated, ans although minimum fux only describes a cameras performance with visible Fight isi the best cas ofa camer’ sensitivity Technical Tp There is no sch thing us zero fu camera - every camera needs light t produce a igh quality images even the bess, most senshive canneras produce higher signal, lower noise pichnes with higher ighetevels ‘Monochrome cameras are generally more sensitive than colour camerss, Witt calor cameras, ome thind of the chip collects red light, one thi ofthe chip collects gyre. ight ana one sind cf the chip collects blue light, and these images are overlapped. The result i that only one third of the available chip size is capturing, cach type of fighn. For a monochrome camera, the full sensor caprures the light Medium resolution cameras are geaetally ayant -enstive than higher resolution cameras. 2: Spectral Response: Whilst sensitivity rebes to a vameras ability 10 see a given wavelength, spectral response describes ows a camera peor over a range of diferent wavelengus of ight. Of panicubr intent 10 CTY lighting isa cameras performance in infrared. By nature, ‘CCK cameras are more sensitive to fared light than the bauman eye but some are moge sensitive sham other. Lens Considerations iF StopiAperture “The aperture oF Fstop of a Tens determines how mach light ‘ses throug i tothe carne cp, simple terms, dhe Tosser te f-stop, the more light the Tens passes (although the qualiny and rmanofactare ofthe lens also alfect the light hrough-put). Figure & shows the Impact of using diferent aperture lenses in a CCTV gyste Technical Tip 1 The lower the F'iop ofa lens, the tage tight it wil pass 10 the ' With a zoom lens the bes number is only achievable at the wide ‘seting, As the lens i 200med, ive apemure closes, ane this alec hhow much ligh: is needed om scene to produce good images at low fight levels. 2: Transmission “The sficiency of a Tens i measured y's transmission. AS light passes thrnigh the les sore levof of Sigh is fost asa result ofits raters, thickness and coating characteristics. Leys ws higher efficiency pass a higher perensnge of the fight, Whilst due Fstop of aa tens describes Iiow much lighe the lens will pass, ti not a meas of ts ffceney. 339Typical Installations and Practical Guidelines Te Sooanye omoees rms ‘osm ube senna | cones mn ry oy {owen teste sae be | pusmimeoeoace ‘rier | ‘sneer mae tard Syn tn eco po are | Bawoabymienc tat iba ge aa alge Wemanitouiec mower Sibpetirin ue stipe | save pein cack { sos teen | Senate snes som | | ou os eo potent ‘Tm abe ie cer te tale onc wae et aes Mone | ten cme drt { | whorls be usd wth dame gens Tete ‘eee vie anedhonion ach 310-( ‘wpe baton eins | | ieee tapas ‘epee fy anes huss inves | ‘cco tat Sheena | remy weortrigeetcecarcnaybn ‘rng ae enti can | | maser | | Reino oni cedar. ing oan ty | Se eye en tenting meno teetcnienatodiy ts evi mot pee paws ae] Natit pr ine rept wrists) Spognstodins Ter cn dod ne srt pore Wan he poke [ ‘etch nee einen 1 ein pie ts ete ei et | Sietatsmat mane | | Seedontoa “Technical Tip # The eansmission of a Jens changes with wavelength, For example, one Tens may pass 95 percent of visible light and 80 ppeteent at 850 pan infra-red whilst another lens may pass 95 percent of visible ight and! 50 percent at 850 nm indeed. 2 speciing he leas, consider the wavelenstl of ight wal be se svith, Abo aware that glass lenses tend to be rsore flcent than phasic lenses, Choices of Lenses Aspherical Lenses Aspherical lenses provide superior low light pertonmance a they ‘use more ofthe available Tight, Whilst standard lenses can lose se light at the edges of the lens, aspherical fenses havea specie ve profile to caprure al the tight available: Low light applicanions can bone fom she wse of an aspherial es. “Technical Tip «Aspherical lenses provide improved low light pexformanee. iRGaerected Lenses IR connected lenses ate designed to rernove the ise of foes shi Detacen day and night using specialist ghss and coating iechnology to tuinimize light dispersion, Focus silts caused by te dere wavelengths of fight. Each iadividuad wavelength Soewses at llleren points alter pasang shrcagh the CCT lens Gor Corrected Lenses ‘Ugh sources, inefuting the su, produer a road spectrum af tigi, White tight as we know i is simply the range of lighting, spectrum vishle to humans. AS a real, lenses have to control what lighting is passed through to dhe canara to create an amage accurate to the images percived by humans, Many Tow cost fenses do se ‘elicienly match thet eotor puss wee the visible spectnup 50 they Provide accurate color ings. Color corrected Tenses pas ebly visible lh and focus each individual color ofthe visble spt at he sane point providing rue color, sharp images, 5 agsOLUTE and acute rminitoum active infre processed alarm siger snchrovis between t