AI HOC QUOC GIA THANH PHO HO CH MINH

---oO)0(Oo---

Vien Moi Trng Tai nguyen



GIAO TRNH MON HOC

PHAN TCH HE THONG

MOI TRNG
(ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM ANALYSIS)



Ngi bien soan

TS.CHE NH LY

LI NI U
Phn tch h thng mi trng l mt mn hc mi, xut pht t nhu cu i
mi phng php ging dy ngnh mi trng ca nhiu trng i hc trn th gii.
Theo xu hng mi, cn trang b cho ngi hc phng php lun, phng php v
cng c thay v ch trang b kin thc.
Cc vn mi trng ngy nay bin i theo qu trnh pht trin kinh t, sn
xut v do chnh hot ng ca con ngi gy ra: nhim do sn xut cng nghip,
do cht thi sinh hot, y t . . . ch khng dng li cc nhiu lon thin nhin nh
bo, lt li, hn hn, ma . . . . . Nhng vn mi trng pht sinh ngy nay ch
yu xut pht t hot ng ca con ngi ngha l do mi quan h tng tc phc
hp gia h thng x hi trong gi vai tr quan trng nht l cc h thng sn xut
vi h sinh thi t nhin.
V vy, nhn thc v tm ra nguyn nhn gy nhim ngn chn, nm
vng mi quan h tng tc gia cc h thng phc hp, cn thit phi tip cn cc
vn mi trng (qui hoch, qun l, d bo, khc phc, ngn nga. . .) theo phng
php lun ca khoa hc h thng (system science).
Mn hc gip cho ngi hc trang b quan im tan din thy rng ch
khng ch thy cy trong phng php t duy, t , tm thy nhng li ch ln lao
trong vic vn dng kin thc vo thc tin lm vic ngnh mi trng v ti
nguyn.
Ngy nay, phn tch h thng (system analysis) l mt trong nhng mn hc c
s ca hu ht cc ngnh hc. N trang b cho ngi hc t duy h thng gii quyt
nhng vn ring ca tng ngnh m i tng nghin cu l cc h thng. Phn
tch hiu h thng, ci tin n hoc thit k h thng mi nhm lm cho cc h
thng hot ng hu hiu phc v li ch ca con ngi. Phn tch h thng mi
trng l s vn dng t duy h thng vo lnh vc mi trng ti nguyn.
Mn hc Phn tch h thng mi trng c khoa mi trng trng H
Bch Khoa HQG-HCM a vo ging dy trong chng trnh o to k s k thut
mi trng v qun l mi trng t nm 1999 v trong cc chng trnh o to cao
hc Qun l Mi trng ca cc c s o to thuc i hc Quc Gia Tp H Ch
Minh. Tc gi vit gio trnh ny nhm mc ch gip ngi hc tip cn mt mn
hc mi, trang b t duy h thng trn c s phng php lun khoa hc h thng v
iu khin hc, trn c s bit nhn thc v ra tng v gii php gii quyt
nhng vn mi trng trong cc h thng k thut, h sinh thi v cc h thng
qun l sn xut v qun l th.
t c mc tiu, ti liu s c t chc thnh 3 phn gm 12 chng:
A. Phn c s phng php lun
1) Phn tch h thng mi trng, khoa hc h thng.
2) Phng php lun h thng (T duy, phn tch v tip cn h thng - t duy vng
i trong qu trnh pht trin ca cc h thng).
B. Phn cng c phn tch
3) Cc phng php v cng c luyn tp t duy v phn tch h thng.
4) Phng php phn tch khung lun l (Logical Framework Analysis)
5) Cc cng c phn tch h thng mi trng (ESA tools)
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6) Phn tch vng i sn phm (Life Cycle Assessment)

7) nh gi ri ro mi trng (Environment Risk Assessment)
8) nh gi cng ngh mi trng (Environmental Technology Assessment)
9) Phn tch a tiu ch (Multi Criteria Analysis)
C. Phn ng dng vo cc loi h thng
9) Phn tch h thng p dng trong cc h k thut
10) Phn tch cc h sinh thi v cc ng dng.
11) Phn tch cc h qun l v cc ng dng
i tng ca ti liu ny trc ht l cc sinh vin v hc vin cao hc cc
chuyn ngnh mi trng: qun l, cng ngh, s dng hp l ti nguyn. Ngoi ra,
cc cn b khoa hc v qun l ngnh mi trng ti nguyn, nng nghip nng thn,
du lch sinh thi, nng lm nghip, y t cng ng, qun l t ai, a l. . . cng s
tm thy nhng kin thc b ch nhm nng cao trnh nhn thc ngh nghip, rn
luyn k nng qun l.
Tc gi by t s cm n i vi PGS.TS. Nguyn vn Phc, Vin MT&TN
HQG-HCM v TS. L vn Khoa, S TN&MT TpHCM c nhiu gp qu bu
chnh sa bn tho. Tc gi mong mun nhn c s phn hi t pha ngi c
chnh sa nhng im cn thiu st v han thin ni dung ca gio trnh v hi
vng cc kin thc, phng php phn tch s gip ngi c nng cao trnh t duy
h thng, nng cao k nng nhn thc cc h thng phc tp trong nghin cu, qun
l cng nh cuc sng i thng.
Danh mc cc ch vit tt
CED
S nguyn nhn h qu
CPU
B vi x l trong my tnh
DD
Phng php phn r vn
KH
iu khin hc
HQG-HCM i hc Quc Gi Tp HCM
GDP
Tng thu nhp quc dn
HT
H thng
HST
H sinh thi
LCA
nh gi vng i
LFA
Phn tch khung lun l
LTHT
L thuyt h thng
MOV
Phng php kim chng
MT
Mi trng
MT&TN
Mi trng v ti nguyn
QLRR
Qun l ri ro
PTHTMT
Phn tch h thng mi trng
PTHT
Phn tch h thng
PTHTMT
Phn tch h thng mi trng
PTHT
Phn tch h thng
STNV
Sinh thi nhn vn
SWOT
im mnh, im yu, c hi, thch thc
UNEP
Chng trnh mi trng ca Lin hip quc

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MC LC

Trang

LI NI U ......................................................................................................... I
CHNG 1: PHN TCH H THNG MI TRNG KHOA HC V H
THNG .................................................................................................................... 1
1. KHI NIM V PHN TCH H THNG MI TRNG
(ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM ANALYSIS = ESA) ............................................ 1
1.1. Lnh vc nghin cu ca phn tch h thng mi trng ......................................... 2
1.2. Nghin cu phn tch h thng mi trng trong tng lai ..................................... 3
1.3. V sao phi ng dng cch tip cn phn tch h thng trong ngnh mi trng .... 5

2. PHN BIT CCH TIP CN PHN TCH C IN V CCH TIP CN

PHN TCH H THNG ...................................................................................... 6
2.1. Cc tip cn phn tch c in (analytic approach) ................................................ 6
2.2. Cch tip cn phn tch h thng ............................................................................ 6

3. PHN LOI CC H THNG .......................................................................... 7

3.1. Cc kiu h thng tng qut ................................................................................... 7
3.2. Phn loi theo c im ca mi lin h vi mi trng chung quanh. .................. 9
3.3. Phn loi cc h thng theo ngnh khoa hc:......................................................... 9

4. C S KHOA HC CA PHNG PHP LUN H THNG: IU KHIN

HC (CYBERNETICS) V KHOA HC H THNG (SYSTEM SCIENCE) ...10
5. KHI NIM H THNG V CC KHI NIM C BN LIN QUAN .........14
5.1. i tng hnh nh nhn thc m hnh ca h thng ...................................... 14
5.2. H thnh phn v h chuyn ............................................................................ 14
5.3. Ranh gii gia h thng v mi trng bn ngoi ................................................ 16
5.4. Phn r h thng (decomposition), Tch hp h thng (system integration) v h
thng tch hp (integrated system): ............................................................................. 17
5.5. Ni dung v cu trc h thng .............................................................................. 17
5.6. Tin trnh bin i ca h thng ........................................................................... 17
5.7. ng thi ca h thng (system dynamics) ........................................................... 18
5.8. nh ngha khi nim h thng ............................................................................. 18

CHNG 2: PHNG PHP LUN H THNG ............................................22

1. CC THNH PHN CA PHNG PHP LUN H THNG ....................22
2. T DUY H THNG .......................................................................................22
2.1. Khi nim v t duy h thng................................................................................ 22
2.2. Cc cng c t duy h thng................................................................................. 24

3. CC NI DUNG C BN CA PHN TCH H THNG .............................32

3.1. Khi nim v ngha ca phn tch h thng........................................................ 32
3.2. Mc tiu nghin cu h thng ............................................................................... 32
3.3. Xc nh quan im phn tch .............................................................................. 33
3.4. Phn tch cu trc ca h thng ........................................................................... 34
3.5. Xc nh ranh gii h thng: phn nh gia h thng v mi trng: ................. 37
3.6. Phn tch bin vo - bin ra cc tin trnh x l trong h thng (cc lung thng
tin tn hiu trong h thng) - Cc mi lin h tng tc gia cc phn t v trong v
ngoi h thng ............................................................................................................ 39
3.7. Phn tch ng thi din bin ca h thng theo thi gian .................................... 40
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3.8. C cu cp bc ca cc h thng (hierarchy structure) : v tr ca h thng trong

tng th v phm vi nghin cu: .................................................................................. 41
3.9. Tnh tri hay tnh u vit ca h thng ................................................................. 42
3.10. Mt s lu khi ng dng ca phng php phn tch h thng ......................... 42

4. PHNG PHP TIP CN H THNG KHI GII QUYT VN TRONG

NGHIN CU V QUN L ..............................................................................43
4.1. Cch tip cn vn a ngnh (multi- disciplinary problem approach) ............... 43
4.2. Cch tip cn vn lin ngnh (interdisciplinary problem approach) ................ 44

5. T DUY VNG I TRONG PHN TCH H THNG.................................44

5.1. Kiu t duy y v qu trnh ng thi ca h thng: ...................................... 44
5.2. Cc mi lin h mang tnh vng lp gia cc thnh phn ca h thng do cc tin
trnh bin i............................................................................................................... 46

CHNG 3: CC PHNG PHP V CNG C LUYN TP T DUY V

PHN TCH H THNG ......................................................................................48
1. PHNG PHP NHN THC ........................................................................48
2. PHN R VN ..........................................................................................49
3. S NGUYN NHN V H QU: ...........................................................50
3.1. Xc nh vn .................................................................................................... 50
3.2. Suy ngh v vit ra cc yu t l nguyn nhn chnh (nhm nguyn nhn) ............ 50
3.3. Xc nh cc nguyn nhn c th (cc bc di) .................................................. 51
3.4. Phn tch ton b s nhm xc nh cc nguyn nhn quan trng nht............ 51

4. PHN TCH MIN NG LC:......................................................................52

4.1. Khi nim ............................................................................................................. 52
4.2. Cc bc thc hin: ............................................................................................. 52

5. PHN TCH CC BN C LIN QUAN (STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS = SA) ......53

5.1. Cc khi nim c bn .......................................................................................... 53
5.2. Tm quan trng v ngha ca phn tch cc bn c lin quan ........................... 53
5.3. Thi im thc hin phn tch cc bn c lin quan.............................................. 54
5.4. Ni dung trnh t phn tch cc bn c lin quan .................................................. 54

6. PHN TCH SWOT ..........................................................................................57

6.1. S cn thit ca vic xy dng nh hng pht trin cho cc h thng mi trng
................................................................................................................................... 57
6.2. Khi nim v SWOT ............................................................................................. 57
6.3. ngha ca phn tch SWOT ............................................................................... 58
6.4. Ni dung phng php phn tch SWOT ............................................................... 58
6.5. V d minh ha: .................................................................................................... 62

CHNG 4: PHNG PHP PHN TCH KHUNG LUN L (LOGICAL

FRAMEWORK ANALYSIS = LFA) .....................................................................65
1. NHN DNG CC D N LIN QUAN N MI TRNG TI NGUYN
..............................................................................................................................65
2. KHI NIM V PHN TCH KHUNG LUN L ........................................66
3. CC GIAI ON THC HIN PHN TCH KHUNG LUN L...................68
3.1. Giai on phn tch (Analysis phase) ................................................................... 68
3.2. Giai on lp k hoch (The Planning Phase) ...................................................... 74
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4. P DNG TIN TRNH KHUNG LUN L NH GI MT D N

SN C ................................................................................................................79
CHNG 5: CC CNG C PHN TCH H THNG MI TRNG .......81
1. TNG QUAN V CC CNG C PHN TCH H THNG MI TRNG 81
2. NHM CNG C TNG QUT, A NNG ..................................................82
2.1. Phn tch a tiu ch (Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA)).......................................... 82
2.2. Phn tch nhy cm (Sensitive analysis (SenA)) .................................................... 82
2.3. Phn tch s khng chc chn (Uncertainty Analysis (UA)) .................................. 82
2.4. Phn tch kch bn (Scenario Analysis (ScenA)).................................................... 83
2.5. Phn tch v tr (Position analysis (PA)) ............................................................... 83
2.6. Phn tch chi ph li ch (Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)) ........................................ 84

3. NHM CNG C DNG CHO PHN TCH CC SN PHM V DCH V

..............................................................................................................................85
3.1. nh gi vng i sn phm (Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ................................. 86
3.2. Phn tch chi ph vng i (Life Cycle Cost analysis (LCC)) ................................ 86
3.3. Phn tch u vo u ra (Input-output analysis (IOA)) ....................................... 86
3.4. Phn tch tng yu cu vt liu (Total Material Requirement (TMR)) ................... 87
3.5. Phn tch cng vt liu trn mi n v dch v (Material Intensity per Unit
Service (MIPS))........................................................................................................... 87
3.6. Phn tch cng vt liu (Material Intensity Analysis (MAIA) ......................... 88
3.7. nh gi chi ph tng th (Total Cost Assessment (TCA))..................................... 89
3.8. Phn tch hiu qu - chi ph (Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA)) ......................... 89

4. NHM CNG C S DNG CHO CC A IM.......................................89

4.1. nh gi ri ro mi trng (Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA)) .................. 89
4.2. Kim ton lung vt liu (Material Flow Accounting/Substance Flow Analysis
(MFA/SFA)) ................................................................................................................ 90
4.3. Phn tch du n sinh thi (Ecological Footprint (EF)) ........................................ 93
4.4. Phn tch nng lng tch t trong h sinh thi (Emergy analysis (EmeA))........... 94

5. NHM CNG C P DNG CHO CC X NGHIP, NH MY .................96

5.1. Phn tch nhu cu nng lng tch ly (Cumulative Energy Requirement Analysis
(CERA)) ...................................................................................................................... 96
5.2. nh gi vic thc hin bo v mi trng (Environmental Performance
Evaluation (EPE)) ....................................................................................................... 96
5.3. nh gi cng ngh (Technology Assessment (TA)) ............................................. 97
5.4. Phn tch nng lng hiu dng (exergy analysis (ExeA)) .................................... 97

6. NHM CNG C CHUYN DNG CHO VIC NH GI TC NG MI

TRNG CA CC LOI D N .....................................................................98
6.1. Khi nim v nh gi tc ng mi trng ......................................................... 98
6.2. ngha ca nh gi tc ng mi trng ........................................................... 99
6.3. Phn loi nh gi tc ng mi trng theo tin trnh xy dng chng trnh/k
hoch/d n ................................................................................................................ 99
6.4. nh gi mi trng chin lc (Strategic Environmental Assessment =SEA)) .. 100
6.5. nh gi tc ng mi trng (Environmental Impact Assessment) ................... 101
6.6. Phng php thc hin bo co TM ................................................................ 106

CHNG 6: CNG C NH GI VNG I SN PHM (LCA) ...........110

1. KHI NIM V PHNG PHP NH GI VNG I SN PHM.......110
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2. LCH S CA LCA ........................................................................................111

3. NG DNG, LI CH V NGHA CA LCA ...........................................111
4. NHNG HN CH CA LCA .......................................................................113
5. ISO 14000 V NH GI VNG I SN PHM......................................114
6. MI LIN H GIA LCA V SN XUT SCH HN ...............................115
6.1. Khi nim sn xut sch hn .............................................................................. 115
6.2. Khi qut cc gii php sn xut sch hn:........................................................ 115
6.3. Mi lin h gia LCA v sn xut sch hn ........................................................ 116

7. CC GIAI ON CA NH GI VNG I SN PHM .......................116

8. HNG DN THC HIN CNG C NH GI VNG I SN PHM
N GIN .........................................................................................................117
8.1. Bc 1: Xc nh mc tiu v phm vi nh gi (aims and scope) ...................... 118
8.2. Bc 2: Phn tch kim k vng i (Life Cycle inventory analysis): .................. 119
8.3. Bc 3: nh gi tc ng mi trng ca tng giai on trong vng i sn
phm (Life cycle impact assessment): ........................................................................ 121
8.4. Bc 4: Lp bo co LCA hay din t vng i sng (Life cycle interpretation)
................................................................................................................................. 124

CHNG 7: CNG C NH GI RI RO MI TRNG

(ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT) .....................................................127
1. CC KHI NIM C BN: ...........................................................................127
2. LCH S TM TT CA NH GI RI RO MI TRNG ....................128
3. PHN LOI NH GI RI RO ..................................................................129
4. CP HAY BC NH GI RI RO: ......................................................130
5. QUY TRNH TNG QUT V NH GI RI RO MI TRNG ............130
5.1. Xc nh mi nguy hi ........................................................................................ 131
5.2. nh gi phi nhim .......................................................................................... 134
5.3. nh gi c hay phn tch liu- phn ng (Dose response Analysis)......... 138
5.4. M t c trng ri ro ........................................................................................ 140
5.5. Qun l ri ro (QLRR): ...................................................................................... 143

6. CC GII HN CA NH GI RI RO MI TRNG:..........................145
CHNG 8: NH GI CNG NGH ............................................................147
1. KHI NIM CNG NGH .............................................................................147
2. KHI NIM V NH GI CNG NGH ...................................................147
2.1. Khi nim nh gi cng ngh ........................................................................... 147
2.2. Cc khi nim lin quan n nh gi mi trng .............................................. 148

3. NGUN GC CA NH GI CNG NGH..............................................149

4. CC C TRNG CA NH GI CNG NGH .....................................149
5. PHM VI NH GI V 2 MC TIP CN ENTA ...................................150
6. CC BN C LIN QUAN TRONG ENTA ...................................................150
7. CC LI CH CA ENTA .............................................................................151
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8. QUI TRNH NH GI CNG NGH MI TRNG.................................152

8.1. Qui trnh nh gi DICE 4 bc ........................................................................ 152
8.2. Quan h gia qui trnh nh gi DICE v 5 bc ca qui trnh EnTA ................ 152
8.3. Chun b nh gi .............................................................................................. 154
8.4. Bc 1: M t cng ngh ................................................................................... 154
8.5. Bc 2: Xc nh cc ngun ti nguyn, cc yu cu khc p lc v tc ng ca
cng ngh.................................................................................................................. 157
8.6. Bc 3: nh gi s b cc tc ng ca cng ngh .......................................... 161
8.7. Bc 4: So snh cc phng n cng ngh......................................................... 167
8.8. Bc 5: Ra quyt nh - Thng nht kin v a ra kin ngh .......................... 169
8.9. Cc hot ng sau nh gi: .............................................................................. 171

9. DANH MC CC TC NG MI TRNG TIM TNG .......................172

9.1. Cc tc ng n an ton v sc khe con ngi ............................................... 172
9.2. Cc tc ng n mi trng t nhin a phng .......................................... 173
9.3. Cc thay i mi trng ton cu....................................................................... 174
Pht thi cc kh lm suy gim tng Ozn (Ozone Depletion Potential ...................... 174
9.4. Cc tc ng v s dng ti nguyn t .............................................................. 174
9.5. Cc tc ng vn ha v x hi .......................................................................... 175

CHNG 9: PHN TCH A TIU CH ..........................................................176

1. KHI NIM V C TRNG CA PHN TCH A TIU CH .................176
1.1. Cc khi nim lin quan ..................................................................................... 176
1.2. Cc c tnh k thut ca MCA .......................................................................... 176
1.3. i tng phn tch: .......................................................................................... 176
1.4. u im chnh ca MCA: .................................................................................. 177
1.5. Cc gii hn ca MCA: ...................................................................................... 177

2. QUI TRNH THC HIN PHN TCH A TIU CH ...................................177

2.1. Xc nh nhim v nh gi v a ra cc phng n chnh sch hay gii php s
phn tch. .................................................................................................................. 178
2.2. Xc nh tiu ch da vo cc phng n s c nh gi ........................... 179
2.3. Thu thp cc d liu nh lng v nh tnh nh gi cc phng n ........... 181
2.4. Cho im cc phng n da vo tiu ch bng cch chun ha tiu ch ............ 181
2.5. Gn trng s cho cc tiu ch v so snh cc phng n .................................... 182
2.6. Thc hin phn tch nhy cm v r sot li kt lun.......................................... 183

CHNG 10: NG DNG PHN TCH H THNG TRONG CC H K

THUT ..................................................................................................................185
1. TM LT V K THUT H THNG (SYSTEM ENGINEERING) ........185
1.1. Khi nim v k thut h thng:......................................................................... 185
1.2. Cc giai on ca k thut h thng trong cc d n ln phc hp: ................. 186

2. QUI TRNH KHUNG THIT K H THNG TH NGHIM X L MI

TRNG DA VO PHNG PHP LUN H THNG .............................187
2.1. Mc ch xy dng m hnh th nghim x l mi trng (pilot) ........................ 187
2.2. Cc giai on xy dng mt m hnh pilot ca mt h thng x l nhim mi
trng ....................................................................................................................... 188

3. NGUYN L IU KHIN V IU CHNH ..............................................190

3.1. Khi nim:.......................................................................................................... 190
3.2. iu khin .......................................................................................................... 191
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3.3. iu chnh .......................................................................................................... 191

4. NG DNG PHN TCH H THNG TRONG CC H THNG SN XUT

............................................................................................................................192
4.1. Khi nim v tin trnh sn xut ......................................................................... 192
4.2. Ni dung phn tch tin trnh sn xut ................................................................ 192
4.3. ng dng ca phn tch tin trnh sn xut ........................................................ 193

CHNG 11: NHN THC CC H SINH THI VI PHNG PHP

LUN H THNG ...............................................................................................195
1. PHT TRIN CA KHI NIM H SINH THI ..........................................195
1.1. Khi nim h sinh thi t nhin .......................................................................... 196
1.2. Khi nim h sinh thi nhn vn ........................................................................ 196
1.3. H sinh thi tch hp ( th cng nghip) .......................................................... 197

2. CC C TRNG CHUNG CA CC H SINH THI ..............................197

2.1. c trng v cu trc ......................................................................................... 197
2.2. c trng v ranh gii h thng mi trng bn ngoi.................................... 201
2.3. c trng v tin trnh bin i trong cc HST .................................................. 202
2.4. c trng v ng thi ca h sinh thi ............................................................. 208
2.5. c trng v c cu cp bc v tng tc cn k ............................................... 215

3. PHN LOI CC H SINH THI ................................................................216

3.1. Phn bc s thay i h sinh thi ....................................................................... 216

4. CC CNG C PHN TCH NG DNG TRONG CC H SINH THI ...217

4.1. Phn tch Hot ng Kha cnh mi trng v tc ng mi trng xc lp mc
tiu qun l i vi cc h thng mi trng:............................................................ 217
4.2. Phn tch ng dn mi trng (Environmental Pathway Analysis) ................ 224

CHNG 12: NHN THC CC H THNG QUN L BNG PHNG

PHP LUN H THNG ...................................................................................228
1. H THNG QUN L V CC YU T CU THNH H THNG..........228
2. NHNG C TRNG CHUNG CA CC H THNG QUN L ............229
2.1. Cu trc ca cc h thng qun l ...................................................................... 229
2.2. Ranh gii gia h thng v mi trng .......................................................... 231
2.3. u vo - Tin trnh x l u ra trong cc h thng qun l .......................... 232
2.4. ng thi ca cc h thng qun l .................................................................... 232
2.5. C cu cp bc cc t chc qun l................................................................... 233
2.6. Tnh tri hay tnh tp hng ca h thng ......................................................... 234

3. NHNG NG DNG PHN TCH H THNG MI TRNG TRONG CC

DOANH NGHIP ...............................................................................................234
3.1. Xc nh mc tiu qun l mi trng ................................................................ 234
3.2. Phn tch tin trnh sn xut thc hin sn xut sch hn .............................. 235
3.3. Phn tch tin trnh sn xut ci tin thit k sn phm thn thin mi trng.
................................................................................................................................. 236
3.4. Xc nh ranh gii, phn tch mt bng xc nh cc mi nguy hi trong nh
gi ri ro mi trng................................................................................................. 236
3.5. Phn tch cc tin trnh h thng xy dng hay ci tin qui trnh qun l ....... 236
3.6. Lp bn mi trng (Eco-mapping) cho cng ty ............................................ 239

viii
Gio trnh phn tch h thng mi trng Ch nh L

Chng 1: PHN TCH H THNG MI TRNG

KHOA HC V H THNG
MC TIU HC TP:
1. Khi nim v phn tch h thng mi trng (environmental system analysis =
ESA).
2. Phn bit cch tip cn phn tch c in v cch tip cn phn tch h thng
3. Phn loi cc h thng.
4. C s phng php lun ca tip cn h thng: iu khin hc (cybernetics) v
khoa hc h thng (system science).
5. Phm vi ng dng ca l thuyt h thng.
6. Khi nim h thng v cc khi nim c bn lin quan.
--~~oOo~~--

1. KHI NIM V PHN TCH H THNG MI TRNG

(ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM ANALYSIS = ESA)
Nhng vn mi trng ngy nay khng ging nhng vn t ra gia
th k th 19, lc m cc nh khoa hc cn ang nghin cu v sinh thi hc, nghin
cu cc h sinh thi t nhin, mi quan h gia cc qun th sinh vt (ng thc vt =
sinh) vi mi trng sng ca chng (mi trng sinh - a l-ha = thi).
Cc vn mi trng ngy nay bin i theo qu trnh pht trin kinh t, sn
xut v do chnh hot ng ca con ngi gy ra: nhim do sn xut cng nghip,
do cht thi cng nghip, sinh hot, y t. . . ch khng dng li cc nhiu lon thin
nhin nh lt li, hn hn, ma . . . . . Nhng vn mi trng pht sinh ngy nay
ch yu xut pht t hot ng ca con ngi ngha l do mi quan h tng tc
phc hp gia h thng x hi trong gi vai tr quan trng nht l cc h thng sn
xut vi h sinh thi t nhin.
Cc h thng mi trng trong thc t Vit nam c th nhn bit trong 10
nhm:
1. Cc khu Bo tn thin nhin, khu du lch sinh thi, Vn quc gia (Cc HST
Rng)
2. Cc khu vc nng nghip, trang tri, vn cy n tri, cng nghip (HST Nng
nghip)
3. Cc h sinh thi t ngp nc (rng ngp mn, rng trm U minh, cc m
ph ven bin)
4. Cc khu vc m nui tm, lng c b trn sng, trn h p thy li, thy
in (HST ao h)
5. Cc khu vc ven bin (coastal zone), bin o (HST ven b bin, bin).
6. Cc doanh nghip sn xut cng nghip (cc ngnh khc nhau)
7. Cc khu cng nghip, khu ch xut (tp hp nhiu doanh nghip).
8. Cc cng bin, cng hng khng, kho bi.
9. Cc bnh vin
10. Cc khu th dn c v hn hp (HST th)
Cc i tng cn qun l mi trng ni trn l cc h thng phc hp ca
cc thnh phn t nhin, x hi, k thut cng ngh (ty theo mc khc nhau).
1
Gio trnh phn tch h thng mi trng Ch nh L

V vy, nhn thc v qun l nhm pht trin bn vng, tm ra nguyn nhn
gy nhim ngn chn, nm vng mi quan h tng tc gia cc thnh phn
trong h thng, cn thit phi tip cn cc vn mi trng (qui hoch, qun l, d
bo, khc phc, ngn nga. . .) theo phng php lun ca khoa hc h thng (system
science), thc hin phn tch cc h thng mi trng (ESA).
Qua , c th nhn thc l ESA l s vn dng t duy h thng hiu bit
su sc c tnh h thng v nhng hot ng ca con ngi tc ng n mi trng
t nhin, t a ra c cc gii php hu hiu nhm ngn chn cc nguy c lm
suy thoi mi trng t nhin, ng thi lm cho x hi ngy cng pht trin theo
hng bn vng.
Khoa hc h thng, iu khin hc c pht trin t cui th k 19 v c
tc dng rt ln lao trong qu trnh pht trin cc ngnh khoa hc, c bit l khoa hc
truyn thng, my tnh, y khoa, sinh hc v qun l kinh t.
Ngy nay, phn tch h thng (system analysis) l mt trong nhng mn hc c
s ca hu ht cc ngnh hc. N trang b cho ngi hc t duy h thng gii quyt
nhng vn ring ca tng ngnh m i tng nghin cu l cc h thng. Phn
tch hiu h thng, ci tin n hoc thit k h thng mi nhm lm cho cc h
thng hot ng hu hiu phc v li ch ca con ngi. Phn tch h thng mi
trng l s vn dng t duy h thng vo lnh vc mi trng ti nguyn.
tip thu, ngi hc phi hc theo cch hiu v p dng vo cc i tng nghin
cu khc nhau, khng thuc lng. Mc tiu chnh ca mn hc l:
(1) Trang b cc khi nim (concepts) v nguyn l (principles) nhn thc cc loi
h thng mi trng, vn dng vo thc tin ngnh ngh cng nh cuc sng
i thng cc khi nim v nguyn l s gip ngi hc trang b t duy v
phng php lun h thng.
(2) Rn luyn cho ngi hc 6 k nng hc tp: m rng kin thc bng cch tm
kim trn internet cc bi vit, bo co minh ha cc vn t ra ca mn
hc, hiu bit khi nim, nguyn l, bit p dng vo thc tin, bit phn tch,
tng hp v nh gi ng dng trong ngnh mi trng.
(3) Thc hnh cc cng c phn tch h thng tng qut v phn tch h thng mi
trng nh: Phn tch SWOT, Phn tch nguyn nhn h qu, nh gi tc
ng mi trng (EIA = Envieonmental Impacts Assessment); nh gi vng
i sn phm (LCA = Life cycle Assessment); Phn tch lung vt cht
(Material Flow analysis = MFA hay SFA = Substance Flow analysis); nh gi
ri ro mi trng (Environmental Risk Assessment = ERA), phn tch a tiu
ch (Multi Criteria Analysis)..; p dng vo cc trng hp nghin cu (case
study) thch hp v nhm cng c nhn thc v t duy h thng trong lnh vc
mi trng.
1.1. Lnh vc nghin cu ca phn tch h thng mi trng
Trn c s nhn nhn h sinh thi th theo quan im tch hp (bao gm h t
nhin, h k thut cng ngh v h x hi), cc nghin cu trong phn tch h thng
mi trng lin quan n cc lnh vc:
nh gi h qu i vi mi trng t nhin ca cc thnh phn sn xut
k thut, thnh phn x hi.
2
Gio trnh phn tch h thng mi trng Ch nh L

ESA t trng tm vo vic pht trin, s dng v nh gi cc phng php

v cng c dng trong vic nh gi cc tc ng mi trng ca cc h
thng k thut .
Nghin cu vai tr ca cc phng php ny trong vic ra quyt nh, qun
l v giao tip .
Nghin cu cc mi quan h gia cc cng c khc nhau (s khc bit, tng
t, cc b d kin chia x, lung thng tin gia cc cng c..).
Hin nay, nh gi vng i (LCA) v cc cng c lin quan, cc ch s bn vng,
nh gi cng ngh mi trng v nh gi mi trng ca t chc cc phng
php c nghin cu.
Cc lnh vc nghin cu c th m t trong hnh 1.1 v 1.2, cc v d v cng
c c dng, (hp gia) v cc v d v cc d n ch dn vai tr ca chng trong
qun l v ra quyt nh. Trong hp th ba, cc lnh vc cng ngh khc nhau, trong
, cc nghin cu in hnh c thc hin c lit k ra.
Cc phng php v cng c v s dng chng l tiu im chnh trong nghin
cu. Ap dng chng trong mt phm vi rng cc lnh vc cng ngh s tng kh nng
p dng chung. rng trong cc lnh vc cng ngh bao trm ku gi s hp tc
vi chuyn gia cng ngh trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau cng nh huy ng nng lc
trong nhm t cc lnh vc khc nhau.

Hnh 1. 1: Phm vi quan tm ca phn tch h thng mi trng (h k thut h x hi v

h t nhin) (ngun: t liu internet).

Cc h thng MT:
+ Khu du lch
+ Cc doanh nghip
+ Cc a phng
(huyn, x)
+ Cc bnh vin
+ Cc Cng
+ Cc khu Cng nghip
+ Cc cm cng nghip

Phng php v cng c

+ nh gi vng i (LCA)
+ nh gi ri ro mi trng (ERA)
+ nh gi cng ngh MT (EnTA)
+ nh gi mi trng ca t chc
(EAO) . . . . . . . . . . . . Vai tr ca cc cng c:

+ LCA v ra quyt nh
+ MCA v nh gi trong thc t
+ Hp cng c ESA

+ Phn tch tc ng mi trng

ca sn phm, hat ng. . .

Hnh 1. 2: Phm vi nghin cu ca phn tch h thng mi trng (phng php v cng c
cho cc ngnh cng nghip tng ng) (ngun: t liu internet)

1.2. Nghin cu phn tch h thng mi trng trong tng lai

Mt s c quan nghin cu xc nh mt vi nh hng nghin cu ESA trong
u th k 21 nh sau:
3
Gio trnh phn tch h thng mi trng Ch nh L

1) Nghin cu pht trin phng php lun ca nh gi vng i sn phm

(LCA), s dng LCA trong cc ngnh cng nghip khc nhau v nghin cu cc in
hnh (case study) nhm xc nh s ri ro ca tc ng mi trng gy ra bi sn xut,
tiu th sn phm, kim sot cc lung nng lng v vt cht. Chin lc nghin cu
bao gm:
+ M rng phm vi nghin cu cc cng c ESA, bao gm hai quan im:
-

Cng c nhn t bn trong ngha l nh gi s pht trin v s dng cc

phng php v cng c nh gi mi trng cho nhiu h thng k thut cng
ngh khc nhau t xy dng, x hi th n cc h thng cung cp nng
lng. . .

Cng c nhn t bn ngoi ngha l cc cng c v phng php mi trng

c dng trong vic ra quyt nh v hc tp bi cc thnh phn khc nhau
trong x hi.
Th hin hai quan im trong cc hng nghin cu c th nh sau:
+ nh gi cng ngh mi trng.(Environmental Technology Assessment)
+ Nghin cu cc ch th bn vngSustainability Indicators v cc h thng thng
tin v s bn vng (sustainability information systems)
+ Cc h thng thng tin mi trng (Environmental Information Systems)
+ Phng php lun nh gi chu trnh sn phm LCA (LCA methodology), c bit l
i vi cc cht c vn cha c nghin cu.
+ nh gi mi trng ca t chc (Environmental Assessment of Organising
(EAO)) xem xt nh hng ca t chc n tc ng mi trng. Mc ch ca
EAO l o cc s khc bit mi trng gia cc cch khc nhau ca cc t chc, v
a ra s hiu bit v nguyn nhn t chc gy ra s bin thin trong tc ng mi
trng tng t nh tc ng ca cc h thng k thut.
+ nh gi thc t ca LCA Evaluation of LCA practicetrong mt s cng ty bt
u cc d n qun l sn xut sch hn (CPM project) v kh nng m rng cc
chng trnh Chnh sch sn phm tng hp (IPP = Integrated Product Programme)
Nhng iu lu trong nghin cu ESA:
+ Nghin cu hng v ngi s dng v ngi hnh ng
ESA c hng v s biu th, nh gi v thc hin cc o c tm cch
gim tc ng mi trng. iu gi rng ESA chp nhn s hin din ca nhng
ngi trong cuc, con ngi v cc t chc vi kh nng thc hin cc o c .
Cc nghin cu h thng mi trng (cc trng hp m phng php ESA
c p dng) c hng dn vi mc ch cung cp thng tin v tc ng mi
trng v h tr cc quyt nh lin quan n cc o c nhm gim hay gii hn tc
ng mi trng.
t c iu , giai on hnh thnh vn trong nghin cu ESA l rt
quan trng thng qua bi tm quan trng ca cc cu hi r rng, chnh xc v cc
ranh gii h thng thch hp trong ti nghin cu.
nh hng n ngi s dng ca nghin cu ESA gi rng vic chn la
phng php v cng c cho phn tch h thng thay i t trng hp ny n
trng hp khc. Quan im ngi s dng cng gi rng ng dng ca cng c ESA

4
Gio trnh phn tch h thng mi trng Ch nh L

thng c thc hin di hnh thc c s tham gia. V vy cc ti/d n cn

c thc hin trong s hp tc cht ch vi cc ngi trong cuc c lin quan.
Cc c s thc nghim cho ESA
C s thc nghim ca nghin cu c th l trc tip (phng vn, phn tch vn
bn, o lng) cng nh gin tip (dng d liu hin c).
D liu bao gm d liu v cc h thng vt l (k thut v t nhin) cng nh h
thng x hi.
Cc nghin cu in hnh (case study) rt quan trng v gi nhiu vai tr trong
ESA, chng bao gm cc la chn k thut hay bao gm s biu th cc kh nng
ci thin trong mt h thng k thut.
Cc nghin cu in hnh cng gi mt vai tr trong pht trin phng php lun.
Mt mt, s hnh thnh khi nim v cc cng c c kho st trong cc nghin
cu in hnh. Mt khc, cc kinh nghim t cc nghin cu in hnh c th hnh
thnh nhng c s khi qut ha. V l do , ESA thc hin cc hng nghin
cu p dng cc cng c h thng mi trng cho nhiu cng ngh khc nhau.
1.3. V sao phi ng dng cch tip cn phn tch h thng trong ngnh
mi trng
Theo ngha thng thng, "mi trng l mt tp hp (aggregate) cc vt th
(things), hon cnh (conditions) v nh hng (influences) bao quanh mt i tng
no ". (The random House College dictionary - USA). Lut Bo v Mi trng ca
Vit nam, 1993 nh ngha "Mi trng bao gm cc yu t t nhin v yu t vt
cht nhn to, quan h mt thit vi nhau, bao quanh con ngi, c nh hng trc
tip ti i sng, sn xut, s tn ti v pht trin ca con ngi v thin nhin"
Theo cc nh ngha trn, khoa hc v k thut v mi trng c lin quan n
i tng nghin cu l cc h sinh thi tn ti trn a cu. nhn thc nhng vn
mi trng cn phi t trong bi cnh phn tch h thng cc h sinh thi-nhn
vn (h t nhin v h x hi), v c nh vy chng ta mi nhn thc y cc phn
t ca cc yu t mi trng, cc phn t ca cc h sinh vt, s lin h v tng tc
nhau gia chng, ng thi (s thay i) ca ton b h thng, t mi c th a ra
cc gii php iu khin, x l, qun l cc h sinh thi mt cch ng n theo
hng bn vng, phc v cho mc tiu pht trin ca loi ngi.
Bn cnh , vn mi trng ngy nay pht sinh ch yu do cc hot ng
sn xut kinh t k thut thng qua cc h thng sn xut v s pht trin h thng x
hi lm pht sinh cht thi. V vy, vn mi trng khng cn hn ch trong h
sinh thi t nhin m lin quan n h thng phc hp: k thut x hi t nhin,
i hi cc gii php lin ngnh. V th mun nhn thc v gii quyt c hiu qu vn
mi trng bt buc phi tip cn bng phng php lun h thng.
Thm vo , trong ngnh mi trng, ngi nghin cu phi tip cn nhiu tin
trnh v thc th di dng cc h thng phc hp:
nh gi tc ng mi trng ca mt d n trong cc ngnh cng nghip, cc
qu trnh sn xut, cc ri ro mi trng c th pht sinh trong mt khu vc,
mt nh my. . .cc i tng nghin cu ny l cc h thng k thut phc
hp. Khng tip cn theo quan im h thng th rt kh nhn thc v thc
hin vic nh gi tc ng mi trng.
5
Gio trnh phn tch h thng mi trng Ch nh L

Thit k cc tin trnh x l nhim (nc, khng kh, cht thi rn) bao
gm nhiu cng on khng thun nht nh l (nghin, t. ..), ha (ha tan,
kh. . .), sinh (s dng vi sinh), xy dng cc h thng x l nc thi. ..
Xy dng cc h thng qun l mi trng trong mt doanh nghip, nm
trong h thng qun l doanh nghip.
Qun l mi trng vng, tnh thnh, qun huyn, l cc h sinh thi th
phc tp, nhiu thnh phn khng thun nht.
Qun l cc khu bo tn thin nhin, cc khu du lch sinh thi l cc h sinh
thi phc hp, khng thun nht.
Xy dng cc h thng thng tin qun l mi trng bng h thng thng tin
a l hoc cc h thng thng tin qun l.
Vi cc h thng phc hp ni trn, nhn thc v gii quyt vn , khng th
tip cn bng phng php phn tch truyn thng, ngi cn b mi trng bt but
phi s dng phng php tip cn phn tch h thng.

2. PHN BIT CCH TIP CN PHN TCH C IN V CCH

TIP CN PHN TCH H THNG
2.1. Cc tip cn phn tch c in (analytic approach)
Nghin cu HT bng cch chia nh mt h thng thnh cc phn t c bn
nhm mc ch nghin cu chi tit v nhn bit cc kiu tng tc hin hu gia
cc phn t. Bng cch thay i mt bin s trong mt thi gian, phng php ny c
gng rt ra cc quy lut chung c th cho php ngi ta d bo tnh cht ca h thng
di nhng iu kin khc nhau. c th d bo, p dng cc quy lut cng tnh
cht ca cc phn t c bn. l trng hp ca cc h thng thun nht, chng
bao gm cc phn t ging nhau v s tng tc gia chng vi nhau yu. Cc quy
lut thng k c p dng cho php ngi ta nhn thc tp tnh ca cc phc hp
m ng khng c t chc.
Cch tip cn ny thng p dng trong cc lnh vc vt l, ha hc nh cc nghin
cu v c hc, cu to cc nguyn t, phn t, dung dch. . .
2.2. Cch tip cn phn tch h thng
Cc quy lut cng cc tnh cht c bn khng p dng c cho cc h thng
phc hp cao, bao gm mt s lng ln cc phn t a dng, nhiu kiu, lin h vi
nhau bi s tng tc mnh m.
Cc h thng ny phi c p dng bng cc phng php mi ca cch tip
cn phn tch h thng. Mc ch ca phng php mi l xem xt h thng trong
tng th v ng thi ring ca n.
Thng qua m phng, ngi ta c th ti hin h thng v quan st trong thi
gian thc cc tc ng ca cc loi tng tc gia cc phn t ca n. S nghin cu
tp tnh ny theo thi gian xc nh cc quy lut c th iu chnh h thng hay
h thng thit k cc h thng khc.

6
Gio trnh phn tch h thng mi trng Ch nh L

Tuy nhin, d phn bit gia hai cch tip cn, cn nhn thc rng hai phng
php c tnh cht b sung cho nhau. Trong nghin cu khoa hc hay thc tin, chng
ta u phi vn dng c hai cch tip cn ty theo i tng v mc ch nghin cu.
Bng 1. 1: So snh cch tip cn phn tch truyn thng v cch tip cn h thng
Cch tip cn phn tch truyn thng Cch tip cn phn tch h thng Analytic Approach
Systemic Approach
- Phn lp Ht thnh phn t v tp
- Hp nht phn t v tp trung vo s
trung nghin cu phn t
tng tc gia cc phn t
- Nghin cu tnh cht ca s tng
- NC tc ng ca s tng tc
tc
- Nhn mnh s chnh xc ca cc
- Nhn mnh tm nhn tng th
chi tit
- Thay i mt bin s theo thi gian - Thay i ng thi nhiu nhm bin
s
- Duy tr s c lp cc phn t
- Tch hp theo thi gian v s khng
trong sut thi gian; Hin tng
th lp li.
c quan st c th lp li.
- Cc lun c thng qua s so snh tp
- Cc lun c da trn cc phng
php chng minh th nghim trong
tnh ca m hnh vi hin thc.
phm vi mt l thuyt
- S dng s chnh xc v cc m
- S dng cc m hnh cha chnh
hnh chi tit km hu dng trong
xc lm c s tri thc nhng rt
iu hnh thc t (v d, cc m
hu dng cho cc quyt nh v hnh
hnh kinh t)
ng.
- C mt cch tip cn hiu qu khi cc
- C mt cch tip cn hiu qu khi
cc tng tc l tuyn tnh v yu.
tng tc l phi tuyn tnh v mnh.
- Dn n s gio dc chuyn su
- Dn n s gio dc lin ngnh
theo ngnh
- Dn n hnh ng c sp xp
- Dn n hnh ng theo mc ch
theo chi tit
- Chim lnh kin thc chi tit nhng - Chim lnh kin thc theo cc mc
tnh mc ch thp
ch, cc chi tit m nht (fuzzy
details)

3. PHN LOI CC H THNG

3.1. Cc kiu h thng tng qut
C nhiu kiu h thng, trong cuc sng hng ngy chng ta tip xc hoc l
cc h thng hoc cc thnh phn ca cc h thng. S xp loi cc h thng s gip
chng ta nhn bit v phn tch d hn.
Phn loi tng qut c th chia tng qut thnh ba loi h thng:
a. Cc h thng t nhin
Cc h thng t nhin hin din trong t nhin v hnh thnh bi thin nhin.
Cc h thng ny ln v phc v cho mc ch ca chnh n.

7
Gio trnh phn tch h thng mi trng Ch nh L

thun tin, c th chia cc h thng t nhin thnh 2 nhm ph: Cc h thng vt

l v cc h thng sng (physical systems and living systems).
Cc h thng vt l bao gm cc v d rt a dng:
1. Cc h thng v tr: h mt tri,
2. Cc h thng a l: Ht sng ngi, ni non. .
3. Cc h thng phn t: cc t chc phc tp ca nguyn t. . .
4. Cc h thng vt l thng c quan tm nghin cu v chng ta mun sa
i chng phc v li ch con ngi. Chng ta cng pht trin cc h thng
nhn to, bao gm c cc h thng my tnh, thc hin tng tc hi ha vi
cc h thng vt l. Thng chng ta c gng m hnh ha cc h thng vt l
c th hiu c chng mt cch hon ton.
Cc h thng sng bao gm v s cc ng thc vt quanh chng ta. Cc tnh cht v
c trng ca cc HT sng quen thuc c th gip gii thch v hiu bit tt hn cc
h thng nhn to.
b. Cc h thng nhn to
bao gm
1. Cc h thng x hi: cc t chc, hi on
2. Mt su tp cc tng c trau chut, t chc (lun n, bi pht biu. . .).
3. Cc h thng giao thng: mng xa l, knh o..
4. Cc h thng truyn thng: in thoi, telex
5. Cc h thng ch to: xng, dy chuyn
6. Cc h thng ti chnh: k ton, kim ton. . .
c. Cc h thng t ng (Automated systems)
Cc h thng t ng l cc h thng nhn to c tng tc hay kim sot bi
mt hay nhiu my tnh. Chng ta c th phn bit nhiu loi h thng t ng, nhng
chng thng c cc thnh phn chung:
1. Thit b cng (B vi x l CPU, a cng, mn hnh, my in.).
2. Phn mm my tnh: cc chng trnh h thng nh cc h iu hnh, HT c s d
liu
3. Con ngi iu hnh h thng, cung co u vo v nhn u ra v nhng ngi
thc hin cc hot ng x l th cng trong mt h thng.
4. D liu: l thng tin m h thng nh trong mt thi k.
5. Cc qui trnh: cc ch dn v chnh sch chnh thc cho iu hnh h thng.
Mt cch phn loi cc h thng t ng l da trn ng dng. Tuy nhin, v mt k
thut, vic phn tch, m hnh ha, thit k v thc hin cc h thng t ng thng
ging nhau, khng lin quan n ng dng.
Cch phn loi thng nh sau:
1. H thng x l theo khi: trong , thng tin thng c truy cp da trn c
s chui lin tip, ngha l my tnh c thng qua cc dng tin trong c s d
liu ca n, x l v cp nht cc dng tin ny thc hin mt vi tc v.
2. Cc h thng trc tuyn: nhn u vo trc tip t ni m n c to ra. Trong
, cc u ra hay kt qu tnh ton c hon tr cho ni n c yu cu.
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Gio trnh phn tch h thng mi trng Ch nh L

3. Cc h thng thi gian thc: n kim sot mt mi trng bng cch nhn d
liu, x l chng v hon tr kt qu tc ng li mi trng mt cch nhanh
chng, hu hiu vo cng mt thi im.
4. Cc h thng h tr ra quyt nh:
L cc h thng khng t n ra quyt nh nhng n gip cc nh qun l trong
mt t chc ra cc quyt nh hp l v nhiu mt trong qu trnh iu hnh. Cc h
thng ny l cc h thng khng t vn hnh, n c dng khi cn.
5. Cc h thng da trn c s tri thc c s (Knowledge-based systems)
L cc h thng gip hnh thnh cc chng trnh h tr con ngi trong vic thc
hin cc nhim v khc nhau.
3.2. Phn loi theo c im ca mi lin h vi mi trng chung
quanh.
- H thng tuyt i kn: Mt h thng ng khng tng tc vi hon cnh ca n,
hoc khi chng ta khng xc nh v khng nghin cu mi quan h vi mi trng
bn ngoi. Trn thc t, loi h thng ny khng tn ti.
- H thng tng i m hay t do tng i l cc h thng khi ta nghin cu, chng
ta nh ngha mt s i lng nhp v xut xc nh.
- H thng m l h thng tc ng tch cc vi mi trng bn ngoi. Trong nhng
iu kin nht nh, h thng m c th t c trng thi cn bng ng vi mi
trng, l trng thi m trong cu trc hay cc c trng cu trc quan trng nht
ca n khng thay i trong khi h thng vn thc hin trao i thng xuyn vi mi
trng. Khi phn tch h thng m, chng ta s xem xt tt c cc nh hng phc tp
ca mi trng chung quanh n h thng v ngc li. Cc h sinh thi l cc h
thng m tng i. Cc h thng kinh t x hi c xem l cc h thng m, v
quan h ca chng vi mi trng c gi tr quan trng bt nht khi m hnh ha. H
thng m l h thng c s tng tc vi mi trng, mi trng thng l mt h
thng ln hn.
3.3. Phn loi cc h thng theo ngnh khoa hc:
A. Cc h thng khoa hc tru tng v h thng c th
V d: tp hp cc khi nim i s v lun l trong ngnh nghin cu: iu khin hc
l thuyt.
H thng tru tng bao gm nhng kin hay khi nim. H thng c th bao gm
nhng b phn vt cht. Mt cng thc ton l mt h thng tru tng. Nhng h
thng x hi bao gm c hai dng tru tng v c th. V d t chc kinh doanh va
c nhng ti nguyn vt cht va c nhng trit l kinh doanh, mc ch v chnh
sch...
B. Cc h thng x hi:
V d: tp th sv mt nm no , dn c mt thnh ph c nghin cu trong x hi
hc.
C. Cc h thng sinh hc
V d: h thn kinh ca ngi, h thng mch thc vt, qun th rng, cc h thng
sinh thi... trong ngnh sinh iu khin hc (bio - cybernetic). (khng lm vi phng
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Gio trnh phn tch h thng mi trng Ch nh L

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sinh hc bionika l ngnh nghin cu kh nng ng dng cc nguyn l hot ng ca

c th sng vo k thut (phng sinh hc y khoa)
D. Cc h thng k thut: V d cc b x l, my in ton, cc b iu khin,
robot dy chuyn sn xut t ng trong ngnh t ng ha (robotic), cc ngnh
cng ngh -k thut.
E. Cc h hn hp nh con ngi + my trong cc h thng iu khin dy chuyn
sn xut bn t ng, h sinh thi nhn vn....trong ngnh KH ng dng.

4. C S KHOA HC CA PHNG PHP LUN H THNG:

IU KHIN HC (CYBERNETICS) V KHOA HC H THNG
(SYSTEM SCIENCE)
Trong khoa hc t nhin hay trong khoa hc x hi, i tng nghin cu c
nhiu dng:
1) l cc tin trnh hay qu trnh: nh tin trnh tuyn sinh i hc (bt u t
np n thi n khi c kt qu trng tuyn hoc khng); tin trnh sinh sn (bt
u t giao phi n khi sinh ); tin trnh x l nc thi (bt u t nc
thi ra do sn xut v sinh hot n khi nc thi ra qua x l). . .
2) l cc thc th, i tng: nh cc doanh nghip, cc c th sinh vt, cc
thit b in t, cc ngi nh, cc quc gia, mt hnh tinh, v cng c th l cc
phng trnh ton, mt h phng trnh. . .
Cc i tng ny trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau nhng c chung nhng biu
hin:
u vo

H thng (c t chc)

u ra

- Cc thc th, i tng, cc trin trnh c th l c trong t nhin hay do con ngi
to lp ra thc hin mt nhim v no vi mc ch phc v cho li ch ca
con ngi.
- C c cu t chc hay sp xp (structure), c cu thnh t nhiu phn t hay
phn t (components - cn gi l phn t) v c mt ranh gii c th phn bit
vi chung quanh.
- Gia cc phn t ca "hin tng, qu trnh hay thc th, i tng" c s lin lc,
ni kt hay trao i thng qua cc lung thng tin - tn hiu.
- C s trao i thng qua cc thng tin - tn hiu gia cc phn t thuc hin
tng, qu trnh hay thc th, i tng vi mi trng bn ngoi, l tp hp
cc yu t c nh hng n s tn ti v pht trin ca hin tng, qu trnh hay
thc th, i tng .
- Trong qu trnh pht trin theo thi gian, cc hin tng, qu trnh hay thc th,
i tng c biu hin s vn ng, bin i theo thi gian(c ng thi dynamic) v hot ng ca cc hin tng, qu trnh hay thc th, i tng
lun c mc ch.
C th a ra vi v d minh ho nhn nh trn y:
V d 1) Khu rng l mt h sinh thi

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