TWELVE DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 12:1 FUNCTIONS OF NORE THAN ONE VARIABLE: et P be an ordeved pai of teal numbers (2.3) and let ¢ be o real number. A fonction of two tariabls ist act of ender pairs of the form (P,2) in whieh no two distinc pies have the same frat clement, The set ofall possible replcements of Pie called the domi of the function, and the set of al posible values of =i called the range of the function. The variables z and y are the independent varias, ad 2 i the dependent ariabe If fis a function of two variables, then we denote the funtion valve of fat P by either f(P) of (253). A polynoma!fanction f ef two variables 2 and 9 i the sure of terms ofthe form cx"y/ where c isa real number and » Sind on are nonnegative integers: The depres of term ts tbe sain of the exponents; the Marge egroei the degree off. Ifa teres have the same degre, fis homegencous. 12.1.1 Definition The se of sll ordered r-tuples of a onmbes is called the n-timensional number space and is denoted by RY. Each ordered mtuple (2y,25.0n2q) 16 ealled a point in the medimensional ‘umber space 122 Definition A function af m saris is 2 set of ociered ples of the form (Pu) in which no te distinct frdered pairs have the same frst clement, where P is a pola in edimensional number space ard ism oval autnle, Theat of ll pit yates of P fo called the Zomam of the Fureton, and the set of all posible valuns of w eealled the range ofthe function, 121.3 Definition If f isa fonction of single variable and g i a fmetios of two variables, then the componite Junction fog te the fanetion of two variables defined by (fo gifeva) = f(s(z9)) ané the Zomain of fog i the set ofall point (2.3) #2 the domain of 7 such that g(z,g) is fn the omain of /, 12.14 Definition If f is » Gunction ofa single variable and g i a fonction of m vasiables, then the compile Uvction {09 hs the Ganetion of varias defined by Coakey tn enta) = {olen zn--Fn)) and the domain of fp is the a of al points (21.20 (2, 2pvrnq) ist the domain off. 12.15 Definkion If n'a fureton of to vasiabes, then the waph of fH the wet of all points (ey) tT for hich (2,9) i a point ia the domain of {and © = f(2,0) ‘Thus, te gapl ea function of two vatlables surface ix. Because thee only one value fz for cath replacement of (2,9) feu the domain of the fesetion, « line perpendiclar to the Sy plane fetersects the arto: in'no more Huan one point 12.148 Definition Hf i» foetion of m vazibls, then the graph of {i the st of al points (ay Te ae which (eyetpernd,) i pint inthe domain of f and w= flzyeepe- ny) ct © be the intesetin ofthe eufece = ~ (3) and the plane == &. "The prjaction of C on the 2 plage, that is, the gsaph of (2.y) =, called the lve care of the function f at k. level caren recalled egupstentil coresit [wives lect potential The set f all vel carves GE a BEE = hy, byes by called a contour map of the function f. the number by by 1 ky ace equally spaced, then the rating contour map indicates the espmes of the srface ‘ac the graph of 7. Closely smerd contout cures infieate thatthe satface i eps widely Ipece content cusves indicate that the wire i not np: and a contoue “earee™ that {eyion inictes that te graph ir Mat Silly, funetions of thee vatabes have Teel surfaces {The ted of cone section cr uadric surface Q isthe at of points through which there are 00 Tinos tangeat to 2.) in the domain of g such that124 FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 783 Eseries 1 Tew) = mseanegtt=-t o) festy 1) BEN HWRD sty CHS 7 (VIG +h) = Sima i) Bays? wo ep= Ft (a) f-29)- Han Bt 2 sey) =v » wanna (6) se-+2te44)= yes a ea) = VF =I vB=5 wd \O-@= B=8 = aai=y-¥= inv? Nera G-F =f —2)-1 e242" -21 whet deed ty aye d = de edgy th 4, Lat the function J of thew variable, y ad sb th fal oder pain of the frm (Pj) sec that “awa ewan ) 10:28) 0) HBB ABR 3) ( fl042)h-2~2) [ae +29 42297 Fi Welt estoy 2sand 123. 7h Nad Ora-b rc ag ats + (33-8 In Exercises §-20, determine the demain of f and stetch the domain a region in 12. Use dashed curves to indie ‘te acy part of the boundary aot in the domain and solid cures to indiate pats of the boundary in the domain, {(2,u) |27 + ¥? £4), the set ofall points (2,_) in R? except those on the cisele 2? + y? = 4. > Dan) = (lay) 11 & fey) = Vibe Because the square roto.» neatve number nt real te vale of te ‘xprvin uncer he radial sig tb enter tha il overs TRAL W284? 0) aay? < 16 a) “Te dorain of the fnclon fi the et a point 2,9) hat ay (1, "The sgh of hist she rein i the 3 pane that ede oa th ene FG + P]4 |, ae shown in the figure 9? 2 0}, the st of al points (x) in R? inside oF on the czee =* + 9% = 1,784 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF PUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE, 9. flay) = yRaaFGI © Dana(f) = fern} a? 9? 21} the st ofall points (ay) fn Rom and side the hyperbole oy = 10. f(2.y) = VESTS > Dotalf) = zg) 4y? 2? < 16), thes ofall pists (xy) in R on and outside the hypesbol 4g? — AL flew) = VEST ‘© Dom(f) = ((z.y}]?+ y2 21), the set ofall pints (2,9) RP on and 0 de the cizcle 2 +? Se ~ > at H4yh 1620 Hay 216 o ‘The downais of fis the et ofall points that satisfy (1). This isthe gion in the AS 2p plane thot ison or tae the ellipse #°/10-+ 2/4, ae shown in the Ggeee “ 13. fey) = Gots : 1» The domale of fs (Cay) 2b 9? <1], the set ofall pints (ey) ia RP inside the circle 27+ y?= 1 MSei= Tene the domaly of (in (ta) [22447 < 16), he et of al pints yy in Hise te eine 2-449? = 18 15. fey) = 2124 Dom(f) ~ (lava) Ly 4 a, thet ofall psints (9) # RF nol on the Hines y= ba. 16. flea) = E55 © The domala off contits of al pnts isthe ry plane exept ase n theline Payeeasshown tie tqure, AT. f(xy) = cos" x— x). The domain of f is {(z,)|-1 S2—wS 1), the set of all points (¢,y) in R? om and between the Tine: y=2—1and y=# +1. 18. f(2,y) = Ine” + y)- The domain of f is {(,9)|y > —2%), the act of all points (2,y) in R? outside the parabola, 2 19. fle.) = fey 1), The dosain of J (5,3) 29> 1, the tof pints (z.u) in R? inside the hyperbola zy = 1 20. F(z,3)~ soe + ¥) > Becos te deren af the inven cine faction ie [-1,1} the {ea ||z +9) vain of $8 In Exercises 21-28, termine the domain of faa deseibe as a erion in R¥ the set ‘of points in the demain, 1D), the sx ofall pnts (2sy. 2) i RP aot on the plane =~ y— yf =2)u the 2 of all pints (exyss) i RB sat om the parabolic cylinder y=, (oF 2. . {fens} 2 ey? +2516), the sat of al points (ects) in RY on and lside the ebipaoid ¥/16-+y'/4-43"/16= 1.121 FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 785 m few 1 "The damnin consists ofthe points ef R fr whieh alent Papitcs “The domain is the set of points insile or on a sphere of rane Scented atthe eign 2B. fang) = Sa Sasi“ snes The deals of J (ee) 211 als het 1 eset of a8 Dolate (x97) i RP on and lanide de ene j2tS hy yS hist be 26. sfezsn2) =n x tin yin s, Domn(f) = {(2,9.2)]2> 0, 35 0, £0), the fet otant in FO. 2. fem.) = ht ~~) 4101 > Both = (san) Lest), tat lpi 63) a Pde he car pliner 2g B. fley, rz cos” '{y*—1) > Bet ted ove ein itn 13h we mot hve weyers tas? -Vicysvi ‘The domain is the act of poinss of R? on and between the parallel planes y= —VB and y= V3. In Berns 29°98, termite the domala of f and seh the raph of ta Bere 37-8 skecheacontst map of shonng the lee casa the genni (ig st- Te doin offi Unset of pits (eg) 1 gn acd ine he cece Wepokof = JIB—a1= yt the top half ofthe where gt et I ple yi; a? +9? = 16-1. The level curves are circles centered at the origin of radius V16~ i, 2.3. (a i. 20 and 28. f(zy) —6—22-2y, Doo()= 10. The graph of :=6-2242y isa pine. If Pe grat eays yee. Me ovlenrve arti hen fs F210 02-2, ed 1. ‘BL aed 39, a Maa) = 16—2?— 7. The domain of f is the set of all points (z,y) of RP The graph of 227) isa byperblic prabobid. Wh =< we have B= 16—y8 249 The lev Carve ae cls tate Y/1B=E f= 16 (0 pit). 17.20 2 fey) = Vide Pare flea) Tee 3 = 100-2527 —4y? way +3= 00 Seer Ft ie! Beene £30, the graph of the fancion f 6 tha put of aa seisae 25 and tbat ent bla th cy lane showin ure He demain fF Gy) [noms Saher 9c, the set of points inthe ty plane inside or one lips 2/4-242/25— 1 tthe 8 Sin i anaes pop £9 and 4d. flyg) = 22 — 2. Th doin ffi he ot al pints (ga) of RE, The apha reste elise TMs = hy thelevel carves are the hyperbolas 2?—y? =, 16,9, 40, 4, 9, 16 UL flz,y) = 144-927 = 1677. The domain of f is the set of all points (x,y) of R® ‘The graph of 144~ 92? ~ 164? is an elliptical paraboloid. 35. flz,9) = 427+ 997. The domain of fs the et of all poi Miptical passa we have (5.9) of RE The graph of 2 = 422499? is an786 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE, 36. flew) = yE=D > The domnae i {ley} |z-+92 0). The graph of f i the graph of wef /e¥ 4. isthe upper bal of x parabolic cylinder with Flings pera cies ence n the Fy plne, the fine z+ y=0- Tes erace 3 Ets trace in the perpendicular 440. The fanction J fr which f(e.y) = V/TOO= Bie — GF ab 0, 24,6, and 10. > The level curves of Jat the aumber && the graph of (2) = in the =y plane. Then Viva =k 100 —2558—4y? = eP 4ty? = 100-27 we* cer aT: “This i an elise centered atthe origin of semianes $/1W0—E and $V/100—F. “The seminars fr the given values off ate shown inthe table. See tbe skh Vii x98 veie92 42. The evel evesave the line = +y= 2, = 10,8 6, 5nd 0 43. flowy) = YP PLM I mt wo have t= Meta origin of rains o/28, b= 8, 6, 43,0 2b EEOR AE 2, aad —4 yh vet rekyt2be3y 42 “Thus each graph itive with the point (3,2) dete. The fae show the contour mp boc by htng take om coh ofthese vl 48. flea) = 2. f= we have b= C7, y= Tob The eel carves ae ype wow asymp ae the Mares ite a fet g mk=0 Cheat Ind, ek m3, “bm AG. f(ey) = Wo ay. If f = & we have in ny; zy —e*, The level curves are hyperbola» ie the first and third Stitt eaympto arte acer BOs Ly dts ae At. fle) = 2— 9X0) = Yiand the) =. (@) one) =aFC) = 910) 86 () 10409).909) = 1008) = (6) fate) Mn) = fea") = ve= (4) (Rea) = athe) = a1Ale~¥) = ale ~9)")= Vi tev (© (en)se.3)) =(geh\e—2) = 9he-y))=12-¥112.4 FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 781 #8. Given fay) = 2/97, gia) ~ 22, Ne) = JF. Find: (0) (Ho f)}21); () MotBLMA (©) Ha VEMA Mae Fie (be © (a (Hosea) =nse21)) = 43) (8 He2).4) = 127. VA) = 42) (© Habe) = N/=P.VF) = Jez) yake>o fe @ Mise te) =Matsea)=4ds))=M(5})=4e) = fF () Heans(ew) = Metsea?. Jn Bxsrcloce 49 and 50; find 8 = fo _ 49. fit) = sin“*¢; o(z,y) = V1 — 2 —¥s May) = Cowley) = STB) = sat yT ‘Bae domain of bi (Ce) [224 9° © 1}: Bach of thaw paints fy) Hes in the domain of g and g(x) i i [-1.] which is the domain off. @. 18) =¢5 gay) =ylna. bay) =(Foah2.9)= ln Exarcene SI-St, match the function with one ofthe stfscm (a)-(8) nd with ane of the contour maps (3) 3. fea) gtcy On Wr 220, 220, and and 1 wile om the y axe = creating 4 Hf at the vain Ths ne (fk webave = Ebay ay? =I GAP Te ae a ie ersceung at the org, wit the engin dette, gute (i) 82 flew) =Inj24 y) 1 As we approoeh the li in the sy pane the geaph of = liz + | approneles oe wal the! ‘waph issymnetric with respect to the plane gh Fy =0. The graph i igure (a) IF fay)=k ety lesol= sigs ae ‘Tus, the evel eure ate ines pall bo 2+ 9 =O, ‘avon in figure « © 58. flay) = eee 3. We note the perndic havior ofthe cosine curve deeazing exposentially ax y decrees: ‘gute (a). 17 = ke have k= een x; oF ksce 2: y = mnt set 21 This le gure (8). 4. fte,y) ein econ, We nte the petiole tnhavor inthe erection of oth ste in fgwe (If 7 = Mi moy ladessyccoustnh feeemyan severe) oe peeanmy y-z=(n~)x, These diagonal lines form a grid separating the groups of curves in figure (ii). 56 Lat C(x) dlls be the cost who the with andthe hight sy Because the volume i 1619, she pe sone be 18/ep 0 Cava) = Beso sop) + cut of fnt) + on of tie ide) = a(t +1029 + 12988) = sf 4 ay +22) 250, 9>0. CCA) = 24548 48) = 592 6A ecanglar box without top ito made aa cet of $10 fr the materia. The aerial forthe bottom ae 8055 perme tad he mae foe ses ent 0 por aae fet () Find © threat tude fr forte volume of the bor a faction othe dimensions ofthe botom State the demain of the action, (Q) Wine th Volome ofthe bor tthe btere e's neo de 37 > Lee V(ea) (0 beth volume ten the length and wit ase x fand yf and the eight f (a) tect te cot $0. have Udon of os) 4 Blot of ie) + (oto otto) W=a0.a0)ene2na0yh te bey UE Osh29) +0509 fu wae H)788 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE Thea pe PHIOAUIBED og yy ‘wa 9 102) ~ MEE aos ‘The volume is 21.625 £7. Stand 8. = U6- 2-39). (= 229), V1.2 128) = Ya57L) = 0.78125 2, Bey + ve + 28) = Bey + He + y\6~ 2 By) S(1.95 1.25) — 2(1-267 + 1.25) w 5.625 04 {The domain ofeach function & te rangle bounded by the oodiate axes aad the line #8 View oe VCE) nyt = He sat 9 2G The equipotent curves ae circles entered ot the origin of radius Y= 15/V4, V = 16,12, 8,4 (A rection fncion J fra commodity bs fection vale fy) =42"9y22, stire Zand y give the amount of two tpt, Draw acento? map of shoving Uheconsant product curve at 16,12 8, 4 and 2 vew) * oh “The figuee shows the constant product curves for 16, 12,$, 4, and 2 a fay. The constant product curves for == 3, 24,18, 12, and 6 are the fist quatvant Dranches ofthe Ihyperbolae 2y=5, 29=4, sy 3, 29 =2, and zy =1, The curve is msticied to the frst quadraat because F>0 andy >0. ae 62. (egy) = hen A289? m+ ism 1a llpaeconened athe ovgin af eeinces ETH and FFE, 2,18, 41, and 0 (print). 7 HE Peed, aay . a 2 = Inlf/). The level surfaces are spheres of radius TRAE), k= 4,2 1, (4. Th lethie potential at a point (2.».2) in Unredimensional space is Viz.y.2) volts where V(x st “The level suites of V ae egipotential srfecs, Describe these surfaces at 4, 2,1, and 3 eer, » TVG) SB then yet ate ape ‘Thee the aquipotensl etfs are elipside of inven 9/4, 4/band fF for k= 6,21} 122 LIMITS AND CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE, ‘We first consider functions of two varables. The open dist B(Zp.gpir) isthe et ofall points in the 2y plane that ate inside the circle with cater at the point (ry) and radia >. Ths = pot (eon i Blegig)) aed oly 8 VEST OMG Se 12:25 Definition Let f be a funtion of two variables that defined on soe open disk B((spr¥gh"), eseept possibly at the point (zy) itll. Then the lini of Fz.y) as (74) spproseies (ay) 8 by fe twat ng) if for any ¢ > 0, bomver sol there exists 2 > D such that toc fle 2)F4-W6F @ sich that it fea)-Gosdlcbandtepies then Vfead—Ule AUS is he domain off, hs he ein ofl in adbanen ates, "Ths anew is Aerated in Exerc 2 3122.9 Theorem Suppose that the function f is defined fer all points on an open disk having iis center at (gh excep: pos at (2.4) elf L cepeByngh SOUS ESI we ot pata BP tain ig) = 34 memati pt. tagtigoy P= v8) ‘The coatrapositve ofthis theowan may be wsed to prove a finit does mot exis. 12.210 Theotem Ifthe function J has diferent Hii as (=.9) appreaches (29,8) though distinct sts of ‘points Raving (p.m) as an accxmolation pint then ign dows mt exit (ea yg) "oe limit heres for functions of ene variable, with minor modifications apply to functions of two variables. We alo have the following theoran rejardieg the limit of a composite Iunetion of ti varie, 1226 Theorem If y isa function of two vaviabies and fin ‘vadhable contnuousat & the toitty (Freaky) = £161 D, and f is « funetion of a single lip teat er (en gags = ex 7) ‘We may be ale tad the Hast of funtion of to variables by aplying the Timi heen {ora fection of one vatabe together with There 12.6 If these hrrcns la hey do, for example, when both the nmeraor aed devominaor «fa fiction have Hm ar, then the fllonng ep may wrens be ado dere ay exis 4.105, eve of pinton scare contin oyu and SUE wc mb 1, 7 te “pat fae sy 2A dow nt exit hen inf) dso exit BIL; dees exist, then let Sy be ase of points on a different curve containing (Ege). and ind Ly. tier Gee tn fi tan Boro eae tft dm tole ory fly te ie ea) oe mt a 5. If1y = Ly ty to ae Deflation 122562 E2"E) = Ly (I tl pose ta then dow et i) I's f Entrcies 1-24, th nantes haogesns f degree mand the enor i bomogennt of tape n Teste lino (00) ce and vi wat dom nt cueen79 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF NORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 122.12 Defsiton The function f of two arisbles 2 and y is sid to be contnnons of the point (cob) Hf and ‘only the following thre enti ar sated: 1) flag) ext i) tin fz) exits Ci fe) ins 30) Wt a 'functida® fof wo variables is dincontingous at the point (xpyp) but algo eed be Jlavy) thon the nese Senetion is op Mya SPENT condemn thats, te continuous (eyo) Hthe discontinuity is not removable iti an essential ducontinuty 32.213 Theorem If f and g are two functions contiauous ate point (Zp): then GP 3 omiauoee at (ey) (i) f= 94 contnuows at (eto: (Gi) fois contimas (iv) ffs isconsinnos at (239) provided tat fea 9] #0 122.4 Theorem A polynomial function of two vaviables ie cotinnons at every point in RE 122.15 Theorem A rasional function of wo variables i ontinaous at every pobt in its domain, 122.17 Theorem Suppose that / a fonction of asngle variable ard g isa function of two variables such that 1 iscontinson at zy yo) and fis coinuoss at t,t) Then the composite function Jog ft continues at (2.9) ‘The ftlowing extend the dinitions and theorem to foretions of tore than two vases ‘and A(ajdy..,) ate tro points in R™, then the distance between P and Cen er eer 1222 Definition fA is a pint in RY and 7 is a poive number, then the open bull B(Ay +) the set of all pine Pg Wh awh int TP Aler 12.2.4 Defaition Let { bea funtion of m variables that i died on re ope bil BLA: ), excep posbly ie putt A Ic The the lof (0) Papprschen heb wien se fin, CP) = itor any «> 0, however sol the extn a ¢> O sch that INP_Atce en ge) eulee 122.7 Deion A pein P saad to bean accumaltion point of a act Sof points fa RY if every open ball BcPir eutaenniely many pots of & 122.11 Detiiioe Suppo that fo Faction of m vaiables and A tes pola in RA. Then [bad to be ontmnonsat the poat A and only the fllowingthive condos are nied “O) F(a) oxete (i) i JOP) eis Gi) Ja UP) = HA) 122.16 Detain A fein of n vrai ido be rotineou onan open bil continuous a ever fof he open bal Eercnes 182 I Bereios 1-6, plats the Sit by ae of int orem 1 ti, (Satay 29°) — tim Set fim, (27) =12+6— ently OFFA = 6h 9 FF hay 7 eta 2 ins (622 —2ey ea) = in et ti 5=(-8) 416-29 teabihag 228A gH at al na eat Rah SHOE.2 LIMITS AND CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS OP MORE HAN ONE VARIABLE 791 lim (92-29) teagan ed ear) ot a Fpl Rang FB = (ied SL in “ 20-0 @ eas 40-07] @eu-ni=0 (2-1? (1? © eshSeanyanay ae a ayaa? eah yf —PP- whe Jn Exerciser T-16 cna the lit by Gnding a 6> 0 sich that Deallen 12.2.9 bald 7. Because 3=~4y i dened at every point (:.9) any open disk eter at (8,2) will saisy the se reyuirenent of Deis 122.5. To prove sat, Hin,” (S449) 1, we msn show tha Be any there eins 8 > 0 uch that tanta) [ten ty tfc whenever O< YaBB} Beenaae Sry ie defined everywhere, (Cauchy Schware inequalzy? ab tena|s Yorean brea ‘Thus it Oat < VRE “Pherfore £4 = «/ fT then +4) ~(-6))< 0 9. Because 32~2y ie defied at every pont (x3), sty open disk ceterd at (1.3) will satiny he fit sequirement of Dentin 12.25. To prove that ly,» (Se —2y) = 9 we at show that fr any €> 0 there exists a6 > such that tei{oor [9-2y49] We use Theoren 122.10 with 8; = (ly) |y = 0} andS lin, 7? = fin, = smo = 0 feapsooie'+ yf Ot 0 ube ae Naot 18 Se Because these mits are not equ, ecause these mite ace not equ, ee et exis (eu) ly=2)- PE does nt st key celle Fey Jim, fe fit of exis Bybee ;, fm, = 0, we show that for any €> 0 theres 69 euch that om ey” ae 1 Buen 17-20, prove that 1, Toproveshat Bye ay ae [etter VE EM _ FTF 8 = «ten statement (1) bolts, cc wherever 6 VEG <6 a124 LIMITS aND CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 702 2. BA ccpaance FTF there is a8 > 0 such that ), we show that for any ¢> Ohare isa & 0 such that eee EERE _ JET tence i 6 then statement (1) olds Ver vee + 2. fe) = Fe tim BHO Booey sain? igs fee) ~ 8 We ae De Timi 0. For any ¢> 0, we must fad a #>0 such that fon 122.5 to prove that the ec whoenede VHF ch Becauselx1< 27497 and [yl< VE7FF and by the triangle inequality |2 + 2y|<2l+|2y} thea (sett VENTE yap Hence, 5 =e, then statemest (1) holds te Baecie21-24 deen if int exits 4 Te prove tht, fing FE =0, wesw ta i any «> tha 4 Onc bat | Fi ce weer 0< VET 6 0 2 CHP tment b= Je statement (ae Fe Pe Peat metit tm Ye (0) bata 2 Became Set then 0 PEGS. Benet Fy , aad al ok tis, cata zen = 0; then by the squeeze theorem, FY coos not este alto ry = 35 5s J} om no ext Terre * teal Fe? +4704 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE Decasse sy? = (24 y)iet—ay 4), the domain of consists of all pointe of R? cexeept thore on ihe lie x+y =(, Therefore f isnot defined on aay open disk centered atthe origin and so {the limit does not exist aenrding to Definition 12-25. To stow the imit does not exist using the advanced Aefnition, we se polar egosdinate: 2 =r cos 0, y= rsa 0. Then zig (eos ONO) 8 nd Pape Peas Pn’s ~ "ees!8 ins Becatse for any fixed value of r, no matter bow small, the valve of this expeeion i arbiealy lage whea @ ister Jr the ig, /9) dors so int. In Exercises 25-28, how the application of Theorem 12.26 to find the Tit. 25, Because t9a7¥ continuous at €= 1 i follows by Theorem 12.28 that eft Em Baa) 6. Reems 1, tno Fanti de (es) mln 2—In 2nd and Ge continuous at f= In, i fellow by Theoret («nina en ah eal Ag alt MeO DE hat 21. Because V/ is continuous at = $3 follows by Theorem 12. Le lire, ie ie cooley VIET eal a - VE * jp fe » Becane tenths, Otte = 45 SSEES Serer seg desis by Tr 1 at ceabtasfte WIE Baa WNeE Mn-« Kile aku ena me 28. fou) = pp. Benue Fs arin fantin te by Thre 122.6 comin ey pin in ican ri (eal DT era wey a Fianhe int (ey) in R? cha isnot on Tine y continuous at every point (2.9) it R¥ that i aot on the ine y= 2 Be Ka 4, Because g iv a rational function, then by Theorem 12.2.19 tt is continuous at sre Sit i donain she hey) 28 L010 Septic thers Sonera ole tps terien fw onpeie owt Fay oi by Tae T2R:T onto a ee po (ea) nth toe ani 82. fay) te zy e Because xy? >0 if 220 end y #0, and the natural logarithmic function is continuow at every positive im, Fs como a ee pit th ad rh ae 38. Joan) = GEE, tecawe f a etal fant, then by Theorem 122.1, fi continuous a every pit iments eh na) #2) Th, eatin ee i (9) ot tie EE i contin een 18 Brin. tat gfoy) = ae 4. 2,9) 4y? = 0, that i xcept on the ellipse a4 9?122 LIMITS AND CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN OND VARIABLE 795 35. glzsy) =In(25 — 2°). Let b(zy) = —2°—92, Became h is polyvomial fonction, then by Theorem ndata i is continuous at every point iu RY Let f{0) ln ¢, Decse she natural logan function continuous at all postive numbers, then fis continuous at all ¢> 0. The function 9 isthe composite function Joan which by Theorem 12-217 iscontinuous a every poi (2) ia RP tide the cide The Inverse cosine uneton continous at esey pint in the pen interval (1,2). Thus fis ontincous at very pint inthe strip (a) | “1 c= ty <1 Fig Heme on) (x)= (0.0) HO). Ths f 8 continous w(t). eee, J continuo at every If jexy) £ (00) f icontinuou at (ay). From Beariee 19 we have satin 12. 0 ttn) = (0.0) > From Rxammle 7, ny, H(z] dows not exist. Hence Fis continuous al every point of RY exept (40) From Bxamrle 7. i Seu Bence Fis continuous al every point of RF except (0.0) 39. flan) =qzrevt EM #9) 1665.9) 200.0) fin oatiauous ot (2,3). Tet if fs continuons at (0,0). Dif (e.y) = (0.0) im}. lim, 5 Slew) dows not exist because this BP (aghMoos 2) fim, 5, few), en, gotta tm, 2 a sd Timi doesnot exist Hence fi ot continuous at (0,0). Thos fiscontiavous a every pint (29) 4 (0,0) in ee ire 400) 6 2.0) =(00) > bts gy ove a wkeeste-* tae 7060)-20, the the tee condos of Psa 12:12 ae eed and ene fi contin at (oor i (eoug)# (eh thn bp Theorn 12238 7 bremicime Cpagh Tents fb conlnore Serer ©. few » A gen) =] HEYA 59 (00) i contaous at (2, To how tha i contnnone 0 ican) = (005 (40) we mt how tak, ln, ea) xi ad eu 0.)=0 wich done by showing that emer co intanna 3 Cokie [etter ramen < VIFF <6 o Atl cigig Ve ‘Therefore, iS = estaterent (1) elds. Hence Gis eontinvous at every point in R2.186, DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE oy A Fay) = piasTe ya] OFM ocause = 1PM s atl |g bP ond 9? 5 Ge?L + 972%, then 0 (ey) = (0.0) af desletayt? 8 0 TLR Galata acted x00 By the saevae thon, Fis continuous at (0,0) and hence at every point in 2, Coneas with Bxerie 24, 48. fea) = Jpg em By Ths 12218 ad 1227 te spn cont of Fhe ofa it) Jn R? for which 1623 —y4 > 0, "This isthe st fall pointe in R that are imide the cine 23-42 = 16. sagt>4 ‘hen, by Theor 122.14), f ie continucue at all point in the interior ofthe hyperbola 28 y# = 4 TerTegrrae Teme 2 (23) in BF fog whieh 42? +9)? 36> 0, te st of al pins in RF that are outside the lips 4? 499? 46, a9) = ESE ontoen 98> Ott be tee 2 7 29 15 and 12 45. flew) 7 the region of continuty of fis the set ofall points M1. Hy) = 10" 2p). gt) = see the domain of (L&I), and ncomtinuous on it domain, Thus ie eon of centinuty of 7 le the et ofall poi (2,9) in? for which zy 1 AB flay) =Ia(—+ P=9)-In(t -22—) > Bresee the notarel loge fantom f dele fhe post both Pi yF—050 andi 272s equivalent, only hex both BUF So an are ‘hich is imponible. Ths, fis egotinuows at yo point of RE Note that the fnetin Ine? 9? 9)/(h 298] secantinonein the anna {ize} | <2 +98 <9) 48. f(a) = sn" n + y) + ley) © HEi0) =n“ shedronin of i (e¢11) agi contnuout on i don. 8) = In 4 he damn of XG ([¢>0), ana h & contiuous on ls comin: There fis coninoous at all pnts (29) In RY for sbi ry] andy > 0."Taewe a all he pints hei aad ed quads for whlch +9] Sle 0. fen) = © sumbers ony fey) i defined only when se ‘scootinuousif|zy| < L 5 Hew =| everywheve ele: The domain of is R¥ and g is continous on its domain. Tierefoe by Theorem oatiquocs a all possts ia12.2 LIMITS AND CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 197 Boe ig 52. fe) s#y By Theorem 12.215, fi continues atall points not om the Kine Mention tend tenant Ibe the line y =f and > the re of 12. fan) = in(e=2) = aes : wa Baas TE cally ge On ‘Thos, 7% continuous i 49 = 0, that iat the origin, and fis dscontinuows at any otter print oline y= 2. In Beers 53-59, fis dacontinuous at the orgts because J(0,0) docs sot exis. Determine ifthe @bconsinalty is semovable or esvental Ifthe diswoatiaity is removable, redefine f(0,0) 0 thatthe new function is continuous. 8 Kew = a © lite Fetes = By aaa es elo Faye eglon Frayre Becane thse Lnits are 90 equ lnk = does aot exit. There, the dcontnuty is al co ceo Frat wa Hema sry ~ fing 5 iy} do tei, Ths the continuity ntl. Mo SEF eatioo zee Hae” Hoe “ c= 88. fesy)= (et yin phy Beene [ne 11, the 0<| f(a] Je Bonus iy, (e+ y) = Ol follows trom the squee=leorem that lim f(2,9) =O; if we define (0,0) = 0 the discvitinity ts removed. 6 Kesey > in Exercise 31 twas shown that es} oy 2 eBaota i si Because thse two Fmt are nt quale, FE cornet a “Tihus, the discontinuity is essential. 8. Hoh eB orn cata RULE PYRE wo Wwe define (0,0) = 0 the dncontinuity ic emowed tet wicanle| SSF [oo AM tte ee sit From the secre thearam we ee, we deine (0.0) = the deontnuty removed. 59. f(2.9) elie! 60. (a) Give definition, similar to Defition 12.25 ofthe Tnit of funtion of thice variables as & point {eqy.a) approaches pint (eps) {b) Gre a defintion, simile to Definiion 122.8, ofthe limit of 4 fsetion of then variables as & point {exa.3) approaches pitt (Spa) ina specie tof yoats Sin Re > {a} Le {be function of thoes varables thats dened some open dish By the int (2p) Hl. Then jr) except posi at ceanlBgngagl™ fear lie ora aramperseccxuie798 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF NORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 80 < yle—apP Fm + Ga <8 then |fley2))-L]ce (b) Uat J be a fanetion defined on a set of points in R® and lt (zp.yg 29) be an accumulation pant ofS. ‘Then we)=L Gn eet) cembh Affor any €> 0, however sul thee exists» 6 > € wach that WO |e) (eq a) <8 e0d Gn s)eS then [esl] se G1 (a) A theowem similar to Theorem 12.29 fora fenton ofthe variables iss Suppose thatthe function 7s defied for ll points en an open Bll Baving its enter at (Zpv%) exe wily at (zt) tla | i = 1S i any set of points in hating Co ta Has ceiraad Gries aaa (ena) gre) os ¢ (©) A ocoez sina to Theorer 12.210 fra foeton of see variables Ifthe function f has diferent its as (2.4.2) approaches (zypzo) through to distinct sets of pointe Saving Cope) ara enon pit ns Fess) dos 0 eit im 2) Bye) Teer io we dele al leecnidol £0 Powe ag f(D) oes BO ex Pay 2 en toes notexet Then | Hm, 5 Fle n8) does not exet Mur tobias an fe ago wea ag Shee) ge ct om mt a [z= 0) and (Co > (0.00) econ ont of theses (ea. tmniuaos ty. SBaogte dt congo Bent the ints ae st gh te co estate fn = Stead lose Pei= its are not equal, tim, ten dloan Reyes i Beeasse thse to dos not exist. ton Bonn Free In Exess 66nd 6, the deftion in Eerie 6) te prove that, fim, lesa exits tation of 66. To pove 72 =0, weshow tht for any «> Others 8 Ouch that + Hoon ary | PE |e whee < VETTE Tce a pe | WP ster aatoat oA [are SO Faae ee eee ae Ee eb-udeamcny bane12.2 LIMITS AND CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 799 6 Tower «im, 4 SEER 0, we sow that fr any > W there fn > Ouch hat [FERRE |< commer FFT T FH Ds) on LEH ASDF) hy SEBO DEAD, in SB = fim s=6 flu) = Sie 2 = Suyl— (4s? 309) 2. flaw) ~4e dp. Dylewn)= im [Mu +3) ~39} = 80 Sy 3. flew) = Sey +6e— v7. Dyan) = jim, LEPt A Met. oy (aly eae) et aol Gey toe ¥ ao a tig, (95 2— Avda ate =i a = fm, (e299) = 3¢—24. Alen nora Os s (2.0) ~ f(s. jew 62 ~ 18) ~ in steay= tn, MEA)=LE0) yy avs =P)— rte 7) ite (0+ s)] te 27 ep Bzdy + bey 2ydy (Ay)? Sey =Ceby? | Sy seo) - 2-4)802 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 4 flea) =F 5+ 6D4slew) F bufead= in LOPE BIH. yy tye oP 90+ +9 oa sy BA Peudy + s( Ay) —y Bay 4 Oey? +598 a im (try + 207-8) = 2ay—5 se) = ETE tea) =f, EPS gy VERT SE & a pe EE TRF Bae e = VAM GTR E N+ VEEP) = 2B a rats Vash stezeas + (as 49? 2 ae ae a) ee Pa Gaal 7 METER Vea ERE VEE (e420e == 20 (2244209) Ce New oe We Pau In Bese mt 12.3.2 to fine the partial derivative, 1 Sey) a 2) mn 2OFSS —Betyt ans 4 H+ dolen(ely~Bey +3) (= 7 yay ey —beyiy lay) 00 ay posBymate ber tye i, (P= bep~teay + 28)39 Altematively, Def (en2 og ea w ate) te» 8 few, » Disfle Peat yor nye tin 12 +A y eng nae Paes 3 dads (A2)*=2 _ 5, dale + Sz) fim SEE OE) en (064 As) =D 8. Seay sad) = aur Datla) = fim, Est oy} ale} Se) yat syle Ant or Belt (eye sy tyrt tert) rp, rn) st let Ari ale Bolt er yet pyri) fayrtaert 7 iy, TSE EUAN yah yrt pt tt othr aye y= eye itt 2 3r_ mn, EEA DOS dim, eve atest) att123 PARTIAL DERIVATIVES 608, Dea? — tow +34) wm Lortas at Dts? — tiw + uw?) — (Sr%et + atv —2tun? — tew-+ Suv?) poi a2 — ue =t] = nfo 2042+) tu] PB stue— tw In Exercises 11 and 12, f(x,y) = =~ 994. lim LEP Sed) JOA) yp, (24 Ae 0 tn etre (ante uh. @)B 70a) = Jin, 228 B88) in est = fn S88 ain anand (0) 0/09» fin SED=LON 9 py P=8 OAD py PEE ens) = oye fin, LEANN. yy er Bsl OF PW?) SD, cs semnap tat = fin, SEEBEEO pg MAELO yy) te Than Dllz = 12, Find Daft) by: (a) alying frmula (2). (6) applying formas (4), and fe) aplyng deition 123.) ad then ebcag# tnd y by? and te ape ai tay< fens, a1 + a9P (4 (=) Pyset)= fi fn tet Mau #8 | tim (18-989) = 18 0) D1) nF FE (AMIE py HOE MYR nt as (0 Dyed fin LEARN ~D yy Py ye FaGy? ~ yy 9 by 2* +99" _ ,,, Avlo1Sy—9A8) ar ate = fim, lin, (180-940) a ‘Ths. D,f(2.1) = -18(1)= 18, Ia Exercises 13-24, ind the partial deivaive by holding all but one of the variables constant and applying heorems for ovdtzary difeeattation. 1 Dalen = fe + VEER = Bite + + 97)) 04 ele = as sty _1Wt-F)-Kes vey) MEGS Ga Gar 1, Dy 0.8) = Bipin cot =n 3-sin 23) 16 f(p8) =P%c00 0 Br tan ds Sle8) > Wediffeentize with resect to 8 with + egarded asa constant. Thus, Jolr.8) = Fin B26 a Her Ge bn Fre 4-3)|- oe 18, Serteote +6) = fea 0) Be BerarSH DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE we tao Hay) 1 Wedifwentine wt ops ow with rah constant Tha, —— 2. fabsnel= Bienes enn ey egy) tev od 1h eh 2) = Mh 2s 20) Ferran aust 7 + + Sef 8 sin ~2 2095 S08) > Weediferentiate with respect to 8 with rand @ beldeonstamt. ‘Thus Fale.) 2 fod) =r aa © (a) filrd) = tan 0 Sia AS 44n) = tan je — 2/9 sin fr = 1 - 2/01) V2) (©) ard) = ene Pn; ff) = Buea —9 cn # =H)? = 9-2 He flana)=eF + nly $3 (0) hlena) =e 18.0 () Folens) = deve rhs $000,214 (9 Jaleo 4 Bxerses 7 and 28 nd f,(2,) and f,(,7) me por) [rt 1m ta0)~ flea 1 The fest fundamental theorem of th caleulus gives the derivative with respect tothe upper limit. If we held -=constaat ang ditferentine with resect to y we Ret Jyley) =e If'we hold y constant and differcatiate with respect Wo 2, we must firs interchange the limits of integration. Ths he ee 10.00 in tdtsee Fyfe) tain tdtiee fy(ey9) — nein 2. Hen =B foie "Dein 390) Dyn (fa feed sw tt Bret) = Dye (0) Dyflay) = B+ % Dysisy) =]-S () Dishes) = 3+ Je Dalle) =H +3, BM. Slay) 2282494 2? (2) Dy/y) = 622 Bry 49% Dy f(a) = 12-6 ©D,fle.2) =-42 +297 Dyfley) = 28 (©) gfe) =—te+24; Daley) = Se 29 (9) Dyfla a) = 26m Dy flan) =4ehay (6) Basle) =24%es 4 Daley) = 20s y » Simplifying. (2,9), we have, ia quadrants | and 3, Say) 71+ oly —tt “a o @12 PARTIAL DERIVATIVES 805, (8) We pasialeitfersntite on both sides of (1) with respeet to = duews herr (©) We partsl-isteretinte on both ses of (2) with respet to Daflea)= 5 her peaie ate fled = 5 Bh FG Py (0 We pnt et aie of 1 th ape to Datla) Algo red) (hg) ® ‘We pastiaaieentae ox both side of (2) th spe! to = Daystar =(BY-Berwe rh) (dys ay From (8) and (4) we show that Dyafissy) = Dayfte Hew) = 4 PhS (6) Dyflay) = 22 aaY Dyjflera) = 2tan +E Iat)= Paw" (Dye) = Ao aE ts Page + fet g\)~ 2a (©) Dyaflz.») = #50- Keay) 6,0) De) = Fotos : “yt Dalton a bhaagt eas eae - 3.8 » Bylo) oars qelagePals)ae (0 Beate) GB PH at y= Dale) fen =saatgsopoe (a) Dy S(z,9) = 4 sinh y + 3y sinh 2; Dyyf(2,9) = Ay cook 2 (0) DySley) = Aa-emh y+3-cath x Dzaflevn) = Ae nh y (©) Dypflz,y) = 4 cosh y+3 sinh 2; Dp, f(2.y) =4 cosh y+3sinh z Say) =2 00 yet d, 0 ® (©) From (2), we obi Dy f(2.4) = 2 co8y () From (1), we obiaia Dyafla¥) ren (2), we obtain Dyyf(=,9) = ~sin 9 Thes Dysfley9) = Dy Ste asiny et806 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE 31. flay) = eos y+ tax ati y) : & (4) Dyfles) = eeons + hat ah Dy Mo) = ete ye (0) Dylan) = cing + anf Dagflg) =e 9 =-tinys hy (o Dyer cans ha Balen) =e os 38 Slay) = techy —ysiee © (a) Dyer) = deosny— PEs yew ee) aca aap (0) Dyfes9) = 32 sind y—si In Fuerctes 30-46, End the indizated partial derivatives 39. fiz.) =2ey +5ety' Sey" © (a) (ern) = Gey + Oy? — 99% Fagen) = 669 + Bey ~ Gn Fyy(2¥) = 122+ 200 (8) folzsy) = 228 + Mey ~Ge5 foe9) = 62? 42y~ Oy: fayleiy) = e+ My Dyf{rs) = Be comb y (6) Dygfesg) = 3 inh Tae = Daflms) 40, Gey) = 209 £524F +2 (0) Cyl 0h (Gy l ti) (Gey = 62v + 1 422y & (0) G,(e.9) Gysleru) = (Gye) G yal 22) = (Gy2.0) (6) Gygl2 G20) A Hens) wei fale 42, gheyss2) =n np (a) 9yfeans) = 28 00 20% salt (0) au(ziie) = 92 coves sleaze) = # conse —a0e sine 43. fees) = veo ¢ (a) fle) = Beco es filers) = Beetn Fan (0) Saws) = wean Fyne) =—Dee'sn fay (ea) = Ratan of Ducane A, Hus) =n cons VI (2) Lyuelto8) ©) Loa) sial—=) + Acard= Sault) = (Bult Loudst) = Url © sca =e =ata—2) Sol sedu=) Lule) = Ul ts Me = 2 000 —e}tan}e— 8) 48, a{rst) =ln(o? 2485?) >) nteas= etc) an) = GRIND at ; (0) a0 = imap tle = GRE gap tal esp ON SD (salen = rep nt pt a Irn) pale (ION Ge) — rr? 45 2? a — er? ae seal Gra eaey RMSE Ea12.8 PARTIAL DERIVATIVES 80 eight asta 162 27) + 122 16 fas) = a0 Bap = A) I= eg ules) = PS omy calt+H09F2) otely?) S40 e2e) sgl Setct ant Onis Teorey raeyay fen) Sasa at. wssing + nd 1B 4 = food-a}+t]+qenQ)-4]- Fon $414 feos 5. 40 Oven ea atys Pee Very Be Be Be etet ee o Beebe Be lanyest)o(ctezmietgteae) tears? ‘In Exercises 49-59, show that w satisfies Laplace's equation in R® or R. 49. fsa) = Inet +9) ay) 3), aaa 8 Be -e a Bh Oy ME tak) BaF ode _ ee By __ ney a FP 8 de) str beat Bie (ay titania Poti y &-Toa 3) ae ea Be Be dey _UoP= 92 = Hy PN00) _ 209 tay 4208 4 0? a ayy ere (ee, Be coe Sealey Sida Py teyte UD vay rey) 2? sty 22 y-207 oy pee afte GAR ah 82, ayy)= Tan y secon © up meten y—an t sin yon = 0 Saas yt ome cnet yt cone @ ‘Ning te members (1) ad 2), we ean aay? ara? 5A. hs? 99? +422 4.00 =0, We bold x constant and cifeeatiate implicitly with respect to. nti 485-0: =¥ a.0.vB9, BV _ays806 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE Pty Therefore 9 = 22. at (248), % 6 Find equtions a the naga lie tothe crv of intention ofthe sue 2-9! += poz te pint (23) > We bold yeontant ad diferente iplicily wit eayct to 0 both sides the eqeaton, Thus aey2eno i At the point (12,2), woh =} &--} ‘Thus equations ofthe tangent se ae e-Dand y=? sr Teh fet ty? Lm fe and SE ty A the pot (1), change of the temperature with sespet to the distance moved in the see dag/ere and in the diecion of the postive y oni ia 8 deg/ers re Bray Bein) Perv = AAD BAY RA =F oq} yan) 00h gt oval f Sota wre a8, Mpa] Bafa t] w) ae=e06, aF= 001 ae ¢ ave Wai asd 3-1] 244, Hence, the presint value decrees approsimatay $24.40. (€) B10 5 ( 9. Whe 5-008, B= Ot.) = PAE. c= at oats ae tein ev 3 SMELT pot al eee ya E80 9 with the plane then (60. Suppose that 10,000 dollars isthe inventory casi in a sore employing x clerks, P dollars is the weekly oft ofthe store, acd P= 3000 + 240) + 22 ~2y) 10212)! Jew 13 £2206 and Sy 12 At present the inventory is $180,000 and there aze 8 clerk (9) Find the Jpstantancous tate of change of P per unit change in 2 if y remalus constant. (b) Use the rut of pat (2) 10 find the approsimale change in weelly profit tthe investary change: foi $199,000 to €200,000 and the umber of clerks reruns fixed a8. (c) Fad the instantaneous rate of change of P pee wait change in y if = femins fixed at Th. (Q) Use the feet of par () to Sind the appronieace ange in the weekly profit if the fpumber of eles is inereased from 8 to 10 and the inventory zaman fd at $180,000. (a) We hold y constant and difrentiate wich respect to 2. aby = 240 = 1 egh= 28) =20(18~ 12) = 40 “The istntaneous ae of chmage of P i $40 fr each $10.00 increase i inven (6) The approximate haga prom when the avn ocr by 20,000" 160000 20,000 e 21840) = $80. {Gy We bold = constant ao dierent wei spec (8,8) = 2404 20¢~ ey eng 20+ 2418) ~800) “The lantntamous ste of Sage i = dace npr of $40 fr each ational ek (2) Two aon lets wil enn a dare of bot 4830) = SS en ws ronal EF Ment 0% giana P08) £289 ~ f009) £02) (6) F,(00) = jin, PM =FOO123 PARTIAL DERIVATIVES 809, (eax eis ae ead [EF Hl 400, 0 wenn =e +y)— (2-2) _ 24 22y- & Wine mn. Alana EME et 26 ta () (03) = fg, 22.9= F000) © GIF (29) #00), fate (6) £100) = amy on G4. For the function of Example 11, show that fyi discontinuous at (0,0) and hence the hypothesis of ‘Theorem 125.3 is aot astisied $f (25.90) = (0.0) The foncion of Example dined by non [2k Hen 200 Bb” ten =0.0 Weshow ta fi fan des at ei) #00 en Syne fe =a aA) Py —aPite) syst? ee Save tes leg) = LER BLa eA yt) vty UND) _ oat oct en = Se NE Along th «axis we ave hoof lt ~ Bea ze treo) we log hey ans we avg ofieate'n= Ea eine ee a 1) tn ws et; cs J tort Ie Exe 57, id J 0) ef 40) here 1 nae 0) #0 504) fy, MOED=(00 fig ittea) = 0.0) poy tim Oza) — 0.0) a, a. wae 2 arco Be (aay = fin, SS) wo eer Sima (00) dame fy £0, 4,00) = al Jxg0.0)~ es810 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS OF NORE THAN ONE VARIABLE {Re Hie #OO, 0.) Le) = {00.9} a ee tin, i; ay W940, AG) " A(N= 0.0) ee. fy Ste = 0. Similarly, f,(0,0) = 0 halt) [tan — ran! it's £0 andy #0 een (g hre egee Shao 00 tin, SEO =O0). yy 928 ~ yan to My #0, S04) = Tas I0N, = fat a ita 1000) ig rAymo_ aoe Ina similar was, we get £{00) = 0 and if 2 0, f(z) = 2 Then im, FASEB) uy 5 Hence f,4(0.0) fa(00= 1 8, Prove that ffi fonction of to variables and ll Ue paral davies of the fourth order ae enatinsour ‘on seme open disk, then Diyaf = Derasf- Theorem 12.3.3 nj that we may inchange adjacent subsets, Applying the teem thie des we gt Dud = Pra! ~ Pana = Pad en, s = 2027 9S — osw-PtH07 = 4WEH-P9. Wien W=TOand H= 18, BR = os70-4)19°% mans, Te srr ae nse 0.0989 fh wet 95 = (ayaa 0.92) w 48 Te sua changes 642 fn iit. 124 DIFFERENTIABILITY AND THE TOTAL DIFFERENTIAL, 124A DeGiitiontf J is a function of two variables # and y, then the increment of fst the point (29/4) denoted by Af(sgetyh i gen br Asleave) = 49+ 8849+ Au)~ Fey Ho) 124.2 Definition If f i funtion of to vakables = and y and she inererent of fal (Zq 4p) tn be writen as Afleoite)= Dal eo todO2 + Dale ta)y eexQe teh whens and ey ase Sanctions of Ae and Ay euch that e, Wand «0 as (Az,Ay}—(00), then f is sid tobe diferente at (25. Ii Setion 12.7 we show the a function in dierentiable and onty its graph has a tangent plane and whose equation isthe uta cliffretial given telow. 1243 Definition If fis diferentiable at (2,9), the total differential isthe fonction flaws + Dale 1) 0 12.4.3 Theoeem If function f of two variables iedifeentiaile at « post it & continuous at that pint. 1244 Theotem Lot {be 4 funcion of two variables 2 and y. Suppose that Df and Daf enst oe an epen dink (Pir) and DJ and Dyf ave cssinuose at By Une f i dfrentable nt Py 3 existence of Dyf and Daf Note that contioity of D, and Daf > diflrentsbiltyof 2 Mena ot f124 DIFFERENTIABILITY AND THE TOTAL DIFFERENTIAL 811 but no other implications exist among these four properties. ‘he following éefaitions extend the preceding concepta vo fusions of n variables. 12A6 Defnition Hf J i a function of m variables #4, 25. 12a) then the increment of fat Ps given by “ ASP) = ICE, + Aaya bry Fe A2,)~f1P) 124. Deksition If fis function ofthe m variables 3, 3. fy and dhe increment of fat the point P ean Af P) =D fP)ax, + D,sP)az, +--+ DA PIAL, were «40, Gays 8 (2 5s eg) (000) thon f anid bo iferontiati at B. 12A8 Definition [ff is a function ofthe m vaiables x, 25,-.~ 2, and f Is diferentiabe at P, then the fotel ‘gjrenie of js be ncn af having feneion vas given bY f(y, Ae) zaand P is the point (21.25 D,f(P)An, + D,f(P Az +--+D, (PIA, Beercies 124 1 flay) =3 sey F © GAs.) =f 04 Ants Ay) —flls4) ~ 311 + Se) £211 + And 4 Ay) (44 Ay)? (G48-18) Ode tilde) 48+ Ahr 2ay + 2ardy 16 -8Ay (Oy) 13 daa 4 282 dy (a9)? + Hae Bay ii and Ay = 0.05, we haye = (02) + 1048) ~(-0.02) Dyfi) ¢D,/0.4)85. When «= Vandy 1 5 Hind Daf eg tty = 8, has ft 4.9) = Mie —€ae (4) 4f(04.0.05, 0.02) =14(0.03)— 6062) = 9.424 01 22° Sey 4g? GF 1) = FOr Ae 14) 1-1) =2024 Ae) 4504 ANT Ay) SACL + AP? = 1(A2) +5d2 Ay + 4(4y)" 43024209 (6) When Be = ~0.4 and Ay = 0.02, we have Afi) = 2-0.0}4 +H 0.0102) + 4402/+ 3(401) + 20.02) = a.0108 As Ay)= Dif, -1)A2+ Dy f(2—!)y. When s =? and y 2+ 8y=2. Thus 42.1.2, dy) (4) 49(2,-1,-0.01,0.02) = 3(-901) +2(002) =0.01 (2+ Dey A + By) ~ 912-8) = (2+ Mall tr Aye 4g Bet Jaz +28y gi2.—4)= (2-000 HBA set 9) 38} 98 9 4308 (ag(dnts Ae dy) = Dye Ae + Dy, Hay. Beatie Dalen) = ye? 98e¥ aod Darang) 209 + ye, we base 24.8 By) — (ote Ba Meh Go et ar ety (Odo. “0.402) = 28-02) — tee M9 4.1 Mz9) = (2+ 9 /2~ Wh fee (8) ACAD, the Inerement of hat (0); (0) ANG,.O) when Ae =0.04 and ‘Ay = OAs (6) Ah(3.0,A. Ay) the ttl dieestil of hat (3,0); (6) 43, 0.0.06,003). ©) We apily Denon 0.0028