n tp ng php ting Anh

1. Cu trc chung ca mt cu trong ting Anh:

Mt cu trong ting Anh thng bao gm cc thnh phn sau y:

V d:
SUBJECT
John and I
We
He
I

VERB
ate
studied
runs
like

COMPLEMENT
a pizza
"present perfect"

MODIFIER
last night.
last week.
very fast.

walking.

1.1 Subject (ch ng):

Ch ng l ch th ca hnh ng trong cu, thng ng trc ng t (verb). Ch ng thng l mt
danh t (noun) hoc mt ng danh t (noun phrase - mt nhm t kt thc bng mt danh t, trong trng
hp ny ng danh t khng c bt u bng mt gii t). Ch ng thng ng u cu v quyt nh
vic chia ng t.
Ch rng mi cu trong ting Anh u c ch ng (Trong cu mnh lnh, ch ng c ngm hiu l
ngi nghe. V d: Don't move! = ng im!).
Milk is delicious. (mt danh t)
That new, red car is mine. (mt ng danh t)
i khi cu khng c ch ng tht s, trong trng hp , It hoc There ng vai tr ch ng gi.
It is a nice day today.
There is a fire in that building.
There were many students in the room.
It is the fact that the earth goes around the sun.

1.2 Verb (ng t):

ng t l t ch hnh ng hoc trng thi ca ch ng. Mi cu u phi c ng t. N c th l mt t
n hoc mt ng ng t. Ng ng t (verb phrase) l mt nhm t gm mt hoc nhiu tr ng t
(auxiliary) v mt ng t chnh.
I love you. (ch hnh ng)
Chilli is hot. (ch trng thi)
I have seen the movie three times before. (auxiliary: have; main verb: seen)
I am going to Sai Gon tomorrow. (auxiliary: am; main verb: going)

1.3 Complement (v ng):

V ng l t hoc cm t ch i tng tc ng ca ch ng. Cng ging nh ch ng, v ng thng l
danh t hoc ng danh t khng bt u bng gii t, tuy nhin v ng thng ng sau ng t. Khng
phi cu no cng c complement. V ng tr li cho cu hi What? hoc Whom?
John bought a car yesterday. (What did John buy?)
Jill wants to drink some water. (What does he want to drink?)
She saw John at the movie last night. (Whom did she see at the movie?)

1.4 Modifier (trng t):

Trng t l t hoc cm t ch thi gian, a im hoc cch thc ca hnh ng. Khng phi cu no cng
c trng t. Chng thng l cc cm gii t (prepositional phrase), ph t (adverb) hoc mt cm ph t
(adverbial phrase). Chng tr li cu hi When?, Where? hoc How? Mt cm gii t l mt cm t bt u
bng mt gii t v kt thc bng mt danh t (VD: in the morning, on the table,...). Nu c nhiu trng t
trong cu th trng t ch thi gian thng i sau cng.
John bought a book at the bookstore. (Where did John buy a book?)
She saw John at the movie last night. (Where did she see John? When did she see him?)
She drives very fast. (How does she drive?)
Ch rng trng t thng i sau v ng nhng khng nht thit. Tuy nhin trng t l cm gii t khng
c nm gia ng t v v ng.
She drove on the street her new car. (Sai)
She drove her new car on the street. (ng)

2. Noun phrase (ng danh t)

2.1 Danh t m c v khng m c (Count noun/ Non-count noun):
Danh t m c: L danh t c th dng c vi s m, do n c 2 hnh thi s t v s nhiu. N
dng c vi a hay vi the. VD: one book, two books, ...
Danh t khng m c: Khng dng c vi s m, do n khng c hnh thi s t, s nhiu. N
khng th dng c vi a, cn the ch trong mt s trng hp c bit. VD: milk (sa). Bn khng th ni
"one milk", "two milks" ... (Mt s vt cht khng m c c th c cha trong cc bnh ng, bao b...
m c. VD: one glass of milk - mt cc sa).
Mt s danh t m c c hnh thi s nhiu c bit. VD: person - people; child - children; tooth
teeth; foot feet; mouse mice ...
Mt s danh t m c c dng s t/ s nhiu nh nhau ch phn bit bng c "a" v khng c "a":
an aircraft/ aircraft; a sheep/ sheep; a fish/ fish.
Mt s cc danh t khng m c nh food, meat, money, sand, water ... i khi c dng nh cc
danh t s nhiu ch cc dng, loi khc nhau ca vt liu .
This is one of the foods that my doctor wants me to eat.
Danh t "time" nu dng vi ngha l "thi gian" l khng m c nhng khi dng vi ngha l "thi
i" hay "s ln" l danh t m c.

You have spent too much time on that homework. (thi gian, khng m c)
I have seen that movie three times before. (s ln, m c)
Bng sau l cc nh ng dng c vi cc danh t m c v khng m c.
WITH COUNTABLE NOUN
a(n), the, some, any
this, that, these, those
none, one, two, three,...
many
a lot of
a [large / great] number of
(a) few
fewer... than
more....than

WITH UNCOUNTABLE NOUN

the, some, any
this, that
None
much (thng dng trong cu ph nh, cu hi)
a lot of
a large amount of
(a) little
less....than
more....than

Mt s t khng m c nn bit:
sand
food
meat
water

money
news
measles (bnh si)
soap

information
air
mumps (bnh quai b)
economics

physics
mathematics
politics
homework

Note: advertising l danh t khng m c nhng advertisement l danh t m c, ch mt qung co

c th no .
There are too many advertisements during TV shows.

2.2 Cch dng qun t khng xc nh "a" v "an"

Dng a hoc an trc mt danh t s t m c. Chng c ngha l mt. Chng c dng trong cu c
tnh khi qut hoc cp n mt ch th cha c cp t trc.
A ball is round. (ngha chung, khi qut, ch tt c cc qu bng)
I saw a boy in the street. (chng ta khng bit cu b no, cha c cp trc )
2.2.1 Dng an vi:
Qun t an c dng trc t bt u bng nguyn m (trong cch pht m, ch khng phi trong cch
vit). Bao gm:
Cc t bt u bng cc nguyn m a, e, i, o: an aircraft, an empty glass, an object
Mt s t bt u bng u, y: an uncle, an umbrella
Mt s t bt u bng h cm: an heir, haft an hour
Cc t m u bng mt ch vit tt: an S.O.S/ an M.P
2.2.2 Dng a vi:
Dng a trc cc t bt u bng mt ph m. Chng bao gm cc ch ci cn li v mt s trng hp bt
u bng u, y, h. VD: a house, a university, a home party, a heavy load, a uniform, a union, a year income,...
ng trc mt danh t m u bng "uni..." phi dng "a" (a university/ a uniform/ universal/ union)
(Europe, eulogy (li ca ngi), euphemism (li ni tri), eucalyptus (cy khuynh dip)

 Dng trong cc thnh ng ch s lng nht nh nh: a lot of/a great deal of/a couple/a dozen.
Dng trc nhng s m nht nh thng l hng ngn, hng trm nh a/one hundred - a/one thousand.
Dng trc "half" (mt na) khi n theo sau mt n v nguyn vn: a kilo and a half, hay khi n i ghp
vi mt danh t khc ch na phn (khi vit c du gch ni): a half - share, a half - holiday (ngy l ch
ngh na ngy).
Dng vi cc n v phn s nh 1/3 a/one third - 1/5 a /one fifth.
Dng trong cc thnh ng ch gi c, tc , t l: $5 a kilo, 60 kilometers an hour, 4 times a day.

2.3 Cch dng qun t xc nh "The"

Dng the trc mt danh t c xc nh c th v mt tnh cht, c im, v tr hoc c cp
n trc , hoc nhng khi nim ph thng, ai cng bit.
The boy in the corner is my friend. (C ngi ni v ngi nghe u bit l cu b no)
The earth is round. (Ch c mt tri t, ai cng bit)
Vi danh t khng m c, dng the nu ni n mt vt c th, khng dng the nu ni chung.
Sugar is sweet. (Ch cc loi ng ni chung)
The sugar on the table is from Cuba. (C th l ng trn bn)
Vi danh t m c s nhiu, khi chng c ngha i din chung cho mt lp cc vt cng loi th cng
khng dng the.
Oranges are green until they ripen. (Cam ni chung)
Athletes should follow a well-balanced diet. (Vn ng vin ni chung)
2.3.1 Sau y l mt s trng hp thng dng dng The theo quy tc trn:
The + danh t + gii t + danh t: The girl in blue, the Gulf of Mexico.
Dng trc nhng tnh t so snh bc nht hoc only: The only way, the best day.
Dng cho nhng khong thi gian xc nh (thp nin): In the 1990s
The + danh t + i t quan h + mnh ph: The man to whom you have just spoken is the chairman.
The + danh t s t tng trng cho mt nhm th vt hoc vt: The whale = whales (loi c voi), the
deep-freeze (thc n ng lnh)
i vi man khi mang ngha "loi ngi" tuyt i khng c dng the: Since man lived on the earth ...
(k t khi loi ngi sinh sng trn tri t ny)
Dng trc mt danh t s t ch mt nhm, mt hng ngi nht nh trong x hi: The small
shopkeeper: Gii ch tim nh/ The top offcial: Gii quan chc cao cp
The + adj: Tng trng cho mt nhm ngi, chng khng bao gi c php s nhiu nhng c xem
l cc danh t s nhiu. Do vy ng t v i t i cng vi chng phi ngi th 3 s nhiu: The old =
The old people;
The old are often very hard in their moving
The + tn gi cc i hp xng/ dn nhc c in/ ban nhc ph thng: The Back Choir/ The
Philharmonique Philadelphia Orchestra/ The Beatles.
The + tn gi cc t bo (khng tp ch)/ tu bin/ cc khinh kh cu: The Times/ The Titanic/ The
Hindenberg
The + h ca mt gia nh s nhiu = gia nh nh: The Smiths = Mr/ Mrs Smith and children
Thng thng khng dng the trc tn ring tr trng hp c nhiu ngi hoc vt cng tn v ngi
ni mun m ch mt ngi c th trong s :
There are three Sunsan Parkers in the telephone directory. The Sunsan Parker that I know lives on the
First Avenue.
Tng t, khng dng "the" trc ba n: breakfast, lunch, dinner:
We ate breakfast at 8 am this morning.
Tr khi mun m ch mt ba n c th:

The dinner that you invited me last week were delecious.

Khng dng "the" trc mt s danh t nh home, bed, church, court, jail, prison, hospital, school, class,
college, university v.v... khi n i vi cc ng t v gii t ch chuyn ng ch i n l mc ch chnh
hoc ra khi cng v mc ch chnh:
Students go to school everyday.
The patient was released from hospital.
Nhng nu n hoc ra khi khng v mc ch chnh th dng "the".
Students go to the school for a class party.
The doctor left the hospital for lunch.
2.3.2 Bng s dng "the" v khng s dng "the" trong mt s trng hp in hnh
C "The"
Khng "The"
+ Dng trc tn cc i dng, sng ngi, bin, vnh + Trc tn mt h
v cc cm h (s nhiu)
Lake Geneva
The Red Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian Gufl, the
Great Lakes
+ Trc tn cc dy ni:
The Rocky Mountains

+ Trc tn mt ngn ni
Mount Vesuvius

+ Trc tn nhng vt th duy nht trong v tr hoc + Trc tn cc hnh tinh hoc cc chm sao
Venus, Mars
trn th gii:
The earth, the moon
+ The schools, colleges, universities + of + danh t
ring
The University of Florida

+ Trc tn cc trng ny nu trc n l mt tn

ring
Stetson University

+ The + s th t + danh t
The third chapter.

+ Trc cc danh t i cng vi mt s m

Chapter three, Word War One

+ Trc tn cc cuc chin tranh khu vc vi iu

kin tn khu vc phi c tnh t ho
The Korean War (=> The Vietnamese economy)
+ Trc tn cc nc c hai t tr ln (ngoi tr
Great Britain)
The United States, The Central African Republic

+ Trc tn cc nc ch c mt t:
China, France, Venezuela, Vietnam

+ Trc tn cc nc c coi l mt qun o hoc + Trc tn cc nc m u bng New, mt tnh t

ch hng:
mt qun o
New Zealand, North Korean, France
The Philipines, The Virgin Islands, The Hawaii
+ Trc tn cc ti liu hoc s kin lch s
The Constitution, The Magna Carta
+ Trc tn cc nhm dn tc thiu s
the Indians

+ Trc tn cc lc a, tnh, tiu bang, thnh ph,

qun, huyn:
Europe, Florida
+ Trc tn bt k mn th thao no
baseball, basketball
+ Trc cc danh t tru tng (tr mt s trng hp
c bit):
freedom, happiness

+ Trc tn cc mn hc c th
The Solid matter Physics

+ Trc tn cc mn hc ni chung
mathematics
+ Trc tn cc ngy l, tt
Christmas, Thanksgiving

+ Trc tn cc loi hnh nhc c trong cc hnh thc

+ Trc tn cc nhc c khi cp n cc nhc c m nhc c th (Jazz, Rock, classical music..)
To perform jazz on trumpet and piano
ni chung hoc khi chi cc nhc c .
The violin is difficult to play
Who is that on the piano

2.4 Cch s dng another v other.

Hai t ny thng gy nhm ln.

Dng vi danh t m c
an + other + danh t m c s t = mt ci na, mt ci
khc, mt ngi na, mt ngi khc (= one more).
another pencil = one more pencil
the other + danh t m c s t = ci cui cng cn li
(ca mt b), ngi cn li (ca mt nhm), = last of the
set.
the other pencil = the last pencil present
Other + danh t m c s nhiu = my ci na, my
ci khc, my ngi na, my ngi khc (= more of the
set).
other pencils = some more pencils
The other + danh t m c s nhiu = nhng ci cn
li (ca mt b), nhng ngi cn li (ca mt nhm), =
the rest of the set.
the other pencils = all remaining pencils

Dng vi danh t khng m c

Khng dng

Other + danh t khng m c =

mt cht na (= more of the set).
other water = some more water

The other + danh t khng m

c = ch cn st li.
the other water = the remaining
water

Another v other l khng xc nh trong khi the other l xc nh; nu ch ng l bit (c nhc n
trc ) th ta c th b danh t i sau another hoc other, ch cn dng another hoc other nh mt i t
l . Khi danh t s nhiu b lc bt (trong cch ni tt nu trn) th other tr thnh others. Khng bao
gi c dng others + danh t s nhiu:
I Don 't want this book. Please give me another.
(another = any other book - not specific)
I Don 't want this book. Please give me the other.
(the other = the other book, specific)
This chemical is poisonous. Others are poisonous too.
(others = the other chemicals, not specific)
I Don 't want these books. Please give me the others.
(the others = the other books, specific)

 Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta dng one hoc ones ng sau another hoc other thay cho danh t:
I Don 't want this book. Please give me another one.
I don't want this book. Please give me the other one.
This chemical is poisonous. Other ones are poisonous too.
I don't want these books. Please give me the other ones.
This hoc that c th dng vi one nhng these v those khng c dng vi ones, mc d c 4 t ny
u c th dng thay cho danh t (vi vai tr l i t) khi khng i vi one hoc ones:
I don't want this book. I want that.

2.5 Cch s dng little, a little, few, a few

Little + danh t khng m c: rt t, khng (c khuynh hng ph nh)
I have little money, not enough to buy groceries.
A little + danh t khng m c: c mt cht,
I have a little money, enough to buy groceries
Few + danh t m c s nhiu: c rt t, khng (c tnh ph nh)
I have few books, not enough for reference reading
A few + danh t m c s nhiu: c mt cht,
I have a few records, enough for listening.
Trong mt s trng hp khi danh t trn c nhc n th pha di ch cn dng little hoc few
nh mt i t l (cng ging nh i vi other/another; this/that).
Are you ready in money. Yes, a little.
Quite a few + m c = Quite a bit + khng m c = Quite a lot of + noun = rt nhiu.

2.6 S hu cch
The noun's + noun: Ch c dng cho nhng danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt, khng dng cho cc vt.
The student's book,
The cat's legs.
i vi danh t s nhiu c sn "s" ui ch cn dng du phy
The students' book.
Nhng i vi nhng danh t i s nhiu c bit khng "s" ui vn phi dng y du s hu
cch.
The children's toys,
The people's willing
Nu c hai danh t cng ng s hu cch th danh t no ng gn danh t b s hu nht s mang du
s hu.
Paul and Peter's room.
i vi nhng tn ring hoc danh t c sn "s" ui c th ch cn dng du phy v nhn mnh ui
khi c hoc dng s hu cch v phi thay i cch c. Tn ring khng dng "the" ng trc.
The boss' car = the boss 's car [bosiz]
Agnes' house = Agnes 's [siz] house.
S hu cch cng c dng cho thi gian (nm, thng, thp nin, th k)
The 1990s' events: nhng s kin ca thp nin 90

The 21st century's prospects.

Dng cho cc ma trong nm tr ma xun v ma thu. Nu dng s hu cch cho hai ma ny th ngi
vit nhn cch ho chng. Ngy nay ngi ta dng cc ma trong nm nh mt tnh t cho cc danh t
ng sau, t dng s hu cch.
The Autumn's leaf: chic l ca nng thu.
Dng cho tn cc cng ty ln, cc quc gia
The Rockerfeller's oil products.
China's food.
i vi cc ca hiu c ngh nghip c trng ch cn dng danh t vi du s hu.
In a florist's
At a hairdresser's
c bit l cc tim n vi tn ring: The Antonio's
Dng trc mt s danh t bt ng vt ch trong mt s thnh ng
a stone's throw from ...(Cch ni u mt tm nm).

3. Verb phrase (ng ng t)

Nh cp phn cu trc chung ca cu, ng ng t ting Anh gm c mt ng t chnh v mt
hoc nhiu tr ng t. ng t trong ting Anh chia lm 3 thi chnh:
Qu kh (Past)
Hin ti (Present)
Tng lai (Future)
Mi thi chnh li chia thnh nhiu thi nh din t tnh chnh xc ca hnh ng.

3.1 Present tenses (cc thi hin ti)

3.1.1 Simple Present (thi hin ti thng)
Dng din t mt hnh ng mang tnh thng xuyn (regular action), theo thi quen (habitual action)
hoc hnh ng lp i lp li c tnh qui lut.
I walk to school every day.
Khi chia ng t thi ny, i vi ngi th nht (I), th hai (you) v th 3 s nhiu (they) ng t khng
phi chia, s dng ng t nguyn th khng c to nh v d nu trn. i vi ngi th 3 s t (he, she,
it), phi c "s" sau ng t v m phi c c ln:
He walks.
She watches TV
Thng dng thi hin ti thng vi mt s cc ph t ch thi gian nh today, present day, nowadays,...
v vi cc ph t ch tn sut nh: always, sometimes, often, every + thi gian ...
Simple present thng khng dng din t hnh ng ang xy ra thi im hin ti (now), ngoi tr
vi cc ng t th hin trng thi (stative verb) nh sau:
know
believe
hear
see
smell

understand
hate
love
like
want

have
need
appear
seem
taste

wish

sound

own

Cc t trong danh sch trn thng cng khng bao gi xut hin trong thi tip din (hin ti tip din, qu
kh tip din...).
Mt s v d khc v thi hin ti thng:
They understand the problem now. (stative verb)
He always swims in the evening. (habitual action)
We want to leave now. (stative verb)
The coffee tastes delicious. (stative verb)
Your cough sounds bad. (stative verb)
I walk to school every day. (habitual action)
3.1.2 Present Progressive (thi hin ti tip din)

Dng din t mt hnh ng xy ra vo thi im hin ti. Thi im ny c xc nh c th bng

mt s ph t nh : now, rightnow, at this moment.
Dng thay th cho thi tng lai gn, c bit l trong vn ni.
The president is trying to contact his advisors now. (present time)
We are flying to Paris next month. (future time)
Cc ng t trng thi (stative verb) bng sau khng c chia th tip din (bt c thi no) khi chng
l nhng ng t tnh din t trng thi cm gic ca hot ng tinh thn hoc tnh cht ca s vt, s vic.
know
believe
hear
see
smell
wish

understand
hate
love
like
want
sound

have
need
appear
seem
taste
own

Nhng khi chng quay sang hng ng t hnh ng th chng li c php dng th tip din.
He has a lot of books.
He is having dinner now. (ng t hnh ng: n ti)
I think they will come in time.
I'm thinking of my test tomorrow. (ng t hnh ng: ang ngh v)
3.1.3 Present Perfect (thi hin ti hon thnh)

Thi hin ti hon thnh dng :

(1). Din t mt hnh ng xy ra mt thi im khng xc nh trong qu kh.
John has traveled around the world. (We don't know when)
(2). Ch mt hnh ng xy ra nhiu ln trong qu kh.
George has seen this movie three time.
(3). Mt hnh ng bt u din ra trong qu kh v vn cn xy ra hin ti.
John has lived in that house for 20 years. (He still lives there.)
= John has lived in that house since 1984. (Gi s hin nay l 2004)
3.1.3.1 Cch dng SINCE v FOR:

FOR + khong thi gian: for three days, for ten minutes, for twenty years ...
SINCE + thi im bt u: since 1982, since January, ...
3.1.3.2 Cch dng ALREADY v YET:

Already dng trong cu khng nh, already c th ng ngay sau have v cng c th ng cui cu.

We have already written our reports.

We have written our reports already.
Yet dng trong cu ph nh, cu nghi vn. Yet thng xuyn ng cui cu.

We haven't written our reports yet.

Have you written your reports yet?
Trong mt s trng hp th ph nh, yet c th ng ngay sau have nhng phi thay i v mt ng
php: ng t PII tr v dng nguyn th c to v khng dng not.

John has yet to learn the material = John hasn't learnt the material yet.
3.1.3.3 Thi hin ti hon thnh thng dc dng vi mt s cm t ch thi gian nh sau:

Dng vi now that... (gi y khi m...)

Now that you have passed the TOEFL test successfully, you can apply for the scholarship.
Dng vi mt s ph t nh till now, untill now, so far (cho n gi). Nhng cm t ny c th ng u
cu hoc cui cu.
So far the problem has not been resolved.
Dng vi recently, lately (gn y) nhng cm t ny c th ng u hoc cui cu.
I have not seen him recently.
Dng vi before ng cui cu.

I have seen him before.

Xem thm cc ng t bt quy tc
3.1.4 Present Perfect Progressive (thi hin ti hon thnh tip din)

Ch i vi cc hnh ng thc loi (3) ca thi hin ti hon thnh chng ta mi c th dng thi hin ti
hon thnh tip din.
John has been living in that house for 20 years.
= John has lived in that house for 20 years.
Phn bit cch dng gia hai thi:
Present Perfect

Present Perfect Progressive

Hnh ng vn tip din hin ti, c kh nng lan ti
Hnh ng chm dt hin ti do c kt qu
tng lai do khng c kt qu r rt.
r rt.
I've waited for you for half an hour.
I've been waiting for you for half an hour.
(and now I stop waiting because you didn't come).
(and now I'm still waiting, hoping that you'll come)

3.2 Past tenses (cc thi qu kh)

3.2.1 Simple Past (thi qu kh thng):

Dng din t mt hnh ng xy ra dt im ti mt thi gian xc nh trong qu kh (khng cn

din ra hoc nh hng ti hin ti). Thi im trong cu c xc nh r rt bng mt s cc ph t ch
thi gian nh: yesterday, at that moment, last week, ...
He went to Spain last year.
Bob bought a new bicyle yesterday.
Maria did her homework last night.
Mark washed the dishes after dinner.
We drove to the grocery store this afternoon.
George cooked dinner for his family Saturday night.
3.2.2 Past Progresseive (thi qu kh tip din):

Thi qu kh tip din dng din t:

(1) mt hnh ng ang xy ra trong qu kh th b mt hnh ng khc chen ngang (khi ang... th
bng...). Trong trng hp ny, mu cu chung l:

I was watching TV when she came home.

hoc

When she came home, I was watching television.

(2) Hai hnh ng cng ng thi xy ra trong qu kh. Trong trng hp ny, mu cu sau c p dng:

Martha was watching television while John was reading a book.

hoc

While John was reading a book, Martha was watching television.

Cu trc sau y cng i khi c dng nhng khng thng dng bng hai mu trn:

While John was reading a book, Martha watched television.

(3) Mt hnh ng ang xy ra ti mt thi im xc nh trong qu kh:
Martha was watching TV at seven oclock last night.
What were you doing at one oclock this afternoon?
Henry was eating a snack at midnight last night.
3.2.3 Past Perfect (thi qu kh hon thnh):

Thi qu kh hon thnh c dng din t:

(1) mt hnh ng xy ra trc mt hnh ng khc trong qu kh, trong cu thng c c 2 hnh ng:

Thi qu kh hon thnh thng c dng vi 3 ph t ch thi gian l: after, before v when.

Ph t when c th c dng thay cho after v before trong c 4 mu trn m khng lm thay i ngha
ca cu. Chng ta vn bit hnh ng no xy ra trc do c s dng qu kh hon thnh.
The police came when the robber had gone away.
(2) Mt trng thi tn ti mt thi gian trong qu kh nhng chm dt trc hin ti. Trng hp ny
tng t trng hp (3) i vi hin ti hon thnh nhng trong trng hp ny khng c lin h g vi hin
ti.
John had lived in New York for ten years before he moved to VN.
3.2.4 Past Perfect Progressive (thi qu kh hon thnh tip din):

Ch i vi cc hnh ng thuc nhm (2) ca thi qu kh hon thnh ta mi c th dng thi qu kh

hon thnh tip din, vi ngha ca cu khng thay i.
John had been living in New York for ten years before he moved to VN.

Lu : Thi ny ngy nay t dng, ngi ta thay th n bng Past Perfect v ch dng khi no cn in t
tnh chnh xc ca hnh ng.

3.3 Future tenses (cc thi tng lai)

3.3.1 Simple Future (thi tng lai thng):

Ngy nay ng php hin i, c bit l ng php M chp nhn vic dng will cho tt c cc ngi, cn shall
ch dng vi cc ngi I, we trong mt s trng hp nh sau:
a ra ngh mt cch lch s:
Shall I take you coat?
Dng mi ngi khc mt cch lch s:
Shall we go out for lunch?
Dng ng gi trong khi mc c, mua bn:
Shall we say : $ 50
Thng c dng vi 1 vn bn mang tnh php qui buc cc bn phi thi hnh iu khon trong vn bn:
All the students shall be responsible for proper execution of the dorm rule.
Trong ting Anh bnh dn , ngi ta thay shall = must dng cu ny. N dng din t mt hnh ng
s xy ra mt thi im nht nh trong tng lai nhng khng xc nh c th. Thng dng vi mt s
ph t ch thi gian nh tomorrow, next + time, in the future, in future, from now on.
3.3.2 Near Future (tng lai gn):

Din t mt hnh ng s xy ra trong tng lai gn, thng dng vi cc ph t di dng: In a moment
(lt na), at 2 o'clock this afternoon....
We are going to have a reception in a moment
N ch 1 vic chc chn s phi xy ra theo nh d tnh cho d thi gian l tng lai xa.
We are going to take a TOEFL test next year.
Ngy nay ngi ta thng dng present progressive.
3.3.3 Future Progressive (thi tng lai tip din):

Dng din t mt hnh ng s xy ra vo mt thi im nht nh trong tng lai.

At 8:00 am tomorrow morning we will be attending the lecture.
Good luck with the exam! We will be thinking of you.
Dng kt hp vi present progressive khc din t hai hnh ng ang song song xy ra. Mt hin
ti, cn mt tng lai.
Now we are learning English here, but by this time tomorrow we will be attending the meeting at the
office.
c dng cp n cc s kin tng lai c xc nh hoc quyt nh (khng mang ngha tip
din).

Professor Baxter will be giving another lecture on Roman glass-making at the same time next week.
Hoc nhng s kin c mong i l s xy ra theo mt tin trnh thng l (nhng khng din t nh
ca c nhn ngi ni).
You will be hearing from my solicitor.
I will be seeing you one of these days, I expect.
D on cho tng lai:
Don't phone now, they will be having dinner.
Din t li ngh nh nhn mun bit v k hoch ca ngi khc
Will you be staying in here this evening? (ng c d nh li y ti nay ch )
3.3.4 Future Perfect (thi tng lai hon thnh):

Dng ch mt hnh ng s phi c hon tt vo mt thi im nht nh trong tng lai. N thng
c dng vi trng t ch thi gian di dng: by the end of....., by the time + sentence
We will have accomplished the English grammar course by the end of next week.
By the time human being migrates to the moon, most of the people alive today will have died.

4. S ha hp gia ch ng v ng t
Trong mt cu ting Anh, ch ng v ng t phi ph hp vi nhau v ngi v s (s t hay s nhiu)
The worker works very well.
s t
s t
The workers work very well.
s nhiu s nhiu

4.1 Cc trng hp ch ng ng tch khi ng t

Trong cu ting Anh, c nhiu trng hp rt kh xc nh c u l ch ng ca cu do ch ng v ng
t khng i lin vi nhau.
The boys in the room are playing chess.
Thng thng trong cc trng hp , mt ng gii t (mt gii t m u v cc danh t theo sau in the
room) thng nm gia ch ng v ng t. Cc ng gii t ny khng nh hng n vic chia ng t.
The study of languages is very interesting.
Serveral theories on this subject have been proposed.
The view of these disciplines varies from time to time.
The danger of forest fires is not to be taken lightly.
Ch rng trong cc v d trn cc danh t nm trong ng gii t u tri ngc vi ch ng v s t / s
nhiu nhng ng t lun c chia theo ch ng chnh.
Cc cm t sau cng vi cc danh t i theo sau n to nn hin tng ng ch ng. Chng ng gia ch
ng v ng t, phn tch khi 2 thnh phn bi du phy. Chng cng khng c nh hng g n vic
chia ng t.
Together with

along with

accompanied by

Mary, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight.
Mr. Robbins, accompanied by her wife and children, is arriving tonight.

as well as

Nu 2 danh t lm ch ng ni vi nhau bng and th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu (tng ng

vi they)
Mary and her manager are going to a party tonight.
Nhng nu 2 ng ch ng ni vi nhau bng or th ng t phi chia theo danh t ng sau or. Nu danh
t l s t th ng t phi chia s t v ngc li.
Mary or her manager is going to answer the press interview.

4.2 Cc t lun i vi danh t hoc i t s t

l cc danh t bng sau (cn gi l cc i t phim ch).
any + singular noun
anybody
anyone
anything
every + singular noun
everybody
each

no + singular noun
nobody
no one
nothing
everyone

some + singular noun

somebody
someone
something

everything
either *

neither *

* Either v neither l s t nu chng khng i vi or hoc nor. Either (c ngha 1 trong 2) ch dng cho 2
ngi hoc 2 vt. Nu 3 ngi (vt) tr ln phi dng any. Neither (khng mt ai trong hai) ch dng cho 2
ngi, 2 vt. Nu 3 ngi (vt) tr ln dng not any.
Everybody who wants to buy a ticket should be in this line.
Something is in my eye.
Anybody who has lost his ticket should report to the desk.
Neither of his pens is able to be used.
If either of you takes a vacation now, we will not be able to finish the work.
No problem is harder than this one.
Nobody works harder than John does.

4.3 Cch s dng None v No

None v No u dng c vi c danh t s t v s nhiu.
Nu sau None of the l mt danh t khng m c th ng t phi ngi th 3 s t. Nu sau n l mt
danh t s nhiu th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.
None of the + non-count noun + singular verb
None of the + plural count noun + plural verb
None of the counterfeit money has been found.
None of the students have finished the exam yet.
Nu sau No l mt danh t m c s t hoc khng m c th ng t phi ngi th 3 s t. Nu
sau n l mt danh t s nhiu th ng t phi ngi th 3 s nhiu
No + {singular noun / non-count noun} + singular verb
No + plural noun + plural verb

No example is relevant to this case.

No examples are relevant to this case.

4.4 Cch s dng cu trc either... or (hoc...hoc) v neither... nor (khng...m cng
khng)
iu cn lu nht khi s dng cu trc ny l ng t phi chia theo danh t i sau or hoc nor. Nu danh
t l s t th ng t chia ngi th 3 s t v ngc li. Nu or hoc nor xut hin mt mnh (khng c
either hoc neither) th cng p dng quy tc tng t (nh cp phn trn)

Neither John nor his friends are going to the beach today.
Either John or his friends are going to the beach today.
Neither the boys nor Carmen has seen this movie before.
Either John or Bill is going to the beach today.
Neither the director nor the secretary wants to leave yet.

4.5 V-ing lm ch ng
Khi V-ing dng lm ch ng th ng t cng phi chia ngi th 3 s t.
Knowing her has made him what he is.
Not studying has caused him many problems.
Washing with special cream is recommended for scalp infection.
Being cordial is one of his greatest assets.
Writing many letters makes her happy.
Ngi ta s dng V-ing khi mun din t 1 hnh ng c th xy ra nht thi nhng khi mun din t bn
cht ca s vt, s vic th phi dng danh t
Dieting is very popular today.
Diet is for those who suffer from a cerain disease.
ng t nguyn th cng c th dng lm ch ng v ng t sau n s chia ngi th 3 s t. Nhng ngi
ta thng dng ch ng gi it m u cu.
To find the book is necessary for him = It is necessary for him to find the book.

4.6 Cc danh t tp th
l cc danh t bng sau dng ch 1 nhm ngi hoc 1 t chc nhng trn thc t chng l nhng
danh t s t, do vy cc i t v ng t theo sau chng cng ngi th 3 s t.
Congress
family
group
committee
class

Organization
team
army
club
crowd

Government
jury
majority*
minority
public

The committee has met, and it has rejected the proposal.

The family was elated by the news.
The crowd was wild with excitement
Congress has initiated a new plan to combat inflation.
The organization has lot many members this year.
Our team is going to win the game.
Tuy nhin nu cc thnh vin trong nhm ang hot ng ring r, ng t s chia ngi th 3 s nhiu:
Congress votes for the bill. (Quc hi b phiu cho d lut, gm tt c mi ngi)
Congress are discussing about the bill. (Quc hi ang tranh lun v d lut, tc l mt s tn thnh, mt s
phn i. Thi TOEFL khng bt li ny).
* Danh t majority c dng tu theo thnh phn sau n chia ng t
The majority + singular verb
The majority of the + plural noun + plural verb
The majority believes that we are in no danger.
The majority of the students believe him to be innocent.
The police/the sheep/the fish + plural verb.
The sheep are breaking away
The police come only to see the dead bodies and a ruin in the bank
A couple + singular verb
A couple is walking on the path
The couple + plural verb
The couple are racing their horses through the meadow.
Cc cm t nhm sau ch mt nhm ng vt hoc gia sc. Cho d sau gii t of l danh t s nhiu th
ng t vn chia theo ngi ch ng chnh ngi th 3 s t: flock of birds/ sheep, school of fish, herd of
cattle, pride of lions, pack of dogs
The flock of birds is circling overhead.
The herd of casttle is breaking away.
A school of fish is being attacked by sharks.
Tt c cc danh t tp th ch thi gian, tin bc, s o, ... khi c cp n nh mt th thng nht th
u c xem l mt danh t s t. Do cc ng t v i t theo sau chng phi ngi th 3 s t.
Twenty-five dollars is too much for the meal.
Fifty minutes isnt enough time to finish this test
Twenty dollars is all I can afford to pay for that radio.
Two miles is too much to run in one day.
He has contributed $50, and now he wants to contribute another fifty.

4.7 Cch s dng a number of, the number of:

A number of = Mt s nhng ..., i vi danh t s nhiu, ng t chia s nhiu.
A number of + plural noun + plural verb
A number of students are going to the class picnic (Mt s sinh vin s i ...)
A number of applicants have already been interviewed.
The number of = S lng nhng ..., i vi danh t s nhiu, ng t vn ngi th 3 s t.
The number of + plural noun + singular verb...

The number of days in a week is seven. (S lng ngy trong tun l 7)

The number of residents who have been questioned on this matter is quite small.

4.8 Cc danh t lun s nhiu

Bng sau l nhng danh t bao gi cng hnh thi s nhiu v chng bao gm 2 thc th nn cc i t v
ng t i cng vi chng cng phi s nhiu.
scissors
shorts
pants

jeans
tongs
trousers

eyeglasses
pliers
tweezers

Nu mun chng thnh ngi s t phi dng a pair of...

The pants are in the drawer.
A pair of pants is in the drawer.
These scissors are dull. (Ci ko ny cn. Ch ch c 1 ci ko nhng cng dng vi these)

4.9 Cch dng there is, there are

c dng ch s tn ti ca ngi hoc vt ti mt ni no . Ch ng tht ca cu l l danh t i sau
ng t. Nu n l danh t s t th ng t to be chia ngi th 3 s t v ngc li. Mi bin i v thi v
th u to be cn there gi nguyn.

There has been an increase in the importation of foreign cars.

Threre is a storm approaching.
There was an accident last night.
There was water on the floor.

There have been a number of telephone calls today.

There were too many people at the party.
Lu :

Cc cu trc: there is certain/ sure/ likely/ bound to be = chc chn l s c

There is sure to be trouble when she gets his letter. (Chc chn l s c rc ri khi c y nhn c
th anh ta)
Do you think there is likely to be snow. (Anh cho rng chc chn s c tuyt ch)
Trong dng ting Anh quy chun hoc vn chng mt s cc ng t khc ngoi to be cng c s
dng vi there:
ng t trng thi: stand/ lie/ remain/ exist/ live
ng t ch s n: enter/ go/ come/ follow/ develop

In a small town in Germany there once lived a poor shoemaker. (Ti mt th trn nh c c mt ng th
giy ngho sng )
There remains nothing more to be done . (Ch cn c g na m lm)
Suddenly there entered a strange figure dressed all in black. (Bng c mt hnh bng k l mc ton en
i vo)
There followed an uncomfortable silence. (Sau l mt s im lng n kh chu)

There + subject pronoun + go/ come/ be: ka/ th l/ ri th

There he comes (Anh ta n ri kia ka)
There you are, I have been waiting for you for over an hour. (Anh y ri, ti ang ch anh n hn
mt ting ri y)

5. i t
i t c chia lm 5 loi vi cc chc nng s dng khc nhau, bao gm:

5.1 Subject pronoun (i t nhn xng ch ng)

I
You
He
She
It

We
You
They

i t nhn xng ch ng (cn gi l i t nhn xng) thng ng v tr ch ng trong cu hoc ng

sau ng t be, ng sau cc ph t so snh nh than, as, that...
I am going to the store.
We have lived here for twenty years.
The teachers who were invited to the party were George, Bill and I.
It was she who called you.
George and I would like to leave now.
We students are going to have a party.

Ngay sau cc ngi s nhiu nh we, you bn c th dng mt danh t s nhiu lm r we, you l
ch ci g.
We students are going to have a party (Sinh vin chng ti .....)
You guys (Bn my)

We/ You/ They c th dng vi all/ both. Trong trng hp cu c ng t n th chng i lin vi
nhau:
We all go to school now.
They both bought the ensurance
You all come shopping.

Nhng nu all hoc both i vi cc i t ny dng cu c tr ng t th all hoc both s ng sau

tr ng t:

We will all go to school next week.

They have both bought the insurance.

All v Both cng phi ng sau ng t to be, trc tnh t

We are all ready to go swimming.

Dng he/she thay th cho cc vt nui nu chng c xem l c tnh cch, thng minh hoc tnh
cm (ch, mo, nga...)
Go and find the cat if where she stays in.
How's your new car? Terrrific, she is running beautifully.

Tn nc, tn cc con tu c thay th trang trng bng she (ngy nay it dng).
England is an island country and she is governed by a mornach.
Titanic was the biggest passenger ship ever built. She could carry as many as 2000 passenger on
board.

5.2 Complement pronoun (i t nhn xng tn ng)

me
you
him
her
it

us
you
them

i t tn ng ng v tr tn ng (ng sau ng t hoc gii tr khi gii t m u mt mnh

mi). Bn cn phn bit r i t tn ng vi i t ch ng. Ch ng l ch th ca hnh ng (gy ra hnh
ng), cn tn ng l i tng nhn s tc ng ca hnh ng.
They invited us to the party last night.
The teacher gave him a bad grade.
I told her a story.
The policeman was looking for him.
ng sau us c th dng mt danh t s nhiu trc tip, ging nh i vi i t nhn xng ch ng.
The teacher has made a lot of questions for us students.

5.3 Possessive pronoun (i t s hu)

mine
yours
his
hers
its

ours
yours
theirs

Ngi ta dng i t s hu trnh khi phi nhc li tnh t s hu + danh t cp trc . N c

ngha: mine = ci ca ti; yours = ci ca (cc) bn; ... Do chng thay th cho danh t. ng bao gi
dng c i t s hu ln danh t. Mc d cch vit ca his v its i vi tnh t s hu v i t s hu l
ging nhau nhng bn cn phn bit r hai trng hp ny.
This is my book; that is yours. (yours = your book)
Your teacher is the same as his. (his = his teacher)
Jills dress is green and mine is red. (mine = my dress)
Your books are heavy, ours are heavy too. (ours = our books)
5.3.1 Possessive adjectives (Tnh t s hu)

my
your
his
her
its

our
your
their

Tnh t s hu khc vi i t s hu (nu trn y) ch n b ngha cho danh t ch khng thay th cho
danh t. Gi l tnh t s hu v n th hin tnh cht s hu ca ngi hoc vt i vi danh t i sau n.
Ch rng cng dng tnh t s hu i vi cc b phn trn c th.
John is eating his dinner.
This is not my book.
The cat has injured its foot.
The boy broke his arm yesterday.
She forgot her homework this morning.
My food is cold.

5.4 Reflexive pronoun (i t phn thn)

myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself

ourselves
yourselves
themselves

Dng din t ch ng va l tc nhn gy ra hnh ng, va l tc nhn nhn tc ng ca hnh

ng . N ng ngay ng sau ng t hoc gii t for, to cui cu.
Jill bought himself a new car.
Ch : Jill bought him a new car th cu c ngha khc: him = another person.
I washed myself
He sent the letter to himself.
She served herself in the cafeteria.
We hurt ourselves playing football
John and Mary hurt themselves in a car accident.
You can see the difference for yourselves.
Dng nhn mnh vic ch ng t lm ly vic g, trong trng hp ny n ng ngay sau ch ng
hoc sau t by.
I myself believe that there is no God.
She prepared the nine-course meal by herself.
John washed the dishes by himself.
The students themselves decorated the room.
Ch : dng s nhiu self bin thnh selves.

6. Tn ng (complement / object) v cc vn lin quan

6.1 ng t dng lm tn ng
Khng phi bt c ng t no trong ting Anh cng u i hi tn ng ng sau n l mt danh t. Mt
s cc ng t li i hi tn ng sau n phi l mt ng t khc. ng t dng lm tn ng c chia lm
hai loi:
6.1.1. Loi 1: ng t nguyn th lm tn ng (to + verb)

Bng di y l nhng ng t i hi tn ng sau n l mt ng t nguyn th khc.

agree
attempt
claim
decide
demand

desire
expect
fail
forget
hesitate

hope
intend
learn
need
offer

plan
prepare
pretend
refuse
seem

strive
tend
want
wish

John expects to begin studying law next semester.

Mary learned to swim when she was very young.
The committee decided to postpone the meeting.
The president will attempt to reduce inflation rate.

Trong cu ph nh, thm not vo trc ng t lm tn ng:

John decided not to buy the car.

6.1.2. Loi 2: ng t Verb-ing dng lm tn ng

Bng di y l nhng ng t i hi tn ng theo sau n phi l mt Verb-ing

admit
appreciate
avoid
can't help
delay
deny
resist

enjoy
finish
miss
postpone
practice
quit
resume

suggest
consider
mind
recall
risk
repeat
resent

John admitted stealing the jewels.

We enjoyed seeing them again after so many years.
You shouldnt risk entering that building in its present condition.
He was considering buying a new car until the prices went up.
The Coast Guard has reported seeing another ship in the Florida Straits.

Trong cu ph nh, thm not vo trc Verb-ing.

John regretted not buying the car.

Lu rng trong bng ny c mu ng t can't help doing/ but do smt c ngha khng th ng
c phi lm g
With such good oranges, we can't help buying two kilos at a time.

6.1.3 Bng di y l nhng ng t m tn ng sau n c th l mt ng t nguyn th hoc mt

verb-ing m ng ngha khng thay i.
begin
can't stand

continue
dread

hate
like

love
prefer

start
try

He started to study after dinner = he started studying after dinner.

Lu rng trong bng ny c mt ng t can't stand to do/doing smt: khng th chu ng c khi phi
lm g.
He can't stand to wait (waiting) such a long time.
6.1.4 Bn ng t c bit

 l nhng ng t m ng ngha ca chng s i khc hon ton khi tn ng sau n l mt ng t

nguyn th hoc verb-ing.
1a) Stop to do smt: dng li lm g
He stoped to smoke = Anh ta dng li ht thuc.
1b) Stop doing smt: dng lm vic g
He stoped smoking = Anh ta b thuc.
2a) Remember to do smt: Nh s phi lm g
Remember to send this letter. = Hy nh gi bc th ny nh.
2b) Remember doing smt: Nh l lm g
I remember locking the door before leaving, but now I can't find the key.
c bit n thng c dng vi mu cu: S + still remember + V-ing : Vn cn nh l ...
I still remember buying the first motorbike
3a) Forget to do smt: qun s phi lm g
I forgot to pickup my child after school = Ti qun khng n con.
3b) Forget doing smt: (qun l lm g). c bit n thng c dng vi mu cu S + will never forget
+ V-ing: s khng bao gi qun c l ...
She will never forget meeting the Queen = C y khng bao gi qun ln gp N hong
4a) Regret to do smt: Ly lm tic v phi lm g (thng dng khi bo tin xu)
We regret to inform the passengers that the flight for Washington DC was canceled because of the bad
weather.
4b) Regret doing smt: Ly lm tic v lm g
He regrets leaving school early. It's the biggest mistake in his life.
6.1.5 ng t ng sau gii t
Tt c cc ng t ng ngay sau gii t u phi dng V-ing.
6.1.5.1 Verb + preposition + verb-ing

Sau y l bng cc ng t c gii t theo sau, v vy cc ng t khc i sau ng t ny phi dng

dng verb-ing.

approve of
be better of
count on
depend on

give up
insist on
keep on
put off

Verb + prepositions + V-ing

rely on
succeed in
think about
think of

worry abount
object to
look forward to
confess to

John gave up smoking because of his doctors advice.

He insisted on taking the bus instead of the plane.
Hery is thinking of going to France next year.
Fred confessed to stealing the jewels
Ch rng 3 ng t cui cng trong bng trn, c gii t to i sau ng t. l gii t ch khng phi
l to trong ng t nguyn th (to do st), nn theo sau n phi l mt verb-ing ch khng phi l mt verb
nguyn th.
We are not looking forward to going back to school.
Jill objected to receiving the new position.
He confessed to causing the fire.
6.1.5.2 Adjective + preposition + verb-ing:

Adjective + prepositions + V-ing

accustomed to
afraid of

intent on
interested in

capable of
fond of

successful in
tired of

Mitch is afraid of getting married now.

We are accustomed to sleeping late on weekends.
I am fond of dancing.
We are interested in seeing this film.
6.1.5.3 Noun + preposition + verb-ing:

choice of
excuse for

Noun + prepositions + V-ing

intention of
possibility of
method for
reason for

(method of)

There is no reason for leaving this early.

George has no excuse for droping out of school.
There is a possibility of acquiring this property at a good price.
He has developed a method for evaluating this problem.
Cc trng hp khc:
Trong cc trng hp khc, ng t i sau gii t cng phi dng verb-ing.
After leaving the party, he drove home.
He should have stayed in New York instead of moving to Maine.
6.1.6 ng t i sau tnh t:
Ni chung, nu ng t i ngay sau tnh t (khng c gii t) th c dng dng nguyn th. Nhng tnh
t bao gm.
anxious
boring
dangerous
hard

eager
easy
good
strange

pleased
prepared
ready
able

usual
common
difficult

It is dangerous to drive in this weather.

Mike is anxious to see his family.
We are ready to leave now.
It is difficult to pass this test.
Ch : able v capable c ngha nh nhau nhng cch dng khc nhau:
(able/ unable) to do smt = (capable/ incapable) of doing smt.

6.2 i t ng trc ng t nguyn th hoc V-ing trong tn ng

6.2.1 Trng hp tn ng l ng t nguyn th
Trong trng hp tn ng l ng t nguyn th (loi 1) th bt c danh t hay i t no trc tip ng
trc n cng phi dng tn ng (complement form).
Joe asked her to call him.
S + V + {pronoun/ noun in complement form} + [to + verb] ...
Sau y l mt s ng t i hi tn ng l mt ng t nguyn th c i t lm tn ng gin tip.

allow
ask
beg

convince
expect
instruct

invite
order
permit

persuade
prepare
promise

remind
urge
want

We ordered him to appear in court.

I urge you to reconsider your decision.
They were trying to persuade him to change his mind.
The teacher permitted them to turn their assignments in late.
You should prepare your son to take this examination.
6.2.2 Trng hp tn ng l V-ing
Trong trng hp tn ng l mt V- ing th i t/danh t phi dng s hu.
Subject + verb + {pronoun/ noun}(possessive form) + verb-ing...
We understand your not being able to stay longer.
We object to their calling at this hour.
He regrets her leaving.
We are looking forward to their coming next year.
We dont approve of Johns buying this house.
We resent the teachers not announcing the test sooner.

7. Mt s ng t c bit (need, dare, to be, get)

7.1 Need
7.1.1 Need dng nh mt ng t thng:
a) ng t i sau need ch dng nguyn th khi ch ng l mt vt th sng:
My friend needs to learn Spanish.
He will need to drive alone tonight.
John needs to paint his house.
b) ng t i sau need phi dng verb-ing hoc dng b ng nu ch ng khng phi l vt th sng.
The grass needs cutting
OR The grass needs to be cut.
The telivision needs repairing OR The TV needs to be repaired.
Your thesis needs rewriting OR Your thesis needs to be rewritten.
Ch :
need + noun = to be in need of + noun
Jill is in need of money. = Jill needs money.
The roof is in need of repair. = The roof needs repairing.
Want v Require cng i khi c dng theo mu cu ny nhng khng ph bin:
Your hair wants cutting
All cars require servicing regularly
7.1.2 Need dng nh mt tr ng t

Ch dng th nghi vn hoc ph nh thi hin ti. Ngi th ba s t khng c "s" tn cng. Khng dng
vi tr ng t to do. Sau need (tr ng t) l mt ng t b to:
We needn't reserve seats - there will be plenty of rooms.
Need I fill out the form?

Thng dng sau cc t nh if/ whether/ only/ scarcely/ hardly/ no one

I wonder if I need fill out the form.
This is the only form you need fill out.

Needn 't + have + P2 : L ra khng cn phi

You needn't have come so early - only waste your time.

Needn't = khng cn phi; trong khi mustn't = khng c php.

You neednt apply for a visa to visit France if you hold a EU passport, but if you are not an EU
citizen, you mustnt unless you have a visa.

7.2 Dare (dm)

7.2.1 Dng nh mt ni ng t
Khng dng th khng nh, ch dng th nghi vn v ph nh.
Did they dare (to) do such a thing? = Dared they do such a thing? (H dm lm nh vy sao?)
He didn't dare (to) say anything = He dared not say anything. (Anh ta khng dm ni g.)

Dare khng c dng th khng nh ngoi tr thnh ng I dare say/ I daresay vi 2 ngha sau:
Ti cho rng: I dare say there is a restaurant at the end of the train.
Ti tha nhn l: I daresay you are right.

How dare/ dared + S + Verb in simple form: Sao ... dm (t s gin gi)
How dared you open my letter: Sao my dm m th ca tao.

7.2.2 Dng nh mt ngoi ng t

Mang ngha thch thc: Dare sb to do smt = Thch ai lm g
They dare the boy to swim across the river in such a cold weather.
I dare you to touch my toes = Tao thch my dm ng n mt si lng ca tao.

7.3 Cch s dng to be trong mt s trng hp

To be of + noun = to have: c (dng ch tnh cht hoc tnh cm)

Mary is of a gentle nature = Mary c mt bn cht t t.

To be of + noun: Nhn mnh cho danh t ng ng sau

The newly-opened restaurant is of ( ngay) the Leceister Square.

To be + to + verb: l dng cu to c bit, s dng trong trng hp:

- truyn t cc mnh lnh hoc cc ch dn t ngi th nht qua ngi th hai n ngi th ba.
No one is to leave this building without the permission of the police.
- Dng vi mnh if khi mnh chnh din t mt cu iu kin: Mt iu phi xy ra trc nu
mun mt iu khc xy ra. (Nu mun... th phi..)
If we are to get there by lunch time we had better hurry.
Something must be done quickly if the endangered birds are to be saved.
He knew he would have to work hard if he was to pass his exam
- c dng thng bo nhng yu cu xin ch dn:
He asked the air traffic control where he was to land.
- c dng kh ph bin truyn t mt d nh, mt s sp t, c bit khi n l chnh thc.
She is to get married next month.

The expedition is to start in a week.

We are to get a ten percent wage rise in June.
- Cu trc ny thng dng trn bo ch, khi l ta bo th to be c b i.
The Primer Minister (is) to make a statement tomorrow.

were + S + to + verb = if + S + were + to + verb = th nu (mt gi thuyt)

Were I to tell you that he passed his exams, would you believe me.

was/ were + to + verb: din t tng v mt s mnh nh sn

They said goodbye without knowing that they were never to meet again.
Since 1840, American Presidents elected in years ending in zero were to be died (have been
destined to die) in office.

to be about to + verb = near future (sp sa)

They are about to leave.

Be + adj ... (m u cho mt ng) = t ra...

Be careless in a national park where there are bears around and the result are likely to be
tragical indeed.

Be + subject + noun/ noun phrase/ adjective = cho d l ...

Societies have found various methods to support and train their artists, be it the Renaissance
system of royal support of the sculptors and painters of the period or the Japanese tradition of
passing artistic knowledge from father to son. ( cc x hi u tm thy mt s phng php h tr
v o to cc ngh s, cho d l h thng h tr cc nh iu khc v ho s ca cc hong gia thi
k Phc hng hay phng php truyn th hiu bit ngh thut t cha sang con theo truyn thng
Nht Bn)
To have technique is to possess the physical expertise to perform whatever steps a given work
may contain, be they simple or complex. (C c k thut l s c c s iu luyn thc hin
bt k thao tc no m mt cng vic i hi, cho d l chng n gin hay phc tp)

7.4 Cch s dng to get trong mt s trng hp:

7.4.1. To get + P2
get washed/ dressed/ prepared/ lost/ drowned/ engaged/ married/ divorced.
Ch vic ch ng t lm ly mt vic g hoc tnh hung m ch ng ang gp phi.
You will have 5 minutes to get dressed.(Em c 5 pht mc qun o)
He got lost in old Market Street yesterday. (tnh hung b lc ng)
Tuyt nhin khng c ln trng hp ny vi dng b ng.
7.4.2. Get + V-ing = Start + V-ing: Bt u lm g
We'd better get moving, it's late.
7.4.3. Get sb/smt +V-ing: Lm cho ai/ ci g bt u.
Please get him talking about the main task. (Lm n bo anh ta hy bt u i vo vn chnh)
When we get the heater running, the whole car will start to warm up. (Khi chng ta cho my si bt u
chy..)
7.4.4. Get + to + verb
- Tm c cch.
We could get to enter the stadium without tickets.(Chng ti tm c cch lt vo...)
- C c may
When do I get to have a promotion? (Khi no ti c c may c tng lng y?)

- c php
At last we got to meet the general director. (Cui cng th ri chng ti cng c php gp tng o
din)
7.4.5. Get + to + Verb (v hnh ng) = Come + to + Verb (v nhn thc) = Gradually = dn dn
We will get to speak English more easily as time goes by.
He comes to understand that learning English is not much difficult.

8. Cu hi
Ting Anh c nhiu loi cu hi c nhng chc nng v mc ch khc nhau. Trong cu hi, tr ng t
hoc ng t be bao gi cng ng trc ch ng. Nu khng c tr ng t hoc ng t be, ta phi dng
dng thc do, does, did nh mt tr ng t thay th. Sau cc ng t hoc tr ng t , phi dng
ng chnh t dng nguyn th khng c to. Thi v th ca cu hi ch c chia bi tr ng t, ch
khng phi ng t chnh.

8.1 Cu hi Yes/ No

S d ta gi l nh vy v khi tr li, dng Yes/No. Nh rng khi tr li:

- Yes + Positive verb
- No + Negative verb.
(khng c tr li theo kiu cu ting Vit)
Isn't Mary going to school today?
Was Mark sick yesterday?
Have you seen this movie before?
Will the committe decide on the proposal today?
Don't you still want to use the telephone?
Did you go to class yesterday?
Doesn't Ted like this picture?

8.2 Cu hi ly thng tin (information question)

i vi loi cu hi ny, cu tr li khng th n gin l yes hay no m phi c thm thng tin. Chng
thng dng cc t nghi vn, chia lm 3 loi sau:
8.2.1 Who hoc What: cu hi ch ng
y l cu hi khi mun bit ch ng hay ch th ca hnh ng.

Something happened lastnight => What happened last night?

Someone opened the door. => Who opened the door?

Ch cc cu sau y l sai ng php:

Who did open the door? (SAI)
What did happen lastnight? (SAI)
8.2.2 Whom hoc What: cu hi tn ng
y l cc cu hi dng khi mun bit tn ng hay i tng tc ng ca hnh ng

Nh rng trong ting Anh vit chnh tc bt buc phi dng whom mc d trong ting Anh ni c th dng
who thay cho whom trong mu cu trn.
George bought something at the store. => What did George buy at the store?
Ana knows someone from UK. => Whom does Ana know from UK?
8.2.3 When, Where, How v Why: Cu hi b ng
Dng khi mun bit ni chn, thi gian, l do, cch thc ca hnh ng.

How did Maria get to school today?

When did he move to London?
Why did she leave so early?
Where has Ted gone?
When will she come back?
Ch trnh nhm ln vi cc cu sai nh v d phn 8.2.1

8.3 Cu hi phc (embedded question)

L cu hoc cu hi cha trong n mt cu hi khc. Cu c hai thnh phn ni vi nhau bng mt t nghi
vn (question word). ng t mnh th hai (mnh nghi vn) phi i sau v chia theo ch ng, khng
c o v tr nh cu hi c lp.
S + V (phrase) + question word + S + V
The authorities can't figure out why the plane landed at the wrong airport.
We havent assertained where the meeting will take place.

Trong trng hp cu hi phc l mt cu hi, p dng mu cu sau:

auxiliary + S + V + question word + S + V

Do you know where he went?

Could you tell me what time it is?

Question word c th l mt t, cng c th l mt cm t nh: whose + noun, how many, how

much, how long, how often, what time, what kind.

I have no idea how long the interview will take.

Do you know how often the bus run at night?
Can you tell me how far the museum is from the store?
Ill tell you what kind of ice-cream tastes best.
The teacher asked us whose book was on his desk.

8.4 Cu hi ui (tag questions)

Trong cu hi ui, ngi t cu hi a ra mt mnh (mnh chnh) nhng khng hon ton chc
chn v tnh ng / sai ca mnh , do vy h dng cu hi dng ny kim chng v mnh a
ra.
He should stay in bed, shouldn't he? (Anh y nn yn trn ging, c phi khng?)
She has been studying English for two years, hasn't she?
There are only twenty-eight days in February, arent there?
Its raining now, isnt it? (Tri vn cn ma, phi khng?)
You and I talked with the professor yesterday, didnt we?
You wont be leaving for now, will you?
Jill and Joe havent been to VN, have they?
Cu hi ui chia lm hai thnh phn tch bit nhau bi du phy theo quy tc sau:

S dng tr ng t ging nh mnh chnh lm phn ui cu hi. Nu khng c tr ng t

th dng do, does, did thay th.

Nu mnh chnh th khng nh th phn ui th ph nh v ngc li.

Thi ca ng t ui phi theo thi ca ng t mnh chnh.

Ch ng ca mnh chnh v ca phn i l ging nhau. i t phn ui lun phi dng

ch ng (in subject form)

Phn ui nu dng ph nh th thng c rt gn (nt). Nu khng rt gn th phi theo th t:

auxiliary + subject + not? (He saw it yesterday, did he not?)

ng t have c th l ng t chnh, cng c th l tr ng t. Khi n l ng t chnh ca mnh

trong ting Anh M th phn ui phi dng tr ng t do, does hoc did. Tuy nhin, trong ting
Anh Anh th bn c th dng chnh have nh mt tr ng t trong trng hp ny. Khi bn thi
TOEFL l k thi kim tra ting Anh M, bn phi ch khi b mt im.
You have two children, havent you? (British English: OK, TOEFL: NOT)
You have two children, don't you? (Correct in American English)

There is, there are v it is l cc ch ng gi nn phn ui c php dng li there hoc it ging
nh trng hp i t lm ch ng.

9. Li ni ph ha
9.1 Ph ho cu khng nh
Khi mun ni mt ngi hoc vt no lm mt vic g v mt ngi, vt khc cng lm mt vic nh
vy, ngi ta dng so hoc too. trnh phi lp li cc t ca cu trc (mnh chnh), ngi ta dng
lin t and v thm mt cu n gin (mnh ph) c s dng so hoc too. ngha ca hai t ny c
ngha l cng th.
John went to the mountains on his vacation, and we did too.
John went to the mountains on his vacation, and so did we.
I will be in VN in May, and they will too.

I will be in VN in May, and so will they.

He has seen her play, and the girls have too.
He has seen her play, and so have the girls.
We are going to the movie tonight, and he is too.
We are going to the movie tonight, and so is he.
She will wear a custome to the party, and we will too.
She will wear a custome to the party, and so will we.
Picaso was a famous painter, and Rubens was too.
Picaso was a famous painter, and so was Rubens.
Tu theo t no c dng m cu trc cu c s thay i:

1. Khi trong mnh chnh c ng t be bt c thi no th trong mnh ph cng dng t be

thi .

I am happy, and you are too.

I am happy, and so are you.

2. Khi trong mnh chnh c mt cm tr ng t + ng t, v d will go, should do, has done, have
written, must consider, ... th cc tr ng t trong mnh c dng li trong mnh ph.

They will work in the lab tomorrow, and you will too.
They will work in the lab tomorrow, and so will you.

3. Khi trong mnh chnh khng phi l ng t be, cng khng c tr ng t, bn phi dng cc t
do, does, did lm tr ng t thay th. Thi v th ca tr ng t ny phi chia theo ch ng ca
mnh ph.

Jane goes to that school, and my sister does too.

Jane goes to that school, and so does my sister.

9.2 Ph ho cu ph nh
Cng ging nh too v so trong cu khng nh, ph ho mt cu ph nh, ngi ta dng either hoc
neither. Hai t ny c ngha cng khng. Ba quy tc i vi tr ng t, ng t be hoc do, does, did
cng c p dng ging nh trn. Ta cng c th gi gn 3 quy tc vo mt cng thc nh sau:

I didn't see Mary this morning, and John didn't either

I didn't see Mary this morning, and neither did John.
She wont be going to the conference, and her friends wont either.
She wont be going to the conference, and neither will her friends.
John hasnt seen the new movie yet, and I havent either.
John hasnt seen the new movie yet, and neither have I.

10. Cu ph nh (negation)
to cu ph nh t not sau tr ng t hoc ng t be . Nu khng c tr ng t hoc ng t be th
dng dng thc thch hp ca do, does hoc did thay th.
John is rich => John is not rich.
Mark has seen Bill => Mark has not seen Bill
Mary can swim => Mary cannot swim.
I went to the store yesterday => I did not go to the store yesterday.
Mark likes spinach => Mark doesnt like spinach.
I want to leave now => I dont want to leave now.

10.1 Some/any:
t any ng trc danh t lm v ng s nhn mnh cu ph nh. Cng c th nhn mnh mt cu ph
nh bng cch dng no + danh t hoc a single + danh t s t.
John has some money => John doesnt have any money.
He sold some magazines yesterday => He didn't sell a single magazine yesterday.
= He sold no magazine yesterday.

10.2 Mt s cc cu hi dng ph nh li mang ngha khc (khng dng du ?):

- Nhn mnh cho s khng nh ca ngi ni.
Shouldn 't you put on your hat, too! : Th th anh cng i lun m vo i.
Didn't you say that you would come to the party tonight: Th anh chng ni l anh i d tic ti nay
hay sao.
- Dng tn dng
Wasn 't the weather wonderful yesterday: Thi tit hm qua p tuyt vi.
Wouldn't it be nice if we didn't have to work on Friday.
Tht l tuyt vi khi chng ta khng phi lm vic ngy th 6.

10.3 Hai ln ph nh
Negative + Negative = Positive (Mang ngha nhn mnh)
It's unbelieveable he is not rich. (Chng ai c th tin c l anh ta li khng giu c.)

10.4 Ph nh kt hp vi so snh
Negative + comparative (more/ less) = superlative (Mang ngha so snh tuyt i)
I couldn't agree with you less = I absolutely agree with you.
You couldn't have gone to the beach on a better day = It's the best day to go to the beach.
Nhng phi ht sc cn thn v :

He couldn't have been more unfriendly when I met him first. = the most unfriendly
The surgery couldn't have been more unnecessary. = absolutely unnecessary

10.5 Cu trc ph nh song song

Negative... even/still less/much less + noun/ verb in simple form: khng ... m li cng khng.
These students don't like reading novel, much less textbook.
Nhng sinh vin ny chng thch c tiu thuyt, ch cha ni n sch gio khoa.
It's unbelieveable how he could have survived such a freefall, much less live to tell about it on
television.
Tht khng th tin c anh ta li c th sng st sau c ri t do , ch ng ni n chuyn ln TV
k v n.

10.6 Ph nh khng dng th ph nh ca ng t

Mt s cc ph t trong ting Anh mang ngha ph nh (negative adverb), khi dng n th trong cu
khng dng cu to ph nh ca ng t na:
Hardly, barely, scarcely = almost nothing/ almost not at all = hu nh khng.
Hardly ever, seldom, rarely = almost never = hu nh khng bao gi.
subject + negative adverb + positive verb

subject + to be + negative adverb

John rarely comes to class on time. (John chng my khi n lp ng gi)
Tom hardly studied lastnight. (Tm chng hc g ti qua)
She scarcely remembers the accident. (C y kh m nh c v tai nn)
We seldom see photos of these animals. (Chng ti him khi thy nh ca nhng ng vt ny)
*Lu rng cc ph t ny khng mang ngha ph nh hon ton m mang ngha gn nh ph nh. c
bit l nhng t nh barely v scarcely khi i vi nhng t nh enough v only hoc nhng thnh ng ch
s chnh xc.
- Do you have enough money for the tution fee?
- Only barely. Va .

10.7 Th ph nh ca mt s ng t c bit
i vi nhng ng t nh to think, to believe, to suppose, to imagine + that + sentense. Khi chuyn sang
cu ph nh, phi cu to ph nh cc ng t , khng c cu to ph nh mnh th hai.
I don't think you came to class yesterday. (Khng dng: I think you didn't come to class yesterday)
I don't believe she stays at home now.

10.8 No matter
No matter + who/what/which/where/when/how + Subject + verb in present: D c... i chng na... th
No matter who telephones, say Im out.
Cho d l ai gi n th hy bo l ti i vng.
No matter where you go, you will find Coca-Cola.
Cho d anh c i n u, anh cng s thy nhn hiu Coca-Cola
No matter who = whoever; No matter what = whatever
No matter what (whatever) you say, I wont believe you.
Cho d anh c ni g i chng na, ti cng khng tin anh.

Cc cu trc ny c th ng cui cu m khng cn c mnh theo sau:

I will always love you, no matter what.

10.9 Cch dng Not ... at all; at all

Not ... at all: Chng cht no. Chng thng ng cui cu ph nh
I didnt understand anything at all.
She was hardly frightened at all
At all cn c dng trong cu hi, c bit vi nhng t nh if/ever/any...
Do you play poker at all? (Anh c chi bi poker c ch?)

11. Cu mnh lnh

Cu mnh lnh l cu c tnh cht sai khin nn cn gi l cu cu khin. Mt ngi ra lnh hoc yu cu
cho mt ngi khc lm mt vic g . N thng theo sau bi t please. Ch ng ca cu mnh lnh c
ngm hiu l you. Lun dng dng thc nguyn th (khng c to) ca ng t trong cu mnh lnh. Cu
mnh lnh chia lm 2 loi: Trc tip v gin tip.

11.1 Mnh lnh thc trc tip

Close the door
Please turn off the light.
Open the window.
Be quiet.
Sau y l li thoi trong mt on qung co bia trn TV:
Tn cp xng vo mt qun bia, rt sng ra cha vo mi ngi v qut:
- Give me your jewelry! Dont move!
Mt thanh nin t t tin li t pha sau, g mt chai bia Laser lnh vo gy hn:
- Drop your weapon!
Tn cp tng sau gy hn l mt hng sng lin bung v kh u hng.

11.2 Mnh lnh gin tip:

Dng thc gin tip thng c dng vi: to order/ ask/ say/ tell sb to do smt.
John asked Jill to turn off the light.
Please tell Jaime to leave the room.
I ordered him to open the book.

11.3 Dng ph nh ca cu mnh lnh

dng ph nh, thm Dont vo trc ng t trong cu trc tip (k c ng t be) hoc thm not vo
trc ng t nguyn th trong cu gin tip.
Dont move! Or Ill shoot. (ng im, khng tao bn)
Dont turn off the light when you go out.
Dont be silly. Ill come back. (ng c ngc th, ri anh s v m)
John asked Jill not to turn off the light.
Please tell Jame not to leave the room.
I ordered him not to open his book.
Ch : let's khc let us
let's go: mnh i no

let us go: hy chng ti i

Cu hi c ui ca let's l shall we
Let's go out for dinner, shall we

12. Cc tr ng t (Modal Auxiliaries)

Cc tr ng t (cn gi l tr ng t hnh thi - xem bng sau) dng b ngha thm cho ng t chnh
v tnh cht, mc , kh nng, hnh thi, ... ca hnh ng. Chng ta s ln lt cp n ngha ca
chng cc phn sau. Do chng l cc tr ng t, nn khng thay th c cho ng t chnh (phi lun
c ng t chnh i km), cng nh khng dng km vi cc tr ng t khc cng loi hoc vi cc tr
ng t do, does, did. Cng khng dng tiu t to trc v sau cc tr ng t. Tr ng t hnh thi khng
bin i theo ngi hay theo s (s t v s nhiu nh nhau, ngi th nht, th hai hay th ba cng nh nhau).
ng t chnh i sau tr ng t cng khng chia (lun dng nguyn th khng c to).
present tense
will
can
may
shall
must (have to)
would (used to)

past tense
could
might
should (ought to) (had better)
(had to)

Cc t t trong ngoc l cc ng t bn hnh thi. Chng c vai tr v ngha ging nh cc tr ng t

hnh thi nhng v ng php th khng ging, bi v chng bin i theo ngi v s. V d v cch dng tr
ng t:
I can swim; she can swim, too. (khng chia theo ngi)
He can swim. (Khng dng: He cans swim hoc He can swims)
They will leave now. (Khng dng: They will leaving now hoc They will can leave now.)
They have to go now.
He has to go now. (chia theo ngi).

12.1 Cu ph nh dng tr ng t
Trong cu ph nh, thm not vo sau tr ng t, trc ng t chnh:
John will leave now. => John will not leave now.
He can swim => He can not swim.
Ch khi vit tt: will not => won't; must not => musn't; would not => wouldn't; could not => couldn't; can
not => can't.

12.2 Cu nghi vn dng tr ng t

Trong cu hi, t tr ng t u cu:
John will leave now. =>Will he leave now?
Xin nhc li, tr ng t hnh thi lun i vi dng thc nguyn th khng c to ca ng t. V vy, sau tr
ng t hnh thi khng bao gi c cc dng [verb-ing], [verb+s], [to + verb] hay thi qu kh ca ng t.
Ch c hai cch s dng tr ng t hnh thi:
(1) modal + [simple form of verb]: would be, can go, will have, must see, ...
(2) modal + have + [verb in past participle]: could have gone, would have been,..
Tt nhin trong cch (2), t have chnh l ng t nguyn th khng c to; khng c thay th n bng has
hay had.

13. Cu iu kin
Cc tr ng t hnh thi nh will, would, can, could thng xut hin trong cc cu iu kin. Cc cu iu
kin thng cha t if (nu). C hai loi cu iu kin l iu kin c thc v iu kin khng c thc.

13.1 iu kin c th thc hin c (iu kin c thc hay iu kin dng I)
Cu iu kin c thc l cu m ngi ni dng din t mt hnh ng hoc mt tnh hung thng xy
ra (thi quen) hoc s xy ra (trong tng lai) nu iu kin mnh u chnh c tho mn. Nu ni v
tng lai, dng cu ny c s dng khi ni n mt iu kin c th thc hin c hoc c th xy ra.
TNG LAI (FUTURE ACTION)

If he tries much more, he will improve his English.

If I have money, I will buy a new car.
THI QUEN (HABITUAL)
if + S + simple present tense ... + simple present tense ...
If the doctor has morning office hours, he visits every patiens in the affternoon.
I usually walk to school if I have enough time.
MNH LNH (COMMAND)
If + S + simple present tense ... + command form of verb + ...
If you go to the Post Office, mail this letter for me.
Please call me if you hear anything from Jane.

13.2 iu kin khng th thc hin c (iu kin khng c thc hay iu kin dng II,
III)
Cu iu kin khng c thc dng din t mt hnh ng hoc mt trng thi s xy ra hoc c th
xy ra nu nh tnh hung c t ra trong cu khc vi thc t ang xy ra hoc xy ra. Cu iu kin
khng c thc thng gy nhm ln v s thc v s kin m cu th hin li tri ngc vi cch th hin
ca cu: nu ng t ca cu l khng nh th ngha thc ca cu li l ph nh v ngc li.
If I were rich, I would travel around the world.
(I am not rich) (Im not going to travel around the world)
If I hadnt been in a hurry, I wouldnt have had an accident.
(I was in a hurry) (I had an accident)
13.2.1 iu kin khng c thc hin ti (dng II)

PRESENT OR FUTURE TIME

If I had enough money now, I would buy a tourist trip to the moon.
He would tell you about it if he were here.
If he didnt speak so quickly, you could understand him.
(He speaks very quicky) (You cant understand him)
ng t to be phi chia l were tt c cc ngi.
If I were you, I wouldn't go to that movie.
13.2.2 iu kin khng c thc trong qu kh (dng III)
PAST TIME

If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.
(We didnt know ...) (We didnt write you a letter)
If we hadnt lost our way, we would have arrived sooner.
If he had studied harder for that test, he would have passed it.
Ch rng cng c th th hin mt iu kin khng c thc m khng dng if. Trong trng hp , tr
ng t had c a ln u cu, ng trc ch ng. Mnh iu kin s ng trc mnh chnh.
Had we known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.
Had he studied harder for the test, he would have passed it.
Lu : Cu iu kin khng phi lc no cng tun theo qui lut trn. Trong mt s trng hp c bit, mt
v ca iu kin l qu kh nhng v cn li c th hin ti (do thi gian qui nh).
If she had caught the train, she would be here by now.

13.3 Cch s dng will, would, could, should trong mt s trng hp khc
Thng thng cc tr ng t ny khng c s dng vi if trong mnh iu kin ca cu iu kin, tuy
nhin vn c mt s ngoi l nh sau:

If you (will/would): Nu ..... vui lng. Thng c dng trong cc yu cu lch s. Would lch s
hn will.
If you will/would wait for a moment, I will go and see if Mr Conner is here.

If + Subject + Will/Would: Nu ..... chu. din t t nguyn.

If he will listen to me, I can help him.
Will cn c dng theo mu cu ny din t s ngoan c: Nu ..... nht nh, Nu ..... c.
If you will turn on the music loudly so late tonight, no wonder why your neighbours complain.

If you could: Xin vui lng. Din t lch s 1 yu cu m ngi ni cho rng ngi kia s ng
nh l mt l ng nhin.
If you could open your book, please.

If + Subject + should + ..... + command: V phng nh. Din t mt tnh hung d c th xy ra

c song rt kh.
If you should find any difficulty in using that TV, please call me.
C th o should ln trn ch ng v b if
Should you find any difficulty in using that TV, please call me.

13.4 Cch s dng if trong mt s trng hp khc

If... then: Nu... th

If she cant come to us, then we will have to go and see her.

If dng trong dng cu suy din logic (khng phi cu iu kin): ng t cc mnh din bin
bnh thng theo thi gian ca chnh n.
If you want to learn a musical instrument, you have to practice.
If you did not do much maths at school, you will find economics difficult to understand.
If that was Marry, why didnt she stop and say hello.

If... should = If... happen to... = If... should happen to... din t s khng chc chn (Xem thm
phn s dng should trn)
If you should happen to pass a supermarket, perhaps you could get some eggs.
(Ng nh m anh c tnh c gh qua ch c l mua cho em t trng)

If.. was/were to... Din t iu kin khng c tht hoc tng tng. N gn ging cu iu kin
khng c tht hin ti.
If our boss was/were to come in now (= if the boss came in now), we would be in real trouble.
What would we do if I was/were to lose my job.
Hoc c th din t mt lch s khi a ra ngh
If you were to move your chair a bit, we could all sit down.
(Nu anh vui lng dch gh ca anh ra mt cht th chng ta c th cng ngi c)
Note: Cu trc ny tuyt i khng c dng vi cc ng t tnh ti hoc ch trng thi t duy
Correct: If I knew her name, I would tell you.
Incorrect: If I was/were to know...

If it + to be + not + for: Nu khng v, nu khng nh vo.

Thi hin ti:
If it wasnt/werent for the children, that couple wouldnt have any thing to talk about.
(Nu khng v nhng a con th v chng nh y ch c chuyn g m ni)
Thi qu kh:
If it hadnt been for your help, I dont know what to do.
(Nu khng nh vo s gip ca anh th ti cng khng bit phi lm g y).
C th o li:
Had it not been for your help, I dont know what to to.

Not i khi c thm vo nhng ng t sau if by t s nghi ng, khng chc chn. (C nn ...
Hay khng ...)
I wonder if we shouldnt ask the doctor to look at Mary.

It would... if + subject + would... (s l... nu khng c dng trong vn vit)

It would be better if they would tell every body in advance.
(S l tt hn nu h k cho mi ngi t trc)
How would we feel if this would happen to our family.
(Ta s cm thy th no nu iu ny xy ra i vi gia nh chng ta.)

If...d have...d have: Dng trong vn ni, khng dng trong vn vit, din t iu kin khng th
xy ra qu kh
If Id have known, Id have told you.
If shed have recognized him it would have been funny.

If + preposition + noun/verb... (subject + be b lc b)

If in doubt, ask for help. (= If you are in doubt, ...)
If about to go on a long journey, try to have a good nights sleep. (= If you are about to go on... )

If dng vi mt s t nh any/anything/ever/not din t ph nh

There is little if any good evidence for flying saucers.
(There is little evidence, if there is any at all, for flying saucers)
(C rt t bng chng v a bay, nu qu l c thc)
Im not angry. If anything, I feel a little surprised.
(Ti khng gin d u. M c chng ti cm thy hi ngc nhin)
Cch ni ny cn din t kin m th: Nu c...
Id say he was more like a father, if anything
(Ti xin ni rng ng y cn hn c mt ngi cha, nu c th ni th.)
He seldom if ever travel abroad.
(Anh ta ch my khi i ra nc ngoi)
Usually, if not always, we write cannot as one word
(Thng thng, nhng khng phi l lun lun... )

If + Adjective = although (cho d l)

Ngha khng mnh bng although - Dng din t quan im ring hoc vn g khng quan
trng.
His style, if simple, is pleasant to read.
(Vn phong ca ng ta, cho d l n gin, th c cng th)
The profits, if little lower than last years, are still extremely wealthy
(Li nhun, cho d l c thp hn nm qua mt cht, th vn l rt ln.)
Cu trc ny c th thay bng may..., but
His style may be simple, but it is pleasant to read.

13.5 Cch s dng Hope v Wish.

Hai ng t ny tuy cng ngha nhng khc nhau v cch s dng v ng php. Hope dng din t mt
hnh ng hoc tnh hung c th s xy ra hoc c th xy ra, cn wish dng din t mt iu chc
chn s khng xy ra hoc chc chn khng xy ra. Thi ca mnh sau hope (hi vng rng) c th l
bt k thi no. Thi ca mnh sau wish bt buc khng c thi hin ti.
We hope that they will come. (We dont know if they are coming or not)
We wish that they could come. (We know they cant come)
We hope that he came there yesterday. (We dont know if he came there or not.)
We wish that he had come there yesterday. (He didnt come)
13.5.1 Wish tng lai:

That l tu chn (c hoc khng c). Hai ch ng (S) c th ging nhau hoc khc nhau.
We wish that you could come to the party tonight. (We known you can't come)
13.5.2 Wish hin ti
S + wish + (that) + S + simple past tense ...

ng t mnh sau wish s chia Simple past, to be phi chia l were tt c cc ngi.
I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework.
13.5.3 Wish qu kh

ng t mnh wish s chia Past perfect hoc could have + P2.

I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday.
She wishes that she could have been there.
Lu 1: ng t mnh sau wish bt buc phi dng iu kin khng th thc hin c nhng iu
kin y thi no li ph thuc vo chnh thi gian ca bn thn mnh ch khng ph thuc vo thi ca
wish.
She wishes that she could have gone earlier yesterday.(Past)
He wished that he would come to visit me next week.(Future)
The photographer wished we stood clother than we are standing now. (Present).
Lu 2: Cn phn bit wish (c g/ mong g) vi wish mang ngha "chc" trong mu cu: to wish sb smt
I wish you a happy birthday.
Lu 3: v phn bit vi wish mang ngha "mun":
wish to do smt (Mun lm g)
Why do you wish to see the manager
I wish to make a complaint.
To wish smb to do smt (Mun ai lm g)
The government does not wish Dr.Jekyll Hyde to accept a professorship at a foreign university.

13.6 Cch s dng as if, as though (c nh l, nh th l)

Mnh ng sau hai thnh ng ny lun dng iu kin khng th thc hin c. C hai trng hp:
13.6.1 thi hin ti:
Nu ng t mnh trc chia thi hin ti n gin th ng t mnh sau chia qu kh n
gin. To be phi chia l were tt c cc ngi.

The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer. (B c n mc c nh by gi l ma ng)
(It is not winter now)
He acts as though he were rich. (Anh ta c lm nh th l anh ta giu c lm)

(He is not rich infact)

He talks as if he knew everything in the world.
13.6.2 Thi qu kh:
Nu ng t mnh trc chia qu kh n gin th ng t mnh sau chia qu kh hon thnh.

Jeff looked as though he had seen a ghost. (Trng Jeff nh th anh ta va gp ma)
(He didn't see a ghost)
She talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize.
Lu : Mnh sau as if, as though khng phi lc no cng tun theo qui lut trn. Trong mt s trng
hp, nu iu kin trong cu l c tht hoc theo quan nim ca ngi ni, ngi vit l c tht th hai cng
thc trn khng c s dng. ng t mnh sau chng din bin bnh thng theo mi quan h vi
ng t mnh chnh.
He looks as if he has finished the test.

13.7 Cch s dng used to, (to be/get) used to

13.7.1 Used to + Verb:
Ch mt thi quen, mt hnh ng thng xuyn xy ra trong qu kh.
S + used to + [verb in simple form] ....
When David was young, he used to swim once a day.
- Nghi vn: Did + S + use to + verb in simple form
Did David use to swim once a day when he was young?
- Ph nh: S + didn't + use to + verb in simple form
David didnt use to swim once a day when he was young.
13.7.2 To be/ to get used to + V-ing/ Noun: Tr nn quen vi.

He is used to swimming every day.

He got used to American food.
Lu 1: Used to lun lun dng nh vy, khng thay i theo s, theo ngi ca ch ng. Khng c
thay th n bng use to.
Lu 2: C s khc nhau v ngha gia used to, be used to v get used to.

used to: ch mt thi quen, mt hnh ng thng xuyn trong qu kh (past time habit):
The program director used to write his own letter.

be used to: quen vi vic ... (be accustomed to)

I am used to eating at 7:00 PM

get used to: tr nn quen vi vic ... (become accustomed to)

We got used to cooking our own food when we had to live alone.

Lu 3: C th dng would thay th cho used to m ngha v ng php khng i.

When David was young, he would swim once a day.

13.8 Cch s dng would rather

would rather .... than cng c ngha ging nh prefer .... to (thch hn) nhng ng php li khng ging.
ng sau would rather bt buc phi l mt ng t nguyn th khng c to nhng sau prefer l mt V-ing
hoc mt danh t. Khi so snh hai v, would rather dng vi than cn prefer dng vi to.
We would rather die in freedom than live in slavery.
I would rather drink Coca than Pepsi.
I prefer drinking Coca to drinking Pepsi.
I prefer Coca to Pepsi.
Cch s dng would rather ph thuc vo s lng ch ng ca cu cng nh thi ca cu.
13.8.1 Loi cu c mt ch ng
Loi cu ny dng would rather ... (than) l loi cu din t s mong mun hay c mun ca mt ngi v
chia lm 2 thi:
13.8.1.1 Thi hin ti:

Sau would rather l nguyn th b to. Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh t not trc nguyn th v b to.
S + would rather + [verb in simple form] ...
Jim would rather go to class tomorrow than today.
Jim would rather not go to class tomorrow.
13.8.1.2 Thi qu kh:

ng t sau would rather phi l have + P2, nu mun thnh lp th ph nh t not trc have.
S + would rather + have + [verb in past participle]
Jim would rather have gone to class yesterday than today.
Jim would rather not have gone to the class yesterday.
13.8.2 Loi cu c hai ch ng
Loi cu ny dng would rather that (c g, mong g) v dng trong mt s trng hp sau:
13.8.2.1 Cu cu kin hin ti (present subjunctive):

L loi cu ngi th nht mun ngi th hai lm vic g (nhng lm hay khng cn ph thuc vo ngi
th hai). Xem thm v cu cu khin phn sau. Trong trng hp ny ng t mng hai dng
nguyn th b to. Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh t not trc nguyn th b to.

S1 + would rather that + S2 + [verb in simple form] ...

I would rather that you call me tomorrow.
He would rather that I not take this train.
Ng php ni ngy nay c bit l ng php M cho php b that trong cu trc ny m vn gi nguyn
hnh thc gi nh.
13.8.2.2 Cu gi nh i lp vi thc t hin ti

ng t sau ch ng hai s chia simple past, to be phi chia l were tt c cc ngi.

S1 + would rather that + S2 + [verb in simple past tense] ...
Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department as he does.
(His girlfriend does not work in the same department)
Jane would rather that it were winter now. (Infact, it is not winter now)
Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh dng didn't + verb hoc were not sau ch ng hai.
Henry would rather that his girlfriend didnt work in the same department as he does.
Jane would rather that it were not winter now.
13.8.2.3 Cu gi nh tri ngc vi thc t qu kh

ng t sau ch ng hai s chia dng past perfect. Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh dng hadn't + P2.
S1 + would rather that + S2 + past perfect ...
Bob would rather that Jill had gone to class yesterday.
(Jill did not go to class yesterday)
Bill would rather that his wife hadnt divorced him.
Lu : Trong vn ni bnh thng hng ngy ngi ta dng wish thay cho would rather that.

14. Cch dng mt s tr ng t hnh thi thi hin ti

14.1 Cch s dng Would + like
din t mt cch lch s li mi hoc mun g. Khng dng do you want khi mi ngi khc.
Would you like to dance with me?
I would like to visit Japan.
Trong ting Anh ca ngi Anh, nu din t s thch th sau like l mt v-ing.
He likes reading novel. (enjoyment)
Nhng din t s la chn hoc thi quen th sau like l mt ng t nguyn th.
Between soccer and tennis, I like to see the former. (choice)
When making tea, he usually likes to put some sugar and a slice of lemon in first. (habit)
Trong ting Anh M thng khng c s phn bit ny, tt c sau like u l ng t nguyn th c to.

Wouldn't like = khng a, trong khi don't want = khng mun.

- Would you like somemore coffee ?
- No, thanks/ No, I don't want any more. (polite)
- I wouldn't like (thm vo) (impolite)

Lu rng khi like c dng vi ngha "cho l ng" hoc "cho l hay/ khn ngoan" th bao gi
theo sau cng l mt nguyn th c to (infinitive)
She likes the children to play in the garden (She think they are safe playing there)
C y mun bn tr con chi trong vn cho chc/ cho an ton
I like to go to the dentist twice a year.
Ti mun n bc s nha khoa 2 ln/ nm cho chc

Would like = would care /love/ hate/ prefer + to + verb: khi din t iu kin cho mt hnh ng c
th tng lai.
- Would you (like/care) to come with me?
- I'd love to

Would like/ would care for/ would enjoy + Verb-ing khi din t khu v, thch ni chung ca
ch ng.
She would like/ would enjoy riding if she could ride better.
I wonder if Tom would care for/ would enjoy hang-gliding.

14.2 Cch s dng could/may/might:

Ch kh nng c th xy ra hin ti nhng ngi ni khng dm chc. (C 3 tr ng t u c gi tr nh
nhau).
It might rain tomorrow.
It may rain tomorrow.
It could rain tomorrow.
It will possibly rain tomorrow
Maybe it will rain tomorrow.
Ch maybe l s kt hp ca c may v be nhng n l mt t v khng phi l tr ng t. N l mt ph
t, c ngha nh perhap (c l)

14.3 Cch s dng Should:

(1) din t mt li khuyn, s gi , s bt buc (nhng khng mnh).
He should study tonight.
One should do exercise daily.
You should go on a diet.
She should see a doctor about her pain.
(2) Din t ngi ni mong mun iu g s xy ra. (Expectation)
It should rain tomorrow. (I expect it to rain tomorrow)
My check should arrive next week. (I expect it to arrive next week)
Cc cm t had better, ought to, be supposed to u c ngha tng ng v cch dng tng t vi
should trong c hai trng hp trn (vi iu kin ng t be trong be supposed to phi chia thi hin ti).
John ought to study tonight.
John is supposed to study tonight.
John had better study tonight.

14.4 Cch s dng Must

(1) c ngha phi: mang ngha hon ton bt buc (mnh hn should). Vi should (nn), nhn vt c th
la chn c thc hin hnh ng hay khng nhng vi must (phi), h khng c quyn la chn.
George must call his insurance agent today.
A car must have gasoline to run.
A pharmacist must keep a record of the prescripton that are filled.
(Dc s phi gi li bn sao n thuc c bc s k - khi bn thuc cho bnh nhn)
An attorney must pass an examination before practicing law.
(Lut s phi qua mt k kim tra trc khi hnh ngh)
(2) c ngha hn l, chc : ch mt kt lun logic da trn nhng hin tng xy ra.
John's lights are out. He must be asleep.
(n phng John tt. Anh ta chc ng)
The grass is wet. It must be raining.

14.5 Cch s dng have to

Ngi ta dng have to thay cho must vi ngha bt buc (ngha 1). Qu kh ca n l had to, tng lai l
will have to. Ch rng have to khng phi l mt tr ng t nhng n mang ngha ging nh tr ng
t hnh thi must.
We will have to take an exam next week.
George has to call his insurance agent today.
din t mt ngha v trong qu kh, phi dng had to ch khng c dng must.
George had to call his insurance agent yesterday.
Mrs.Kinsey had to pass an examination before she could practice law.
Trong cu hi, have to thng c dng thay cho must hi xem bn thn ngi hi bt buc phi lm g
hoc din t s bt buc do khch quan em li.
- Guest: Do I have to leave a deposit? (Ti c phi t cc khng)
- Receptionist: No, you needn't. But you have to leave your I.D card. I'm sorry but that's the way it is.
Trong vn ni, ngi ta dng have got to, cng c ngha nh have to.
He has got to go to the office tonight.
c bit, dng nhn mnh cc trng hp c bit:
I have to work everyday except Sunday. But I don't have got to work a full day on Saturday.

15. Dng tr ng t din t tnh hung qu kh (modal +

perfective)
15.1 Could, may, might + have + P2 = c l
Din t mt kh nng c th xy ra qu kh song ngi ni khng dm chc.
It may have rained last night, but I'm not sure.
He could have forgotten the ticket for the concert last night.
I didn't hear the telephone ring, I might have been sleeping at that time.
The cause of death could have been bacteria.
John migh have gone to the movies yesterday.

15.2 Should have + P2 = L ra phi, l ra nn

Ch mt vic l ra phi xy ra trong qu kh nhng v l do no li khng xy ra.
Maria shouldn't have called John last night. (She did call him)
John should have gone to the post office this morning.
The policeman should have made a report about the burglary.

Chng ta cng c th dng cm t was/were supposed to + [verb in simple form] thay cho should +
perfective.
John was supposed to go to the post office this morning.
The policeman was supposed to make a report about the burglary. (Anh ta khng lp bin bn v trm)

15.3 Must have + P2 = chc l , hn l

Ch mt kt lun logic da trn nhng hin tng c xy ra qu kh (ngha 2 ca must phn trn).
Ch rng khng bao gi dng cu trc ny vi ngha 1. Ch c dng had to hoc should + perfective
hoc be supposed to khi din t mt trch nhim bt buc qu kh.
The grass is wet. It must have rained last night.
(It probably rained last night)
Jane did very well on the exam. She must have studied hard.
I didn't hear you knock, I must have been gardening behind the house

16. Cch dng should trong mt s trng hp c th khc

Din t kt qu ca mt yu t tng tng: S

If I was asked to work on Sunday I should resign.

Dng trong mnh c that sau nhng tnh t ch trng thi nh anxious/ sorry/ concerned/ happy/
delighted...: Ly lm ... rng/ ly lm ...v
I'm anxious that she should be well cared for.
(Ti lo lng rng liu c y c c sn sc tt khng)
We are sorry that you should feel uncomfortable
(Chng ti ly lm tic v anh thy khng c thoi mi)
That you should speak to him like that is quite astonishing
(Ci cch m anh ni vi anh y nh vy qu l ng ngc nhin).

Dng vi if/in case ch mt iu kh c th xy ra, ngi ta a ra kin ch phng nga.

If you should change your mind, please let me know.
In case he should have forgotten to go to the airport, nobody will be there to meet her.
(Ng nh ng y qun ra sn bay, th s khng c ai n c ta mt)

Dng sau so that/ in order that ch mc ch (Thay cho would/ could)

He put the cases in the car so that he should be able to make an early start.
She repeated the instructions slowly in order that he should understand.

Dng trong li yu cu lch s

I should like to make a phone call, if possible.
(ti xin php gi in thoi nu ti c th)

Dng vi imagine/ say/ think... a ra li ngh: Thit tng, cho l

I should imagine it will take about 3 hours
(Ti thit tng cng vic s tn mt 3 gi ng h y).
I should say she's over 40
(Ti cho l b ta ngoi 40)

Dng trong cu hi din t s nghi ng, thiu chc chn

How should I know? (Lm sao ti bit c kia ch)
Why should he thinks that? (sao n li ngh nh vy ch)

Dng vi cc i t nghi vn nh what/ where/ who din t s ngc nhin, thng dng vi "But".
I was thinking of going to see John when who should appear but John himself.
(Ti ang tnh l n thm John th ngi xut hin li chnh l anh y)

What should I find but an enormous spider

(Ci m ti nhn thy li chnh l mt con nhn khng l)

17. Tnh t v ph t
17.1 Tnh t
Tnh t l t ch tnh cht, mc , phm vi, ... ca mt ngi hoc vt. N b ngha cho danh t, i t
hoc lin t (linking verb). N tr li cho cu hi What kind? Tnh t lun ng trc danh t c b
ngha:
That is my new red car.
Tr trng hp galore (nhiu, phong ph, di do) v general trong tn cc c quan, cc chc v ln l hai
tnh t ng sau danh t c b ngha:
There were errors galore in your final test;
UN Secretary General (Tng th k Lin hp quc).
Tnh t ng sau cc i t phim ch (something, anything, anybody...)
Its something strange.
He is somebody quite unknown.
Tnh t c chia lm 2 loi l tnh t m t (descriptive adjective) v tnh t gii hn (limiting adjective).
Tnh t m t l cc tnh t ch mu sc, kch c, cht lng ca mt vt hay ngi. Tnh t gii hn l tnh
t ch s lng, khong cch, tnh cht s hu, ... Tnh t khng thay i theo ngi v s ca danh t m n
b ngha, tr trng hp ca these v those.
TNH T M T
beautiful
large
red
interesting
important
colorful

TNH T GII HN
one, two
s m
first, second
s th t
my, your, his
tnh cht s hu
this, that, these, those i t ch nh
few, many, much
s lng

Khi tnh t m t b ngha cho mt danh t m c s t, n thng c mo t a, an hoc the ng trc.

a pretty girl, an interesting book, the red dress.
Tnh t i trc danh t nhng i sau lin t (linking verb xem phn sau). Tnh t ch b ngha cho danh
t, i t v lin t.
Nu trong mt cm t c nhiu tnh t cng b ngha cho mt danh t th th t cc tnh t s nh sau: tnh
t s hu hoc mo t, opinion, size, age, shape, color, origin, material, purpose. Ch rng tnh t s
hu (my, your, our...) hoc mo t (a, an, the) nu c th lun i trc cc tnh t khc. Nu dng mo t
th khng dng tnh t s hu v ngc li. V d v th t sp xp cc tnh t:
a silly young English man
the huge round metal bowl
my small red sleeping bag
art/poss
a
the
my

opinion
silly

17.2 Ph t

size
huge
small

age
young

shape

color

round

origin
English

material purpose
metal

red

sleeping

noun
man
bowl
bag

Ph t b ngha cho ng t, cho mt tnh t hoc cho mt ph t khc. N tr li cho cu hi How?

Rita drank too much. (How much did Rita drink?)
I don't play tenis very well. (How well do I play?)
He was driving carelessly. (How was he driving?)
John is reading carefully. (How is John reading?)
She speaks Spanish fluently. (How does she speak Spanish?)
Thng thng, cc tnh t m t c th bin i thnh ph t bng cch thm ui -ly vo tnh t.
He is a careful driver. He always drives carefully.
TNH T
bright
careful
quiet

PH T
brightly
carefully
quietly

Tuy nhin, c mt s tnh t khng theo quy tc trn:

1) Mt s tnh t c bit: good => well; hard => hard; fast => fast; ...
She is a good singer. She sings very well.
2) Mt s tnh t cng c tn cng l ui ly (lovely, friendly) nn thay th cho ph t ca cc tnh t
ny, ngi ta dng: in a + Adj + way/ manner
He is a friendly man. He behaved me in a friendly way.
Cc t sau cng l ph t: so, very, almost, soon, often, fast, rather, well, there, too. Cc ph t c chia
lm 6 loi sau:
ADVERB OF
manner
degree
frequency
time
place
disjunctive

EXAMPLE
happily, bitterly
totally, completely
never, often
recently, just
here, there
hopefully, frankly

TELL US
how something happens
how much ST happens, often go with an adjective
how often ST happens
when things happen
where things happen
opinion about things happen

Cc ph t thng ng vai tr trng ng (modifier xem phn 1) trong cu. Ngoi ra cc ng gii t cng
ng vai tr trng ng nh ph t, chng bao gm mt gii t m u v danh t i sau ch: a im (at
home), thi gian (at 5 pm), phng tin (by train), tnh hung, hnh ng (in a very difficult situation). Cc
cm t ny u c chc nng v cch s dng nh ph t, cng c th coi l ph t.
V th t, cc ph t cng b ngha cho mt ng t thng xut hin theo th t: manner, palce, time. Ni
chung, ph t ch cch thc ca hnh ng (manner - cho bit hnh ng din ra nh th no) thng lin h
cht ch hn vi ng t so vi ph t ch a im (place) v ph t ch a im li lin kt vi ng t
cht ch hn ph t ch thi gian (time).
The old woman sits quietly by the fire for hours.
V v tr, cc ph t hu nh c th xut hin bt c ch no trong cu, nhng cng v th, n l vn kh
phc tp. V tr ca ph t c th lm thay i phn no ngha ca cu. Chng ta s xem xt tng loi ph
t:

17.2.1 Adverb of manner:

Cc ph t v cm ph t ch phng thc ca hnh ng c th ng u cu, cui cu hoc gia cu
(thng dng hn). V d:
He angrily slammed the door.
He slammed the door angrily.
Angrily he slammed the door.
Khi ng gia cu, ph t ng gia ch ng v ng t chnh, nhng ng sau tr ng t hoc ng t
be nu c.
Ina had carefully placed the vase on the table.
Ina had been carefully arranging the flowers.
V tr ca ph t c th lm thay i ngha ca cu. Xt cc cu sau:
She answered the question immediately.
She immediately answered the question.
She answered the question foolishly.
She foolishly answered the question.
Trong hai cu u, ngha ca cu khng b nh hng bi v tr ca ph t, nhng hai cu sau th c s
khc nhau. Cu 3 cho bit cu tr li ca c ta l ngc ngch, cn cu 4 c ngha C y tht ngc ngch khi
tr li cu hi. Ph t foolishly khi ng cui cu th ch b ngha cho ng t answered the question,
nhng khi c t gia cu li c lin h vi ch ng nhiu hn l vi ng t. Hin tng ny cng xy
ra vi cc loi ph t khc. Nghin cu thm cc v d sau:
John was able to solve this problem without any help.
(John c th gii c bi ton ny m khng cn s tr gip no)
Even John was able to solve this problem without any help.
(Ngay c John cng c th gii c bi ton ny m ...)
John was even able to solve this problem without any help.
(John c th thm ch gii c bi ton ny m ...)
John was able to solve even this problem without any help.
(John c th gii c ngay c bi ton ny m khng cn ...)
John was able to solve this problem even without any help.
(John c th gii c bi ton ny m thm ch khng cn ti s tr gip no)
He completely failed to agree with me.
(Anh ta hon ton khng ng vi ti)
He failed to agree completely with me.
(Anh ta khng ng hon ton vi ti)
Ph t ch cch thc ca hnh ng thng ch ng gia cu khi n l t n (vi ui ly). Phn ln cc
ph t thuc dng ny. Nhng cng c mt s ph t l mt cm t, thng bt u bng with. Khi phi
t n cui cu:
She was looking through the notes with great interest.
Tng t nh vy, khi hai ph t ghp song song vi nhau, chng cng phi cui cu.
She angrily called him an idiot.
She called him an idiot angrily and loudly.
17.2.2 Adverb of place:
Ph t ch ni chn l loi d nh nht. N lun xut hin cui cu.
I had lunch in the canteen.

Trong mt s mu cu o v tr ca ch ng v ng t, n c th ng u cu:
Here is your homework.
17.2.3 Adverb of time:
Ph t ch thi gian li c phn lm 2 loi. Loi ch thi gian tuyt i (yesterday, tonight, on Sunday, in
December...) v loi ch thi gian tng i (recently, already,...). i vi loi ch thi gian tng i, v tr
ca chng ging nh i vi ph t ch cch thc ca hnh ng. Ta ch ni n y loi ch thi gian
tuyt i. N c lin kt yu nht vi ng t trong cu nn c th xut hin bt c v tr no trong cu, min
sao khng ng gia ng t v cc tr ng t. Tuy nhin, n thng ng u cu hoc cui cu.
I didn't go cycling yesterday.
In 1987 she was working for a bank in Manchester.
17.2.4 Adverb of frequency:
Ph t ch tn xut cng phn lm 2 loi: tn sut tuyt i (once a week, twice a month, ...) v tn xut
tng i (always, nearly always, usually, often, quite often, sometimes, occasionally, hardly ever, never).
Tn xut tuyt i c dng ging nh ph t ch thi gian, thng ng u cu hoc cui cu. Tn xut
tng i li thng ng gia cu, sau ch ng v trc ng t chnh (nhng sau ng t be)
Sally always gets here on time.
Fred is sometimes late for class.
Cc ph t ch tn xut nh: occasionally, sometimes, often... c th ng u cu hoc cui cu:
Things get complicated sometimes.
Often I forget where I put things.
17.2.5 Disjunctive adverb:
Ph t ch quan im, tnh cm ca ngi ni thng xut hin u cu hoc cui cu sau du phy.
Thankfully we still had some time to spare.
Clearly we will have to think about this again.
Frankly my dear, I don't give a damn.
We still had some time to spare, thankfully.

18. Lin t (linking verb)

C mt nhm cc ng t c bit c chc nng ni gia ch ng v v ng tnh t. Khng ging cc ng
t khc, chng khng th hin hnh ng. Do vy chng c b ngha bi tnh t ch khng phi ph
t. Ngi ta gi chng l lin t (linking verb). l nhng ng t bng sau:
be
appear
feel

become
seem
look

remain
sound
smell

Mary feels bad about her test grade.

Children become tired quite easily.
Lucy looks radiant in her new dress.
They were sorry to see us leave.
The flower smell sweet.
The soup taste good.
Lin t c cc tnh cht:

Khng din t hnh ng m din t trng thi hoc bn cht s vic.

stay
taste

ng sau chng phi l tnh t ch khng phi l ph t.

Khng c chia th tip din d di bt c thi no.

Be, become, remain cn c th ng trc mt cm danh t ch khng ch tnh t:

They remained sad even though I tried to cheer them up. (adjective)
He remained chairman of the board despite the opposition. (noun)
Children often become bored at the meetings. (adjective)
She become class president after a long campaign. (noun)
Mary will be happy when she hears the good news. (adjective)
Ted will be a bridegroom this year. (noun)
Feel, look, smell v taste cng c th l ngoi ng t khi n c tn ng tr tip. Trong trng hp , n
tr thnh mt ng t m t hnh ng thc s ch khng cn l mt linking verb v do n c b
ngha bi ph t ch khng phi tnh t. Chng c php chia th tip din. Nghin cu cc v d sau:

19. Cc dng so snh ca tnh t v ph t

19.1 So snh ngang bng
Cu trc s dng l as .... as
S + V + as + {adj/ adv} + as + {noun/ pronoun}
My book is as interesting as yours.
His car runs as fast as a race car.
John sings as well as his sister.
Their house is as big as that one.
His job is not as difficult as mine.
They are as lucky as we.
Nu l cu ph nh, as th nht c th thay bng so.
He is not as tall as his father.
He is not so tall as his father.
Sau as phi l mt i t nhn xng ch ng, khng c l mt i t tn ng.

Peter is as tall as I. (NG)

Peter is as tall as me. (SAI)
Danh t cng c th c dng so snh, nhng nn nh trc khi so snh phi m bo rng danh t
phi c cc tnh t tng ng.
adjectives
heavy, light
wide, narrow
deep, shallow
long, short
big, small

nouns
weight
width
depth
length
size

Khi so snh bng danh t, s dng cu trc sau:

S + V + the same + (noun) + as + {noun/ pronoun}
My house is as high as his.
My house is the same height as his.
Ch rng ngc ngha vi the same...as l different from... Khng bao gi dng different than. Sau y l
mt s v d khc v so snh bng danh t.
These trees are the same as those.
He speaks the same language as she.
Her address is the same as Ritas.
Their teacher is different from ours.
She takes the same course as her husband.

19.2 So snh hn km
Trong loi so snh ny ngi ta chia lm hai dng: tnh t v ph t ngn (ch c mt hoc hai m tit khi
pht m) v tnh t, ph t di (3 m tit tr ln). Khi so snh khng ngang bng:

i vi tnh t v ph t ngn ch cn cng ui -er. (thick thicker; cold-colder; quiet-quieter)

i vi tnh t ngn c mt ph m tn cng (tr w,x,z) v trc l mt nguyn m, phi gp i

ph m cui. (big-bigger; red-redder; hot-hotter)

i vi tnh t, ph t di, thm more hoc less trc tnh t hoc ph t (more beautiful; more
important; more believable).

i vi tnh t tn cng l ph m+y, phi i y thnh -ier (happy-happier; dry-drier; prettyprettier).

i vi cc tnh t c hu t -ed, -ful, -ing, -ish, -ous cng bin i bng cch thm more cho d
chng l tnh t di hay ngn (more useful, more boring, more cautious)

Trng hp c bit: strong-stronger; friendly-friendlier than = more friendly than.

Ch khi dng more th khng dng hu t -er v ngc li. Cc v d sau l SAI: more prettier,
more faster, more better

Ch :
1. Ch mt s ph t l c ui er, bao gm: faster, quicker, sooner, latter.
2. Nh dng dng thc ch ng ca i t sau than, khng c dng dng tn ng.
V d v so snh khng ngang bng:
Johns grades are higher than his sisters.
Today is hotter than yesterday.
This chair is more comfortable than the other.
He speaks Spanish more fluently than I. (khng dng than me)
He visits his family less frequently than she does.
This years exhibit is less impressive than last years.
So snh khng ngang bng c th c nhn mnh bng cch thm much hoc far trc cm t so snh.

A waterlemon is much sweeter than a a lemon.

His car is far better than yours.

Henrys watch is far more expensive than mine.

That movie we saw last night was much more interesting than the one on TV.
She dances much more artistically than her predecessor.
He speaks English much more rapidly than he does Spanish.
Danh t cng c dng din t php so snh ngang bng hoc hn/km. Ch dng tnh t b ngha
ng vi danh t m c hoc khng m c.

He earns as much money as his brother.

They have as few classes as we.
Before payday, I have as little money as my brother.

I have more books than she.

February has fewer days than March.
Their job allows them less fredom than ours does.
Khi so snh mt ngi/ mt vt vi tt c nhng ngi hoc vt khc phi thm else sau anything/anybody...
He is smarter than anybody else in the class.
Lu :

ng sau as v than ca cc mnh so snh c th loi b ch ng nu n trng hp vi ch ng

th nht, c bit l khi ng t sau than v as dng b ng. Lc ny than v as cn c thm chc
nng ca mt i t quan h thay th.
Their marriage was as stormy as had been expected
(Incorrect: as it had been expected).
He worries more than was good for him.
(Incorrect: than it/what was good for him).

Cc tn ng cng c th b loi b sau cc ng t mnh sau THAN v AS:

Dont lose your passport, as I did last year.
(Incorrect: as I did it last year).
They sent more than I had ordered.
(Incorrect: than I had ordered it).
She gets her meat from the same butcher as I go to.
(Incorrect: as I go to him).

19.3 Php so snh khng hp l

Khi dng cu so snh nn nh cc i tng dng so snh phi tng ng nhau: ngi vi ngi, vt
vi vt. Cc li thng mc phi khi s dng cu so snh khng hp l c chia lm 3 loi: s hu cch,
that of v those of.
19.3.1 S hu cch:
Incorrect: His drawings are as perfect as his instructor.
(Cu ny so snh cc bc tranh vi ngi ch dn)
Correct: His drawings are as perfect as his instructors.
(instructor's = instructor's drawings)
19.3.2 Dng thm that of cho danh t s t:
Incorrect: The salary of a professor is higher than a secretary.
(Cu ny so snh salary vi secretary)
Correct: The salary of a professor is higher than that of a secretary.
(that of = the salary of)
19.3.3 Dng thm those of cho cc danh t s nhiu:

Incorrect: The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than a teacher .

(Cu ny so snh duties vi teacher)
Correct: The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than those of a teacher
(those of = the duties of)

19.4 Cc tnh t v ph t c bit

Mt s t tnh t v ph t c dng thc so snh c bit. Chng khng theo cc quy tc nu trn. Nghin
cu bng sau:
Tnh t hoc trng t
far

So snh hn km
farther
further

So snh nht
farthest
furthest

less

least

more

most

better

best

worse

worst

little
few
much
many
good
well
bad
badly
I feel much better today than I did last week.
He has less time now than he had before.
This magainze is better than that one.
He acts worse now than ever before.

Lu : farther dng cho khong cch; further dng cho thng tin hoc cc trng hp tru tng khc.
The distance from your house to school is farther than that of mine.
If you want further information, please call to the agent.
Next year he will come to the U.S for his further education.

19.5 So snh bi s
So snh bi s l so snh: bng na (half), gp i (twice), gp ba (three times),...

Khng c s dng so snh hn km m s dng so snh bng, khi so snh phi xc nh danh t l m
c hay khng m c, v ng trc chng c many/much
This encyclopedy costs twice as much as the other one.
Jerome has half as many records now as I had last year.
At the clambake last week, Fred ate three times as many oysters as Bob.
Cc li ni: twice that many/twice that much = gp i ngn y... ch c dng trong khu ng, khng c
dng trong vn vit.

We have expected 80 people at that rally, but twice that many showned up. (twice as many as that
number).

19.6 So snh kp
L loi so snh vi cu trc: Cng... cng... Cc Adj/Adv so snh phi ng u cu, trc chng phi c
The. Dng mt trong hai mu cu sau y so snh kp:
The + comparative + S + V + the + comparative + S + V
The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel.
(Tri cng nng, ti cng thy kh chu)
The sooner you take your medicince, the better you will feel.
(Anh cng ung thuc sm bao nhiu, anh cng cm thy d chu by nhiu)
The bigger they are, the faster they fall.
(Chng cng to bao nhiu th cng ri nhanh by nhiu)
The more + S + V + the + comparative + S + V
The more you study, the smarter you will become.
(Cng hc, anh cng thng minh hn)
The more I look into your eyes, the more I love you.
(Cng nhn vo mt em, anh cng yu em hn)
Sau The more v th nht c th thm that nhng khng mu cu ny khng ph bin.
The more (that) you study, the smarter you will become.
Trong trng hp nu c hai v u c ch ng gi it is th c th b chng i
The shorter (it is), the better (it is).
Hoc nu c hai v u dng to be th b i
The closer to the Earths pole (is), the greater the gravitational force (is).
Cc cch ni: all the better (cng tt hn), all the more (cng... hn), not... any the more... (chng... hn... t
no), none the more... (chng cht no) dng nhn mnh cho cc tnh t hoc ph t c em ra so
snh. N ch c dng vi cc tnh t tru tng v dng trong vn ni:
Sunday mornings were nice. I enjoyed them all the more because Sue used to come round to breakfast.
He didnt seem to be any the worse for his experience.
He explained it all carefully, but I was still none the wiser.
Cu trc ny khng dng cho cc tnh t c th:
Those pills have made him all the slimmer. (SAI)

19.7 Cu trc No sooner... than (Va mi ... th ...)

Ch dng cho thi qu kh v thi hin ti, khng dng cho thi tng lai. No sooner ng u mt mnh
, theo sau n l mt tr ng t o ln trc ch ng nhn mnh, than ng u mnh cn li:
No sooner + auxiliary + S + V + than + S + V

No sooner had we started out for California than it started to rain.

Mt v d thi hin ti (will c ly sang dng cho hin ti)
No sooner will he arrive than he will want to leave.
Lu : No longer c ngha l not anymore. Khng dng cu trc not longer cho cc cu c ngha khng
cn ... na.
He no longer studies at the university.
(He does not study at the university anymore.)
S + no longer + Positive Verb

19.8 So snh hn km khng dng than (gia 2 i tng)

Khi so snh hn km gia 2 ngi hoc 2 vt m khng dng than, mun ni i tng no l tt hn,
gii hn, p hn,... th trc adj v adv so snh phi c the. Ch phn bit trng hp ny vi trng hp
so snh bc nht di y (khi c 3 i tng tr ln). Trong cu thng c cm t of the two + noun, n c
th ng u hoc cui cu.
Harvey is the smarter of the two boys.
Of the two shirts, this one is the prettier.
Pealse give me the smaller of the two cakes.
Of the two books, this one is the more interesting.

19.9 So snh bc nht (t 3 i tng tr ln)

Dng khi so snh 3 ngi hoc 3 vt tr ln, mt trong s l u vit nht so vi cc i tng cn li v
mt mt no . bin tnh t v ph t thnh dng so snh bc nht, p dng quy tc sau:

i vi tnh t v ph t ngn: thm ui -est.

i vi tnh t v ph t di: dng most hoc least.

Trc tnh t hoc ph t so snh phi c the.

Dng gii t in vi danh t s t m c.

Dng gii t of vi danh t s nhiu m c.

John is the tallest boy in the family.

Deana is the shortest of the three sisters.
These shoes are the least expensive of all.
Of the three shirts, this one is the prettiest.
Sau cm t One of the + so snh bc nht + noun phi m bo chc chn rng noun phi l s nhiu, v
ng t phi chia s t.

One of the greatest tennis players in the world is Johnson.

Kuwait is one of the biggest oil producers in the world.
Cc ph t thng khng c cc hu t -er hoc est. Chng c chuyn sang dng so snh tng i bng
cch thm more hoc less; sang dng so snh tuyt i bng cch thm most hoc least pha trc chng.
Sal drove more cautiously than Bob.
Joe dances more gracefully than his partner.
That child behaves most carelessly of all.
Mt s cc tnh t hoc ph t mang tnh tuyt i th khng c dng so snh bc nht, hn ch dng so
snh hn km, nu buc phi dng th b more, chng gm: unique/ extreme/ perfect/ supreme/ top/
absolute/prime/ primary
His drawings are perfect than mine.

20. Danh t dng lm tnh t

Trong ting Anh c nhiu trng hp mt danh t ng trc mt danh t khc lm nhim v ca mt tnh
t (a wool coat, a gold watch, a history teacher). Danh t i trc c vai tr ca mt tnh t, b ngha cho
danh t i sau. Cc danh t ng vai tr ca tnh t lun lun dng s t, cho d danh t c chng b
ngha c th dng s nhiu (tr mt vi trng hp c bit: a sports car, small-claims court, a no-frills
store...). Cc lin kt s m danh t (number-noun) lun c ngn cch bi du gch ni.
We took a five-week tour.
(We took a tour that lasted five weeks)
He has a two-year subscription to that magazine.
(His subscription to that magazine is for two years)
These are twenty-dollar shoes.
(These shoes cost twenty dollars.)

20.1 Khi no dng danh t lm tnh t, khi no dng tnh t ca danh t ?

Trong mt s trng hp nu dng danh t lm tnh t th n mang ngha en:
A gold watch = a watch made of gold.
Nhng nu dng tnh t th n mang ngha bng:
A golden opportunity = a chance that it is very rare and precious (qu gi).
Khng c dng tnh t b ngha cho danh t khi n ch tnh cht ngh nghip hoc ni dung, khi
phi dng danh t ng vai tr tnh t:
a mathematics teacher, a biology book

21. Cch dng Enough

Enough thay i v tr theo t loi ca t m n b ngha. N lun ng sau tnh t v ph t:
Are those french fries good enough for you?
She speak Spanish well enough to be an interpreter.
It is not cold enough now to wear a heavy jacket.
Nhng li ng trc danh t:
Do you have enough sugar for the cake?
He does not have enough money to attend the concert.
Nu danh t c nhc n trc , th di c th dng enough nh mt i t thay cho danh t
I forgot money. Do you have enough?

22. Much, many, a lot of v lots of trong mt s trng hp khc

22.1 Much & many
Many hoc much thng ng trc danh t. Many i vi danh t m c v much i vi danh t khng
m c:
She didnt eat much breakfast.
(C ta khng n sng nhiu)
There arent many large glasses left.
(Khng cn li nhiu cc ln)
Tuy nhin much of c th i vi tn ngi v tn a danh:
I have seen too much of Howard recently.
(Gn y ti hay gp Howard)
Not much of Denmark is hilly.
(an mch khng c my i ni)
Many/much of + determiner (a, the, this, my... ) + noun.
You cant see much of a country in a week.
(Anh khng th bit nhiu v mt nc trong vng mt tun u.)
I wont pass the exam. I have missed many of my lessons.
(Ti s khng thot c k thi ny mt, ti b qu nhiu bi.)
Many v much dng nhiu trong cu ph nh v cu nghi vn, trong cu khng nh c th dng cc loi t
khc nh plenty of, a lot, lots of... thay th.
How much money have you got? Ive got plenty.
He got lots of men friends, but he doesnt know many women.
Tuy vy trong ting Anh, much v many vn c dng bnh thng trong cu khng nh.
Much has been written about the causes of unemployment in the opinion of many economists.
Much dng nh mt ph t (much ng trc ng t nhng ng sau very v sau cu trc ph nh ca
cu):
I dont travel much these days. (much = very often)
I much appreciate your help. (much=highly)
We very much prefer the country to the town.
Janet much enjoyed her stay with your family.
Much too much / many so many ( nhn mnh) dng c lp sau mnh chnh, trc danh t m n b
ng.
The cost of a thirty-second commercial advertisement on a television show is $300,000, much too much for
most business.
Many a + singular noun + singular verb: Bit bao nhiu.

Many a strong man has disheartened before such a challenge.

(Bit bao chng trai trng kin nn lng trc mt th thch nh vy)
I have been to the top of the Effeil tower many a time.
Manys the + {smt that / sbody who} + singular verb
Manys the student who couldnt follow the post-graduate courses at universities and colleges under the
pressure of money.
(Bit bao nhiu sinh vin khng th theo hc cc trng H v C do thiu tin)
Manys the promise that has been broken.
(Bit bao nhiu li ha b phn bi)

22.2 Phn bit alot/ lots of/ plenty/ a great deal vi many/ much
Cc thnh ng trn u c ngha tng ng vi much/ many (nhiu) v most (a phn). A lot of/ lots of
(informal) = a great deal/ a large number of/ much/ many (formal).

Khng c khc nhau g my gia a lot of v lots of. Ch ng chnh sau hai thnh ng ny s quyt
nh vic chia ng t.
a lot of
lots of

| uncountable noun + singular verb

| plural noun + plural verb

A lot of time is needed to learn a language.

Lots of us think its time for an election.

Plenty of c dng ph bin trong informal English.

Dont rush, theres plenty of time.
Plenty of shops take checks.

A large a mount of = a great deal of + non-count noun (formal English)

I have thrown a large amount of old clothing.
Mr Lucas has spent a great deal of time in the Far East.

A lot v a great deal c th c dng lm ph t v v tr ca n l cui cu.

On holiday we walk and swim a lot.
The gorvernment seems to change its mind a great deal.

22.3 More & most

More + noun/noun phrase: dng nh mt nh ng

We need more time.
More university students are having to borrow money these day.

More + of + personal/geographic names

It would be nice to see more of Ray and Barbara.
(Rt hay khi c gp Ray v Barbara thng xuyn hn.)
Five hundred years ago, much more of Britain was covered with trees.
(500 nm trc y, a phn nc Anh ph nhiu rng hn by gi nhiu)

More of + determiner/pronoun (a/ the/ my/ this/ him/ them...)

He is more of a fool than I thought.
(N l mt thng ngu hn ti tng nhiu)
Three more of the missing climbers have been found.
Could I have some more of that smoked fish.
I dont think any more of them want to come.

One more/ two more... + noun/ noun phrase

There is just one more river to cross.

Nhng phi dng cardinal number (s m) + noun + more (Five dollars more) nu more mang
ngha thm na.
He has contributed $50, and now he wants to contribute $50 more.

Most + noun = a phn, a s

Most cheese is made from cows milk.
Most Swiss people understand French.

Most + determiner/ pronoun (a, the, this, my, him...) = Hu ht...

He has eaten 2 pizzas and most of a cold chicken.
Most of my friends live abroad.
She has eaten most of that cake.
Most of us thought he was wrong.

Most cng c dng thay cho mt danh t, nu trn, danh t hoc ch ng c nhc n.
Some people had difficulty with the lecture, but most understood.
Ann and Robby found a lot of blackberries, but Susan found the most.

Most + adjective khi mang ngha very (khng ph bin)

That is most kind of you.
Thank you for a most interesting afternoon.

22.4 Long & (for) a long time

Long c dng trong cu hi v cu ph nh.

Have you been waiting long?
It does not take long to get to her house.
She seldom stays long.

(for) a long time dng trong cu khng nh

I waited for a long time, but she didnt arrive.
It takes a long time to get to her house.

Long cng c dng trong cu khng nh khi i vi: too, enough, as, so
The meeting went on much too long.
I have been working here long enough. Its time to get a new job.
You can stay as long as you want.
Sorry! I took so long.

Long before (lu trc khi)/ long after (mi sau khi)/ long ago (cch y lu)
We used to live in Paris, but that was long before you were born.
Long after the accident he used to dream that he was dying.
Long ago, in a distant country, there lived a beautiful princess.

Long mang vai tr ph t phi t sau tr ng t, trc ng t chnh:

This is a problem that has long been recognized.

All (day/ night/ week/ year) long = sut c...

She sits dreaming all day long
(C ta ngi m mng sut c ngy).

Before + long = Ngay by gi, chng bao lu na

I will be back before long
(Ti s quay li ngay by gi).

Trong cu ph nh for a long time ( lu, trong mt thi gian di) khc vi for long (ngn, khng
di, chc lt)
She didnt speak for long.
(She only spoke for a short time)
She didnt speak for a long time.
(She was silent for a long time)

23. Cc cm t ni mang tnh quan h nhn qu

23.1 Because, Because of
Sau because phi mt mnh hon chnh (c c S v V) nhng sau because of phi l mt danh t hoc
ng danh t.
Jan was worried because it had started to rain.
Jan was worried because of the rain.
We arrived late because there was a traffic jam.
We arrived late because of a traffic jam.
C th dng because of thay cho on account of v due to v ngc li. Nhng thng dng due to sau ng
t to be.
The accident was due to the heavy rain.
Dng as a result of nhn mnh hu qu ca hnh ng hoc s vt, s vic.
He was blinded as a result of a terrible accident.
C th a mnh nguyn nhn ln u cu:
Because of the rain, we have cancelled the party.

23.2 So that
Trong cu trc ny ngi ta dng so that vi ngha sao cho, cho. Sau so that phi l mt mnh hon
chnh c c S v V. ng t mnh sau so that phi li mt thi so vi thi ca ng t mnh
chnh.
He studied very hard so that he could pass the test.
She is sending the package early so that it will arrive in the time for her sisters birthday.
Susan drove to Miami instead of flying so that she could save money.
Ch :

Phi phn bit so that trong cu trc ny vi so that mang ngha do (therefore). Cch phn bit l
thi ca ng t ng sau so that mang ngha do din bin bnh thng so vi thi ca ng
t mnh ng trc.
We heard nothing from him so that we wondered if he moved away.

Cng cn phn bit vi cu trc so + adj/adv + that nu phn sau.

Trong ting Anh ni c th b that trong cm so that nhng trong ting Anh vit khng c b that.
y l by m bi thi TOEFL thng nu ra.

23.3 So v such.

Ngi ta dng cu trc so/such .... that (n ni m) theo nhiu cch s dng.
23.3.1 Dng vi tnh t v ph t:

Terry ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.

Judy worked so diligently that she received an increase in salary.
She is so beautiful that anyone sees her once will never forget her.
The little boy looks so unhappy that we all feel sorry for him
23.3.2 Dng vi danh t m c s nhiu:

Cu trc vn l so ... that nhng phi dng many hoc few trc danh t .
I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.
The Smiths had so many children that they form their own baseball team.
23.3.3 Dng vi danh t khng m c:

Cu trc l so ... that nhng phi dng much hoc little trc danh t .
He has invested so much money in the project that he can't abandon it now.
The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
23.3.4 Dng vi danh t m c s t:
S + V + such + a + adjective + singular count noun + that + S + V
HOC
S + V + so + adjective + a + singular count noun + that + S + V
It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors.
It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
It was such an interesting book that he couldnt put it down.
It was so interesting a book that he couldnt put it down.
23.3.5 Dng such trc tnh t + danh t:

They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.
Lu : KHNG c dng so trong trng hp ny.

23.4 Mt s cm t ni khc:
23.4.1 Even if + negative verb: cho d.
You must go tomorrow even if you aren't ready.
23.4.2 Whether or not + positive verb: d c hay khng.
You must go tomorrow whether or not you are ready.
23.4.3 Cc t nghi vn ng u cu dng lm t ni
ng t theo sau mnh m u phi chia ngi th 3 s t.
Whether he goes out tonight depends on his girldfriend.
Why these pupils can not solve this problems makes the teachers confused.
23.4.4 Mt s cc t ni c quy lut ring
And moreover
And in addtion

And thus
or otherwise

And furthermore
And therefore

But nevertheless
But ... anyway

+ Nu ni gia hai mnh , ng trc chng phi c du phy

He was exhausted, and therefore his judgement was not very good.
+ Nhng nu ni gia hai t n th khng
The missing piece is small but nevertheless significant.
23.4.5 Unless + positive = if ... not: Tr phi, nu khng.
You will be late unless you start at once.
23.4.6 But for that + unreal condition: Nu khng th
Mnh sau n phi li mt thi.
+ Hin ti
My father pays my fee, but for that I couldn't be here.
+ Qu kh
My car broke down, but for that we would have been here in time.
23.4.7 Otherwise + real condition: Ko, nu khng th.
We must be back before midnight otherwise I will be locked out.
23.4.8 Otherwise + unreal condition: Ko, nu khng th.
Sau n phi l iu kin khng th thc hin c, mnh sau n li mt thi.
+ Hin ti
Her father supports her finance otherwise she couldn't conduct these experiments (But she can with her
father's support).
+ Qu kh:
I used a computer, otherwise I would have taken longer with these calculations (But he didn't take any

longer).
*Lu : Trong ting Anh thng tc (colloquial English) ngi ta dng or else thay th cho otherwise.
23.4.9 Provided/Providing that: Vi iu kin l, min l ( = as long as)
You can camp here providing that you leave no mess.
23.4.10 Suppose/Supposing = What ... if : Gi s .... th sao, Nu ..... th sao.
Suppose the plane is late? = What (will happen) if the plane is late?
Lu :
* Suppose cn c th c dng a ra li gi .
Suppose you ask him = Why don't you ask him.
* Lu thnh ng: What if I am?: Tao th th sao no? (mang tnh thch thc)
23.4.11 If only + S + simple present/will + verb = hope that: hi vng rng
If only he comes in time.
If only he will learn harder for the test next month.
23.4.12 If only + S + simple past/past perfect = wish that (Cu /k khng thc = gi m)
If only he came in time now.
If only she had studied harder for that test
23.4.13 If only + S + would + V:
+ Din t mt hnh ng khng th xy ra hin ti
If only he would drive more slowly = we wish he drove more slowly.
+ Din t mt c mun v vng v tng lai:
If only it would stop raining.
23.4.14 Immediately = as soon as = the moment (that) = the instant that = directly: ngay lp tc/ ngay
khi m
Tell me immediatly (=as soon as) you have any news.
Phone me the moment that you get the results.
I love you the instant (that) I saw you.
Directly I walked in the door I smelt smoke.

24. Cu b ng (passive voice)

Trong ting Anh, ngi ta rt hay dng cu b ng. Khc vi cu ch ng ch ng thc hin hnh ng,
trong cu b ng ch ng nhn tc ng ca hnh ng. Cu b ng c dng khi mun nhn mnh n
i tng chu tc ng ca hnh ng hn l bn thn hnh ng . Thi ca ng t cu b ng phi
tun theo thi ca ng t cu ch ng.
Nu l loi ng t c 2 tn ng, mun nhn mnh vo tn ng no ngi ta a tn ng ln lm ch ng
nhng thng thng ch ng hp l ca cu b ng l tn ng gin tip.
I gave him a book = I gave a book to him = He was given a book (by me).
t by + tn ng mi ng sau tt c cc tn ng khc. Nu sau by l mt i t v nhn xng mang ngha
ngi ta: by people, by sb th b hn n i.

Hin ti thng hoc Qu kh thng

am
is
are
+ [verb in past participle]
was
were
Active: Hurricanes destroy a great deal of property each year.
Passive: A great deal of property is destroyed by hurricanes each year.
Hin ti tip din hoc Qu kh tip din
am
is
are
+ being + [verb in past participle]
was
were
Active: The committee is considering several new proposals.
Passive: Several new proposals are being considered by the committee.
Hin ti hon thnh hoc Qu kh hon thnh
has
have
+ been + [verb in past participle]
had
Active: The company has ordered some new equipment.
Passive: Some new equipment has been ordered by the company.

modal

Tr ng t
+ be + [verb in past participle]

Active: The manager should sign these contracts today.

Passive: These contracts should be signed by the manager today.
Cc ni ng t (ng t khng yu cu 1 tn ng no) khng c dng b ng.
My leg hurts.
c bit khi ch ng chu trch nhim chnh ca hnh ng cng khng c chuyn thnh cu b ng.
The US takes charge: Nc M nhn lnh trch nhim
Nu l ngi hoc vt trc tip gy ra hnh ng th dng by nhng nu l vt gin tip gy ra hnh ng th
dng with.
The bird was shot with the gun.
The bird was shot by the hunter.
Trong mt s trng hp to be/to get + P2 hon ton khng mang ngha b ng m mang 2 ngha:

Ch trng thi, tnh hung m ch ng ang gp phi.

Could you please check my mailbox while I am gone.
He got lost in the maze of the town yesterday.

Ch vic ch ng t lm ly
The little boy gets dressed very quickly.
- Could I give you a hand with these tires.
- No thanks, I will be done when I finish tightening these bolts.

Mi s bin i v thi v th u nhm vo ng t to be, cn phn t 2 gi nguyn.

to be made of: c lm bng ( cp n cht liu lm nn vt)
This table is made of wood
to be made from: c lm ra t ( cp n vic nguyn vt liu b bin i khi trng thi ban u
lm nn vt)
Paper is made from wood
to be made out of: c lm bng ( cp n qu trnh lm ra vt)
This cake was made out of flour, butter, sugar, eggs and milk.
to be made with: c lm vi ( cp n ch mt trong s nhiu cht liu lm nn vt)
This soup tastes good because it was made with a lot of spices.
Phn bit thm v cch dng marry v divorce trong 2 th: ch ng v b ng. Khi khng c tn ng th
ngi Anh a dng get maried v get divorced trong dng informal English.
Lulu and Joe got maried last week. (informal)
Lulu and Joe married last week. (formal)
After 3 very unhappy years they got divorced. (informal)
After 3 very unhappy years they dovorced. (formal)
Sau marry v divorce l mt tn ng trc tip th khng c gii t: To mary / divorce smb
She married a builder.
Andrew is going to divorce Carola
To be/ get married/ to smb (gii t to l bt buc)
She got married to her childhood sweetheart.
He has been married to Louisa for 16 years and he still doesnt understand her.

25. Mt s cu trc cu khin (causative)

25.1 To have sb do sth = to get sb to do sth = Sai ai, khin ai, bo ai lm g
Ill have Peter fix my car.
Ill get Peter to fix my car.

25.2 To have/to get sth done = lm mt vic g bng cch thu ngi khc
I have my hair cut. (Ti i ct tc - ch khng phi ti t ct)
I have my car washed. (Ti mang xe i ra ngoi dch v - khng phi t ra)
Theo khuynh hng ny ng t to want v would like cng c th dng vi mu cu nh vy: To want/
would like Sth done. (t dng)
I want/ would like my car washed.
Cu hi dng cho loi mu cu ny l: What do you want done to Sth?
What do you want done to your car?

25.3 To make sb do sth = to force sb to do sth = Bt buc ai phi lm g

The bank robbers made the manager give them all the money.
The bank robbers forced the manager to give them all the money.
ng sau tn ng ca make cn c th dng 1 tnh t: To make sb/sth + adj

Wearing flowers made her more beautiful.

Chemical treatment will make this wood more durable
25.4.1 To make sb + P2 = lm cho ai b lm sao
Working all night on Friday made me tired on Saturday.
25.4.2 To cause sth + P2 = lm cho ci g b lm sao
The big thunder storm caused many waterfront houses damaged.
Nu tn ng ca make l mt ng t nguyn th th phi t it gia make v tnh t, t ng t ra pha
ng sau: make it + adj + V as object.
The wire service made it possible to collect and distribute news faster and cheaper.
Tuy nhin nu tn ng ca make l 1 danh t hay 1 ng danh t th khng c t it gia make v tnh t:
Make + adj + noun/ noun phrase.
The wire service made possible much speedier collection and distribution of news.

25.5 To let sb do sth = to permit/allow sb to do sth = cho ai, cho php ai lm g

I let me go.
At first, she didnt allow me to kiss her but...

25.6 To help sb to do sth/do sth = Gip ai lm g

Please help me to throw this table away.
She helps me open the door.
Nu tn ng ca help l mt i t v nhn xng mang ngha ngi ta th khng cn phi nhc n tn ng
v b lun c to ca ng t ng sau.
This wonder drug will help (people to) recover more quickly.
Nu tn ng ca help v tn ng ca ng t sau n trng hp vi nhau, ngi ta s b tn ng sau help v
b lun c to ca ng t ng sau.
The body fat of the bear will help (him to) keep him alive during hibernation.

25.7 Ba ng t c bit: see, watch, hear

l nhng ng t m ng ngha ca chng s thay i i cht khi ng t sau tn ng ca chng cc
dng khc nhau.
+ To see/to watch/ to hear sb/sth do sth (hnh ng c chng kin t u n cui)
I heard the telephone ring and then John answered it.
+ To see/to watch/ to hear sb/sth doing sth (hnh ng khng c chng kin trn vn m ch mt thi
im)
I heard her singing at the time I came home.

26. Cu phc hp v i t quan h

Ting Anh c 2 loi cu:
- Cu n gin: l cu c 1 thnh phn v ch cn nh vy cu cng ngha.

- Cu phc hp: l loi cu c 2 thnh phn (2 mnh ) chnh/ph ni vi nhau bng mt t gi l i t

quan h.

26.1 That v which lm ch ng ca mnh ph

N ng u cu ph, thay th cho danh t bt ng vt ng trc n v ng vai tr ch ng ca cu ph.
Trong trng hp ny khng th lc b that hoc which:
We bought the stereo that had been advertised at a reduced price.
(We bought the stereo. It had been advertised at a reduced price)

26.2 That v which lm tn ng ca mnh ph

N thay th cho danh t bt ng vt ng trc n, m u cu ph nhng ng vai tr tn ng trong cu
ph. Trong trng hp ny c th lc b that hoc which:
George is going to buy the house (that) we have been thinking of buying.
(George is going to buy a house. We have been thinking of buying it.)
Ngi ta dng that ch khng dng which khi:
+ ng trc n l mt tnh t so snh bc nht + danh t
That is the best novel that has been written by this author.
+ Khi ng trc n l mt s cc i t phim ch nh all, some, any, anything, everything, much, little,
nothing v.v..
I want to see all that he possesses.
All the apples that fall are eaten by pig.

26.3 Who lm ch ng ca mnh ph

N thay th cho danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt ng trc n v ng vai tr ch ng ca cu ph. Trong
trng hp ny khng th lc b who:
The man who is in this room is angry.

26.4 Whom lm tn ng ca mnh ph

N thay th cho danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt (ng vt nui trong nh) ng trc n v ng tr tn
ng ca cu ph; n c th b i c.
The men (whom) I don't like are angry.
Nu whom lm tn ng ca mt ng ng t bao gm 1 Verb + 1 gii t th li vit chun nht l a gii t
ln trc whom.
The man to whom you have just talked is the chairman of the company.
Tuy nhin nu whom l tn ng ca mt ng ng t bao gm 1 ng t + 2 gii t th 2 gii t vn phi
ng ng sau ng t.
The man whom you are looking forward to is the chairman of the company.
Khng c dng who thay cho whom trong vn vit d n c chp nhn trong vn ni.

26.5 Mnh ph bt buc v khng bt buc.

26.5.1 Mnh ph bt buc.

L loi mnh bt buc phi c mt trong cu, nu b i cu s mt ngha ban u. Nn dng that lm
ch ng cho loi cu ny mc d which vn c chp nhn. Cu ph thng ng xen vo gia cu chnh
hoc ni lin vi cu chnh v khng tch ri khi n bi bt c du phy no. Trong v d sau nu b i
mnh ph c gch chn th cu s mang ngha hon ton khc:
Weeds that float to the surface should be removed before they decay.
26.5.2 Mnh ph khng bt buc
L loi mnh mang thng tin ph trong cu, nu b n i cu khng mt ngha ban u. Khng c
dng that lm ch ng m phi dng which, cho d which c l tn ng ca mnh ph cng khng c
php b n i. Cu ph thng ng chen vo gia cu chnh v bt buc phi tch khi cu chnh bng 2
du phy. Xt hai v d sau:
My car, which is very large, uses too much gasoline.
This rum, which I bought in the Virgin Islands, is very smooth.
26.5.3 Tm quan trng ca vic s dng du phy i vi mnh ph
nhng mnh ph bt buc, khi khng dng du phy tc l mnh ph xc nh mt gii hn i vi
danh t ng trc trong mnh chnh
The travelers who knew about the flood took another road. (Nhng ngi bit v trn l u chn ng
khc)
The wine that was stored in the cellar was ruined.
i vi nhng mnh ph khng bt buc, khi c du phy ngn cch th n khng xc nh gii hn i
vi danh t ng trc n.
The travelers, who knew about the flood, took another road. (Tt c nhng ngi...)
The wine, which was stored in the cellar, was ruined.
Note: Cc nguyn tc trn y ch dng trong vn vit, khng dng trong vn ni. Li ng php ca TOEFL
khng tnh n mnh ph bt buc nhng s tr im nu phm phi li mnh ph khng bt buc.

26.6 Cch s dng All, Both, Some, Several, Most, Few + Of + Whom/ Which
Her sons, both of whom are working abroad, call her every week. (khng c ni both of them)
The buses, most of which were full of passengers, began to pull out.
Tuyt i khng c dng i t nhn xng tn ng: them, us trong trng hp ny.
- What (the things that) c th lm tn ng cho mnh ph cng lc lm ch ng cho mnh chnh/ hoc
lm ch ng ca c 2 mnh chnh, ph:
What we have expected is the result of the test.
What happened to him yesterday might happen to us tomorrow.
- Whose (ca ngi m, ca con m) c th thay th cho danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt trc n v ch
s s hu ca ngi hoc ng vt i vi danh t i sau.
James, whose father is the president of the company, has received a promotion.

Trong li vn vit trang trng nn dng of which thay th cho danh t bt ng vt mc d whose vn
c chp nhn.
Savings account, of which interest rate is quite hight, is very common now. (of which = whose)
Hoc dng with + noun/ noun phrase thay cho whose
A house whose walls were made of glass is easy to break = A house with glass walls is easyto break.

26.7 Cch loi b i t quan h trong mnh ph

i vi nhng mnh ph bt buc ngi ta c th (khng bt buc) loi b i t quan h v ng t to
be (cng vi cc tr ng t ca n) trong mt s trng hp sau:

Trc mt mnh ph m cu trc ng t thi b ng.

This is the value of X (which was) obtained from the areas under the normal curve.

Trc mt mnh ph m sau n l mt ng gii t.

The beaker (that is) on the counter contains a solution.

Trc mt cu trc ng t th tip din.

The girl (who is) running down the street might be in trouble.

Ngoi ra trong mt s trng hp khi i t quan h trong mnh ph bt buc gn lin vi ch

ng ng trc n v mnh ph y din t qui lut ca s kin, ngi ta c th b i t quan h
v ng t chnh thay vo bng mt Verb-ing.
The travelers taking (who take) this bus on a daily basis buy their ticket in booking.

Trong nhng mnh ph khng bt buc ngi ta cng c th loi b i t quan h v ng t to

be khi n ng trc mt ng danh t. Tuy nhin phn ng danh t cn li vn phi ng gia 2 du
phy.
Mr Jackson, (who is) a professor, is traveling in the Mideast this year.

Mt trng hp khc rt ph bin l loi b i t quan h v ng t chnh, thay vo bng mt

Verb-ing khi mnh ph ny b ngha cho mt tn ng.
The president made a speech for the famous man visiting (who visited) him.

27. Cch s dng mt s cu trc P1

Have sb/sth + doing: lm cho ai lm g.

John had us laughing all through the meal.

S + won't have sb + doing = S + won't allow sb to do sth: khng cho php ai lm g

I won't have him telling me what to do.

Cc cm phn t: adding, pointing out, reminding, warning, reasoning that u c th m u cho

mt mnh ph gin tip.
He told me to start early, reminding me that the road would be crowded.
Reasoning that he could only get to the lake, we followed that way.

To catch sb doing sth: bt gp ai ang lm g (hm b pht lng).

If she catches you reading her diary, she will be furious.

To find sb/sth doing sth: Thy ai/ ci g ang lm g

I found him standing at the doorway
He found a tree lying across the road.

To leave sb doing sth: ai lm g

I left Bob talking to the director after the introduction.

Go/come doing sth (dng cho th thao v mua sm)

Go skiing/ go swimming/ go shopping/ come dancing

To spend time doing sth: B thi gian lm g

He usually spends much time preparing his lessons.

To waste time doing: hao ph thi gian lm g

She wasted all the afternoon having small talks with her friends.

To have a hard time/trouble doing sth: Gp kh khn khi lm g

He has trouble listening to English. I had a hard time doing my homework.

To be worth doing sth: ng lm g

This project is worth spending time and money on.

To be busy doing something: bn lm g

She is busy packing now.

Be no/ not much/ any/ some good doing smt: Khng c ch, t khi c ch (lm g)
It's no good my talking to him: Ni chuyn vi anh ta ti ch thy c ch g.
What good is it asking her: Hi c ta th c ch g c ch

P1 c s dng rt ngn nhng cu di:

o

Hai hnh ng xy ra song song cng mt lc th hnh ng th hai dng V-ing, hai hnh
ng khng tch ri khi nhau bi bt k du phy no.
He drives away and whistles = He drives away whistling.

Khi hnh ng th hai hoc cc hnh ng tip sau theo n l mt phn trong qu trnh din
bin ca hnh ng th nht th hnh ng th hai hoc cc hnh ng tip theo sau n
dng V-ing. Gia hai hnh ng c ngn cch nhau bi du phy.
She went out and slammed the door = She went out, slamming the door.

Khi hnh ng th 2 hoc cc hnh ng sau n l kt qu ca hnh ng th nht th hnh

ng th 2 v cc hnh ng tip theo s dng V-ing. N s ngn cch vi hnh ng chnh
bng mt du phy.
He fired two shots, killling a robber and wounding the other.

Hnh ng th 2 khng cn chung ch ng vi hnh ng th nht m ch cn l kt qu ca

hnh ng th nht cng c th dng V-ing.
The plane crashed, its bombs exploding when it hit the ground.

28. Cch s dng mt s cu trc P2

Whould (should) like + to have + P2 : Din t mt c mun khng thnh.

He would like to have seen the photos = He would have liked to see the photos (But he
couldn't).

Dng vi mt s ng t: to appear, to seem, to happen, to pretend

Nn nh rng hnh ng ca nguyn mu hon thnh xy ra trc hnh ng ca mnh chnh.
He seems to have passed the exam = It seems that he has passed the exam.
She pretended to have read the material = She pretended that she had read the material.

Dng vi sorry, to be sorry + to have + P2: Hnh ng ca nguyn mu hon thnh xy ra trc
trng thi sorry.
The girls were sorry to have missed the Rock Concert
(The girls were sorry that they had missed the Rock Concert.)

Dng vi mt s cc ng t sau y th b ng: to ackowledge. believe, consider, find, know,

report, say, suppose, think, understand. Hnh ng ca nguyn mu hon thnh xy ra trc hnh
ng ca mnh chnh.
He was believed to have gone out of the country.
(It was believed that he had gone out of the country.)

Dng vi mt s cc ng t khc nh to claim, expect, hope, promise. c bit lu rng hnh

ng ca nguyn mu hon thnh s future perfect so vi thi ca ng t mnh chnh.
He expects to have graduated by June.
(He expects that he will have graduated by June.)
He promised to have told me the secret by the end of this week.
(He promised that he would have told me the secret by the end of this week.)

29. Nhng cch s dng khc ca that

Ngoi vic s dng trong mnh quan h, that cn c dng trong mt s trng hp khc nh dng lm
lin t, dng trong mnh that.

29.1 That dng vi t cch l mt lin t (rng)

29.1.1 Trng hp khng bt buc phi c that
ng sau 4 ng t say, tell, think, believe th that c th b i c.
John said (that) he was leaving next week.
29.1.2 Trng hp bt buc phi c that.
ng sau 4 ng t mention, declare, report, state th that bt buc phi c mt.
George mentioned that he was going to France next year.
That vn bt buc phi c mt mnh th 3 trong cu nu mnh chnh s dng mt trong 4 ng t
trn.
The Major declared that on June the first he would announce the result of the search and that he would
never overlook the crime punishment.

29.2 Mnh that

L loi mnh c cha that.
29.2.1 Dng vi ch ng gi it v tnh t.
It + to be + adj + That + S + V = That + S + V ... to be + adj
It is well known that many residents of third world countries are dying.
That many residents of third world countries are dying is well known.
29.2.2 Dng vi ng t to thnh mt mnh c lp.
It + verb + complement + That + S + V = That + S + V + ... +V +
complement
It surprises me that John would do such a thing
That John would do such a thing surprises me.

Ngi ta dng ch ng gi it trong vn ni d nhn bit v that lm ch ng tht trong vn vit. Trong
mt s trng hp ngi ta o ng gii t ln u cu, lin t hoc ng t tnh o ln trn THAT v sau
mi l ch ng tht. Cng thc s dng nh sau:
Prepositional phrase + link verb/stative verb + THAT + sentence as real subject, and THAT + sentence as real
subject.
Among the surprising discoveries were that T.rex was a far sleeker but more powerful carnivore than
previously thought, perhaps weighing less than 6.5 tons - no more than a bull elephant, and that T.rex habitat
was forest, not swamp or plain as previously believed.
(Mt trong s nhng pht hin ngc nhin l ch loi khng long bo cha l mt loi n tht c thn hnh
thon nh hn nhiu, song dng mnh hn ngi ta tng ngh trc y, c l cn nng cha n 6 tn
ri - tc l khng ln hn mt con voi c, v rng mi trng sng ca loi khng long ny l rng ch
khng phi l m ly hay ng bng nh ngi ta vn tng.)
The fact that + sentence
The fact remains that + sentence
The fact of the matter is that + sentence
The fact that Simon had not been home for 3 days didnt seem to worry anybody.

30. Cu gi nh (subjunctive)
Cu gi nh hay cn gi l cu cu khin l loi cu i tng th nht mun i tng th hai lm mt
vic g. Cu gi nh c tnh cht cu khin ch khng mang tnh p buc nh cu mnh lnh. Trong cu gi
nh, ngi ta dng dng nguyn th khng c to ca cc ng t sau mt s ng t chnh mang tnh cu
khin. Thng c that trong cu gi nh tr mt s trng hp c bit.

30.1 Dng vi would rather that

Ng php hin i ngy nay c bit l ng php M cho php dng would rather m khng cn dng that
trong loi cu ny.
We would rather (that) he not take this train.

30.2 Dng vi ng t.
Bng sau l nhng ng t i hi mnh sau n phi dng gi nh v trong cu bt buc phi c that
trong trng hp .
advise
demand
prefer
require

ask
insist
propose
stipulate

command
move
recommend
suggest

decree
order
request
urge

ng t sau ch ng 2 dng nguyn th khng chia b to. Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh t not sau
ch ng 2 trc nguyn th b to.
Subject + verb + that + subject + [verb in simple form] + ...
The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking.
The doctor suggested that his patient not stop smoking.

Nu b that i th ch ng 2 s tr v dng tn ng v ng t sau n tr v dng nguyn th c to, cu mt

tnh cht gi nh, tr thnh mt dng mnh lnh thc gin tip.
The doctor suggested his patient to stop smoking.
The doctor suggested his patient not to stop smoking.
Trong ng php Anh-Anh trc ng t mnh 2 thng c should, ngi Anh ch b should khi sau n
l ng t to be nhng ng php Anh-M khng dng should cho ton b ng t mnh 2.

30.3 Dng vi tnh t.

Bng sau l mt s cc tnh t i hi mnh sau n phi dng gi nh, trong cu bt buc phi c that
v ng t sau ch ng 2 dng nguyn th b to.
advised
necessary
recommended
urgent

important
obligatory
required
imperative

mandatory
proposed
suggested

Lu rng trong bng ny c mt s tnh t l phn t 2 cu to t cc ng t bng trn. Nu mun cu

to ph nh t not sau ch ng 2 trc nguyn th b to.
It + be + adj + that + S + [verb in simple form]
It is necessary that he find the books.
It is necessary that he not find the books.
It has been proprosed that we change the topic.
It has been proprosed that we not change the topic.
Nu b that i th ch ng 2 s bin thnh tn ng sau gii t for, ng t tr v dng nguyn th c to v
cu mt tnh cht gi nh tr thnh dng mnh lnh thc gin tip.
It is necessary for him to find the books.
It is necessary for him not to find the books.
It has been proprosed for us to change the topic.
It has been proprosed for us not to change the topic.
Lu :

Cu gi nh dng vi 2 loi trn thng c dng trong cc vn bn hoc th giao dch din t li
ngh t pha A -> B m khng c tnh bt buc.

Khng ch c ng t v tnh t mi c dng theo dng ny, tt c cc danh t xut pht t nhng
ng t v tnh t trn u buc mnh sau n phi dng gi nh, nu nh n din t cc yu t
trn.
There is suggestion from the doctor that the patient stop smoking.
It is recommendation that the vehicle owner be present at the court

30.4 Th gi nh trong mt s trng hp khc

Dng din t mt c mun hoc mt li nguyn ra, thng bao hm cc th lc siu nhin.
God be with you = Good bye.
Curse this toad: Cht tit ci con cc ny.

Dng vi ng t May trong mt s trng hp c bit sau:

Come what may = D th no chng na, d bt c truyn g.

Come what may we will stand by you.

May as well not do sth .... if .... = C th ng..... nu khng.

You may as well not come if you can't be on time.
Cc anh c th ng n nu khng n c ng gi.

May/Might (just) as well do smt = Chng mt g m li khng, mt g ca b.

Since nobody wants that job, we might (just) as well let him have it:
V khng ai thch vic ny, mnh chng mt g m li khng cho hn ta lm n

May din t mt li ngh m ngi ni cho rng cha chc n c thc hin:
The sign on the lawn says clearly that people may not walk on the grass.
(khng dng should trong trng hp ny).

May + S + link verb + adj hoc May + S + verb + complement (Cu chc cho).
May you both very happy: Chc cc bn bch nin giai lo.
May the conference be successful: Chc hi ngh thnh cng rc r.
Long may she live to enjoy her good fortune: Chc cho nng sng lu hng vn
may ca nng.

If need be = If necessary = Nu cn
If need be, we can take another road.

Dng vi ng t to be, b to sau if ch mt s gi nh cha c phn nh r rng l ng hay

sai.
If that be right, then it would be no defence for this man to say he's innocent.

Let it be me: Gi s l ti, gi phi tay ti.

- Husband: Let it be me.
- Wife (suddenly appearing) : If that be you, what would you do.

Be that as it may... = whether that is true or not... = Cho d l phi th hay khng.
Be that as it may, you have to accept it.

Then so be it: C phi vy thi.

If we have to pay $2,000, then so be it (th c phi tr thi)

Cu gi nh dng vi it + to be + time
o

It's time (for sb) to do smt: n lc ai phi lm g (Thi gian va vn, khng mang tnh gi
nh).
It's time for me to get to the airport: n lc ti phi ra sn bay.

It's time (hightime/about time) (for sb) did smt: n lc m (thi gian tr, mang tnh gi
nh)
It's time I got to the airport
It's hightime the city government did smt to stop the traffic jam.

31. Li ni bao hm (inclusive)

l li ni gp hai trong cu lm mt thng qua mt s cc cm t. Hai thnh phn trong cu phi tng
ng nhau v mt t loi: danh t vi danh t, tnh t vi tnh t, ...

31.1 Not only ..... but also (khng nhng ... m cn)

Robert is not only talented but also handsome. (adjective-adjective)

He writes not only correctly but also neatly. (adverb-adverb)
She can play not only the guitar but also the violin. (noun-noun)
She not only plays the piano but also composes music. (verb-verb)
Thnh phn sau but also thng quyt nh thnh phn sau not only.
Incorrect: He is not only famous in Italy but also in Switzerland.
Correct: He is famous not only in Italy but also in Switzerland.

31.2 As well as (va ... va ...)

Cng ging nh cu trc trn, cc thnh phn ng trc v ng sau cm t ny phi tng ng vi
nhau.

Robert is talented as well as handsome. (adjective-adjective)

He writes correctly as well as neatly. (adverb-adverb)
She plays the guitar as well as the violin. (noun-noun)
Paul plays the piano as well as composes music. (verb-verb)
Khng c nhm thnh ng ny vi as well as ca hin tng ng ch ng mang ngha cng vi.
The teacher, as well as her students, is going to the concert.
My cousins, as well as Tim, have a test tomorrow.

31.3 Both ..... and... (va ... va)

Cng thc dng ging ht nh Not only .... but also. Both ch c dng vi and, khng c dng vi as
well as.
Robert is both talented and handsome.
Paul both plays the piano and composes music.

32. to know, to know how.

Know how thng c dng th hin mt ngi c k nng hoc c kh nng lm mt vic g
. Do n thng c dng trc mt ng t dng nguyn th (c to).
S + know how + [verb in infinitive] ....

Bill know how to play tennis well.

Mai and her sisters know how to prepare Chinese food.
Do you know how to use this kind of ATM?
ng sau to know how cng c th dng mt mnh din t kh nng hoc s bt buc.
At a glance, she knew how she could solve this math problem.

Know, ngc li, thng c dng trc mt danh t, mt ng gii t hoc mt mnh .

Jason knew the answer to the teacher's question. (a noun)

No one know about his accepting the new position. (a prepositional phrase)
I didn't know that you were going to France. (a sentence)

33. Mnh th hin s nhng b

l loi mnh din t hai tri ngc trong cng mt cu.

33.1 Despite/Inspite of (bt chp, cho d, ...)

ng sau hai cm t ny phi dng mt danh t hoc ng danh t, khng c dng mt cu hon chnh.
Despite his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.
In spite of his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.
Jane will be admitted to the university in spite of her bad grades.
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades.

33.2 Although/Even though/Though (mc du)

ng sau 3 cm t ny phi dng mt mnh hon chnh (c c ch ng v ng t), khng c dng
mt danh t.
Although he has a physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.
Jane will be admitted to the university even though she has bad grades.
Nu though ng mt mnh, cui cu, tch bit khi cu chnh bi du phy th n mang ngha tuy nhin.
He promised to call me, till now I haven't received any call from him, though.

33.3 However + adj + S + linkverb = d c .... i chng na th ....

However strong you are, you can't move this rock.

33.4 Although/ Albeit + Adjective/ Adverb/ Averbial Modifier

Her appointment was a significant, althought/ albeit temporary success.

Vic b y c b nhim l mt thnh cng quan trng, nhng du sao cng ch l nht thi)
Her performed the task well, althought/ albeit slowly
Anh ta thc hin nhim v kh tt, tuy rng chm.

34. Nhng ng t d gy nhm ln

Nhng ng t bng sau rt d gy nhm ln v mt ng ngha, chnh t hoc pht m.

Nguyn th
rise

Ni ng t
Qu kh (P1)
Qu kh phn t (P2)
rose
risen

Verb-ing
rising

lie

lay

lain

lying

sit

sat

sat

sitting

Nguyn th
raise

Ngoi ng t
Qu kh (P1)
Qu kh phn t (P2)
raised
raised

Verb-ing
raising

lay

laid

laid

laying

set

set

set

setting

To rise : Dng ln, t nng ln, t tng ln.

The sun rises early in the summer.
Prices have risen more than 10% this year.
He rose early so that he could play golf before the others.
When oil and water mix, oil rises to the top.

To raise smt/sb: Nng ai, ci g ln.

The students raise their hands in class.
OPEC countries have raised the price of oil.

To lie: Nm, , ti.

To lie in: ti
To lie down: nm xung.
To lie on: nm trn.
The university lies in the western section of town.
Don't disturb Mary, she has laid down for a rest.
* Lu : Cn phn bit ng t ny vi to lie (ni di) trong mu cu to lie to sb about smt (ni di
ai v ci g):
He is lying to you about the test.

To lay smt: t, ci g vo v tr no
To lay smt on: t trn
To lay smt in: t vo
To lay smt down: t xung.
Don't lay your clothes on the bed.

The enemy soldiers laid down their weapons and surrendered.

* Lu : Thi hin ti ca ng t ny rt d ngy nhm ln vi qu kh n gin ca ng t to lie.
Cn phi phn bit bng ng cnh c th.

To sit: ngi
To sit in: ngi ti, ngi trong.
To sit on: ngi trn ( ngi sn).
To set = to put, to lay: t, .
We are going to sit in the fifth row at the opera.
After swimming, she sat on the beach to dty off.
Nobody has sat through as many boring lectures as Petes has.
* Lu : Pht m hin ti n gin ca ng t ny rt d ln vi Simple past ca to sit.

To set smt: t ci g, by ci g, ci g
The little girl help her father set the table every night.
The botanist set his plants in the sun so that they would grow.

Mt s cc thnh ng dng vi cc ng t trn:

o

to set the table for: by bn .

My mother has set the table for the family dinner.

to lay off (workers. employees): cho thi vic, gin th.

The company had to lay off twenty-five employees because of a production slowdown.

to set (broken bone) in: b nhng ci xng gy vo.

Dr.Jacobs has set many broken bones in plaster casts.

to set one's alarm for: t ng h bo thc vo lc.

John set his alarm for six o'clock.

to set fire to: lm chy

While playing with matches, the children set fire to the sofa.

to raise (animals, plants) for a living: trng ci g, nui con g bn ly tin.

That farmer raises chickens for a living.

35. Mt s cc ng t c bit khc

l nhng ng t trong cc mu cu khc nhau s c ngha khc nhau.

agree to do smt: ng lm g
He agreed to leave early tomorrow morning.

agree to one's doing smt: ng vi vic ai lm g.

He agreed to my leaving early tomorrow morning.

Mean to do smt: nh lm g.
I mean to get to the top of the hill before sunrise.

If it + mean + verb-ing: cho d c vic, bao hm c vic.

My neighbour was determined to get a ticket for Saturday's game if it meant standing in line all
night.

Propose to do smt: c nh lm g.
I propose to start tomorrow.

Propose doing smt: ngh lm g

I propose waiting till the police came.

Go on doing smt/smt: tip tc lm g, ci g (mt vic ang b b d)

He went on writing after a break

Go on to do smt: Quay sang tip tc lm g (vn v cng mt vn nhng chuyn sang kha cnh
khc)
He showed the island on the map then went on to tell about its climate.

Try to do smt: c gng lm g

He try to solve this math problem.

Try doing smt: Th lm g

I try sending her flowers, writing her letter, giving her presents, but she still wouldnt speak to
me.

36. S ph hp v thi gia hai v ca mt cu

Trong mt cu ting Anh c 2 v (hai mnh ) th thi ca ng t hai thnh phn phi ph hp vi
nhau. Thi ca ng t mnh chnh s quyt nh thi ca ng t mnh ph.
MNH CHNH
MNH PH
Simple present
Present progressive
Hnh ng ca mnh ph xy ra cng lc vi hnh ng ca mnh chnh
I see that Hung is writing a letter.
Do you know who is riding the horse?
Simple present
Will/ Can/ May + Verb (hoc Near future)
Hnh ng ca mnh ph xy ra sau hnh ng ca mnh chnh trong mt tng lai khng
c xc nh hoc tng lai gn.
He says that he will look for a job.
I know that she is going to win that prize.
She says that she can play the piano.
Simple present
Simple past
Hnh ng ca mnh ph xy ra trc hnh ng ca mnh chnh trong mt qu kh c
xc nh c th v mt thi gian.
I hope he arrived safely.
They think he was here last night.
Simple present
Present perfect (progressive)
Hnh ng ca mnh ph xy ra trc hnh ng ca mnh chnh trong mt qu kh khng
c xc nh c th v mt thi gian.
He tells us that he has been to Saigon before.
We know that you have spoken with Mike about the party.
Simple past
Past progressive/ Simple past
Hnh ng ca mnh ph xy ra cng lc vi hnh ng ca mnh chnh trong qu kh.
I gave the package to my sister when she visited us last week.
Mike visited us while he was staying in Hanoi.
Simple past
Would/ Could/ Might + Verb
Hnh ng ca mnh ph xy ra sau hnh ng ca mnh chnh trong mt tng lai trong
qu kh.
He said that he would look for a job.
Mary said that she could play the piano.

Simple past
Past perfect
Hnh ng ca mnh ph xy ra trc hnh ng ca mnh chnh, li su v trong qu kh.
I hoped he had arrived safely.
They thought he had been here last night.
Lu : Nhng nguyn tc trn y ch c p dng khi cc mnh trong cu c lin h vi nhau v mt
thi gian nhng nu cc mnh trong cu c thi gian ring bit th ng t phi tun theo thi gian ca
chnh mnh .
He promised to tell me, till now I haven't received any call from him, though.

37. Cch s dng to say, to tell

Hai ng t ny c ngha ging nhau nhng cch dng khc nhau. Nu sau ch ng khng c mt tn ng
gin tip no (tc l ta khng cp n i tng no nghe trong cu) th phi dng to say, ngc li th
dng to tell.
S + say + (that) + S + V...
He says that he is busy today.
Henry says that he has already done his homework.
Nhng nu sau ch ng c mt tn ng gin tip (c cp n ngi nghe) ri mi n lin t that th phi
dng to tell.
S + tell + indirect object + (that) + S +V...
He told us a story last night.
He tells me to stay here, waiting for him.
To tell cng thng c tn ng trc tip. Lun dng to tell khi ni n cc danh t sau y, cho d c tn
ng gin tip hay khng:

Tell

a story
ajoke
asecret
a lie
the truth
(the) time

Never tell a secret to a person who spreads gossip.

The little boy was punished because he told his mother a lie.

38. One v You

C hai i t ny trong mt s trng hp u mang ngha "mt ngi" hoc "anh ta", "ch ta", tuy nhin
ng php s dng c khc nhau.

38.1 One
Nu u cu s dng i t one th cc i t tng ng tip theo mnh di phi l one, one's,
he, his.

If one takes this exam without studying, one is likely to fail.

(Nu mt ngi khng hc bi m i thi th anh ta rt d b trt)
If one takes this exam without studying, he is likely to fail.
One should always do one's homework.
One should always do his homework.
Lu mt s ngi do cn thn mun trnh phn bit nam/ n dng he or she, his or her nhng iu
l khng cn thit. Cc i t ch c s dng khi no pha trn c nhng danh t chung chung nh
the side, the party.
The judge will ask the defendant party (bn b co- danh t chung) if he or she admits the allegations.

38.2 You
Nu i t u cu l you th cc i t tng ng tip theo di s l you hoc your.
If you take this exam without studying, you are likely to fail.
You should always do your homework.
Tuyt i khng dng ln one v you trong cng mt cu hoc dng they thay th cho hai i t ny.

39. i trc i t phi c mt danh t tng ng vi n

Trong mt cu ting Anh c 2 mnh , nu mnh th hai c dng n i t nhn xng th mnh
u phi c mt danh t i t i din. Danh t i trc, gii thiu i t phi tng ng vi i
t v ging v s.
Incorrect:
Henry was denied admission to graduate school because they did not believe that he could handle the
work load.
(i t they khng c danh t no i trc n n lm i din. "graduate school" l mt n v s t nn
khng th c i din bi they.)
Correct:
1. The members of the admissions committee denied Henry admission to graduate school because they did
not believe that he could handle the work load.
2. Henry was denied admission to graduate school because the members of the admissions committee did
not believe that he could handle the work load.
Incorrect:
George dislikes politics because he believes that they are corrupt.
George khng thch chnh tr bi v anh cho rng h tham nhng. i t they cng khng c danh t
tng ng i trc. Politics l mt danh t s t nn khng th c i din bi they
Correct:
1. George dislikes politicians because he believes that they are corrupt. (cc chnh khch)
2. George dislikes politics because he believes that politicians are corrupt.
Ngc li vi vic thiu danh t i trc i t, nu c qu nhiu (t hai tr ln) danh t cng tng ng
vi mt i t th cng s gy nhm ln. Xem v d sau:
Incorrect 1:
Mr. Brown told Mr. Adams that he would have to work all night in order to finish the report.

(Khng r i t he i din cho Mr. Brown hay Mr. Adams)

Correct 1:
1. According to Mr. Brown, Mr. Adams will have to work all night in order to finish the report.
2. Mr. Brown said that, in order to finish the report, Mr. Adams would have to work all night.
Incorrect 2:
Janet visited her friend every day while she was on vacation.
(Khng r i t she i din cho Janet hay her friend)
Correct 2:
While Janet was on vacation, she visited her friend every day.

40. S dng V-ing, to + verb m u mt cu

40.1 S dng Verb-ing
Mt V-ing c th c dng ni hai cu c cng ch ng tr thnh mt cu bng cch bin ng t ca
cu th nht thnh dng V-ing, b ch ng v ni vi cu th hai bng du phy. V d:
The man jumped out of the boat. He was bitten by a shark.
=> After jumping out of the boat, the man was bitten by a shark.
Khi s dng loi cu ny cn ht sc lu rng ch ng ca mnh chnh bt buc phi l ch ng hp l
ca mnh ph. Khi hai mnh khng c cng ch ng, ngi ta gi l trng hp ch ng phn t
bt hp l.
SAI:

After jumping out of the boat, the shark bit the man.
(Chng ta ngm hiu l ch ng tht s ca hnh ng nhy khi thuyn l the man ch khng phi
the shark)
m bo khng nhm ln, ngay sau mnh verb-ing ta nn cp ngay n danh t lm ch ng cho c
hai mnh .
Thng thng c 6 gii t ng trc mt V-ing m u cho mnh ph, l: By (bng cch, bi), upon,
after (sau khi), before (trc khi), while (trong khi), when (khi).
By working a ten-hour day for four days, we can have a long weekend.
After preparing the dinner, Pat will read a book.
While reviewing for the test, Mary realized that she had forgotten to study the use of participial phrases.
Lu rng: on + ng t trng thi hoc in + ng t hnh ng th c th tng ng vi when hoc
while:
On finding the door ajar, I aroused suspicion. (= when finding)
(Khi thy ca h m, ti ny sinh mi nghi ng)
In searching for underground deposits of oil, geologist often rely on magnometers. (= while searching)
(Trong khi tm cc m du trong lng t, cc nh a cht thng da vo t k.)
Nu khng c gii t i trc, ch c V-ing xut hin trong mnh ph th thi ca cu do thi ca ng t
mnh chnh quyt nh; 2 hnh ng trong hai mnh thng xy ra song song cng lc:
Present:

Practicing her swing every day, Trica hopes to get a job as a golf instructor.
Past:
Having a terrible toothache, Henry called the dentist for an appointment.
Future:
Finishing the letter later tonight, Sally will mail it tomorrow morning.
Dng thc hon thnh [having + P2] c dng din t trng hp ng t ca mnh ph xy ra
trc hnh ng ca mnh chnh:
Having finished their supper, the boys went out to play.
(After the boys had finished their supper...)
Having written his composition, Louie handed it to his teacher.
(After Louie had written ...)
Not having read the book, she could not answer the question.
(Because she had not read...)
Dng thc b ng [having been + P2] cng thng c s dng m u mt mnh ph:
Having been notified by the court, Mary reported for jury duty.
(After Mary had been notified ...)
Having been delayed by the snowstorm, Jame and I missed our connecting flight.
(After we had been delayed ...)
Not having been notified of the change in the meeting time, George arrived late.
(Because he had not been notified ...)
Trong nhiu trng hp, cm t being hoc having been ca th b ng c th c lc b, khi ch
ng ca mnh chnh vn phi ph hp vi ch ng ca mnh ph:
Incorrect: Found in Tanzania by Mary Leaky, some archeologists estimated that the three - million - year old fossils were the oldest human remains that were discovered. (Being found ...)
Correct: Found in Tanzania by Mary Leaky, the three-million-year-old fossils were estimated by some
archeologists to be the oldest human remains that had ever been discovered.
Xt thm cc v d sau v ch ng phn t bt hp l:
SAI:
Having apprehended the hijackers, they were whisked off to FBI headquarters by the security
guards.
NG: Having apprehended the hijackers, the security guards whisked them off to FBI headquarters.
NG: Having been apprehended, the hijackers were whisked off to FBI headquarters by the security
guards.
SAI:
Before singing the school song, a poem was recited.
NG: Before singing the school song, the students recited a poem.
SAI:
Guiding us through the museum, a special explanation was given by the director.
NG: Guiding us through the museum, the director gave us a special explanation.

40.2 ng t nguyn th (to + verb) m u cu

ng t nguyn th cng c dng m u mt cu ging nh trong trng hp V-ing. Mnh ph

ng u cu s dng ng t nguyn th thng din t mc ch ca mnh chnh.
To get up early, Jim never stay up late.
Cng ging nh trng hp s dng V-ing nu trn, ch ng ca mnh th hai cng phi l ch ng hp
l ca mnh ph ng trc n.
Incorrect: To prevent cavities, dental floss should be used daily after brushing one's teeth.
Correct: To prevent cavities, one should use dental floss daily after brushing ones teeth.

41. ng t (V-ing, V-ed) dng lm tnh t

Thng thng, khi mt ng t khng c dng thc tnh t tng ng vi n th phn t 1 (V-ing) hoc
phn t 2 (P2) ca ng t c s dng lm tnh t. i khi ngi hc ting Anh khng bit nn dng
tnh t dng thc no: V-ing hay Verb-ed hay Verb-en.

Tnh t dng V-ing thng c dng khi danh t m n b ngha thc hin hoc chu trch nhim
v hnh ng. ng t thng l ni ng t (khng c tn ng) v thi ca ng t l thi tip
din:
The crying baby woke Mr.Binion. (The baby was crying)
The blooming flowers in the meadow created a rainbow of colors. (The flowers were blooming)
The purring kitten snuggled close to the fireplace. (The kitten was purring)

Phn t 2 (V-ed) c dng lm tnh t khi danh t m n b ngha l i tng nhn s tc ng

ca hnh ng. Cu c tnh t dng P2 thng c ngun gc t nhng cu b ng.
The sorted mail was delivered to the offices before noon. (The mail had been sorted).
Frozen food is often easier to prepare than fresh food. (The food had been frozen)
The imprisoned men were unhappy with their living conditions. (The men had been imprisoned)

Lu : Mt s cc ng t nh to interest, to bore, to excite, to frighten khi s dng lm tnh t thng kh

xc nh nn dng loi no (phn t 1 hay phn t 2). Nguyn tc p dng cng ging nh nu trn: Nu
ch ng gy ra hnh ng th dng P1, nu ch ng nhn tc ng ca hnh ng th dng P2. Xt thm cc
v d sau:
The boring professor put the students to sleep.
The boring lecture put the students to sleep.
The bored students went to sleep during the boring lecture.
The child saw a frightening movie.
The frightened child began to cry.

42. Thng tin tha (redundancy)

Khi thng tin trong cu b lp i lp li khng cn thit th n b gi l thng tin tha, cn phi loi b phn
tha . V d: Ngi Anh khng dng the time when m ch dng mt trong hai.
It is (the time/ when) I got home.
Ngi Anh khng dng the place where m ch dng mt trong hai.
It is (the place/ where) I was born.
Khng dng song song c 2 t di y trong cng mt cu:
advance forward
proceed forward
progress forward

C 3 t advance, proceed, progress u c ngha tin ln, tin v pha trc: "to move in a
forward direction". V vy forward l tha.

return back
revert back
sufficient enought
compete together
reason... because
join together
repeat again
new innovation
matinee
performance
same identical
two twins
the time / when
the place / where

C 2 t return, revert u c ngha: "to go back, to send back". V vy back l tha.

Hai t ny ngha nh nhau
compete = ua tranh, cnh tranh vi nhau "to take part in a contest against others"
Hai t ny c ngha nh nhau. Mu ng phi l "reason... that"
join c ngha "to bring together", "to put together", "to become a part or a member of..."
repeat c ngha "to say again"
innovation c ngha l mt tng mi "a new idea"
matinee = bui biu din chiu
hai t ny ngha ging nhau
twins = two brothers or sisters
Hai t ny ngha ging nhau
Hai t ny ngha ging nhau

43. Cu trc song song trong cu

Khi thng tin trong mt cu c a ra di dng lit k th cc thnh phn c lit k phi tng ng
vi nhau v mt t loi (noun - noun, adjective - adjective, ...). V d:
SAI
Mr. Henry is a lawyer, a politician, and he teaches.
Peter is rich, handsome, and many people like him.
The cat approached the mouse slowly and silent.
She like to fish, swim and surfing.
When teenagers finish highschool, they have several
choices: going to college, getting a job, or the army.
Tim entered the room, sat down, and is opening his
book.

NG
Mr. Henry is a lawyer, a politician, and a teacher.
Peter is rich, handsome, and popular.
The cat approached the mouse slowly and silently.
She like to fish, to swim and to surf.
She like fishing, swimming and surfing.
When teenagers finish highschool, they have several
choices: going to college, getting a job, or joining the
army.
Tim entered the room, sat down, and opened his book.

Tuy nhin nu thi gian trong cc mnh khc nhau ca cu l khc nhau th ng t cng phi tun theo
qui lut thi gian. Lc cu trc cu song song v thi ca cc ng t (nh v d dng cui bng trn)
khng c p dng. V d:
She is a senior, studies every day, and will graduate a semester early.

44. Chuyn i v tr tn ng trc tip v gin tip

C hai cch s dng tn ng ca mt ngoi ng t m ngha ca cu khng thay i. Tn ng gin tip
(indirect object) l tn ng ch vt hoc ngi m hnh ng xy ra i vi (hoc dnh cho) vt hoc
ngi . Tn ng trc tip (direct object) l ngi hoc vt u tin nhn tc ng ca hnh ng. Tn ng
gin tip c th ng sau tn ng trc tip, ngn cch bi mt gii t hoc cng c th ng trc tn ng
trc tip (m khng c gii t). Gii t thng dng y l for v to. V d:
I gave the book to Jim.

The book l tn ng trc tip v hnh ng u tin l hnh ng cm ly quyn sch trong tay v hnh ng
th hai (gin tip) l a n cho Jim.
Khi mun i v tr gia tn ng trc tip v tn ng gin tip, ta s dng mt trong hai cng thc sau:
Subject + verb + direct object + [for / to] + indirect object
I gave the book to Jim.
The little boy brought some flowers for his grandmother.
He lent his car to his brother
Subject + verb + indirect object + direct object
I gave Jim the book.
The little boy brought his grandmother some flowers.
He lent his brother his car.
Khng phi ng t no cng cho php i v tr tn ng trc tip v gin tip. Bng sau l mt s ng t
cho php i:
bring
build
buy
cut
draw
feed

find
get
give
hand
leave
lend

make
offer
own
paint
pass
pay

promise
read
sell
send
show
teach

tell
write

Mt s trong cc t trn c th dng c c vi for v to, mt s khc ch dng vi mt trong 2 gii t.

Ch rng trong cng thc th hai nu trn, khi tn ng gin tip ng trc tn ng trc tip th khng
dng gii t gia chng:
ng: The director's secretary sent them the menuscript last night.
Sai:
The director's secretary sent to them the menuscript last night.
Nu c tn ng trc tip v gin tip u l i t th ch c dng cng thc th nht, khng dng cng
thc 2:
ng: They gave it to us.
Sai:
They gave us it.
Ch : Hai ng t introduce (gii thiu ai vi ai) v mention ( cp n ci g trc mt ai) lun dng
cng vi gii t to nn chng khng cho php chuyn i v tr hai tn ng trc tip v gin tip.
I introduce John to Dr. Tim.
I introduce Dr. Tim to John.
He mentions the party to me.

45. Cu trc tip v cu gin tip

Trong cu trc tip thng tin i t ngi th nht n thng ngi th hai (ngi th nht ni trc tip vi
ngi th hai).
He said "I bought a new motorbike for myself yesterday".

Trong cu gin tip thng tin i t ngi th nht qua ngi th hai n vi ngi th ba. Khi cu c
bin i v mt ng php.
He said he had bought a new motorbike for himself the day before.
bin i mt cu trc tip sang cu gin tip cn:
1. i ch ng v cc i t nhn xng khc trong cu trc tip theo ch ng ca thnh phn th nht.
2. Li ng t v th 2 xung mt cp so vi lc ban u.
3. Bin i cc i t ch th, ph t ch thi gian v a im theo bng qui nh.
Bng i ng t
Direct speech
Simple present
Present progressive
Present perfect (Progressive)
Simple past
Will/Shall
Can/May

Indirect speech
Simple past
Past progressive
Past perfect (Progressive)
Past perfect
Would/ Should
Could/ Might

Bng i cc i t ch th, ph t ch a im v thi gian

Today
That day
Yesterday
The day before
The day before yesterday
Two days before
Tomorrow
The next/ the following day
The day after tomorrow
In two days' time
Next + Time
The following + Time
Last + Time
The previous + Time
Time + ago
Time + before
This, these
That, those
Here, Overhere
There, Overthere
Nu li ni v hnh ng xy ra cng ngy th khng cn phi i thi gian.
At breakfast this morning he said "I will be busy today".
At breakfast this morning he said he would be busy today.
Cc suy lun logic v mt thi gian tt nhin l cn thit khi li ni c thut li sau mt hoc hai ngy.
(On Monday) He said " I'll be leaving on Wednesday "
(On Tuesday) He said he would be leaving tomorrow.
(On Wednesday) He said he would be leaving today.

46. Khi ph t ng u cu nhn mnh, phi o cu trc cu

Trong mt s trng hp cc ph t khng ng v tr bnh thng ca n m o ln ng u cu
nhm nhn mnh vo hnh ng ca ch ng. Trong trng hp ng php s thay i, ng sau ph t
ng u cu l tr ng t ri mi n ch ng v ng t chnh:
John hardly remembers the accident that took his sister's life.
Hardly does John remember the accident that took his sister's life.

Never have so many people been unemployed as today.

(So many people have never been unemployed as today)
Hardly had he fallen asleep when he began to dream of far-way lands.
(He had hardly fallen asleep when he began to dream of far-way lands.)
Rarely have we seen such an effective actor as he has proven himself to be.
(We have rarely seen such an effective actor as he has proven himself to be.)
Seldom does class let out early.
(Class seldom lets out early.)
Only by hard work will we be able to accomplish this great task.
(We will be able to accomplish this great task only by hard work.)
Mt s cc trng t c bit khc cng thng ng u cu, phi o cu trc cu nh trn:

In/ Under no circumstances: D trong bt c hon cnh no cng khng.

Under no circumstances should you lend him the money.

On no account: D bt c l do g cng khng

On no accout must this switch be touched.

Only in this way: Ch bng cch ny

Only in this way could the problem be solved

In no way: Khng sao c th

In no way could I agree with you.

By no means: Hon ton khng

By no means does he intend to criticize your idea.

Negative ..., nor + auxiliary + S + V

He had no money, nor did he know anybody from whom he could borrow.

Khi mt mnh m u bng cc thnh ng ch ni chn hoc trt t th ng t chnh c th o

ln ch ng nhng tuyt i khng c s dng tr ng t trong trng hp ny.
Clause of place/ order + main verb + S (no auxiliary)
In front of the museum is a statue.
First came the ambulance, then came the police.
( Thot u l xe cu thng chy n, tip sau l cnh st.)

Khi mt ng gii t lm ph t ch a im hoc phng hng ng u cu, cc ni ng t t

ln trc ch ng nhng tuyt i khng c s dng tr ng t trong loi cu ny. N rt ph
bin trong vn m t khi mun din t mt ch ng khng xc nh:
Under the tree was lying one of the biggest men I had ever seen.
Directly in front of them stood a great castle.
On the grass sat an enormous frog.
Along the road came a strange procession.

Tnh t cng c th o ln trn u cu nhn mnh v sau l lin t nhng tuyt i khng
c s dng tr ng t.

So determined was she to take the university course that she taught school and gave music
lesson for her tuition fees.

Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta cng c th o ton b ng t chnh ln trn ch ng nhn

mnh, nhng ng t c o ln trn trong trng hp ny phn ln u mang sc thi b ng
nhng hon ton khng c ngha b ng.
Lost, however, are the secrets of the Mayan astronomers and the Inca builders as well as many
medicinal practices.
(Mt i vnh vin, tuy vy, li l nhng b mt ca nhng nh thin vn thuc nn vn minh
Mayan, ...)

Cc ph t away ( = off ), down, in, off, out, over, round, up... c th theo sau l mt ng t chuyn
ng v sau l mt danh t lm ch ng:
+ Away/down/in/off/out/over/round/up...+ motion verb + noun/noun phrase as a subject.
Away went the runners/ Down fell a dozen of apples...
+ Nhng nu mt i t nhn xng lm ch ng th ng t phi sau ch ng:
Away they went/ Round and round it flew.
+ Trong ting Anh vit (written English) cc ng gii t m u bng cc gii t down, from, in, on,
over, out of, round, up... c th c theo sau ngay bi ng t ch v tr (crouch, hang, lie, sit,
stand...) hoc cc dng ng t ch chuyn ng, cc ng t nh be born/ die/ live v mt s dng
ng t khc.
From the rafters hung strings of onions.
In the doorway stood a man with a gun.
On a perch beside him sat a blue parrot.
Over the wall came a shower of stones.
*Lu : 3 v d u ca cc v d trn c th din t bng mt VERB-ING m u cho cu v ng
t BE o ln trn ch ng:
Hanging from the rafters were strings of onion.
Standing in the doorway was a man with a gun.
Sitting on a perch beside him was a blue parrot.
Hin tng ny cn xy ra khi ch ng sau cc ph t so snh as/than qu di:
She was very religious, as were most of her friends.
City dwellers have a higher death rate than do country people.

Tn ng mang tnh nhn mnh cng c th o ln u cu:

Not a single word did he say.

Here/There hoc mt s cc ph t i kt hp vi ng t ng u cu cng phi o ng t ln

trn ch ng l mt danh t, nhng nu ch ng l mt i t th khng c o ng t:
Here comes Freddy.
Incorrect: Here comes he
Off we go
Incorrect: Off go we
There goes your brother
I stopped the car, and up walked a policeman.

Cch lm bi trc nghim ng php

Thng th trong bi thi trc nghim ng php, bn s khng th tr li ngay bng cch ch p dng mt quy
tc ng php nht nh no m phi kt hp hai hay nhiu quy tc khc nhau loi tr phng n sai.
p dng ln lt cc bc sau:
(1) Kim tra cc li ng php c bn bao gm
(a) S ho hp gia ch ng v v ng
(b) Cch s dng Adj v Adv

(c) V tr v th t ca cc Adv.
(d) S ph hp gia cc thi ng t.
(e) i t c danh t duy nht n i din hay khng.
(f) Cu trc cu song song.
(2) Loi b nhng cu tr li rm r, cu cng ngn gn v d hiu cng tt:
(a) Trnh cc p n di dng nh:
John read the letter in a thoughtful manner. (can be replaced by thoughtfully)
(b) Trnh cc p n c 2 t ngha ging nhau.
(3) Loi b nhng p n c t vng khng r ngha:
(a) Phi chc chn rng tt c cc t u c ngha trong cu.
(b) Phi m bo nhng ng t c 2 t phi c ni vi nhau bng mt gii t ph hp (xem phn
sau)
(4) Trnh dng cc t lng, ting lng. T lng ch dng trong vn ni, khng dng trong vn vit. V d
really khi dng vi ngha very
bunch khi dng vi ngha many
any noun + wise khi dng vi ngha in relation to ...
V d:
1. Before we can decide on the future uses of this drug, ________
(A) many more informations must be reviewed.
(B) is necessary to review more information.
(C) we must review much more information.
(D) another information must to be reviewed.
Phn tch:
(A) c 2 ch sai: khng dng many vi information l danh t khng m c v khng c vit l
informations.
(B) c 1 ch sai v thiu ch ng.
(C) ng
(D) c 2 ch sai: khng dng another vi danh t khng m c v sau tr ng t must l ng t
nguyn th khng c to.
2. In this country, a growing concern about the possible hazardous effects ofchemical wastes ________
(A) have resulted in a bunch of new laws.
(B) has resulted in several new laws.
(C) is causing the results of numerous new laws.
(D) result in news laws.
Phn tch:
(A) c 2 ch sai: khng dng ng t s nhiu have vi ch ng s t a growing concern v khng c
dng t lng (slang) bunch of.
(B) ng.
(C) rm r. Causing the result of l qu di dng.
(D) c 2 ch sai: khng dng result (ng t s nhiu) vi ch ng l danh t s t v khng c dng
dng thc s nhiu ca tnh t (vit ng phi l new laws).

Nhng t d gy nhm ln

 l nhng t rt d gy nhm ln v cch vit, ng ngha, chnh t hoc pht m:

angel (N) = thin thn

angle (N) = gc (trong hnh hc)

cite (V) = trch dn

site (N) = a im, khu t ( xy dng).

sight (N) = khe ngm, tm ngm; (V) = quang cnh, cnh tng; (V) = quan st, nhn thy

dessert (N) = mn trng ming

desert (N) = sa mc; desert (V) = b, b mc, o ng

later (ADV) = sau , ri th (thng dng vi ng t thi tng lai)

latter (ADJ) = ci th 2, ngi th 2, ci sau, ngi sau. >< the former = ci trc, ngi trc.

principal (N) = hiu trng (trng ph thng); (Adj) = chnh, ch yu.

principle (N) = nguyn tc, lut l

affect (V) = tc ng n

effect (N) = nh hng, hiu qu; (V) = thc hin, em li

already (Adv) =

all ready = tt c sn sng.

among (prep) trong s (dng cho 3 ngi, 3 vt tr ln)

between...and gia...v (ch dng cho 2 ngi/vt)

Lu : between...and cng cn c dng ch v tr chnh xc ca mt quc gia nm gia nhng
quc gia khc cho d l > 2
Vietnam lies between China, Laos and Cambodia.
Between cn c dng cho cc qung cch gia cc vt v cc gii hn v mt thi gian.
Difference + between (not among)
What are the differences between crows, rooks, and jackdaws.
Between each + noun (-and the next) (more formal)
We need 2 meters between each window.
There seems to be less and less time between each birthday (and the next).
Devide + between (not among)
He devided his money between his wife, his daughter, and his sister.
Share + between/among
He shared the food between/among all my friend.

consecutive (Adj) lin tc (khng c tnh t qung)

successive (Adj) lin tc (c tnh cch qung)

emigrant (N) ngi di c, (V) -> emigrate from

immigrant (N) ngi nhp c; (V) immigrate into

formerly (Adv) trc kia

formally (Adv) chnh t (n mc); (Adv) chnh thc

historic (Adj) ni ting, quan trng trong lch s

The historic spot on which the early English settlers landed in North America

(Adj) mang tnh lch s.

historic times

historical (Adj) thuc v lch s

Historical reseach, historical magazine
(Adj) c tht trong lch s
Historical people, historical events

hepless (Adj) v vng, tuyt vng

useless (Adj) v dng

imaginary = (Adj) khng c tht, tng tng

imaginative = (Adj) phong ph, bay bng v tr tng tng

Classic (adj) cht lng cao: a classic novel (mt cun tiu thuyt hay); a classic football match (mt
trn bng hay).
c th/c trng/tiu biu: a classic example (mt v d tiu biu, in hnh).

Classic (noun): vn ngh s, tc phm lu danh.

This novel may well become a classic
(Tc phm ny c th c lu danh).

Classical: c in, kinh in.

Politic: nhn thc ng/ khn ngoan/ trang trng.

I dont think it would be politic to ask for loan just now.
(Ti cho rng s khng l khn ngoan nu hi vay mt khon ngay lc ny.)

Political: thuc v chnh tr.

A political career (mt s nghip chnh tr).

Continual: lin tc lp i lp li (hnh ng c tnh cch qung)

Please stop your continual questions (Xin hy thi hi lp i lp li mi nh th).

Continous: lin min/sut (hnh ng khng c tnh cch qung)

A continous flow of traffic (Dng xe c chy lin min bt tn).

As (lin t) = Nh + Subject + verb.

When in Roma, do as Romans do (Nhp gia ty tc).

Like (tnh t dng nh mt gii t) + noun/noun phrase

He fought like a mad man (Anh ta chin u nh in nh di).

Alike (adj.): ging nhau, tng t

Although they are brother, they dont look alike.

Alike (adverb): nh nhau

The climate here is always hot, summer and winter alike.

As: nh/ vi t cch l (dng trong so snh khi bn thn ch ng c chc nng nh vt/ngi c
so snh)
Let me speak to you as a father (Hy ti ni vi cu nh mt ngi cha)

Like: nh l (dng trong so snh khi bn thn ch ng v ci/ngi so snh khng phi l mt hoc
khng c chc nng ng nht)
Let me speak to you like a man above (Hy ti ni vi anh nh mt ngi b trn).

Before: trc y/trc (dng khi so snh mt th vi tt c cc th khc cng loi)

She has never seen such a beautiful picture before (C ta cha bao gi nhn thy mt bc tranh
p nh th trc y).

Before: Trc (ch mt s vic xy ra trc mt s vic khc trong qu kh, thng dng vi Past
Perfect)
He lived in France in 1912, he had lived in England 4 years before.

Ago: trc (tnh t hin ti tr ngc v qu kh, thng dng vi Simple Past)
I went to England 3 years ago.

Certain: chc chn (bit s thc)

Certainly/ Im certain that he didnt steal it (Ti chc chn rng hn ta khng ly ci ).

Sure: tin rng (khng bit chc, ni theo cm nhn, ngha l yu hn certain)
Surely/ I am sure that he did not steal it (Ti tin rng hn khng ly th ).

Indeed: Very+indeed (sau mt tnh t hoc mt ph t)

Thank you very much indeed.
I was very pleased indeed to hear from you.
Indeed dng sau to be hoc mt tr ng t nhm xc nhn hoc nhn mnh cho s ng (thng
dng trong cu tr li ngn).
It is cold / - It is indeed.
Henny made a fool of himself / - He did indeed.

Ill (British English) = Sick (American English) = m

George didnt come in last week because he was ill (=he was sick)

Sick + Noun = m yu/ bnh tt

He spent 20 years looking after his sick father (Ngi cha bnh tt)

Be sick = Fell sick = Nn/ bun nn/ say (tu, xe...)

I was sick 3 times in the night (ti nn 3 ln trong m)
I feel sick. Wheres the bath room? (ti thy bun nn, phng tm u?)
She is never sea-sick (C y chng bao gi say sng c)

Welcome (adjective) = c mong i/ c ch i t lu/ th v

A welcome guest (Khch qu/ khch by lu mong i)
A welcome gift (Mn qu th v c ch i t lu)

Welcome to + noun = C quyn, c php s dng.

You are welcome to any book in my library (Anh c quyn ly bt k quyn sch no trong th
vin ca ti)

Welcoming (phn t 1 cu to t ng t welcome dng lm tnh t) Cho n/ n tip n cn

This country have given me a welcoming feeling. (X s ny dnh cho ti mt tnh cm cho
n n cn)
Hoan nghnh/ Tn ng ( kin)
To show a welcoming idea (Bc l mt kin tn ng)

Be certain/ sure of + verb-ing: chc chn l ( cp n tnh cm ca ngi ang c ni n)

Before the game she felt certain of winning, but after a few minutes she realized it wasnt going
to be easy.
You seem very sure of passing the exam, I hope you are right.

Be certain/ sure + to + verb: chc chn s phi ( cp n tnh cm ca chnh ngi ni hoc vit
cu ):
The repairs are certain to cost more than you think.
Elaine is sure to win-the other girl hasnt got a chance.

Be interested + to + verb: Thy thch khi...:

Im interested to read in the paper that scientists have found out how to talk to whales.
(Ti thy thch/ th v khi...)

Be interested in + verb-ing/ Be interested + to + verb:Mun bit/ mun pht hin ra/ mun tm ra...:
Im interested in finding out/ to find out what she did with all that money.
(Ti mun bit c ta lm g vi ngn y tin).

Be interested in + verb-ing: Thy thch/ thch/ mun...

Im interested in learning higher education in the U.S.

47. Cch s dng gii t

During = trong sut (hot ng din ra lin tc)

From = t >< to = n
From ... to ...= t ... n... (dng cho thi gian v ni chn)
From time to time = i khi, thnh thong

Out of=ra khi><into=vo trong

Out of + noun = ht, khng cn
Out of town = i vng
Out of date=c, lc hu >< up to date = mi, cp nht
Out of work = tht nghip, mt vic
Out of the question = khng th
Out of order = hng, khng hot ng

By:
ng t ch chuyn ng + by = i ngang qua (walk by the library)
ng t tnh + by = gn (your books are by the window)
by + thi gian c th = trc lc, cho n lc (hnh ng cho n lc phi xy ra)
by + phng tin giao thng = i bng
by then = cho n lc (dng cho c QK v TL)
by way of= theo ng... = via
by the way = mt cch tnh c, ngu nhin
by the way = by the by = nhn y, nhn tin
by far + so snh (thng l so snh bc nht)=>dng nhn mnh
by accident = by mistake = tnh c, ngu nhin >< on purose

In = bn trong
In + month/year
In time for = In good time for = ng gi (thng kp lm g, hi sm hn gi nh mt cht)
In the street = di lng ng
In the morning/ afternoon/ evening
In the past/future = trc kia, trong qu kh/ trong tng lai
In future = from now on = t nay tr i
In the begining/ end = at first/ last = thot u/ rt cuc
In the way = ngang li, chn li
Once in a while = i khi, thnh thong
In no time at all = trong nhy mt, mt thong
In the mean time = meanwhile = cng lc
In the middle of (a im)= gia
In the army/ airforce/ navy
In + the + STT + row = hng th...
In the event that = trong trng hp m
In case = phng khi, ng nh
Get/ be in touch/ contact with Sb = lin lc, tip xc vi ai

On = trn b mt:
On + th trong tun/ ngy trong thng
On + a/the + phng tin giao thng = trn chuyn/ ln chuyn...

On + ph = a ch... (nh B.E : in + ph)

On the + STT + floor = tng th...
On time = va ng gi (bt chp iu kin bn ngoi, ngha mnh hn in time)
On the corner of = gc ph (gia hai ph)
Ch :
In the corner = gc trong
At the corner = gc ngoi/ ti gc ph
On the sidewalk = pavement = trn va h
Ch :
On the pavement (A.E.)= trn mt ng nha
(Dont brake quickly on the pavement or you can slice into another car)
On the way to: trn ng n >< on the way back to: trn ng tr v
On the right/left
On T.V./ on the radio
On the phone/ telephone = gi in thoi, ni chuyn in thoi
On the phone = nh c mc in thoi (Are you on the phone?)
On the whole= ni chung, v i th
On the other hand = tuy nhin= however
Ch :
On the one hand = mt mt th
on the other hand = mt khc th
(On the one hand, we must learn the basic grammar, and on the other hand, we must combine it
with listening comprehension)
on sale = for sale = c bn, bn
on sale (A.E.)= bn h gi = at a discount (B.E)
on foot = i b

At = ti
At + s nh
At + thi gian c th
At home/ school/ work
At night/noon (A.E : at noon = at twelve = gia tra (she was invited to the party at noon, but she
was 15 minutes late))
At least = ch t, ti thiu >< at most = ti a
At once =ngay lp tc
At present/ the moment = now
Ch : 2 thnh ng trn tng ng vi presently nhng presently se khc nhau v ngha nu n
ng cc v tr khc nhau trong cu:
Sentence + presently (= soon): ngay tc th ( She will be here presently/soon)
Presently + sentence (= Afterward/ and then) : ngay sau (Presently, I heard her leave the room)
S + to be + presently + Ving = at present/ at the moment ( He is presently working toward his Ph.D.
degree)
At times = i khi, thnh thong
At first = thot u >< at last = cui cng
At the beginning of / at the end of... = u/ cui (dng cho thi gian v a im).
At + tn cc ngy l : at Christmas, at Thanks Giving...
Nhng on + tn cc ngy l + day = on Christmas day ...
Trong dng informal E., on trc cc th trong tun i khi b lc b: She is going to see her boss
(on) Sun. morning.
At/in/on thng c khng dng trong cc thnh ng ch thi gian khi c mt: next, last, this, that,
one, any, each, every, some, all
At + a im : at the center of the building
At + nhng a im ln (khi xem n nh mt ni trung chuyn hoc gp g): The plane stopped 1
hour at Washington D.C. before continuing on to Atlanta.
At + tn cc to nh ln (khi xem nh 1 hnh ng s xy ra ch khng cp n to nh) :
There is a good movie at the Center Theater.

At + tn ring cc t chc: She works at Legal & General Insurence.

At + tn ring ni cc trng s hoc khu vc i hc: She is studying at the London school of
Economics.
At + tn cc hot ng qui t thnh nhm: at a party/ lecture...

Mt s cc thnh ng dng vi gii t

On the beach: trn b bin
Along the beach: dc theo b bin
In place of = Instead of: thay cho, thay v.
For the most part: chnh l, ch yu l = mainly.
In hope of + V-ing = Hoping to + V = Hoping that + sentence = vi hi vng l.
off and on: dai dng, ti hi
all of a sudden= suddenly = bng nhin
for good = forever: vnh vin, mi mi.

48. Mt s ng ng t thng gp
l nhng ng t kt hp vi 1, 2 hoc i khi 3 gii t, khi kt hp dng nh vy ng ngha ca
chng thay i hn so vi ngha ban u.

To break off: chm dt, ct t, on tuyt.

To bring up: nu ra, a ln mt vn

To call on: yu cu / n thm

To care for: thch / trng nom, sn sc (look after)

To check out (of/from) a library: mn sch th vin v

To check out: iu tra, xem xt.

To check out (of): lm th tc ra (khch sn, sn bay) <> check in.

To check (up) on: iu tra, xem xt.

To close in (on): tin li gn, chy li gn

To come along with: i cng vi

To count on = depend on = rely on

To come down with: mc phi mt cn bnh

Do away with = get rid of: tng kh, loi b, tr kh

To daw up = to draft: son tho (mt k hoch, mt hp ng)

To drop out of = to withdraw from: b (c bit l b hc gia chng)

To figure out: Hnh dung ra c, hiu c.

To find out: khm ph ra, pht hin ra.

To get by: Ln hi qua ngy, sng st qua c

To get through with: kt thc

To get through to: thng tin c cho ai, gi c cho (in thoi), tm cch lm cho hiu

To get up: dy/ t chc.

To give up: b, t b

To go along with: ng vi

To hold on to: vn gi vng, duy tr

To hold up: cp / vn gi vng, vn duy tr, vn sng bnh thng, vn dng c (bt chp sc p
bn ngoi hoc s dng lu)

To keep on doing smt: vn tip tc khng ngng lm g

To look after: trng nom, sn sc

To look into: iu tra, xem xt

To pass out = to faint: ngt (ni ng t, khng dng b ng)

To pick out: chn ra, la ra, nht ra

To point out: ch ra, vch ra

To put off: tr hon, nh hon

To run across: khm ph, pht hin ra (tnh c)

To run into sb: gp ai bt ng

To see about to: lo lng, sn sc, chy vy

To take off: ct cnh <> to land

To take over for: thay th cho

to talk over: bn son, tho lun v

to try out: th nghim, dng th (sn phm)

to try out for: th vai, th ging (1 v kch, bui biu din)

To turn in: giao np, trnh / i ng

To watch out for: cnh gic, mt, trng chng (c ngha en ln ngha bng)

Bng cc ng t bt quy tc
Present
be
become
begin
blow
break
bring
build
burst
buy
catch
choose
come
cut

Past
was, were
became
began
blew
broke
brought
built
burst
bought
caught
chose
came
cut

Past Participle
been
become
begun
blown
broken
brought
built
burst
bought
caught
chosen
come
cut

deal
do
drink
drive
eat
fall
feed
feel
fight
find
fly
forbid
forget
forgive
freeze
get
give
go
grow
have
hear
hide
hold
hurt
keep
know
lay
lead
leave
let
lie
lose
make
meet
pay
quit
read
ride
ring
rise
run
say

dealt
did
drank
drove
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
flew
forbade
forgot
forgave
froze
got
gave
went
grew
had
heard
hid
held
hurt
kept
knew
laid
led
left
let
lay
lost
made
met
paid
quit
read
rode
rang
rose
ran
said

dealt
done
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
flown
forbidden
forgotten
forgiven
frozen
gotten
given
gone
grown
had
heard
hidden
held
hurt
kept
known
laid
led
left
let
lain
lost
made
met
paid
quit
read
ridden
rung
risen
run
said

see
seek
sell
send
shake
shine
sing
sit
sleep
speak
spend
spring
stand
steal
swim
swing
take
teach
tear
tell
think
throw
understand
wake
wear
win
write

saw
sought
sold
sent
shook
shone
sang
sat
slept
spoke
spent
sprang
stood
stole
swam
swung
took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
understood
woke (waked)
wore
won
wrote

seen
sought
sold
sent
shaken
shone
sung
sat
slept
spoken
spent
sprung
stood
stolen
swum
swung
taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
understood
woken (waked)
worn
won
written