Solution Sadiku 3 Edição

Chapter 1, Solution 1
(a) q = 6.482x1017 x [-1.602x10-19 C] = -0.10384 C

(b) q = 1. 24x1018 x [-1.602x10-19 C] = -0.19865 C
(c) q = 2.46x1019 x [-1.602x10-19 C] = -3.941 C
(d) q = 1.628x1020 x [-1.602x10-19 C] = -26.08 C
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
i = dq/dt = 3 mA
i = dq/dt = (16t + 4) A
i = dq/dt = (-3e-t + 10e-2t) nA
i=dq/dt = 1200 cos 120 t pA
i =dq/dt = e 4t (80 cos 50 t + 1000 sin 50 t ) A
(a) q(t) = i(t)dt + q(0) = (3t + 1) C
(b) q(t) = (2t + s) dt + q(v) = (t 2 + 5t) mC
(c) q(t) = 20 cos (10t + / 6 ) + q(0) = (2sin(10t + / 6) + 1) C
(d)
10e -30t
( 30 sin 40t - 40 cos t)
900 + 1600
= e - 30t (0.16cos40 t + 0.12 sin 40t) C
q(t) = 10e -30t sin 40t + q(0) =
q = idt =
=
10
5
5sin 6 t dt =
cos 6 t
6
0
5
(1 cos 0.06 ) = 4.698 mC
6
q = idt =
=
1
e dt mC = - e -2t
2
1
(1 e 4 ) mC = 490 C
2
(a) At t = 1ms, i =
dq 80
=
= 40 mA
dt
2
(b) At t = 6ms, i =
dq
= 0 mA
dt
(c) At t = 10ms, i =
dq 80
=
= - 20 mA
4
dt
25A,
dq
i=
= - 25A,
dt
25A,
-2t
0<t<2
2<t<6
6<t<8
which is sketched below:
q = idt =
10 1
+ 10 1 = 15 C
2
1
(a) q = idt = 10 dt = 10 C
0
3
5 1
q = idt = 10 1 + 10
+ 5 1
0
(b)
2
= 15 + 10 25 = 22.5 C
(c) q = idt = 10 + 10 + 10 = 30 C
0
q = ixt = 8 x10 3 x15 x10 6 = 120 C
q = it = 85 x10-3 x 12 x 60 x 60 = 3,672 C
E = pt = ivt = qv = 3672 x1.2 = 4406.4 J
For 0 < t < 6s, assuming q(0) = 0,

t
q (t ) = idt + q (0 ) = 3tdt + 0 = 1.5t 2

0
At t=6, q(6) = 1.5(6)2 = 54

For 6 < t < 10s,
q (t ) = idt + q (6 ) = 18 dt + 54 = 18 t 54
6
At t=10, q(10) = 180 54 = 126

For 10<t<15s,
t
q (t ) = idt + q (10 ) = ( 12)dt + 126 = 12t + 246

10
10
At t=15, q(15) = -12x15 + 246 = 66

For 15<t<20s,
t
q (t ) = 0 dt + q (15) =66
15
Thus,
1.5t 2 C, 0 < t < 6s
18 t 54 C, 6 < t < 10s

q (t ) =
12t + 246 C, 10 < t < 15s
66 C, 15 < t < 20s
The plot of the charge is shown below.

140
120
100
q(t)
80
60
40
20
0
10
t
15
20
2
w = vidt = 1200 cos 2 4 t dt

0
= 1200 ( 2 cos 8t - 1)dt (since, cos 2 x = 2 cos 2x - 1)

0
= 1200 sin 8t t = 1200 sin 16 2

8
0
4
= - 2.486 kJ
q = idt = 10(1 - e -0.5t )dt = 10(t + 2e -0.5t )

1
(a)
(b)
= 10(1 + 2e
-0.5
2 ) = 2.131 C
1
0
p(t) = v(t)i(t)
p(1) = 5cos2 10(1- e-0.5) = (-2.081)(3.935)
= -8.188 W
(a)
q = idt =
3 2t
3e dt =
e
2
-2t
= 1.5(e 1) = 1.297 C
-2
(b)
5di
= 6e 2t ( 5) = 30e -2t
dt
p = vi = 90 e 4 t W
v=
(c) w = pdt = -90 e -4t dt =

0
90 -4t
e
= 22.5 J
4
0
0<t<2
25t mA
i(t) =
,
100 - 25t mA 2 < t < 4
0< t <1
10t V
v(t) = 10 V
1< t < 3
40 - 10t V 3 < t < 4

2
w = v(t)i(t)dt = 10 + (25t)dt + 10( 25t)dt + 10(100 25t)dt + ( 40 10t)(100 - 25t)mJ

0
250 3
250
t2
t +
+ 250 4 t - + 250( 4 t) 2 dt
3
2 1
2 2 3
0
250 250
9
t2
2
( 3) + 25012 8 + 2 + 25016 t - 4t +
=
+
3
2
2
3 3
= 916.7 mJ
p = 0 -205 + 60 + 45 + 30 + p3 = 0
p3 = 205 135 = 70 W
Thus element 3 receives 70 W.
p1 = 30(-10) = -300 W
p2 = 10(10) = 100 W
p3 = 20(14) = 280 W
p4 = 8(-4) = -32 W
p5 = 12(-4) = -48 W
p=0
4 I s 2 x6 13 x 2 + 5 x10 = 0
Is = 3 A
Since p = 0
-306 + 612 + 3V0 + 28 + 282 - 310 = 0
72 + 84 + 3V0 = 210 or 3V0 = 54
V0 = 18 V
i=
=
q
photon 1 electron
= 4 1011
1. 6 1019 ( C / electron)

t
sec 8 photon
4
1011 1. 6 10 19 C/s = 0.8 10 -8 C/s = 8 nA
8
It should be noted that these are only typical answers.

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
Light bulb
Radio set
TV set
Refrigerator
PC
PC printer
Microwave oven
Blender
60 W, 100 W
4W
110 W
700 W
120 W
18 W
1000 W
350 W
(a) i =
p 1500
=
= 12.5 W
v 120
(b) w = pt = 1. 5 103 45 60 J = 1.5

(c) Cost = 1.125 10 = 11.25 cents
45
kWh = 1.125 kWh
60
p = vi = 110 x 8 = 880 W
4
Cost = 1.2 kW hr 30 9 cents/kWh = 21.6 cents
6
0. 8A h
= 80 mA
10h
(b) p = vi = 6 0.08 = 0.48 W
(c) w = pt = 0.48 10 Wh = 0.0048 kWh
(a) i =
(a) Let T = 4h = 4 36005
T
q = idt = 3dt = 3T = 3 4 3600 = 43.2 kC

0
T
T
0 . 5t
( b) W = pdt = vidt = ( 3) 10 +
dt
0
0
3600
43600
0. 25t 2
= 310t +
3600 0
= 475.2 kJ
( c)
= 3[40 3600 + 0. 25 16 3600]
W = 475.2 kWs, (J = Ws)

475.2
Cost =
kWh 9 cent = 1.188 cents
3600
(a) i =
P 30
=
= 0.25 A
V 120
( b) W = pt = 30 365 24 Wh = 262.8 kWh

Cost = $0.12 262.8 = $31.54
(20 + 40 + 15 + 45)
30
hr + 1.8 kW hr
60
60
= 2.4 + 0.9 = 3.3 kWh
Cost = 12 cents 3.3 = 39.6 cents
w = pt = 1. 2kW
Energy = (52.75 5.23)/0.11 = 432 kWh
Total energy consumed = 365(4 +8) W

Cost = $0.12 x 365 x 12 = $526.60
(20 + 40 + 15 + 45)
30
hr + 1.8 kW hr
60
60
= 2.4 + 0.9 = 3.3 kWh
Cost = 12 cents 3.3 = 39.6 cents
w = pt = 1. 2kW
i=
dq
q = idt = 2000 3 10 3 = 6 C
dt
(b) Energy =
pt
= 200 x 6 + 800 x 2 + 200 x 10 + 1200 x 4 + 200 x 2
= 10,000 kWh
(c) Average power = 10,000/24 = 416.67 W
( a) W = p( t ) dt = 400 6 + 1000 2 + 200 12 1200 2 + 400 2

= 7200 + 2800 = 10.4 kWh
( b)
10.4 kW
= 433.3 W/h
24 h
160A h
=4A
40
160Ah 160, 000h
( b) t =
=
= 6,667 days
0.001A 24h / day
(a)
i=
q = 5 10 20 ( 1. 602 10 19 ) = 80. 1 C
W = qv = 80. 1 12 = 901.2 J
P = 10 hp = 7460 W
W = pt = 7460 30 60 J = 13.43 106 J
p = vi i =
p 2 10 3
=
= 16.667 A
v
120
v = iR
i = v/R = (16/5) mA = 3.2 mA
p = v2/R
R = v2/p = 14400/60 = 240 ohms
R = v/i = 120/(2.5x10-3) = 48k ohms
(a)
(b)
i = 3/100 = 30 mA
i = 3/150 = 20 mA
n = 9; l = 7; b = n + l 1 = 15
n = 12;
l = 8;
b = n + l 1 = 19
7 elements or 7 branches and 4 nodes, as indicated.
30 V
1
20
3
++++ -
2A
30
60
40
10
12 A
a
i1
b
8A
i3
i2
12 A
c
At node a,
At node c,
At node d,
9A d
8 = 12 + i1
9 = 8 + i2
9 = 12 + i3
i1 = - 4A
i2 = 1A
i3 = -3A
Applying KCL,
i1 + 1 = 10 + 2
1 + i2 = 2 + 3
i2 = i3 + 3
i1 = 11A
i2 = 4A
i3 = 1A
2
4A
1
-2A
i2
i1
3A
At node 1,
At node 3,
4 + 3 = i1
3 + i2 = -2
i1 = 7A
i2 = -5A
Applying KVL to each loop gives
-8 + v1 + 12 = 0
-12 - v2 + 6 = 0
10 - 6 - v3 = 0
-v4 + 8 - 10 = 0
v1 = 4v
v2 = -6v
v3 = 4v
v4 = -2v
+ 15v -
loop 2
25v +
+
20v
-
+ 10v +
v1
-
loop 1
For loop 1,
For loop 2,
For loop 3,
+ v2 -
loop 3
-20 -25 +10 + v1 = 0

-10 +15 -v2 = 0
-v1 +v2 +v3 = 0
+
v3
-
v1 = 35v
v2 = 5v
v3 = 30v
2A
I2
7A
2
I4
4
4A
I1
3A
I3
At node 2,
3 + 7 + I2 = 0
I 2 = 10 A
At node 1,
I1 + I 2 = 2
I 1 = 2 I 2 = 12 A
At node 4,
2 = I4 + 4
I 4 = 2 4 = 2 A
At node 3,
7 + I4 = I3
I3 = 7 2 = 5 A
Hence,
I 1 = 12 A,
I 2 = 10 A,
I 3 = 5 A,
I 4 = 2 A
+
3V
-
+
I3
4V
V3 -
V4 = 7V
For mesh 2,
+4 + V3 + V4 = 0
V3 = 4 7 = 11V
V1 = V3 + 3 = 8V
V2 = V1 2 = 6V
For mesh 3,
3 + V1 V3 = 0
For mesh 4,
V1 V2 2 = 0
Thus,
V1 = 8V ,
V2 = 6V ,
- V4
For mesh 1,
V4 + 2 + 5 = 0
V1
V3 = 11V ,
I4
2V -
I2
V4 = 7V
V2
+
I1
5V
-
+
+
12V
-
1
- 8V +
v2
-
v1
-
2
v3
10V
+
For loop 1,
8 12 + v2 = 0
v2 = 4V
For loop 2,
v3 8 10 = 0
v3 = 18V
v1 = 6V
For loop 3,
v1 + 12 + v3 = 0
Thus,
v1 = 6V ,
v2 = 4V ,
v3 = 18V
+ v1 -
6V
loop 1
+-
12V
10V
+-
+
v1
-
loop 2
+ v2 -
Applying KVL around loop 1,

6 + v1 + v1 10 12 = 0
v1 = 14V
Applying KVL around loop 2,

12 + 10 v2 = 0
v2 = 22V
+ v1 -
24V
loop 1
+
v3
-
v2
+
loop 2
-+
12V
It is evident that v3 = 10V
Applying KVL to loop 2,
v2 + v3 + 12 = 0
v2 = -22V
Applying KVL to loop 1,

-24 + v1 - v2 = 0
v1 = 2V
Thus,
v1 = 2V, v2 = -22V, v3 = 10V
Applying KVL,
-30 -10 +8 + I(3+5) = 0
8I = 32
I = 4A
-Vab + 5I + 8 = 0
Vab = 28V
10V
Applying KVL around the loop, we obtain
-12 + 10 - (-8) + 3i = 0
i = -2A
Power dissipated by the resistor:

p 3 = i2R = 4(3) = 12W
Power supplied by the sources:
p12V = 12 (- -2) = 24W
p10V = 10 (-2) = -20W
p8V = (- -2) = -16W
Applying KVL around the loop,
-36 + 4i0 + 5i0 = 0
i0 = 4A
Apply KVL to obtain
10
-45 + 10i - 3V0 + 5i = 0
+ v0 -
But v0 = 10i,
-45 + 15i - 30i = 0
P3 = i2R = 9 x 5 = 45W
i = -3A
45V
3v0
4
+ v0 6
10A
2v0
At the node, KCL requires that

v0
+ 10 + 2 v 0 = 0
4
v0 = 4.444V
The current through the controlled source is

i = 2V0 = -8.888A
and the voltage across it is
v = (6 + 4) i0 = 10
v0
= 11.111
4
Hence,
p2 vi = (-8.888)(-11.111) = 98.75 W
8//12 = 4.8, 3//6 = 2, (4 + 2)//(1.2 + 4.8) = 6//6 = 3
The circuit is reduced to that shown below.
ix
1
+
6A
vx
Applying current division,

ix =
2
(6 A) = 2 A,
2 + 1+ 3
v x = 1i x = 2V
The current through the 1.2- resistor is 0.5ix = 1A. The voltage across the 12-
resistor is 1 x 4.8 = 4.8 V. Hence the power is
p=
v 2 4.8 2
=
= 1.92W
12
R
(a)
I0 =
Vs
R1 + R2
V0 = I0 (R3 R4 ) =
V0
R1 + R 2
R3 R4
R3 + R4
V0
R3 R4
=
Vs (R1 + R2 )(R3 + R4 )
(b)
If R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = R,
V0
R
=
= = 10
VS
2R 2 4
V0 = 5 x 10-3 x 10 x 103 = 50V
Using current division,
I20 =
5
(0.01x50) = 0.1 A
5 + 20
V20 = 20 x 0.1 kV = 2 kV
p20 = I20 V20 = 0.2 kW
= 40
V0 = 5 x 10-3 x 10 x 103 = 50V
I20 =
5
(0.01x50) = 0.1 A
5 + 20
V20 = 20 x 0.1 kV = 2 kV
p20 = I20 V20 = 0.2 kW

i1 =
4
(20) = 8 A
4+6
i2 =
6
(20) = 12 A
4+6
We first combine the two resistors in parallel

15 10 = 6
We now apply voltage division,

v1 =
14
(40) = 20 V
14 + 6
v2 = v3 =
Hence,
6
(40) = 12 V
14 + 6
v1 = 28 V, v2 = 12 V, vs = 12 V
The series combination of 6 and 3 resistors is shorted. Hence

i2 = 0 = v2
v1 = 12, i1 =
12
= 3A
4
Hence v1 = 12 V, i1 = 3 A, i2 = 0 = v2
8
i1
i
9A
By current division, i =
+
v
-
12
(9) = 6 A
6 + 12
i1 = 9 6 = 3A, v = 4i1 = 4 x 3 = 12 V
p6 = 12R = 36 x 6 = 216 W
The 5 resistor is in series with the combination of 10 (4 + 6) = 5 .

Hence by the voltage division principle,
v=
5
(20V) = 10 V
5+5
by ohm's law,
i=
v
10
=
= 1A
4 + 6 4+ 6
pp = i2R = (1)2(4) = 4 W
We first combine resistors in parallel.

20 30 =
20 x30
= 12
50
10 40 =
10x 40
= 8
50
Using current division principle,

8
12
i1 + i 2 =
(20) = 8A, i 3 + i 4 =
(20) = 12A
8 + 12
20
i1 =
20
(8) = 3.2 A
50
i2 =
30
(8) = 4.8 A
50
i3 =
10
(12) = 2.4A
50
i4 =
40
(12) = 9.6 A
50
Combining the conductance leads to the equivalent circuit below

i
+
v
-
9A
1S
4S
4S
6x3
= 25 and 25 + 25 = 4 S
9
6 S 3S =
i=
1
1
1+
2
(9) = 6 A, v = 3(1) = 3 V
9A
+
v
-
1S
2S
By parallel and series combinations, the circuit is reduced to the one below:
Thus i1 =
i1
10 x15
= 6
10 ( 2 + 13 ) =
25
15 x15
15 (4 + 6) =
= 6
25
12 (6 + 6) = 6
28V
+
v1
-
28
= 2 A and v1 = 6i1 = 12 V
8+6
We now work backward to get i2 and v2.

i1 = 2A
1A
1A
28V
+
12V
-
i1 = 2A
+
6V
-
12
1A
0.6A
1A
28V
Thus, v2 =
+
12V
-
12
+
6V
-
+
15
3.6V
v
13
(3 6) = 3 12, i2 = 2 = 0.24
13
15
p2 = i2R = (0.24)2 (2) = 0.1152 W

i1 = 2 A, i2 = 0.24 A, v1 = 12 V, v2 = 3.12 V, p2 = 0.1152 W
i
70
50V
+
V1
i1 -
30
I0
+
20
i2
V0 5
-
Combining the versions in parallel,

70 30 =
i=
70x30
= 21 ,
100
20 15 =
20x 5
=4
25
50
=2 A
21 + 4
vi = 21i = 42 V, v0 = 4i = 8 V
v
v
i1 = 1 = 0.6 A, i2 = 2 = 0.4 A
70
20
At node a, KCL must be satisfied
i1 = i2 + I0
0.6 = 0.4 + I0
I0 = 0.2 A
Hence v0 = 8 V and I0 = 0.2A

The 8- resistor is shorted. No current flows through the 1- resistor. Hence v0

is the voltage across the 6 resistor.
I0 =
4
4
= =1 A
2 + 3 16 4
v0 = I0 (3 6 ) = 2I 0 = 2 V
Let I = current through the 16 resistor. If 4 V is the voltage drop across the 6 R
combination, then 20 - 4 = 16 V in the voltage drop across the 16 resistor.
16
Hence, I =
= 1 A.
16
20
6R
R = 12
4= 6R=
But I =
=1
6+R
16 + 6 R
Let I0 = current through the 6 resistor. Since 6 and 3 resistors are in parallel.
6I0 = 2 x 3
R0 = 1 A
The total current through the 4 resistor = 1 + 2 = 3 A.

Hence
vS = (2 + 4 + 2 3 ) (3 A) = 24 V
I=
vS
= 2.4 A
10
(a)
Req = R 0 = 0
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
R R
+ = R
2 2
Req = (R + R ) (R + R ) = 2R 2R = R
Req = R R + R R =
1
Req = 3R (R + R R ) = 3R (R + R )
2
3
3Rx R
2 =R
=
3
3R + R
2
R 2R
Req = R 2R 3R = 3R
3R
2
3Rx R
2
3 = 6R
= 3R
R=
2
11
3
3R + R
3
Req = 3 + 4 (2 + 6 3) = 3 + 2 = 5
I=
10
10
=
= 2A
Re q 5
Let R0 = combination of three 12 resistors in parallel

1
1
1
1
=
+ +
R o 12 12 12
Ro = 4
R eq = 30 + 60 (10 + R 0 + R ) = 30 + 60 (14 + R )
50 = 30 +
60(14 + R )
74 + R
74 + R = 42 + 3R
or R = 16
5x 20
= 4
25
(a)
Rab = 5 (8 + 20 30) = 5 (8 + 12) =
(b)
Rab = 2 + 4 (5 + 3) 8 + 5 10 (6 + 4) = 2 + 4 4 + 5 5 = 2 + 2 + 2.5 = 6.5
5x 20 400
+
= 4 + 8 = 12
25
50
(a)
Rab = 5 20 + 10 40 =
(b)
1
1
1
60 20 30 = +
+
60 20 30
Rab = 80 (10 + 10) =
60
= 10
6
80 + 20
= 16
100
(a) Convert T to Y and obtain

20 x 20 + 20 x10 + 10 x 20 800
=
= 80
10
10
800
R2 =
= 40 = R3
20
R1 =
The circuit becomes that shown below.
R1
R3
R2
b
R1//0 = 0,
R3//5 = 40//5 = 4.444
Rab = R2 / /(0 + 4.444) = 40 / /4.444 = 4
(b) 30//(20+50) = 30//70 = 21

Convert the T to Y and obtain
20 x10 + 10 x 40 + 40 x 20 1400
=
= 35
40
40
1400
1400
R2 =
= 70 , R3 =
= 140
20
10
The circuit is reduced to
that shown below.
15
R1 =
R1
11
R2
R3
21
30
21
Combining the resistors in parallel
R1//15 =35//15=10.5, 30//R2=30//70 = 21

leads to the circuit below.
10.5
11
21
140
21
21
Coverting the T to Y leads to the circuit below.

10.5
11
R4
R5
R6
R4 =
21x140 + 140 x 21 + 21x 21 6321

=
= 301 = R6
21
21
R5 =
6321
= 45.15
140
21
10.5//301 = 10.15, 301//21 = 19.63

R5//(10.15 +19.63) = 45.15//29.78 = 17.94
Rab = 11 + 17 .94 = 28.94
(a) 10//40 = 8, 20//30 = 12, 8//12 = 4.8
Rab = 5 + 50 + 4.8 = 59.8

(b) 12 and 60 ohm resistors are in parallel. Hence, 12//60 = 10 ohm. This 10 ohm
and 20 ohm are in series to give 30 ohm. This is in parallel with 30 ohm to give
30//30 = 15 ohm. And 25//(15+10) = 12.5. Thus
Rab = 5 + 12.8 + 15 = 32.5
(a)
30x 70
60 + 20
+ 40 +
100
80
Rab = 30 70 + 40 + 60 20 =
= 21 + 40 + 15 = 76
(b)
The 10-, 50-, 70-, and 80- resistors are shorted.

20 30 =
20x30
= 12
50
40 60 =
40x 60
= 24
100
Rab = 8 + 12 + 24 + 6 + 0 + 4 = 54
5 20 =
6 3=
5x 20
= 4
25
6x3
= 2
9
10
8
a
Rab = 10 + 4 + 2 + 8 = 24
R 1 R 2 + R 2 R 3 + R 3 R 1 100 + 100 + 100
=
= 30
R3
10
Ra = Rb = Rc = 30
(a)
Ra =
(b)
Ra =
30x 20 + 30x50 + 20x 50 3100

=
= 103.3
30
30
3100
3100
Rb =
= 155, R c =
= 62
20
50
Ra = 103.3 , Rb = 155 , Rc = 62
(a)
(b)
R1 =
RaRc
12 + 12
=
= 4
Ra + Rb + Rc
36
R1 = R2 = R3 = 4
60x30
= 18
60 + 30 + 10
60 x10
R2 =
= 6
100
30x10
R3 =
= 3
100
R1 =
R1 = 18, R2 = 6, R3 = 3
Using R = 3RY = 3R, we obtain the equivalent circuit shown below:
30mA
3R
3R
3R
R
R
30mA
3R
3R/2
3RxR 3
= R
4R
4
3R (3RxR ) /(4R ) = 3 /(4R )
3R R =
3
3Rx R
3
3
3
2
3R R + R = 3R R =
3
4
2
4
3R + R = R
2
800 x 10-3 = (30 x 10-3)2 R
P = I2 R
R = 889
30 30 = 15 and 30 20 = 30 x 20 /(50) = 12
(a)
Rab = 15 (12 + 12) = 15x 24 /(39) = 9.31

a
a
30
30
30
30
20
12
15
12
20
b
Converting the T-subnetwork into its equivalent network gives
(b)
Ra'b' = 10x20 + 20x5 + 5x10/(5) = 350/(5) = 70

Rb'c' = 350/(10) = 35, Ra'c' = 350/(20) = 17.5
Also
30 70 = 30 x 70 /(100) = 21 and 35/(15) = 35x15/(50) = 10.5
Rab = 25 + 17.5 (21 + 10.5) = 25 + 17.5 31.5

Rab = 36.25
30
30
25
10
5
20
a
15
25
17.5
70
35
15
(a) We first convert from T to .
100
100
a
100
100
100
100
100
200
100
100
200
R1 =
100
100
100
100
100
100
R3
R2
100x 200 + 200x 200 + 200 x100 80000

=
= 800
100
100
R2 = R3 = 80000/(200) = 400
100x 400
But
100 400 =
= 80
500
We connect the to Y.
100
100
100
100
80
100
100
80
800
100
100
Rb
100
100
Rc
80 x800
64,000 400
=
=
80 + 80 + 800
960
3
80x80 20
=
Rb =
960
3
Ra = Rc =
We convert T to .
a
500/3
100
320/3
100
500/3
500/3
R2
R1
R3
Ra
500/3
R1
R 1' =
320
320
+ 100 x
3
3 = 94,000 /(3) = 293.75
320
320 /(3)
3
100 x100 + 100 x
R '2 = R 13 =
94,000 /(3)
= 313.33
100
940 /(30) 500 /(3) =
940 /(3) x500 /(3)

= 108.796
1440 /(3)
Rab = 293.75 (2 x108.796) =
293.75x 217.6
= 125
511.36
Converting the Ts to s, we have the equivalent circuit below.
(b)
100
100
a
100
300
300
100
300
100
100
100
100
100
300
300
300
100
100
100
100
100
300 100 = 300 x100 /(400) = 75, 300 (75 + 75) = 300 x150 /(450) = 100
Rab = 100 + 100 300 + 100 = 200 + 100 x 300 /(400)

Rab = 2.75
100
300
100
300
300
100
100
(a)
Converting one to T yields the equivalent circuit below:

30
20
60
20
80
40 x10
10 x50
40x50
= 4, R b 'n =
= 5, R c 'n =
= 20
40 + 10 + 50
100
100
Rab = 20 + 80 + 20 + (30 + 4) (60 + 5) = 120 + 34 65
Ra'n =
Rab = 142.32
(a) We combine the resistor in series and in parallel.
30 (30 + 30) =
30x 60
= 20
90
We convert the balanced s to Ts as shown below:

a
30
30
a
10
30
30
20
10
30
b
30
10
10
10
10
Rab = 10 + (10 + 10) (10 + 20 + 10) + 10 = 20 + 20 40

Rab = 33.33
(a) Rab = 50 + 100 / /(150 + 100 + 150 ) = 50 + 100 / /400 = 130

(b) Rab = 60 + 100 / /(150 + 100 + 150 ) = 60 + 100 / /400 = 140
20
We convert the T to .
I0
24 V
+
I0
20
40
60
10
20
50
a
140
60
24 V
+
35
70
70
b
b
Req
Req
R R + R 2 R 3 + R 3 R 1 20 x 40 + 40 x10 + 10 x 20 1400
Rab = 1 2
=
=
= 35
R3
40
40
Rac = 1400/(10) = 140, Rbc = 1400/(40) = 35
70 70 = 35 and 140 160 = 140x60/(200) = 42
Req = 35 (35 + 42) = 24.0625

I0 = 24/(Rab) = 0.9774A
We need to find Req and apply voltage division. We first tranform the Y network to .
30
+
100 V
16
15
35
12
30
16
10
20
Req
15x10 + 10x12 + 12x15 450

=
= 37.5
12
12
Rac = 450/(10) = 45, Rbc = 450/(15) = 30
Rab =
Combining the resistors in parallel,
+
100 V
35
Req
37.5
30
45
b
20
30||20 = (600/50) = 12 ,
37.5||30 = (37.5x30/67.5) = 16.667
35||45 = (35x45/80) = 19.688
Req = 19.688||(12 + 16.667) = 11.672
By voltage division,
v =
11.672
100 = 42.18 V
11.672 + 16
4 a
2
27
1
18
b
d
10
36
c
e
14
28
6x12 + 12x8 + 8x 6 216

=
= 18
12
12
Rac = 216/(8) = 27, Rbc = 36
4x 2 + 2x8 + 8x 4 56
Rde =
=
7
8
8
Ref = 56/(4) = 14, Rdf = 56/(2) = 28
Rab =
Combining resistors in parallel,

280
36x 7
= 7.368, 36 7 =
= 5.868
38
43
27 x 3
27 3 =
= 2.7
30
10 28 =
18
5.868
7.568
1.829
2.7
3.977
0.5964
14
7.568
14
18x 2.7
18x 2.7
=
= 1.829
18 + 2.7 + 5.867 26.567
18x5.868
=
= 3.977
26.567
5.868x 2.7
=
= 0.5904
26.567
= 4 + 1.829 + (3.977 + 7.368) (0.5964 + 14)
R an =
R bn
R cn
R eq
= 5.829 + 11.346 14.5964 = 12.21
i = 20/(Req) = 1.64 A
The resistor of the bulb is 120/(0.75) = 160

40
2.25 A
+ 90 V - 0.75 A
VS
160
1.5 A
80
120
Once the 160 and 80 resistors are in parallel, they have the same voltage 120V.
Hence the current through the 40 resistor is
40(0.75 + 1.5) = 2.25 x 40 = 90
Thus
vs = 90 + 120 = 210 V
Total power p = 30 + 40 + 50 + 120 W = vi
or i = p/(v) = 120/(100) = 1.2 A
p = iv
i = p/(v)
i30W = 30/(100) = 0.3 A
i40W = 40/(100) = 0.4 A
i50W = 50/(100) = 0.5 A
There are three possibilities
(a)
Use R1 and R2:

R = R 1 R 2 = 80 90 = 42.35
p = i2R
i = 1.2A + 5% = 1.2 0.06 = 1.26, 1.14A
p = 67.23W or 55.04W, cost = $1.50
(b)
Use R1 and R3:

R = R 1 R 3 = 80 100 = 44.44
p = I2R = 70.52W or 57.76W, cost = $1.35
(c)
Use R2 and R3:

R = R 2 R 3 = 90 100 = 47.37
p = I2R = 75.2W or 61.56W, cost = $1.65
Note that cases (b) and (c) give p that exceed 70W that can be supplied.
Hence case (a) is the right choice, i.e.
R1 and R2
pA = 110x8 = 880 W,
pB = 110x2 = 220 W
Energy cost = $0.06 x 360 x10 x (880 + 220)/1000 = $237.60
Use eq. (2.61),
Im
2 x10 3 x100
Rn =
= 0.04
Rm =
I Im
5 2 x10 3
In = I - Im = 4.998 A
p = I 2n R = (4.998) 2 (0.04) = 0.9992 1 W
When Rx = 0, i x = 10A
R=
When Rx is maximum, ix = 1A
110
= 11
10
R + Rx =
i.e., Rx = 110 - R = 99
Thus, R = 11 ,
Rx = 99
110
= 110
1
Rn =
Vfs
50
Rm =
1 k = 4 k
10mA
I fs
20 k/V = sensitivity =
1
I fs
1
k / V = 50 A
20
V
The intended resistance Rm = fs = 10(20k / V) = 200k
I fs
V
50 V
(a)
R n = fs R m =
200 k = 800 k
i fs
50 A
i.e., Ifs =
(b)
p = I fs2 R n = (50 A) 2 (800 k) = 2 mW
(a)
By current division,
i0 = 5/(5 + 5) (2 mA) = 1 mA
V0 = (4 k) i0 = 4 x 103 x 10-3 = 4 V
(b)
4k 6k = 2.4k. By current division,
5
(2mA) = 1.19 mA
1 + 2.4 + 5
v '0 = (2.4 k)(1.19 mA) = 2.857 V
i '0 =
v 0 v '0
1.143
x 100% =
x100 = 28.57%
v0
4
(c)
% error =
(d)
4k 30 k = 3.6 k. By current division,
5
(2mA) = 1.042mA
1 + 3.6 + 5
v '0 (3.6 k)(1.042 mA) = 3.75V
i '0 =
% error =
v v '0
0.25x100
= 6.25%
x100% =
v0
4
(a)
40 = 24 60
(b)
4
= 0.1 A
16 + 24
4
i' =
= 0.09756 A
16 + 1 + 24
0.1 0.09756
% error =
x100% = 2.44%
0.1
i=
(c)
With the voltmeter in place,

R2 Rm
V0 =
VS
R1 + R S + R 2 R m
where Rm = 100 k without the voltmeter,
R2
VS
V0 =
R1 + R 2 + R S
100
k
101
(a)
When R2 = 1 k, R m R 2 =
(b)
100
V0 = 101 (40) = 1.278 V (with)
100
101 + 30
1
V0 =
(40) = 1.29 V (without)
1 + 30
1000
When R2 = 10 k, R 2 R m =
= 9.091k
110
9.091
V0 =
(40) = 9.30 V (with)
9.091 + 30
10
V0 =
(40) = 10 V (without)
10 + 30
When R2 = 100 k, R 2 R m = 50k
(c)
50
(40) = 25 V (with)
50 + 30
100
V0 =
(40) = 30.77 V (without)
100 + 30
V0 =
(a) Using voltage division,

12
(25) = 15V
12 + 8
10
vb =
(25) = 10V
10 + 15
= va vb = 15 10 = 5V
va =
vab
(b)
+
25 V
-
15k
8k
a
b
10k
12k
o
va = 0 ,
vb = 10V ,
vab = va vb = 0 10 = 10V
R1
iL
Vs +
RL
Given that vs = 30 V, R1 = 20 , IL = 1 A, find RL.
v s = i L ( R1 + R L )
RL =
vs
30
R1 =
20 = 10
iL
1
The system can be modeled as shown.

12A
+
9V
-
The n parallel resistors R give a combined resistance of R/n. Thus,
9 = 12 x
R
n
n=
12 xR 12 x15
=
= 20
9
9
By the current division principle, the current through the ammeter will be
one-half its previous value when
R = 20 + Rx
65 = 20 + Rx
Rx = 45
With the switch in high position,

6 = (0.01 + R3 + 0.02) x 5
R3 = 1.17
At the medium position,

6 = (0.01 + R2 + R3 + 0.02) x 3
R2 + R3 = 1.97
or R2 = 1.97 - 1.17 = 0.8

At the low position,
6 = (0.01 + R1 + R2 + R3 + 0.02) x 1
R1 = 5.97 - 1.97 = 4
R1 + R2 + R3 = 5.97
100
VS
M
12
(a) When Rx = 0, then

t
Im = Ifs =
R + Rm
R2 =
E2
2
Rm=
100 = 19.9k
I fs
0.1x10 3
I fs
= 0.05mA
2
E
2
(R + R m ) =
20k = 20 k
Rx =
Im
0.05x10 3
(b) For half-scale deflection, Im =

Im =
E
R + Rm + Rx
For series connection, R = 2 x 0.4 = 0.8

V 2 (120) 2
p=
=
= 18 k (low)
R
0.8
For parallel connection, R = 1/2 x 0.4 = 0.2
V 2 (120) 2
p=
=
= 72 kW (high)
R
0.2
(a)
5 = 10 10 = 20 20 20 20
i.e., four 20 resistors in parallel.
(b)
311.8 = 300 + 10 + 1.8 = 300 + 20 20 + 1.8

i.e., one 300 resistor in series with 1.8 resistor and
a parallel combination of two 20 resistors.
(c)
40k = 12k + 28k = 24 24k + 56k 50k

i.e., Two 24k resistors in parallel connected in series with two
50k resistors in parallel.
(d)
42.32k = 42l + 320

= 24k + 28k = 320
= 24k = 56k 56k + 300 + 20
i.e., A series combination of 20 resistor, 300 resistor, 24k
resistor and a parallel combination of two 56k resistors.
The equivalent circuit is shown below:
R
VS
V0 =
V0
(1-)R
(1 )R
VS = (1 )R 0 VS
R + (1 )R
V0
= (1 )R
VS
Since p = v2/R, the resistance of the sharpener is
R = v2/(p) = 62/(240 x 10-3) = 150
I = p/(v) = 240 mW/(6V) = 40 mA
Since R and Rx are in series, I flows through both.
IRx = Vx = 9 - 6 = 3 V
Rx = 3/(I) = 3/(40 mA) = 3000/(40) = 75
The amplifier can be modeled as a voltage source and the loudspeaker as a resistor:
R1
Case 1
Hence p =
V 2 p2 R1
,
=
R p1 R 2
R2
Case 2
p2 =
R1
10
p1 = (12) = 30 W
4
R2
Let R1 and R2 be in k.
R eq = R 1 + R 2 5
(1)
5 R2
V0
=
VS 5 R 2 + R 1
(2)
From (1) and (2), 0.05 =
5 R1
2 = 5 R2 =
40
From (1), 40 = R1 + 2
5R 2
or R2 = 3.33 k
5+ R2
R1 = 38 k
Thus R1 = 38 k, R2 = 3.33 k
(a)
10
40
10
80
1
2
R12
R12 = 80 + 10 (10 + 40) = 80 +
50
= 88.33
6
(b)
3
10
10
20
40
R13
80
1
R13 = 80 + 10 (10 + 40) + 20 = 100 + 10 50 = 108.33
(c)
20
10
R14
10
40
80
1
R14 = 80 + 0 (10 + 40 + 10) + 20 = 80 + 0 + 20 = 100

The voltage across the tube is 2 x 60 mV = 0.06 V, which is negligible

compared with 24 V. Ignoring this voltage amp, we can calculate the
current through the devices.
p1 45mW
=
= 5mA
V1
9V
p
480mW
I2 = 2 =
= 20mA
V2
24
I1 =
60 mA
i2 = 20 mA
iR1
24 V
R1
i1 = 5 mA
R2
iR2
By applying KCL, we obtain
I R1 = 60 20 = 40 mA and I R 2 = 40 5 = 35 mA
Hence, I R1 R1 = 24 - 9 = 15 V
I R 2 R 2 = 9V
R2 =
R1 =
15V
= 375
40mA
9V
= 257.14
35mA
Chapter 3, Solution 1.
40
v1
v2
6A
10 A
At node 1,
6 = v1/(8) + (v1 - v2)/4
48 = 3v1 - 2v2
(1)
40 = v1 - 3v2
(2)
At node 2,
v1 - v2/4 = v2/2 + 10
Solving (1) and (2),
v1 = 9.143V, v2 = -10.286 V
v12 (9.143)2
P8 =
=
= 10.45 W
8
8
P4 =
(v 1 v 2 )2
4
= 94.37 W
v12 (= 10.286)2
=
= 52.9 W
P2 =
2
2
At node 1,
v v2
v1 v1
= 6+ 1
10
5
2
At node 2,
v2
v v2
= 3+ 6+ 1
4
2
v1 = 0 V, v2 = 12 V
60 = - 8v1 + 5v2
36 = - 2v1 + 3v2
(1)
(2)
Applying KCL to the upper node,

10 =
v0 vo vo
v
+
+
+2+ 0
10 20 30
60
i1 =
v0
v
v
v
= 4 A , i2 = 0 = 2 A, i3 = 0 = 1.33 A, i4 = 0 = 67 mA
10
20
30
60
v0 = 40 V
2A
v1
i1
4A
i2
v2
i3
10
10
i4
5
At node 1,
4 + 2 = v1/(5) + v1/(10)
v1 = 20
At node 2,
5 - 2 = v2/(10) + v2/(5)
v2 = 10
i1 = v1/(5) = 4 A, i2 = v1/(10) = 2 A, i3 = v2/(10) = 1 A, i4 = v2/(5) = 2 A

Apply KCL to the top node.

30 v 0 20 v 0 v 0
+
=
2k
6k
4k
v0 = 20 V
5A
i1 + i2 + i3 = 0
v 2 12 v 0 v 0 10
+
+
=0
4
6
2
or v0 = 8.727 V
At node a,
10 Va Va Va Vb
(1)
=
+
10 = 6Va 3Vb
30
15
10
At node b,
Va Vb 12 Vb 9 Vb
+
+
=0
24 = 2Va 7Vb
10
20
5
Solving (1) and (2) leads to
Va = -0.556 V, Vb = -3.444V
(2)
3
i1
v1
i3
i2
+
V0
3V
2
+ 4V0
v1 v1 3 v1 4 v 0
+
+
=0
5
1
5
2
8
v 0 = v1 so that v1 + 5v1 - 15 + v1 - v1 = 0
5
5
or v1 = 15x5/(27) = 2.778 V, therefore vo = 2v1/5 = 1.1111 V
i1 + i2 + i3 = 0
But
3
i1
v1
+ v0
12V
i3
i2
v1
2v0
At the non-reference node,

12 v1 v1 v1 2 v 0
=
+
3
8
6
(1)
But
-12 + v0 + v1 = 0
v0 = 12 - v1
(2)
Substituting (2) into (1),

12 v1 v1 3v1 24
=
+
3
8
6
v0 = 3.652 V
At node 1,
v 2 v1
v
= 4+ 1
1
8
32 = -v1 + 8v2 - 8v0

1
4A
v1
8
i0
2i0
v0
v2
2
(1)
At node 0,
4=
v0
v
+ 2I 0 and I 0 = 1
8
2
16 = 2v0 + v1
(2)
v2 = v1
(3)
At node 2,
2I0 =
v 2 v1 v 2
v
+
and I 0 = 1
1
4
8
From (1), (2) and (3), v0 = 24 V, but from (2) we get

v
4 o
2 = 2 24 = 2 6 = - 4 A
io =
4
2
4
i1 v i2
i3
10 V
5A
Note that i2 = -5A. At the non-reference node

10 v
v
+5=
4
6
i1 =
v = 18
10 v
= -2 A, i2 = -5 A
4
10
v1
20
50
v2
i3
24 V
40
5A
At node 1,
24 v 1
v v 2 v1 0
= 1
+
10
20
40
At node 2, 5 +
v1 v 2 v 2
=
20
50
96 = 7v1 - 2v2
500 = -5v1 + 7v2
(1)
(2)
Solving (1) and (2) gives,

v1 = 42.87 V, v2 = 102.05 V
v
v
i1 = 1 = 1.072 A, v2 = 2 = 2.041 A
40
50
At node number 2, [(v2 + 2) 0]/10 + v2/4 = 3 or v2 = 8 volts

But, I = [(v2 + 2) 0]/10 = (8 + 2)/10 = 1 amp and v1 = 8x1 = 8volts
5A
v0
v1
1
2
4
40 V
20 V
At node 1,
40 v 0
v1 v 0
+5=
1
2
At node 0,
v1 v 0
v
v + 20
+5= 0 + 0
2
4
8
Solving (1) and (2), v0 = 20 V
v1 + v0 = 70
4v1 - 7v0 = -20
(1)
(2)
5A
v0
v1
1
2
4
40 V
20 V
Nodes 1 and 2 form a supernode so that v1 = v2 + 10

At the supernode, 2 + 6v1 + 5v2 = 3 (v3 - v2)
At node 3, 2 + 4 = 3 (v3 - v2)
(1)
2 + 6v1 + 8v2 = 3v3
v3 = v2 + 2
2 + 6v2 + 60 + 8v2 = 3v2 + 6
v2 =
54
11
i0 = 6vi = 29.45 A
2
P65 =
v12
54
= v12 G = 6 = 144.6 W
R
11
2
56
P55 = v G =
5 = 129.6 W
11
2
2
P35 = (v L v 3 ) G = (2) 2 3 = 12 W
2
(2)
(3)
Substituting (1) and (3) into (2),
v1 = v2 + 10 =
56
11
2S
i0
2A
8S
v2
v1
1S
v0
4S
v3
13 V
At the supernode,
2 = v1 + 2 (v1 - v3) + 8(v2 v3) + 4v2, which leads to 2 = 3v1 + 12v2 - 10v3
(1)
But
v1 = v2 + 2v0 and v0 = v2.
Hence
v1 = 3v2
v3 = 13V
(2)
(3)
Substituting (2) and (3) with (1) gives,

v1 = 18.858 V, v2 = 6.286 V, v3 = 13 V
i0
4
2
10
60 V
60 V
8
+
3i0
60 v1 v1 v1 v 2
=
+
4
8
2
60 v 2 v1 v 2
At node 2, 3i0 +
+
=0
10
2
At node 1,
120 = 7v1 - 4v2
(1)
60 v1
.
4
But i0 =
Hence
3(60 v1 ) 60 v 2 v1 v 2
+
+
=0
4
10
2
1020 = 5v1 - 12v2
Solving (1) and (2) gives v1 = 53.08 V. Hence i0 =
60 v1
= 1.73 A
4
(2)
v2
v1
2
5A
v3
2
8
10 V
v1
v3
(a)
At node 2, in Fig. (a), 5 =
At the supernode,
(b)
v 2 v1 v 2 v3
+
2
2
10 = - v1 + 2v2 - v3
v 2 v1 v 2 v 3 v1 v 3
+
=
+
2
2
4
8
From Fig. (b), - v1 - 10 + v3 = 0
v3 = v1 + 10
Solving (1) to (3), we obtain v1 = 10 V, v2 = 20 V = v3
40 = 2v1 + v3
(1)
(2)
(3)
At node 1,
V1 V3 V1 V2 V1
+
+
2
8
4
At node 2,
5 = 3+
V1 V2 V2 V2 V3
=
+
8
2
4
At node 3,
12 V3
7 1 4 V1 16
1 7 2 V2 = 0
4
2 7 V3 36
Using MATLAB,
10
V = A 1 B = 4.933
12.267
(1)
0 = V1 + 7V2 2V3
V1 V3 V2 V3
+
=0
8
2
4
From (1) to (3),
3+
16 = 7V1 V2 4V3
(2)
36 = 4V1 + 2V2 7V3 (3)
AV = B
V1 = 10 V, V2 = 4.933 V, V3 = 12.267 V
Nodes 1 and 2 form a supernode; so do nodes 1 and 3. Hence

V1 V2 V3
+
+
=0
V1 + 4V2 + V3 = 0
(1)
4
1
4
.
V1
V2
V3
Between nodes 1 and 3,

V1 + 12 + V3 = 0
V3 = V1 12
Similarly, between nodes 1 and 2,
V1 = V2 + 2i
But i = V3 / 4 . Combining this with (2) and (3) gives
. V2
= 6 + V1 / 2
(2)
(3)
(4)
Solving (1), (2), and (4) leads to

V1 = 3V, V2 = 4.5V, V3 = 15V
4 k
v1
2 k
v3
3v0
+
3v0
v2
+
v0
3 mA
1 k
v3
v2
(b)
(a)
Let v3 be the voltage between the 2k resistor and the voltage-controlled voltage source.
At node 1,
v v 2 v1 v 3
3x10 3 = 1
12 = 3v1 - v2 - 2v3
(1)
+
4000
2000
At node 2,
v1 v 2 v1 v 3 v 2
3v1 - 5v2 - 2v3 = 0
(2)
+
=
4
2
1
Note that v0 = v2. We now apply KVL in Fig. (b)
- v3 - 3v2 + v2 = 0
From (1) to (3),
v1 = 1 V, v2 = 3 V
v3 = - 2v2
(3)
At node 1,
12 v 0 v1
v v0
=
+3+ 1
2
4
8
At node 2, 3 +
24 = 7v1 - v2
(1)
v1 v 2 v 2 + 5v 2
=
8
1
But, v1 = 12 - v1
Hence, 24 + v1 - v2 = 8 (v2 + 60 + 5v1) = 4 V
456 = 41v1 - 9v2
(2)

v1 = - 10.91 V, v2 = - 100.36 V
At the supernode, 5 + 2 =
v1 v 2
+
10 5
70 = v1 + 2v2
(1)
v2 = v1 + 8
(2)
Considering Fig. (b), - v1 - 8 + v2 = 0

v1 = 18 V, v2 = 26 V
v1
v2
5A
+
2A
10
8V
v1
v2
(a)
(b)
6mA
1 k
2 k
V1
+
30V
-
3 k
V2
io
4 k
5 k
At node 1,
30 V 1
V V V2
=6+ 1 + 1
96 = 7V1 2V2
1
4
2
At node 2,
(15 V 2) V2 V2 V1
6+
=
+
30 = 15V1 + 31V2
3
5
2
Solving (1) and (2) gives V1=16.24. Hence
io = V1/4 = 4.06 mA
20V
i0
(2)
v0
10V
(1)
40V
Using nodal analysis,

20 v 0 40 v 0 10 v 0
v 0
+
+
= 0
1
2
2
4
i0 =
20 v 0
= 0A
1
v0 = 20V
15V
+
At node 1,
V V3 V1 V2
15 V1
= 3+ 1
+
45 = 7V1 4V2 2V3

20
10
5
At node 2,
V1 V2 4 I o V2 V2 V3
+
=
5
5
5
V V3
. Hence, (2) becomes
But I o = 1
10
0 = 7V1 15V2 + 3V3
At node 3,
V V3 10 V3 V2 V3
3+ 1
+
+
=0
10 = V1 + 2V2 5V3
10
5
5
Putting (1), (3), and (4) in matrix form produces
7 4 2 V1 45
AV = B
7 15 3 V2 = 0
1
2
5 V3 10
Using MATLAB leads to

9.835
1
V = A B = 4.982
1.96
Thus,
V1 = 9.835 V, V2 = 4.982 V, V3 = 1.95 V
At node 1,
2 = 2v1 + v1 v2 + (v1 v3)4 + 3i0, i0 = 4v2. Hence,
At node 2,
2 = 7v1 + 11v2 4v3
v1 v2 = 4v2 + v2 v3
(1)
0 = v1 + 6v2 v3
At node 3,
2v3 = 4 + v2 v3 + 12v2 + 4(v1 v3)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
or
4 = 4v1 + 13v2 7v3
(3)
In matrix form,
7 11 4 v 1 2
1 6 1 v = 0
2
4 13 7 v 3 4
7
11
= 1 6
4
13
7
11
1 = 176, 1 = 0
2 = 1 0
1 = 66,
4 4 7
v1 =
13
11
4
1 = 110
7
2
3 = 1 6 0 = 286
4 13 4
1 110
66
=
= 0.625V, v2 = 2 =
= 0.375V
176
176
v3 =
3
286
=
= 1.625V.
176
v1 = 625 mV, v2 = 375 mV, v3 = 1.625 V.

At node c,
Vd Vc Vc Vb Vc
=
+
0 = 5Vb + 11Vc 2Vd

(1)
10
4
5
At node b,
Va + 45 Vb Vc Vb Vb
+
=
45 = Va 4Vb + 2Vc
(2)
8
4
8
At node a,
Va 30 Vd Va Va + 45 Vb
+
+
=0
30 = 7Va 2Vb 4Vd (3)

4
16
8
At node d,
Va 30 Vd Vd Vd Vc
=
+
150 = 5Va + 2Vc 7Vd

(4)
4
20
10
In matrix form, (1) to (4) become
0 5 11 2 Va 0
1 4 2 0 Vb 45
7 2 0 4 V = 30
c
5 0 2 7 V 150
We use MATLAB to invert A and obtain
AV = B
10.14
7.847
1
V = A B=
1.736
29.17
Thus,
Va = 10.14 V, Vb = 7.847 V, Vc = 1.736 V, Vd = 29.17 V
At node 1,
5 + V1 V4 + 2V1 + V1 V2 = 0
5 = 4V1 V2 V4
At node 2,
V1 V2 = 2V2 + 4(V2 V3 ) = 0
0 = V1 + 7V2 4V3
At node 3,
6 + 4(V2 V3 ) = V3 V4
6 = 4V2 + 5V3 V4
At node 4,
2 + V3 V4 + V1 V4 = 3V4
2 = V1 V3 + 5V4
4 1 0 1 V1 5

1 7 4 0 V2 0
AV = B
0 4 5 1 V = 6
3

1 0 1 5 V 2
4
Using MATLAB,
0.7708
1.209
1
V = A B=
2.309
0.7076
i.e.
V1 = 0.7708 V, V2 = 1.209 V, V3 = 2.309 V, V4 = 0.7076 V
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
v2
40
I0
v1
10
100 V
120 V
20
v0
2
4v0
2I0
80
At node 1,
v 1 v 2 100 v 1 4 v o v 1
=
+
40
10
20
But, vo = 120 + v2
(1)
v2 = vo 120. Hence (1) becomes

7v1 9vo = 280
(2)
At node 2,
Io + 2Io =
vo 0
80
v + 120 v o v o
3 1
=
40
80
or
6v1 7vo = -720
from (2) and (3),
7 9 v 1 280
6 7 v = 720
1 =
(3)
7 9
= 49 + 54 = 5
6 7
280 9
= 8440 ,
720 7
2 =
7 280
= 6720
6 720
v1 =
1
8440
6720
=
= 1688, vo = 2 =
1344 V
5
5
Io = -5.6 A
1
+ v0
v2
v1
1A
2v0
v3
i0
4
10 V
At the supernode,
1 + 2v0 =
v1 v 2 v1 v 3
+
+
4
1
1
(1)
But vo = v1 v3. Hence (1) becomes,

4 = -3v1 + 4v2 +4v3
At node 3,
2vo +
or
10 v 3
v2
= v1 v 3 +
4
2
20 = 4v1 + v2 2v3
At the supernode, v2 = v1 + 4io. But io =

v2 = v1 + v3
Solving (2) to (4) leads to,
v1 = 4 V, v2 = 4 V, v3 = 0 V.
(2)
(3)
v3
. Hence,
4
(4)
5 k
v1
v3
v2
+
10 k
4 mA
10 V
20 V
loop 1
v1
12 V
loop 2
v3
(b)
(a)
We have a supernode as shown in figure (a). It is evident that v2 = 12 V, Applying KVL

to loops 1and 2 in figure (b), we obtain,
-v1 10 + 12 = 0 or v1 = 2 and -12 + 20 + v3 = 0 or v3 = -8 V
Thus,
v1 = 2 V, v2 = 12 V, v3 = -8V.
(a) This is a non-planar circuit because there is no way of redrawing the circuit
with no crossing branches.
(b) This is a planar circuit. It can be redrawn as shown below.
12 V
(a)
This is a planar circuit because it can be redrawn as shown below,

7
2
6
10 V
(b)
This is a non-planar circuit.
30 V
20 V
i1
2 k
i2
v0
5 k
4 k
Assume that i1 and i2 are in mA. We apply mesh analysis. For mesh 1,
-30 + 20 + 7i1 5i2 = 0 or 7i1 5i2 = 10
(1)
For mesh 2,
-20 + 9i2 5i1 = 0 or -5i1 + 9i2 = 20
Solving (1) and (2), we obtain, i2 = 5.
v0 = 4i2 = 20 volts.
(2)
10 V
4
i1
12 V
i2
I1
I2
i3
Applying mesh analysis gives,

12 = 10I1 6I2
-10 = -6I1 + 8I2
6 5 3 I 1
5 = 3 4 I
2

or
5 3
6 3
5
6
= 11, 1 =
= 9, 2 =
= 7
3 4
5 4
3 5
I1 =
1
9 I = 2 = 7
=
, 2
11
11
i1 = -I1 = -9/11 = -0.8181 A, i2 = I1 I2 = 10/11 = 1.4545 A.

vo = 6i2 = 6x1.4545 = 8.727 V.
3
3V
+
v0
i1
1
i2
4v0
Applying mesh analysis to loops 1 and 2, we get,

6i1 1i2 + 3 = 0 which leads to i2 = 6i1 + 3
(1)
-1i1 + 6i2 3 + 4v0 = 0
(2)
But, v0 = -2i1
(3)
Using (1), (2), and (3) we get i1 = -5/9.

Therefore, we get v0 = -2i1 = -2(-5/9) = 1.111 volts
3
+ v0
12 V
i1
2v0
i2
We apply mesh analysis.

12 = 3 i1 + 8(i1 i2) which leads to 12 = 11 i1 8 i2
(1)
-2 v0 = 6 i2 + 8(i2 i1) and v0 = 3 i1 or i1 = 7 i2
(2)
From (1) and (2), i1 = 84/69 and v0 = 3 i1 = 3x89/69

v0 = 3.652 volts
For mesh 1,
10 2 I x + 10 I 1 6 I 2 = 0
But I x = I 1 I 2 . Hence,
10 = 12 I 1 + 12 I 2 + 10 I 1 6 I 2
5 = 4 I 1 2 I 2
For mesh 2,
12 + 8I 2 6 I 1 = 0
6 = 3I 1 4 I 2
I 1 = 0.8 A, I 2 = -0.9A
(1)
(2)
2 k
30V
i2
2 k
i1
6 k
6 k
i3
4 k
4 k
Assume all currents are in mA and apply mesh analysis for mesh 1.
30 = 12i1 6i2 4i3
15 = 6i1 3i2 2i3
(1)
0 = -3i1 + 7i2 i3
(2)
0 = -2i1 i2 + 5i3
(3)
for mesh 2,
0 = - 6i1 + 14i2 2i3
for mesh 2,
0 = -4i1 2i2 + 10i3
Solving (1), (2), and (3), we obtain,
io = i1 = 4.286 mA.
10
i1
6V
+
1
i2
4
8V
i3
i
i2
i3
0
For loop 1,
6 = 12i1 2i2
3 = 6i1 i2
(1)
For loop 2,
-8 = 7i2 2i1 i3
(2)
For loop 3,
-8 + 6 + 6i3 i2 = 0
2 = 6i3 i2
We put (1), (2), and (3) in matrix form,

6 1 0 i1 3
2 7 1 i = 8
2
0 1 6 i 3 2
6
1 0
6 3 0
= 2 7 1 = 234, 2 = 2 8 1 = 240
0
1 6
0 2 6
1 3
3 = 2 7 8 = 38
0 1 2
At node 0, i + i2 = i3 or i = i3 i2 =
3 2
38 240
=
= 1.188 A
234
(3)
For mesh 1,
12 + 50 I 1 30 I 2 = 0
12 = 50 I 1 30 I 2
(1)
For mesh 2,
8 + 100 I 2 30 I 1 40 I 3 = 0
8 = 30 I 1 + 100 I 2 40 I 3
For mesh 3,
(3)
6 + 50 I 3 40 I 2 = 0
6 = 40 I 2 + 50 I 3
Putting eqs. (1) to (3) in matrix form, we get
0 I 1 12
50 30

30 100 40 I 2 = 8
0
40 50 I 3 6
(2)
AI = B
Using Matlab,
0.48
I = A B = 0.40
0.44
i.e. I1 = 0.48 A, I2 = 0.4 A, I3 = 0.44 A
20
a
80 V
i1
30
i3
30
20
80 V
i2
20
30
Vab
For loop 1,
80 = 70i1 20i2 30i3
8 = 7i1 2i2 3i3
(1)
For loop 2,
80 = 70i2 20i1 30i3
8 = -2i1 + 7i2 3i3
(2)
0 = -30i1 30i2 + 90i3
0 = i1 + i2 3i3
(3)
For loop 3,
Solving (1) to (3), we obtain i3 = 16/9

Io = i3 = 16/9 = 1.778 A
Vab = 30i3 = 53.33 V.
6V
+
i3
i2
1
6V
5
i1
3A
i1
i2
Loop 1 and 2 form a supermesh. For the supermesh,

6i1 + 4i2 - 5i3 + 12 = 0
(1)
For loop 3,
-i1 4i2 + 7i3 + 6 = 0
(2)
Also,
i2 = 3 + i1
(3)
Solving (1) to (3), i1 = -3.067, i3 = -1.3333; io = i1 i3 = -1.7333 A
4
30V
i3
i4
i1
i2
For loop 1,
30 = 5i1 3i2 2i3
(1)
For loop 2,
10i2 - 3i1 6i4 = 0
(2)
For the supermesh,
6i3 + 14i4 2i1 6i2 = 0
(3)
But
i4 i3 = 4 which leads to i4 = i3 + 4
(4)
Solving (1) to (4) by elimination gives i = i1 = 8.561 A.

For loop 1,
12 + 11i1 8i2 = 0
For loop 2,
8i1 + 14i2 + 2vo = 0
But vo = 3i1 ,
11i1 8i2 = 12
(1)
8i1 + 14i2 + 6i1 = 0
i1 = 7i2
(2)
77i2 8i2 = 12
i 2 = 0.1739 A and i1 = 7i2 = 1.217 A
First, transform the current sources as shown below.
- 6V +
V1
V2
I3
4
+
20V
-
I1
V3
8
I2
+
12V
-
For mesh 1,
20 + 14 I 1 2 I 2 8I 3 = 0
10 = 7 I 1 I 2 4 I 3
For mesh 2,
12 + 14 I 2 2 I 1 4 I 3 = 0
6 = I 1 + 7 I 2 2 I 3
For mesh 3,
6 + 14 I 3 4 I 2 8I 1 = 0
3 = 4 I 1 2 I 2 + 7 I 3
Putting (1) to (3) in matrix form, we obtain
7 1 4 I 1 10
AI = B
1 7 2 I 2 = 6
4 2 7 I 3
Using MATLAB,
2
1
I = A B = 0.0333
1.8667
But
I 1 = 2.5, I 2 = 0.0333, I 3 = 1.8667
20 V
V1 = 20 4 I1 = 10 V
4
V2 = 2( I1 I 2 ) = 4.933 V
Also,
V 12
I2 = 3
V3 = 12 + 8I 2 = 12.267V
8
I1 =
(1)
(2)
(3)
We apply mesh analysis and let the mesh currents be in mA.

3k
I4
4k
2k
Io
1k
+
12 V
-
I1
5k
I2
+
8V
-
I3
10k
6V
+
For mesh 1,
12 + 8 + 5I 1 I 2 4 I 4 = 0
4 = 5I 1 I 2 4 I 4
(1)
For mesh 2,
8 + 13I 2 I 1 10 I 3 2 I 4 = 0
8 = I 1 + 13I 2 10 I 3 2 I 4 (2)
For mesh 3,
(3)
6 + 15I 3 10 I 2 5I 4 = 0
6 = 10 I 2 + 15I 3 5I 4
For mesh 4,
4 I 1 2 I 2 5I 3 + 14 I 4 = 0
(4)
Putting (1) to (4) in matrix form gives
1
4 I 1 4
0
5

1 13 10 2 I 2 8
AI = B
0 10 15 5 I = 6
3

4 2 5 14 I 0
4
Using MATLAB,
7.217
8
.
087
I = A 1 B =
7.791
The current through the 10k resistor is Io= I2 I3 = 0.2957 mA
3
i3
2
i1
16 V
i2
2i0
i1
i2
0
(a)
+
i1
v0
+
or
v0
i2
16V
+
(b)
For the supermesh in figure (a),

3i1 + 2i2 3i3 + 16 = 0
(1)
At node 0,
i2 i1 = 2i0 and i0 = -i1 which leads to i2 = -i1
(2)
For loop 3,
-i1 2i2 + 6i3 = 0 which leads to 6i3 = -i1
(3)
Solving (1) to (3), i1 = (-32/3)A, i2 = (32/3)A, i3 = (16/9)A

i0 = -i1 = 10.667 A, from fig. (b), v0 = i3-3i1 = (16/9) + 32 = 33.78 V.
i1
i3
10
8
60 V
i2
3i0
i3
i2
For loop 1,
16i1 10i2 2i3 = 0 which leads to 8i1 5i2 i3 = 0
(1)
For the supermesh, -60 + 10i2 10i1 + 10i3 2i1 = 0

or
-6i1 + 5i2 + 5i3 = 30
(2)
Also, 3i0 = i3 i2 and i0 = i1 which leads to 3i1 = i3 i2
(3)
Solving (1), (2), and (3), we obtain i1 = 1.731 and i0 = i1 = 1.731 A

5A
i1
8
2
i3
i2
40 V
+
v0
20V
For loop 1,
i1 = 5A
(1)
For loop 2,
-40 + 7i2 2i1 4i3 = 0 which leads to 50 = 7i2 4i3
(2)
For loop 3,
-20 + 12i3 4i2 = 0 which leads to 5 = - i2 + 3 i3
(3)
Solving with (2) and (3),

And,
i2 = 10 A, i3 = 5 A
v0 = 4(i2 i3) = 4(10 5) = 20 V.
+
v0 2
i2
VS
3A
i2
i1
i3
4
i3
2V0
For mesh 1,
2(i1 i2) + 4(i1 i3) 12 = 0 which leads to 3i1 i2 2i3 = 6
(1)
For the supermesh, 2(i2 i1) + 8i2 + 2v0 + 4(i3 i1) = 0

But v0 = 2(i1 i2) which leads to -i1 + 3i2 + 2i3 = 0
(2)
For the independent current source, i3 = 3 + i2
(3)

i1 = 3.5 A, i2 = -0.5 A, i3 = 2.5 A.
+
v0 2
i2
VS
3A
i2
i1
i3
4
i3
2V0
For mesh 1,
2(i1 i2) + 4(i1 i3) 12 = 0 which leads to 3i1 i2 2i3 = 6
(1)
For the supermesh, 2(i2 i1) + 8i2 + 2v0 + 4(i3 i1) = 0

But v0 = 2(i1 i2) which leads to -i1 + 3i2 + 2i3 = 0
(2)
For the independent current source, i3 = 3 + i2
(3)

i1 = 3.5 A, i2 = -0.5 A, i3 = 2.5 A.
Let the mesh currents be in mA. For mesh 1,
12 + 10 + 2 I 1 I 2 = 0
2 = 2I1 I 2
(1)
For mesh 2,
10 + 3I 2 I 1 I 3 = 0
10 = I 1 + 3I 2 I 3
For mesh 3,
(3)
12 + 2 I 3 I 2 = 0
12 = I 2 + 2 I 3
Putting (1) to (3) in matrix form leads to
2 1 0 I 1 2

1 3 1 I 2 = 10
0 1 2 I 12
3
Using MATLAB,
5.25
I = A B = 8.5
10.25
1
10 V
I2
i1
4A
AI = B
I 1 = 5.25 mA, I 2 = 8.5 mA, I 3 = 10.25 mA
b
1A
I2
1A
I1
i2
I4
i3
12
a
I3
I4
4A
(2)
4
+
8V
I3
0
It is evident that I1 = 4
For mesh 4,
12(I4 I1) + 4(I4 I3) 8 = 0
For the supermesh

At node c,
(1)
(2)
6(I2 I1) + 10 + 2I3 + 4(I3 I4) = 0

or -3I1 + 3I2 + 3I3 2I4 = -5
(3)
I2 = I3 + 1
(4)
Solving (1), (2), (3), and (4) yields, I1 = 4A, I2 = 3A, I3 = 2A, and I4 = 4A
At node b,
i1 = I2 I1 = -1A
At node a,
i2 = 4 I4 = 0A
At node 0,
i3 = I4 I3 = 2A
+ v1
2
2
12 V
i2
i1
i3
+
v2
For loop 1, 12 = 4i1 2i2 2i3 which leads to 6 = 2i1 i2 i3
(1)
For loop 2, 0 = 6i2 2i1 2 i3 which leads to 0 = -i1 + 3i2 i3
(2)
For loop 3, 0 = 6i3 2i1 2i2 which leads to 0 = -i1 i2 + 3i3
(3)
In matrix form (1), (2), and (3) become,

2 1 1 i1 6
1 3 1 i = 0
2
1 1 3 i 3 0
2
1 1
6 1
= 1 3 1 = 8, 2 = 1 3 1 = 24
1 1 3
1 0 3
2
1 6
3 = 1 3 0 = 24 , therefore i2 = i3 = 24/8 = 3A,

1 1 0
v1 = 2i2 = 6 volts, v = 2i3 = 6 volts
Assume R is in kilo-ohms.
V2 = 4kx18mA = 72V ,
V1 = 100 V2 = 100 72 = 28V
Current through R is
3
3
28 =
iR =
io ,
V1 = i R R
(18) R
3+ R
3+ R
This leads to R = 84/26 = 3.23 k
30
i2
30
10
i1
10
i3
120 V
30
For loop 1, 120 + 40i1 10i2 = 0, which leads to -12 = 4i1 i2
(1)
For loop 2, 50i2 10i1 10i3 = 0, which leads to -i1 + 5i2 i3 = 0
(2)
For loop 3, -120 10i2 + 40i3 = 0, which leads to 12 = -i2 + 4i3
(3)
Solving (1), (2), and (3), we get, i1 = -3A, i2 = 0, and i3 = 3A

40
I0
+
120 V
i2
10
20
i1
100V +
4v0
i3
v0
80
2I0
i2
For loop 1, -100 + 30i1 20i2 + 4v0 = 0, where v0 = 80i3
or 5 = 1.5i1 i2 + 16i3
i3
(1)
For the supermesh, 60i2 20i1 120 + 80i3 4 v0 = 0, where v0 = 80i3

or 6 = -i1 + 3i2 12i3
(2)
Also, 2I0 = i3 i2 and I0 = i2, hence, 3i2 = i3
(3)
From (1), (2), and (3),
= 1
0
32
3 2 32
1 3 12
3
1
0
3
10
32
i1 10
i = 6
2
i 3 0
3
2 10
12 = 5, 2 = 1
12 = 28, 3 = 1
6 = 84
I0 = i2 = 2/ = -28/5 = -5.6 A
v0 = 8i3 = (-84/5)80 = -1344 volts
0.5i0
v1
10 V
10 V
v2
2
i0
At node 1, (v1/1) + (0.5v1/1) = (10 v1)/4, which leads to v1 = 10/7

At node 2, (0.5v1/1) + ((10 v2)/8) = v2/2 which leads to v2 = 22/7
P1 = (v1)2/1 = 2.041 watts, P2 = (v2)2/2 = 4.939 watts
P4 = (10 v1)2/4 = 18.38 watts, P8 = (10 v2)2/8 = 5.88 watts
v1
is
20
v2
10
i0
+
v0
30
+ 5v0
At node 1, is = (v1/30) + ((v1 v2)/20) which leads to 60is = 5v1 3v2

But v2 = -5v0 and v0 = v1 which leads to v2 = -5v1
Hence, 60is = 5v1 + 15v1 = 20v1 which leads to v1 = 3is, v2 = -15is
i0 = v2/50 = -15is/50 which leads to i0/is = -15/50 = -0.3
40
(1)
4 k
100V +
8 k
i1
i2
2 k
i3
40 V
We have a supermesh. Let all R be in k, i in mA, and v in volts.

For the supermesh, -100 +4i1 + 8i2 + 2i3 + 40 = 0 or 30 = 2i1 + 4i2 + i3
(1)
At node A,
i1 + 4 = i2
(2)
At node B,
i2 = 2i1 + i3
(3)
Solving (1), (2), and (3), we get i1 = 2 mA, i2 = 6 mA, and i3 = 2 mA.
10
5
50 V
i1
i2
+
For the supermesh, -50 + 10i1 + 5i2 + 4ix = 0, but ix = i1. Hence,
50 = 14i1 + 5i2
At node A, i1 + 3 + (vx/4) = i2, but vx = 2(i1 i2), hence, i1 + 2 = i2
Solving (1) and (2) gives i1 = 2.105 A and i2 = 4.105 A
vx = 2(i1 i2) = -4 volts and ix = i2 2 = 4.105 amp
(1)
(2)
4ix
i1
50
i2 10
+
i0
i1
10
i2
4i0
i3
40
100V +
2A
0.2V0
i1
i3
20i2 10i1 + 4i0 = 0
For mesh 2,
(1)
But at node A, io = i1 i2 so that (1) becomes i1 = (7/12)i2
(2)
For the supermesh, -100 + 50i1 + 10(i1 i2) 4i0 + 40i3 = 0

or
50 = 28i1 3i2 + 20i3
(3)
At node B,
i3 + 0.2v0 = 2 + i1
(4)
But,
v0 = 10i2 so that (4) becomes i3 = 2 (17/12)i2
(5)
Solving (1) to (5), i2 = -0.674,

v0 = 10i2 = -6.74 volts,
i0 = i1 - i2 = -(5/12)i2 = 0.281 amps
For mesh 1,
For mesh 2,
For mesh 3,
For mesh 4,
For mesh 5,
12 = 12 I 1 6 I 2 I 4
0 = 6 I 1 + 16 I 2 8I 3 I 4 I 5
9 = 8I 2 + 15I 3 I 5
6 = I1 I 2 + 5I 4 2 I 5
10 = I 2 I 3 2 I 4 + 8I 5
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Casting (1) to (5) in matrix form gives

1
0 I 1 12
12 6 0

6 16 8 1 1 I 2 0
0 8 15 0 1 I = 9
AI = B
3
5 2 I 4 6
1 1 0
0 1 1 2 8 I 10
5
Using MATLAB leads to

1.673
1.824
I = A 1 B = 1.733
2.864
2.411
Thus,
I 1 = 1.673 A, I 2 = 1.824 A, I 3 = 1.733 A, I 4 = 1.864 A, I 5 = 2.411 A
Consider the circuit below.

2 k
+
20V
-
2 k
1 k
I1
1 k
+
10V
-
I2
1 k
Io
2 k
1 k
I3
12V
+
We use mesh analysis. Let the mesh currents be in mA.

For mesh 1, 20 = 4 I 1 I 2 I 3
For mesh 2, 10 = I 1 + 4 I 2 I 4
For mesh 3, 12 = I 1 + 4 I 3 I 4
For mesh 4, 12 = I 2 I 3 + 4 I 4
2 k
I4
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

4 1 1 0 I 1 20
1 4 0 1 I 2 10
=
1 0
4 1 I 3 12
0 1 1 4 I 12
Using MATLAB,
AI = B
5.5
1.75
1
I = A B=
3.75
2.5
Thus,
I o = I 3 = 3.75 mA
G11 = (1/1) + (1/4) = 1.25, G22 = (1/1) + (1/2) = 1.5

G12 = -1 = G21, i1 = 6 3 = 3, i2 = 5-6 = -1
Hence, we have,
1.25 1
1 1.5
1.25 1 v 1 3
1 1.5 v = 1
1 1.5 1
, where = [(1.25)(1.5)-(-1)(-1)] = 0.875
1 1.25
v 1 1.7143 1.1429 3 3(1.7143) 1(1.1429) 4

v = 1.1429 1.4286 1 = 3(1.1429) 1(1.4286) = 2

2
Clearly v1 = 4 volts and v2 = 2 volts
By inspection, G11 = 1 + 3 + 5 = 8S, G22 = 1 + 2 = 3S, G33 = 2 + 5 = 7S

G12 = -1, G13 = -5, G21 = -1, G23 = -2, G31 = -5, G32 = -2
i1 = 4, i2 = 2, i3 = -1
We can either use matrix inverse as we did in Problem 3.51 or use Cramers Rule.
Let us use Cramers rule for this problem.
First, we develop the matrix relationships.
8 1 5 v 1 4
1 3 2 v = 2
2
5 2 7 v 3 1
8
= 1
1 5
3
5 2
2 = 34, 1 = 2
7
1 5
3
1 2
2 = 85
7
2 = 1 2 2 = 109, 3 = 1 3
2 = 87
5 1 7
5 2 1
v1 = 1/ = 85/34 = 3.5 volts, v2 = 2/ = 109/34 = 3.206 volts

v3 = 3/ = 87/34 = 2.56 volts
Assume that all conductances are in mS, all currents are in mA, and all voltages
are in volts.
G11 = (1/2) + (1/4) + (1/1) = 1.75, G22 = (1/4) + (1/4) + (1/2) = 1,
G33 = (1/1) + (1/4) = 1.25, G12 = -1/4 = -0.25, G13 = -1/1 = -1,
G21 = -0.25, G23 = -1/4 = -0.25, G31 = -1, G32 = -0.25
i1 = 20, i2 = 5, and i3 = 10 5 = 5
The node-voltage equations are:
1 v 1 20
1.75 0.25
0.25
1
0.25 v 2 = 5

0.25 1.25 v 3 5
1
G11 = G1 + G2 + G4, G12 = -G2, G13 = 0,

G22 = G2 + G3, G21 = -G2, G23 = -G3,
G33 = G1 + G3 + G5, G31 = 0, G32 = -G3
i1 = -I1, i2 = I2, and i3 = I1
Then, the node-voltage equations are:
G 1 + G 2 + G 4
G2
G2
G1 + G 2
G3
v 1 I 1
v = I
G3
2 2
G 1 + G 3 + G 5 v 3 I 1
0
R11 = 4 + 2 = 6, R22 = 2 + 8 + 2 = 12, R33 = 2 + 5 = 7,

R12 = -2, R13 = 0, R21 = -2, R23 = -2, R31 = 0, R32 = -2
v1 = 12, v2 = -8, and v3 = -20
Now we can write the matrix relationships for the mesh-current equations.
6 2 0 i 1 12
2 12 2 i = 8
0 2 7 i 3 20
Now we can solve for i2 using Cramers Rule.

6
= 2
0
2
12
2
2 = 452, 2 = 2
7
12
8
0
2 = 408
20
i2 = 2/ = -0.9026, p = (i2)2R = 6.52 watts

R11 = 5 + 2 = 7, R22 = 2 + 4 = 6, R33 = 1 + 4 = 5, R44 = 1 + 4 = 5,

R12 = -2, R13 = 0 = R14, R21 = -2, R23 = -4, R24 = 0, R31 = 0,
R32 = -4, R34 = -1, R41 = 0 = R42, R43 = -1, we note that Rij = Rji for
all i not equal to j.
v1 = 8, v2 = 4, v3 = -10, and v4 = -4
Hence the mesh-current equations are:
0 i1 8
7 2 0
2 6 4 0 i 4
2 =
0 4 5 1 i 3 10
0 1 5 i 4 4
0
R11 = 2 + 3 +4 = 9, R22 = 3 + 5 = 8, R33 = 1 + 4 = 5, R44 = 1 + 1 = 2,

R12 = -3, R13 = -4, R14 = 0, R23 = 0, R24 = 0, R34 = -1
v1 = 6, v2 = 4, v3 = 2, and v4 = -3
Hence,
9 3 4 0 i1 6
3 8
0
0 i 2 4
=
4 0
6 1 i3 2

0 1 2 i 4 3
0
R11 = R1 + R4 + R6, R22 = R2 + R4 + R5, R33 = R6 + R7 + R8,

R44 = R3 + R5 + R8, R12 = -R4, R13 = -R6, R14 = 0, R23 = 0,
R24 = -R5, R34 = -R8, again, we note that Rij = Rji for all i not equal to j.
V1
V
2
The input voltage vector is =
V3
V4
R 1 + R 4 + R 6
R4
R6
R4
R6
R2 + R4 + R5
0
R5
R6 + R7 + R8
R8
i 1 V1
i V
R5
2
2 =
R8
i 3 V3

R 3 + R 5 + R 8 i 4 V4
0
* Schematics Netlist *
R_R4
R_R2
R_R1
R_R3
R_R5
V_V4
v_V3
v_V2
v_V1
$N_0002 $N_0001 30
$N_0001 $N_0003 10
$N_0005 $N_0004 30
$N_0003 $N_0004 10
$N_0006 $N_0004 30
$N_0003 0 120V
$N_0005 $N_0001 0
0 $N_0006 0
0 $N_0002 0
i3
i1
i2
Clearly, i1 = -3 amps, i2 = 0 amps, and i3 = 3 amps, which agrees with the answers in
Problem 3.44.
I_I2
R_R1
R_R3
R_R2
F_F1
VF_F1
R_R4
R_R6
I_I1
R_R5
0 $N_0001 DC 4A
$N_0002 $N_0001 0.25
$N_0003 $N_0001 1
$N_0002 $N_0003 1
$N_0002 $N_0001 VF_F1 3
$N_0003 $N_0004 0V
0 $N_0002 0.5
0 $N_0001 0.5
0 $N_0002 DC 2A
0 $N_0004 0.25
Clearly, v1 = 625 mVolts, v2 = 375 mVolts, and v3 = 1.625 volts, which agrees with
the solution obtained in Problem 3.27.
R_R2
I_I1
I_I3
R_R3
R_R1
I_I2
0 $N_0001 4
$N_0001 0 DC 3A
$N_0002 $N_0001 DC 6A
0 $N_0002 2
$N_0001 $N_0002 1
0 $N_0002 DC 5A
Clearly, v1 = 4 volts and v2 = 2 volts, which agrees with the answer obtained in Problem
3.51.
The schematic is shown below. When the circuit is saved and simulated the node
voltages are displaced on the pseudocomponents as shown. Thus,
V1 = 3V, V2 = 4.5V, V3 = 15V,
The schematic is shown below. When the circuit is saved and simulated, we obtain the
node voltages as displaced. Thus,
Va = 5.278 V, Vb = 10.28 V, Vc = 0.6944 V, Vd = 26.88 V
H_H1
VH_H1
I_I1
V_V1
R_R4
R_R1
R_R2
R_R5
R_R3
$N_0002 $N_0003 VH_H1 6

0 $N_0001 0V
$N_0004 $N_0005 DC 8A
$N_0002 0 20V
0 $N_0003 4
$N_0005 $N_0003 10
$N_0003 $N_0002 12
0 $N_0004 1
$N_0004 $N_0001 2
Clearly, v1 = 84 volts, v2 = 4 volts, v3 = 20 volts, and v4 = -5.333 volts

Clearly, v1 = 26.67 volts, v2 = 6.667 volts, v3 = 173.33 volts, and v4 = -46.67 volts
which agrees with the results of Example 3.4.
This is the netlist for this circuit.

R_R1
R_R2
R_R3
R_R4
R_R5
I_I1
V_V1
E_E1
0 $N_0001 2
$N_0003 $N_0002 6
0 $N_0002 4
0 $N_0004 1
$N_0001 $N_0004 3
0 $N_0003 DC 10A
$N_0001 $N_0003 20V
$N_0002 $N_0004 $N_0001 $N_0004 3
2i0
+ v0
3 k
2 k
3v0
6 k
4A
4 k
8 k
This network corresponds to the Netlist.
100V +
The circuit is shown below.
20
70
2i02
+ v0
20 V
50
2 k
30
2A
3 k
3v0
6 k
4A
4 k
8 k
100V +
When the circuit is saved and simulated, we obtain v2 = -12.5 volts

From the output loop, v0 = 50i0x20x103 = 106i0
(1)
From the input loop, 3x10-3 + 4000i0 v0/100 = 0
(2)
From (1) and (2) we get, i0 = 0.5A and v0 = 0.5 volt.
The amplifier acts as a source.

Rs
+
Vs
-
RL
For maximum power transfer,

R L = Rs = 9
Let v1 be the potential across the 2 k-ohm resistor with plus being on top. Then,
[(0.03 v1)/1k] + 400i = v1/2k
(1)
Assume that i is in mA. But, i = (0.03 v1)/1
(2)
Combining (1) and (2) yields,

v1 = 29.963 mVolts and i = 37.4 nA, therefore,
v0 = -5000x400x37.4x10-9 = -74.8 mvolts
v1 = 500(vs)/(500 + 2000) = vs/5
v0 = -400(60v1)/(400 + 2000) = -40v1 = -40(vs/5) = -8vs,
Therefore, v0/vs = -8
Let v1 be the potential at the top end of the 100-ohm resistor.
(vs v1)/200 = v1/100 + (v1 10-3v0)/2000
(1)
For the right loop, v0 = -40i0(10,000) = -40(v1 10-3)10,000/2000,

or, v0 = -200v1 + 0.2v0 = -4x10-3v0
Substituting (2) into (1) gives,
(vs + 0.004v1)/2 = -0.004v0 + (-0.004v1 0.001v0)/20
This leads to 0.125v0 = 10vs or (v0/vs) = 10/0.125 = -80
(2)
vi = VBE + 40k IB
(1)
5 = VCE + 2k IC
(2)
If IC = IB = 75IB and VCE = 2 volts, then (2) becomes 5 = 2 +2k(75IB)

which leads to IB = 20 A.
Substituting this into (1) produces, vi = 0.7 + 0.8 = 1.5 volts.
2 k
IB
40 k
vi
+
VBE
5v
1 k
100 k
vs
i1
i2
+
+
VBE
IB
500
IE
VCE
18V
V0
For loop 1, -vs + 10k(IB) + VBE + IE (500) = 0 = -vs + 0.7 + 10,000IB + 500(1 + )IB
which leads to vs + 0.7 = 10,000IB + 500(151)IB = 85,500IB
But, v0 = 500IE = 500x151IB = 4 which leads to IB = 5.298x10-5
Therefore, vs = 0.7 + 85,500IB = 5.23 volts
We first determine the Thevenin equivalent for the input circuit.
RTh = 6||2 = 6x2/8 = 1.5 k and VTh = 2(3)/(2+6) = 0.75 volts
5 k
IC
1.5 k
0.75 V
IB
+
VBE
i1
i2
+
VCE
9V
400
V0
IE
For loop 1, -0.75 + 1.5kIB + VBE + 400IE = 0 = -0.75 + 0.7 + 1500IB + 400(1 + )IB
IB = 0.05/81,900 = 0.61 A
v0 = 400IE = 400(1 + )IB = 49 mV
For loop 2, -400IE VCE 5kIC + 9 = 0, but, IC = IB and IE = (1 + )IB
VCE = 9 5kIB 400(1 + )IB = 9 0.659 = 8.641 volts
I1
5 k
10 k
VC
IB
IC
+
+
VBE
4 k
IE
VCE
+
V0
12V
I1 = IB + IC = (1 + )IB and IE = IB + IC = I1
Applying KVL around the outer loop,
4kIE + VBE + 10kIB + 5kI1 = 12
12 0.7 = 5k(1 + )IB + 10kIB + 4k(1 + )IB = 919kIB
IB = 11.3/919k = 12.296 A
Also, 12 = 5kI1 + VC which leads to VC = 12 5k(101)IB = 5.791 volts
1
4
v1
i1
24V
3v0
i
2
+
8
v2 i3
3v0
i2
4
v0
v1
v2
(a)
(b)
From (b), -v1 + 2i 3v0 + v2 = 0 which leads to i = (v1 + 3v0 v2)/2

At node 1 in (a), ((24 v1)/4) = (v1/2) + ((v1 +3v0 v2)/2) + ((v1 v2)/1), where v0 = v2
or 24 = 9v1 which leads to v1 = 2.667 volts
At node 2, ((v1 v2)/1) + ((v1 + 3v0 v2)/2) = (v2/8) + v2/4, v0 = v2
v2 = 4v1 = 10.66 volts
Now we can solve for the currents, i1 = v1/2 = 1.333 A, i2 = 1.333 A, and
i3 = 2.6667 A.
1
1V
8 (5 + 3) = 4 , i =
io =
io
1
1
=
1+ 4 5
1
1
i=
= 0.1A
2
10
6 (4 + 2) = 3, i1 = i 2 =
io =
1
A
2
1
1
i1 = , v o = 2i o = 0.5V
2
4
i1
io
i2
1A
If is = 1A, then vo = 0.5V

R
3R
io
3R
Vs
3R
+
R
vo
1V
3R
(a)
(b)
1.5R
(a) We transform the Y sub-circuit to the equivalent .

R 3R =
3R 2 3
3
3
3
= R, R + R = R
4R
4
4
4
2
vs
independent of R
2
io = vo/(R)
vo =
When vs = 1V, vo = 0.5V, io = 0.5A

(b)
(c)
When vs = 10V, vo = 5V, io = 5A

When vs = 10V and R = 10,
vo = 5V, io = 10/(10) = 500mA
If Io = 1, the voltage across the 6 resistor is 6V so that the current through the 3
resistor is 2A.
2
2A
1A
3A
3A
i1
+
Is
v1
(a)
3 6 = 2 , vo = 3(4) = 12V, i1 =
(b)
vo
= 3A.
4
Hence Is = 3 + 3 = 6A
If
Is = 6A
Is = 9A
Io = 1
Io = 6/(9) = 0.6667A
Is
2
Vs
If vo = 1V,
If vs =
10
3
v1
vo
1
V1 = + 1 = 2V
3
10
2
Vs = 2 + v1 =
3
3
vo = 1
Then vs = 15
vo =
3
x15 = 4.5V
10
Let RT = R2 // R3 =
R2 R3
RT
, then Vo =
Vs
RT +R1
R2 + R3
R2 R3
V
R2 + R3
R2 R3
RT
k= o =
=
=
R2 R3
Vs RT + R1
R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
+ R1
R2 + R3
We find the Thevenin equivalent across the 10-ohm resistor. To find VTh, consider the
circuit below.
3Vx
5
+
+
15
4V
-
VTh
Vx
From the figure,

15
(4) = 3V
15 + 5
consider the circuit below:
V x = 0,
To find RTh,
VTh =
3Vx
5
V1
V2
+
4V
-
15
+
At node 1,
V V V2
4 V1
= 3V x + 1 + 1
,
5
15
5
At node 2,
1A
Vx
V x = 6 x1 = 6
258 = 3V2 7V1
(1)
V1 V2
=0
V1 = V2 95
5
Solving (1) and (2) leads to V2 = 101.75 V
2
V
V
9
RTh = 2 = 101.75,
p max = Th =
= 22.11 mW
1
4 RTh 4 x101.75
1 + 3V x +
(2)
Let i = i1 + i2,
where i1 and iL are due to current and voltage sources respectively.
6
i2
i1
6
4 5A
20V
(a)
i1 =
(b)
6
20
(5) = 3A, i 2 =
= 2A
6+4
6+4
Thus i = i1 + i2 = 3 + 2 = 5A
Let i x = i x1 + i x 2
where i x1 is due to 15V source and i x 2 is due to 4A source,
12
i
ix1
15V
10
(a)
40
-4A
ix2
12
10
(b)
40
For ix1, consider Fig. (a).

10||40 = 400/50 = 8 ohms, i = 15/(12 + 8) = 0.75
ix1 = [40/(40 + 10)]i = (4/5)0.75 = 0.6
For ix2, consider Fig. (b).
12||40 = 480/52 = 120/13
ix2 = [(120/13)/((120/13) + 10)](-4) = -1.92
ix = 0.6 1.92 = -1.32 A
p = vix = ix2R = (-1.32)210 = 17.43 watts
Let vab = vab1 + vab2 where vab1 and vab2 are due to the 4-V and the 2-A sources
respectively.
3vab1
10
10
3vab2
+
+
4V
vab1
+
2A
(a)
(b)
For vab1, consider Fig. (a). Applying KVL gives,

- vab1 3 vab1 + 10x0 + 4 = 0, which leads to vab1 = 1 V
For vab2, consider Fig. (b). Applying KVL gives,
vab = 1 + 5 = 6 V
vab2
vab2 3vab2 + 10x2 = 0, which leads to vab2 = 5
Let i = i1 + i2, where i1 is due to the 12-V source and i2 is due to the 4-A source.
6
io
i1
12V
(a)
4A
i2
6
ix2
2
4A
(b)
For i1, consider Fig. (a).

2||3 = 2x3/5 = 6/5, io = 12/(6 + 6/5) = 10/6
i1 = [3/(2 + 3)]io = (3/5)x(10/6) = 1 A
For i2, consider Fig. (b),
6||3 = 2 ohm, i2 = 4/2 = 2 A

i = 1+2 = 3A
Let vo = vo1 + vo2 + vo3, where vo1, vo2, and vo3 are due to the 2-A, 12-V, and 19-V
sources respectively. For vo1, consider the circuit below.
2A
+ vo1
2A
4
12
io 5
+ vo1
5
6||3 = 2 ohms, 4||12 = 3 ohms. Hence,

io = 2/2 = 1, vo1 = 5io = 5 V
For vo2, consider the circuit below.
6
12V
+ vo2
3
12
12V
5
+
+ vo2
v1
3||8 = 24/11, v1 = [(24/11)/(6 + 24/11)]12 = 16/5

vo2 = (5/8)v1 = (5/8)(16/5) = 2 V
For vo3, consider the circuit shown below.
5
+ vo3
6
12
+ vo3
19V
12
4
+
v2
+
19V
7||12 = (84/19) ohms, v2 = [(84/19)/(4 + 84/19)]19 = 9.975

v = (-5/7)v2 = -7.125
vo = 5 + 2 7.125 = -125 mV
Let
io = i1 + i2 + i3 ,
where i1, i2, and i3 are the contributions to io due to 30-V, 15-V, and 6-mA sources
respectively. For i1, consider the circuit below.
1 k
2 k
+
30V
-
3 k
i1
4 k
5 k
3//5 = 15/8 = 1.875 kohm, 2 + 3//5 = 3.875 kohm, 1//3.875 = 3.875/4.875 = 0.7949
kohm. After combining the resistors except the 4-kohm resistor and transforming the
voltage source, we obtain the circuit below.
i1
30 mA
4 k
0.7949 k

i1 =
0.7949
(30mA) = 4.973 mA
4.7949
For i2, consider the circuit below.

1 k
2 k
3 k
i2
4 k
5 k
15V
+
After successive source transformation and resistance combinations, we obtain the circuit
below:
2.42mA
i2
4 k
0.7949 k

i2 =
0.7949
(2.42mA) = 0.4012 mA
4.7949

6mA
1 k
2 k
3 k
i3
4 k
5 k
After successive source transformation and resistance combinations, we obtain the circuit
below:
3.097mA
i3
4 k
i3 =
0.7949 k
0.7949
(3.097mA) = 0.5134 mA
4.7949
Thus,
io = i1 + i2 + i3 = 4.058 mA
Let vo = vo1 + vo2 + vo3, where vo1, vo2 , and vo3, are due to the 20-V, 1-A, and 2-A
sources respectively. For vo1, consider the circuit below.
6
4
2
+
+
20V
vo1
6||(4 + 2) = 3 ohms, vo1 = ()20 = 10 V

6
4
6
4V
+
1A
vo2
vo2
3||6 = 2 ohms, vo2 = [2/(4 + 2 + 2)]4 = 1 V

6
2A
4
2A
3
+
3
vo3
vo3 +
6||(4 + 2) = 3, vo3 = (-1)3 = -3

vo = 10 + 1 3 = 8 V
Let i = i1 + i2 + i3, where i1 , i2 , and i3 are due to the 20-V, 2-A, and 16-V sources. For
i1, consider the circuit below.
io
20V
1
i1
4||(3 + 1) = 2 ohms, Then io = [20/(2 + 2)] = 5 A, i1 = io/2 = 2.5 A

+
2
vo
i3
16V
2||(1 + 3) = 4/3, vo = [(4/3)/((4/3) + 4)](-16) = -4

i3 = vo/4 = -1
2A
(4/3)
i2
2||4 = 4/3, 3 + 4/3 = 13/3

Using the current division principle.
i2 = [1/(1 + 13/2)]2 = 3/8 = 0.375
i = 2.5 + 0.375 - 1 = 1.875 A
p = i2R = (1.875)23 = 10.55 watts
2A
i2
3
Let io = io1 + io2 + io3, where io1, io2, and io3 are due to
the 12-V, 4-A, and 2-A sources. For io1, consider the circuit below.
4
io1
12V
10
10||(3 + 2 + 5) = 5 ohms, io1 = 12/(5 + 4) = (12/9) A

4A
For io2, consider the circuit below.
io2
4
10
i1
2 + 5 + 4||10 = 7 + 40/14 = 69/7

i1 = [3/(3 + 69/7)]4 = 84/90, io2 =[-10/(4 + 10)]i1 = -6/9
For io3, consider the circuit below.
io3
i2
4
10
5 2A
3 + 2 + 4||10 = 5 + 20/7 = 55/7

i2 = [5/(5 + 55/7)]2 = 7/9, io3 = [-10/(10 + 4)]i2 = -5/9
io = (12/9) (6/9) (5/9) = 1/9 = 111.11 mA
Let vx = vx1 + vx2 + vx3, where vx1,vx2, and vx3 are due to the 90-V, 6-A, and 40-V
sources. For vx1, consider the circuit below.
30
10
+
90V
vx1
60
20
30
io 10
+
vx1
3A
20
12
20||30 = 12 ohms, 60||30 = 20 ohms

By using current division,
io = [20/(22 + 20)]3 = 60/42, vx1 = 10io = 600/42 = 14.286 V
For vx2, consider the circuit below.
10 i
o
+
30
10 i
o
vx2
+ vx2
60 6A
30
20
6A
20
12
io = [12/(12 + 30)]6 = 72/42, vx2 = -10io = -17.143 V

For vx3, consider the circuit below.
10
+
30
60
vx3
10
10
30
+
40V
vx3
20
io
7.5
io = [12/(12 + 30)]2 = 24/42, vx3 = -10io = -5.714

vx = 14.286 17.143 5.714 = -8.571 V
4A
Let ix = i1 + i2, where i1 and i2 are due to the 10-V and 2-A sources respectively. To
obtain i1, consider the circuit below.
2
1
i1
10V
5i1
i1
10V
10i1
+
4
-10 + 10i1 + 7i1 = 0, therefore i1 = (10/17) A

i2
2 i
o
+
10i2
2A
io
2V
10i2
+
4
-2 + 10i2 + 7io = 0, but i2 + 2 = io. Hence,

-2 + 10i2 +7i2 + 14 = 0, or i2 = (-12/17) A
vx = 1xix = 1(i1 + i2) = (10/17) (12/17) = -2/17 = -117.6 mA
Let vx = v1 + v2, where v1 and v2 are due to the 4-A and 6-A sources respectively.
v1
ix
ix
v2
+
2
4A
v1
+
2
6A 8
4ix
4ix
(a)
(b)
v2
To find v1, consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

v1/8 = 4 + (-4ix v1)/2
-ix = (-4ix v1)/2 and we have -2ix = v1. Thus,
But,
v1/8 = 4 + (2v1 v1)/8, which leads to v1 = -32/3

To find v2, consider the circuit shown in Fig. (b).
v2/2 = 6 + (4ix v2)/8
But ix = v2/2 and 2ix = v2. Therefore,
v2/2 = 6 + (2v2 v2)/8 which leads to v2 = -16
Hence,
vx = (32/3) 16 = -26.67 V
Transform the voltage sources and obtain the circuit in Fig. (a). Combining the 6-ohm
and 3-ohm resistors produces a 2-ohm resistor (6||3 = 2). Combining the 2-A and 4-A
sources gives a 6-A source. This leads to the circuit shown in Fig. (b).
i
i
6
2A
3 4A
(a)
From Fig. (b),
6A
(b)
i = 6/2 = 3 A
To get io, transform the current sources as shown in Fig. (a).

io
+
12V
i
6V 2 A
+
vo 2 A
(a)
(b)
From Fig. (a),
-12 + 9io + 6 = 0, therefore io = 666.7 mA
To get vo, transform the voltage sources as shown in Fig. (b).

i = [6/(3 + 6)](2 + 2) = 8/3
vo = 3i = 8 V
We transform the two sources to get the circuit shown in Fig. (a).
5
+ 10V
10
2A
(a)
i
1A
10
10
2A
(b)
We now transform only the voltage source to obtain the circuit in Fig. (b).
10||10 = 5 ohms, i = [5/(5 + 4)](2 1) = 5/9 = 555.5 mA
If we transform the voltage source, we obtain the circuit below.

8
10
5A
3A
3//6 = 2-ohm. Convert the current sources to voltages sources as shown below.
10
+
10V
-
30V
-
Applying KVL to the loop gives

30 + 10 + I (10 + 8 + 2) = 0
p = VI = I 2 R = 8 W
I = 1A
Convert the current source to voltage source.

16
4
5
48 V
10
+
12 V
-
Vo
-
Combine the 16-ohm and 4-ohm resistors and convert both voltages sources to current
Sources. We obtain the circuit below.
1
20
2.4A
2.4A
10
Combine the resistors and current sources.

20//5 = (20x5)/25 = 4 , 2.4 + 2.4 = 4.8 A
Convert the current source to voltage source. We obtain the circuit below.
4
+
19.2V
Using voltage division,
Vo =
10
(19.2) = 12.8 V
10 + 4 + 1
1
+
Vo
-
10
Transforming only the current source gives the circuit below.

18 V
+
12V
5
i
vo
30 V
30 V
Applying KVL to the loop gives,

(4 + 9 + 5 + 2)i 12 18 30 30 = 0
20i = 90 which leads to i = 4.5
vo = 2i = 9 V
Transform the voltage sources to current sources. The result is shown in Fig. (a),
30||60 = 20 ohms,
30||20 = 12 ohms
10
+ vx
3A
30
60
30
6A
20
(a)
20
10
+ vx
60V
i
(b)
12
96V
2A
Combining the resistors and transforming the current sources to voltage sources, we
obtain the circuit in Fig. (b). Applying KVL to Fig. (b),
42i 60 + 96 = 0, which leads to i = -36/42
vx = 10i = -8.571 V
Transforming the voltage sources to current sources gives the circuit in Fig. (a).
10||40 = 8 ohms
Transforming the current sources to voltage sources yields the circuit in Fig. (b).
Applying KVL to the loop,
-40 + (8 + 12 + 20)i + 200 = 0 leads to i = -4
vx 12i = -48 V
12
+ vx
5A
10
40
8A
20
2A
(a)
12
+ vx
40V
i
(b)
20
200V

Transforming only the current sources leads to Fig. (a). Continuing with source
transformations finally produces the circuit in Fig. (d).
io
12 V
12 V
10 V
10
(a)
io
+
12V
10
+
10
22 V
(b)
io
+
12V
io
10
10
(c)
2.2A
12V
5
io
(d)
Applying KVL to the loop in fig. (d),

-12 + 9io + 11 = 0, produces io = 1/9 = 111.11 mA
11V

Transform the dependent voltage source to a current source as shown in
Fig. (a). 2||4 = (4/3) k ohms
4 k
2 k
2vo
(4/3) k
1.5vo
3 mA
1 k
3 mA
1 k
+
vo
vo
(a)
(b)
It is clear that i = 3 mA which leads to vo = 1000i = 3 V

If the use of source transformations was not required for this problem, the actual answer
could have been determined by inspection right away since the only current that could
have flowed through the 1 k ohm resistor is 3 mA.
Transform the dependent current source as shown below.
ix
+
12V
-
24
60
30
10
+
-
7ix
Combine the 60-ohm with the 10-ohm and transform the dependent source as shown
below.
24
ix
+
12V
-
30
70
0.1ix
Combining 30-ohm and 70-ohm gives 30//70 = 70x30/100 = 21-ohm. Transform the
dependent current source as shown below.
24
ix
21
+
12V
-
+
-
2.1ix
Applying KVL to the loop gives
45i x 12 + 2.1i x = 0
ix =
12
= 254.8 mA
47.1
Transform the dependent source so that we have the circuit in

Fig. (a). 6||8 = (24/7) ohms. Transform the dependent source again to get the circuit in
Fig. (b).
3
+
12V
vx
vx/3
(a)
3
+
12V
vx
(24/7)
(b)
(8/7)vx
From Fig. (b),

vx = 3i, or i = vx/3.
Applying KVL,
-12 + (3 + 24/7)i + (24/21)vx = 0
12 = [(21 + 24)/7]vx/3 + (8/7)vx, leads to vx = 84/23 = 3.625 V
As shown in Fig. (a), we transform the dependent current source to a voltage source,
15
10
5ix
+
60V
50
40
(a)
15
60V
50
50
0.1ix
(b)
ix
60V
15
25
ix
(c)
2.5ix
In Fig. (b), 50||50 = 25 ohms. Applying KVL in Fig. (c),

-60 + 40ix 2.5ix = 0, or ix = 1.6 A
(a)
RTh = 10||40 = 400/50 = 8 ohms

VTh = (40/(40 + 10))20 = 16 V
(b)
RTh = 30||60 = 1800/90 = 20 ohms

2 + (30 v1)/60 = v1/30, and v1 = VTh
120 + 30 v1 = 2v1, or v1 = 50 V
VTh = 50 V
To find RTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
10
10
20
RTh
40
3A
v1
20
v2
+
40V
40
VTh
(a)
(b)
RTh = 20 + 10||40 = 20 + 400/50 = 28 ohms
To find VTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (b).
At node 1,
At node 2,
(40 v1)/10 = 3 + [(v1 v2)/20] + v1/40, 40 = 7v1 2v2

3 + (v1- v2)/20 = 0, or v1 = v2 60
v1 = 32 V, v2 = 92 V, and VTh = v2 = 92 V
(1)
(2)

RTh = Rab = 6||3 + 12||4 = 2 + 3 =5 ohms
To find VTh, consider the circuit shown in Fig. (b).
RTh
a
6
12
(a)
2A
6
v1
v2 4
+ VTh
+
12V v1
+
3
12
v2
19V
At node 1,
(b)
2 + (12 v1)/6 = v1/3, or v1 = 8
At node 2,
(19 v2)/4 = 2 + v2/12, or v2 = 33/4
But,
-v1 + VTh + v2 = 0, or VTh = v1 v2 = 8 33/4 = -0.25

a +
vo
10
RTh = 5
+
VTh = (-1/4)V
vo = VTh/2 = -0.25/2 = -125 mV
Remove the 30-V voltage source and the 20-ohm resistor.

a
RTh
10
a
10
+
+
40
VTh
40
50V
(a)
(b)
From Fig. (a),
RTh = 10||40 = 8 ohms
From Fig. (b),
VTh = (40/(10 + 40))50 = 40V

8
a
12
40V
30V
b
(c)
The equivalent circuit of the original circuit is shown in Fig. (c). Applying KVL,
30 40 + (8 + 12)i = 0, which leads to i = 500mA
RN is found from the circuit below.

20
a
40
12
R N = 12 //( 20 + 40) = 10
IN is found from the circuit below.
2A
20
a
40
+
120V
-
12
IN
b
Applying source transformation to the current source yields the circuit below.
20
40
+ 80 V -
+
120V
-
Applying KVL to the loop yields

120 + 80 + 60 I N = 0
I N = 40 / 60 = 0.6667 A
IN
We find Thevenin equivalent at the terminals of the 10-ohm resistor. For RTh, consider
the circuit below.
1
4
5
RTh
16
RTh = 1 + 5 //( 4 + 16) = 1 + 4 = 5

For VTh, consider the circuit below.
V1
V2
5
3A
16
VTh
+
12 V
At node 1,
V V V2
3= 1 + 1
48 = 5V1 4V2
16
4
At node 2,
V1 V2 12 V2
+
=0
48 = 5V1 + 9V2
4
5
VTh = V2 = 19.2
(1)
(2)
Thus, the given circuit can be replaced as shown below.

5
+
19.2V
-
+
Vo
-
10

Vo =
10
(19.2) = 12.8 V
10 + 5

10
3vab10 a
+
10
+
io
+
1V v1
50V
+ VTh
+
40 4V
+
8 A 2A
v2
a
+
(b)
(a)
(b)
1 3 + 10io = 0, or io = 0.4
RTh = 1/io = 2.5 ohms
To find VTh, consider the circuit shown in Fig. (b).

[(4 v)/10] + 2 = 0, or v = 24
But,
vab = VTh
40V
3vab
20
v
+
v = VTh + 3vab = 4VTh = 24, which leads to VTh = 6 V

10
RTh
a
40
(a)
20
RTh = 10||40 + 20 = 28 ohms

To get VTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (b). The two loops are independent. From loop 1,
v1 = (40/50)50 = 40 V
For loop 2,
But,
-v2 + 20x8 + 40 = 0, or v2 = 200

VTh + v2 v1 = 0,
VTh = v1 = v2 = 40 200 = -160 volts
This results in the following equivalent circuit.

28
+
-160V
vx
12
vx = [12/(12 + 28)](-160) = -48 V

To find RTh, consider the circuit below

14
a
5
b
RTh = 5 //(14 + 6) = 4 = R N
Applying source transformation to the 1-A current source, we obtain the circuit below.
14
- 14V +
VTh
+
6V
3A
b
At node a,
14 + 6 VTh
V
= 3 + Th
6 + 14
5
IN =
VTh = 8 V
VTh
= (8) / 4 = 2 A
RTh
Thus,
RTh = R N = 4,
VTh = 8V,
I N = 2 A

20
10
30
a
20
30 30
a
10
10
(a)
10
10
10
(b)
20||20 = 10 ohms. Transform the wye sub-network to a delta as shown in Fig. (b).
10||30 = 7.5 ohms. RTh = Rab = 30||(7.5 + 7.5) = 10 ohms.
To find VTh, we transform the 20-V and the 5-V sources. We obtain the circuit shown in
Fig. (c).
10
10
10
i1
30V
10 V
10
10
i2
50V
(c)
For loop 1,
-30 + 50 + 30i1 10i2 = 0, or -2 = 3i1 i2
(1)
For loop 2,
-50 10 + 30i2 10i1 = 0, or 6 = -i1 + 3i2
(2)
i1 = 0, i2 = 2 A
Applying KVL to the output loop, -vab 10i1 + 30 10i2 = 0, vab = 10 V

VTh = vab = 10 volts

RTh
a
10
10
5
(a)
10
a
+
50V va
+ VTh
10
+
vb
(b)
RTh = 10||10 + 5 = 10 ohms
2A
To find VTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

vb = 2x5 = 10 V, va = 20/2 = 10 V
But,
-va + VTh + vb = 0, or VTh = va vb = 0 volts
(a)
For RTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

RTh = 1 + 4||(3 + 2 + 5) = 3.857 ohms
For VTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (b). Applying KVL gives,
10 24 + i(3 + 4 + 5 + 2), or i = 1
VTh = 4i = 4 V
3
3
2
i
b
5
+
VTh
b
10V
(b)
(a)
(b)
24V
RTh
For RTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (c).

3
24V
2
RTh
4
vo
2
5
2A
c
(c)
VTh
c
(d)
RTh = 5||(2 + 3 + 4) = 3.214 ohms

To get VTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (d). At the node, KCL gives,
[(24 vo)/9] + 2 = vo/5, or vo = 15
VTh = vo = 15 V
For RN, consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

6
RN
4A
(a)
IN
(b)
RN = (6 + 6)||4 = 3 ohms
For IN, consider the circuit in Fig. (b). The 4-ohm resistor is shorted so that 4-A current
is equally divided between the two 6-ohm resistors. Hence,
IN = 4/2 = 2 A
(a)
RN = RTh = 8 ohms. To find IN, consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

10
20V
60
Isc
2A
(a)
(b)
IN = Isc = 20/10 = 2 A
(b)
To get IN, consider the circuit in Fig. (b).
IN = Isc = 2 + 30/60 = 2.5 A
30
IN 30V
Since VTh = Vab = Vx, we apply KCL at the node a and obtain
30 VTh VTh
=
+ 2VTh
VTh = 150 / 126 = 1.19 V

12
60
To find RTh, consider the circuit below.
12
Vx
2Vx
60
1A
At node a, KCL gives

V V
1 = 2V x + x + x
V x = 60 / 126 = 0.4762
60 12
V
V
RTh = x = 0.4762,
I N = Th = 1.19 / 0.4762 = 2.5
RTh
1
Thus,
VTh = 1.19V ,
RTh = R N = 0.4762,
I N = 2 .5 A
To get RTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

10Io
10Io
1A
2A
(a)
From Fig. (a),
VTh
Io
Io
(b)
Io = 1,
6 10 V = 0, or V = -4
RN = RTh = V/1 = -4 ohms
To get VTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (b),

Io = 2, VTh = -10Io + 4Io = -12 V
IN = VTh/RTh = 3A
RN = RTh = 28 ohms
To find IN, consider the circuit below,
3A
10
40V
At the node,
vo
20
io
Isc = IN
40
(40 vo)/10 = 3 + (vo/40) + (vo/20), or vo = 40/7
io = vo/20 = 2/7, but IN = Isc = io + 3 = 3.286 A

From Fig. (a), RN = 6 + 4 = 10 ohms

6
6
Isc = IN
(a)
From Fig. (b),
2A
+
12V
(b)
2 + (12 v)/6 = v/4, or v = 9.6 V

-IN = (12 v)/6 = 0.4, which leads to IN = -0.4 A
Combining the Norton equivalent with the right-hand side of the original circuit produces
the circuit in Fig. (c).
i
10
0.4A
4A
(c)
i = [10/(10 + 5)] (4 0.4) = 2.4 A

(a)
From the circuit in Fig. (a),

RN = 4||(2 + 6||3) = 4||4 = 2 ohms
RTh
6
VTh
120V
(a)
6A
(b)
For IN or VTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (b). After some source transformations, the
circuit becomes that shown in Fig. (c).
+ VTh
2
40V
4
i
12V
(c)
Applying KVL to the circuit in Fig. (c),

-40 + 8i + 12 = 0 which gives i = 7/2
VTh = 4i = 14 therefore IN = VTh/RN = 14/2 = 7 A
(b)
To get RN, consider the circuit in Fig. (d).

RN = 2||(4 + 6||3) = 2||6 = 1.5 ohms
6
+
3
RN
VTh
(d)
12V
(e)
To get IN, the circuit in Fig. (c) applies except that it needs slight modification as in
Fig. (e).
i = 7/2, VTh = 12 + 2i = 19, IN = VTh/RN = 19/1.5 = 12.667 A
For RTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

a
3 k
Io
20Io
2 k
RTh
b
(a)
3 k
6V
+
Io
20Io
2 k
VTh
b
(b)
For Fig. (a), Io = 0, hence the current source is inactive and

RTh = 2 k ohms
For VTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

Io = 6/3k = 2 mA
VTh = (-20Io)(2k) = -20x2x10-3x2x103 = -80 V
To get RTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

0.25vo
0.25vo
+
6
vo
1A
1/2
a
1/2
vo
vab
b
(a)
(b)
From Fig. (b),

vo = 2x1 = 2V, -vab + 2x(1/2) +vo = 0
vab = 3V
RN = vab/1 = 3 ohms
To get IN, consider the circuit in Fig. (c).
0.25vo
6
+
18V
vo
Isc = IN
b
(c)
[(18 vo)/6] + 0.25vo = (vo/2) + (vo/3) or vo = 4V

But,
(vo/2) = 0.25vo + IN, which leads to IN = 1 A
+
1A
To find VTh =Vx, consider the left loop.
3 + 1000io + 2V x = 0
For the right loop,

V x = 50 x 40i o = 2000io
Combining (1) and (2),
3 = 1000io 4000io = 3000io
V x = 2000io = 2
3 = 1000io + 2V x
(1)
(2)
io = 1mA
VTh = 2
To find RTh, insert a 1-V source at terminals a-b and remove the 3-V independent
source, as shown below.
1 k
ix
.
io
+
2Vx
-
40io
+
Vx
-
+
1V
-
50
2V x
= 2mA
1000
V
1
i x = 40io + x = 80mA + A = -60mA
50
50
V x = 1,
RTh =
io =
1
= 1 / 0.060 = 16.67
ix
To get RN, apply a 1 mA source at the terminals a and b as shown in Fig. (a).
a
I
vab/1000
8 k
80I
+
50 k
vab
b
(a)
1mA
We assume all resistances are in k ohms, all currents in mA, and all voltages in volts. At
node a,
(vab/50) + 80I = 1
(1)
Also,
-8I = (vab/1000), or I = -vab/8000
(2)
From (1) and (2),
(vab/50) (80vab/8000) = 1, or vab = 100

RN = vab/1 = 100 k ohms
To get IN, consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

8 k
2V
vab/1000
80I
50 k
IN
vab
b
(b)
Since the 50-k ohm resistor is shorted,

IN = -80I, vab = 0
Hence,
8i = 2 which leads to I = (1/4) mA

IN = -20 mA
We first need RN and IN.
1
20V
2A
4
RN
b
(a)
IN
(b)
16V
To find RN, consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

RN = 1 + 2||4 = (7/3) ohms
To get IN, short-circuit ab and find Isc from the circuit in Fig. (b). The current source can
be transformed to a voltage source as shown in Fig. (c).
vo
20V
4
a
2V
2
IN
16V
RN
IN
(c)
(d)
(20 vo)/2 = [(vo + 2)/1] + [(vo + 16)/4], or vo = 16/7

IN = (vo + 2)/1 = 30/7
From the Norton equivalent circuit in Fig. (d),
i = RN/(RN + 3), IN = [(7/3)/((7/3) + 3)](30/7) = 30/16 = 1.875 A
To find RTh, remove the 50V source and insert a 1-V source at a b, as shown in Fig. (a).
2
+
3
vx
0.5vx
(a)
10
1V
We apply nodal analysis. At node A,

At node B,
i + 0.5vx = (1/10) + (1 vx)/2, or i + vx = 0.6

(1 vo)/2 = (vx/3) + (vx/6), and vx = 0.5
(1)
(2)
From (1) and (2),
i = 0.1 and
RTh = 1/i = 10 ohms
To get VTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

3
v1
v2
+
50V
+
6
vx
10 VTh
0.5vx
(b)
At node 1,
(50 v1)/3 = (v1/6) + (v1 v2)/2, or 100 = 6v1 3v2
(3)
At node 2,
0.5vx + (v1 v2)/2 = v2/10, vx = v1, and v1 = 0.6v2
(4)
From (3) and (4),

v2 = VTh = 166.67 V
IN = VTh/RTh = 16.667 A
RN = RTh = 10 ohms
This problem does not have a solution as it was originally stated. The reason for this is
that the load resistor is in series with a current source which means that the only
equivalent circuit that will work will be a Norton circuit where the value of RN =
infinity. IN can be found by solving for Isc.
ib
VS
R1
ib
vo
R2
Writing the node equation at node vo,

ib + ib = vo/R2 = (1 + )ib
Isc
But
ib = (Vs vo)/R1
vo = Vs ibR1
Vs ibR1 = (1 + )R2ib, or ib = Vs/(R1 + (1 + )R2)
Isc = IN = -ib = -Vs/(R1 + (1 + )R2)

RTh = (10 + 20)||(50 + 40) 30||90 = 22.5 ohms

To find VTh, consider the circuit below.
i1
i2
10
20
+ VTh
8A
50
40
i1 = i2 = 8/2 = 4, 10i1 + VTh 20i2 = 0, or VTh = 20i2 10i1 = 10i1 = 10x4

VTh = 40V, and IN = VTh/RTh = 40/22.5 = 1.7778 A
The circuit can be reduced by source transformations.

2A
18 V
12 V
10 V
+
10
2A
10
3A
5
2A
3A
3.333
Norton Equivalent Circuit
10 V
3.333
Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

Let
R = 2||18 = 1.8 ohms,
RTh = 2R||R = (2/3)R = 1.2 ohms.
To get VTh, we apply mesh analysis to the circuit in Fig. (d).

2
a
6
2
6
b
(a)
a
18
1.8
18
18
1.8
1.8
RTh
(b)
(c)
a
6
12V
i3
12V
+
+
VTh
6
2
i1
i2
12V
(d)
-12 12 + 14i1 6i2 6i3 = 0, and 7 i1 3 i2 3i3 = 12
(1)
12 + 12 + 14 i2 6 i1 6 i3 = 0, and -3 i1 + 7 i2 3 i3 = -12
(2)
14 i3 6 i1 6 i2 = 0, and
(3)
-3 i1 3 i2 + 7 i3 = 0
This leads to the following matrix form for (1), (2) and (3),
7 3 3 i1 12
3 7 3 i = 12
3 3 7 i 3 0
3 3
= 3 7 3 = 100 ,
3 3 7
12
2 = 3 12 3 = 120
3 0
7
i2 = /2 = -120/100 = -1.2 A
VTh = 12 + 2i2 = 9.6 V, and IN = VTh/RTh = 8 A
Since there are no independent sources, VTh = 0 V

To obtain RTh, consider the circuit below.
0.1io
ix
+
vo
1
40
10
v1
io
2vo
VS
20
At node 2,
At node 1,
ix + 0.1io = (1 v1)/10, or 10ix + io = 1 v1
(1)
(v1/20) + 0.1io = [(2vo v1)/40] + [(1 v1)/10]
(2)
But io = (v1/20) and vo = 1 v1, then (2) becomes,

1.1v1/20 = [(2 3v1)/40] + [(1 v1)/10]
2.2v1 = 2 3v1 + 4 4v1 = 6 7v1
or
v1 = 6/9.2
(3)
From (1) and (3),

10ix + v1/20 = 1 v1
10ix = 1 v1 v1/20 = 1 (21/20)v1 = 1 (21/20)(6/9.2)
ix = 31.52 mA, RTh = 1/ix = 31.73 ohms.
Because there are no independent sources, IN = Isc = 0 A

RN can be found using the circuit below.
10
+
vo
20
Applying KCL at node 1,
v1
0.5vo
io
+
1V
0.5vo + (1 v1)/3 = v1/30, but vo = (20/30)v1
Hence, 0.5(2/3)(30)v1 + 10 10v1 =v1, or v1 = 10 and io = (1 v1)/3 = -3

RN = 1/io = -1/3 = -333.3 m ohms
With no independent sources, VTh = 0 V. To obtain RTh, consider the circuit

shown below.
4
vo
io
ix
+
1V
10ix
ix = [(1 vo)/1] + [(10ix vo)/4], or 2vo = 1 + 3ix

But ix = vo/2. Hence,
2vo = 1 + 1.5vo, or vo = 2, io = (1 vo)/1 = -1
Thus, RTh = 1/io = -1 ohm
(1)
At the terminals of the unknown resistance, we replace the circuit by its Thevenin
equivalent.
12
RTh = 2 + 4 // 12 = 2 + 3 = 5,
VTh =
(32) = 24 V
12 + 4
Thus, the circuit can be replaced by that shown below.
Io
+
24 V
-
+
Vo
-

24 + 5I o + Vo = 0
Vo = 24 5I o
We first find the Thevenin equivalent at terminals a and b. We find RTh using the circuit
in Fig. (a).
2
10V
+
+
3
VTh
b
RTh
20V
i
30V
(a)
(b)
RTh = 2||(3 + 5) = 2||8 = 1.6 ohms

By performing source transformation on the given circuit, we obatin the circuit in (b).
We now use this to find VTh.

10i + 30 + 20 + 10 = 0, or i = -5
VTh + 10 + 2i = 0, or VTh = 2 V
p = VTh2/(4RTh) = (2)2/[4(1.6)] = 625 m watts
We need to find the Thevenin equivalent at terminals a and b.

From Fig. (a),
RTh = 4||6 + 8||12 = 2.4 + 4.8 = 7.2 ohms
From Fig. (b),
10i1 30 = 0, or i1 = 3
+
30V
+
RTh
12
i1
VTh
+
12
i2
(a)
(b)
20i2 + 30 = 0, or i2 = 1.5, VTh = 6i1 + 8i2 = 6x3 8x1.5 = 6 V

p = VTh2/(4RTh) = (6)2/[4(7.2)] = 1.25 watts
This is a challenging problem in that the load is already specified. This now becomes a
"minimize losses" style problem. When a load is specified and internal losses can be
adjusted, then the objective becomes, reduce RThev as much as possible, which will result
in maximum power transfer to the load.
Removing the 10 ohm resistor and solving for the Thevenin Circuit results in:
RTh = (Rx20/(R+20)) and a Voc = VTh = 12x(20/(R +20)) + (-8)
As R goes to zero, RTh goes to zero and VTh goes to 4 volts, which produces the
maximum power delivered to the 10-ohm resistor.
P = vi = v2/R = 4x4/10 = 1.6 watts
Notice that if R = 20 ohms which gives an RTh = 10 ohms, then VTh becomes -2 volts and
the power delivered to the load becomes 0.1 watts, much less that the 1.6 watts.
It is also interesting to note that the internal losses for the first case are 122/20 = 7.2 watts
and for the second case are = to 12 watts. This is a significant difference.
We need the Thevenin equivalent across the resistor R. To find RTh, consider the circuit
below.
22 k v1
+
10 k
vo
40 k
3vo
30 k
Assume that all resistances are in k ohms and all currents are in mA.
1mA
10||40 = 8, and 8 + 22 = 30
1 + 3vo = (v1/30) + (v1/30) = (v1/15)
15 + 45vo = v1
But vo = (8/30)v1, hence,
15 + 45x(8v1/30) v1, which leads to v1 = 1.3636

RTh = v1/1 = -1.3636 k ohms
10 k vo 22 k
v1
+
100V
+
40 k
vo
3vo
30 k
VTh
(100 vo)/10 = (vo/40) + (vo v1)/22
(1)
[(vo v1)/22] + 3vo = (v1/30)
(2)

v1 = VTh = -243.6 volts
p = VTh2/(4RTh) = (243.6)2/[4(-1363.6)] = -10.882 watts
We find the Thevenin equivalent across the 10-ohm resistor. To find VTh, consider the
circuit below.
3Vx
+
+
15
4V
-
VTh
Vx
From the figure,

15
(4) = 3V
15 + 5
consider the circuit below:
V x = 0,
To find RTh,
VTh =
3Vx
5
V2
V1
+
4V
-
15
+
At node 1,
V V V2
4 V1
= 3V x + 1 + 1
,
5
15
5
1A
Vx
V x = 6 x1 = 6
258 = 3V2 7V1
(1)
At node 2,
V V2
1 + 3V x + 1
=0
V1 = V2 95
5
Solving (1) and (2) leads to V2 = 101.75 V
2
VTh
V2
9
RTh =
= 101.75,
p max =
=
= 22.11 mW
1
4 RTh 4 x101.75
(2)
We need RTh and VTh at terminals a and b. To find RTh, we insert a 1-mA source at the
terminals a and b as shown below.
10 k
a
+
3 k
vo
1 k
120vo
40 k
1mA
b
Assume that all resistances are in k ohms, all currents are in mA, and all voltages are in
volts. At node a,
1 = (va/40) + [(va + 120vo)/10], or 40 = 5va + 480vo
(1)
The loop on the left side has no voltage source. Hence, vo = 0. From (1), va = 8 V.
RTh = va/1 mA = 8 kohms
To get VTh, consider the original circuit. For the left loop,
vo = (1/4)8 = 2 V
For the right loop,
vR = VTh = (40/50)(-120vo) = -192
The resistance at the required resistor is

R = RTh = 8 kohms
p = VTh2/(4RTh) = (-192)2/(4x8x103) = 1.152 watts
(a)
RTh and VTh are calculated using the circuits shown in Fig. (a) and (b)
respectively.
From Fig. (a),
RTh = 2 + 4 + 6 = 12 ohms
From Fig. (b),
-VTh + 12 + 8 + 20 = 0, or VTh = 40 V
12V
RTh
VTh
8V
20V
(a)
(b)
(b)
i = VTh/(RTh + R) = 40/(12 + 8) = 2A
(c)
(d)
p = VTh2/(4RTh) = (40)2/(4x12) = 33.33 watts.
RL = RTh = 12 ohms
Find the Thevenins equivalent circuit across the terminals of R.
10
25
RTh
20
RTh = 10 // 20 + 25 // 5 = 325 / 30 = 10.833
10
+
60 V
-
+ VTh -
+
Va
25
20
+
5
20
(60) = 40,
30
Va + VTh + Vb = 0
Va =
Vb
-
5
(60) = 10
30
VTh = Va Vb = 40 10 = 30 V
Vb =
p max
V
30 2
= Th =
= 20.77 W
4 RTh 4 x10.833
When RL is removed and Vs is short-circuited,

RTh = R1||R2 + R3||R4 = [R1 R2/( R1 + R2)] + [R3 R4/( R3 + R4)]
RL = RTh = (R1 R2 R3 + R1 R2 R4 + R1 R3 R4 + R2 R3 R4)/[( R1 + R2)( R3 + R4)]
When RL is removed and we apply the voltage division principle,
Voc = VTh = vR2 vR4
= ([R2/(R1 + R2)] [R4/(R3 + R4)])Vs = {[(R2R3) (R1R4)]/[(R1 + R2)(R3 + R4)]}Vs
pmax = VTh2/(4RTh)
= {[(R2R3) (R1R4)]2/[(R1 + R2)(R3 + R4)]2}Vs2[( R1 + R2)( R3 + R4)]/[4(a)]
where a = (R1 R2 R3 + R1 R2 R4 + R1 R3 R4 + R2 R3 R4)
pmax =
[(R2R3) (R1R4)]2Vs2/[4(R1 + R2)(R3 + R4) (R1 R2 R3 + R1 R2 R4 + R1 R3 R4 + R2 R3 R4)]
We need to first find RTh and VTh.

R
R
R
R
RTh
+
1V
(a)
vo
2V
3V
VTh
(b)
Consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

(1/RTh) = (1/R) + (1/R) + (1/R) = 3/R
RTh = R/3
From the circuit in Fig. (b),
((1 vo)/R) + ((2 vo)/R) + ((3 vo)/R) = 0
vo = 2 = VTh
RL = RTh = R/3
Pmax = [(VTh)2/(4RTh)] = 3 mW
RTh = [(VTh)2/(4Pmax)] = 4/(4xPmax) = 1/Pmax = R/3
R = 3/(3x10-3) = 1 k ohms
Follow the steps in Example 4.14. The schematic and the output plots are shown below.
From the plot, we obtain,
V = 92 V [i = 0, voltage axis intercept]

R = Slope = (120 92)/1 = 28 ohms

(a)
The schematic is shown below. We perform a dc sweep on a current source, I1,
connected between terminals a and b. We label the top and bottom of source I1 as 2 and
1 respectively. We plot V(2) V(1) as shown.
VTh = 4 V [zero intercept]
RTh = (7.8 4)/1 = 3.8 ohms
(b)
Everything remains the same as in part (a) except that the current source, I1, is
connected between terminals b and c as shown below. We perform a dc sweep on
I1 and obtain the plot shown below. From the plot, we obtain,
V = 15 V [zero intercept]
R = (18.2 15)/1 = 3.2 ohms

The schematic is shown below. We perform a dc sweep on the current source, I1,
connected between terminals a and b. The plot is shown. From the plot we obtain,
VTh = -80 V [zero intercept]
RTh = (1920 (-80))/1 = 2 k ohms

After drawing and saving the schematic as shown below, we perform a dc sweep on I1
connected across a and b. The plot is shown. From the plot, we get,
V = 167 V [zero intercept]
R = (177 167)/1 = 10 ohms

The schematic in shown below. We label nodes a and b as 1 and 2 respectively. We
perform dc sweep on I1. In the Trace/Add menu, type v(1) v(2) which will result in the
plot below. From the plot,
RTh = (40 17.5)/1 = 22.5 ohms [slope]

The schematic is shown below. We perform a dc sweep on the current source, I2,
connected between terminals a and b. The plot of the voltage across I2 is shown below.
From the plot,
RTh = (10 6.4)/1 = 3.4 ohms.

VTh = Voc = 12 V, Isc = 20 A
RTh = Voc/Isc = 12/20 = 0.6 ohm.
0.6
i
12V
i = 12/2.6 ,
p = i2R = (12/2.6)2(2) = 42.6 watts

VTh = Voc = 12 V, Isc = IN = 1.5 A
RTh = VTh/IN = 8 ohms, VTh = 12 V, RTh = 8 ohms
Let the equivalent circuit of the battery terminated by a load be as shown below.
RTh
IL
+
VTh
VL
RL
For open circuit,
R L = ,
VTh = Voc = VL = 10.8 V

When RL = 4 ohm, VL=10.5,
IL =
VL
= 10.8 / 4 = 2.7
RL
But
VTh = VL + I L RTh
RTh =
VTh V L 12 10.8
=
= 0.4444
IL
2 .7
(a) Consider the equivalent circuit terminated with R as shown below.

RTh
a
+
VTh
-
+
Vab
-
Vab
R
=
VTh
R + RTh
10
6=
VTh
10 + RTh
or
60 + 6 RTh = 10VTh
where RTh is in k-ohm.
(1)
Similarly,
30
VTh
30 + RTh
12 =
360 + 12 RTh = 30VTh
(2)
VTh = 24 V, RTh = 30k
(b) Vab =
20
(24) = 9.6 V
20 + 30
We replace the box with the Thevenin equivalent.

RTh
+
VTh
i
R
VTh = v + iRTh
When i = 1.5, v = 3, which implies that VTh = 3 + 1.5RTh
(1)
When i = 1, v = 8, which implies that VTh = 8 + 1xRTh
(2)
From (1) and (2), RTh = 10 ohms and VTh = 18 V.

(a)
When R = 4, i = VTh/(R + RTh) = 18/(4 + 10) = 1.2857 A
(b)
For maximum power, R = RTH

Pmax = (VTh)2/4RTh = 182/(4x10) = 8.1 watts
(a)
im = 9.975 mA
im = 9.876 mA
+
Is
vm
Rs Rm
Is
Rs
Rs Rm
(a)
(b)
From Fig. (a),

vm = Rmim = 9.975 mA x 20 = 0.1995 V
From Fig. (b),
Is = 9.975 mA + (0.1995/Rs)
(1)
vm = Rmim = 20x9.876 = 0.19752 V

Is = 9.876 mA + (0.19752/2k) + (0.19752/Rs)
= 9.975 mA + (0.19752/Rs)
Solving (1) and (2) gives,
Rs = 8 k ohms,
Is = 10 mA
(b)
im = 9.876 mA
Is
Rs
Rs Rm
(b)
8k||4k = 2.667 k ohms

im = [2667/(2667 + 20)](10 mA) = 9.926 mA
To find RTh, consider the circuit below.

A
RTh
30k
RTh
5k
B
20k
10k
= 30 + 10 + 20 // 5 = 44k
(2)
To find VTh , consider the circuit below.

5k
A
B
io
30k
20k
4mA
60 V
-
10k
V A = 30 x 4 = 120,
VB =
20
(60) = 48,
25
VTh = V A VB = 72 V
It is easy to solve this problem using Pspice.

(a) The schematic is shown below. We insert IPROBE to measure the desired ammeter
reading. We insert a very small resistance in series IPROBE to avoid problem. After the
circuit is saved and simulated, the current is displaced on IPROBE as 99.99A .
(b) By interchanging the ammeter and the 12-V voltage source, the schematic is shown
below. We obtain exactly the same result as in part (a).
Rx = (R3/R1)R2 = (4/2)R2 = 42.6, R2 = 21.3

which is (21.3ohms/100ohms)% = 21.3%
Rx = (R3/R1)R2
(a)
Since 0 < R2 < 50 ohms, to make 0 < Rx < 10 ohms requires that when R2
= 50 ohms, Rx = 10 ohms.
10 = (R3/R1)50 or R3 = R1/5
so we select R1 = 100 ohms and R3 = 20 ohms
(b)
For 0 < Rx < 100 ohms

100 = (R3/R1)50, or R3 = 2R1
So we can select R1 = 100 ohms and R3 = 200 ohms

For a balanced bridge, vab = 0. We can use mesh analysis to find vab. Consider the
circuit in Fig. (a), where i1 and i2 are assumed to be in mA.
2 k
3 k
220V
i1
6 k
i2
b
vab
5 k
10 k
0
(a)
220 = 2i1 + 8(i1 i2) or 220 = 10i1 8i2 (1)
From (1) and (2),
0 = 24i2 8i1 or i2 = (1/3)i1
(2)
i1 = 30 mA and i2 = 10 mA
Applying KVL to loop 0ab0 gives
5(i2 i1) + vab + 10i2 = 0 V
Since vab = 0, the bridge is balanced.
When the 10 k ohm resistor is replaced by the 18 k ohm resistor, the gridge becomes
unbalanced. (1) remains the same but (2) becomes
0 = 32i2 8i1, or i2 = (1/4)i1
(3)
i1 = 27.5 mA, i2 = 6.875 mA

vab = 5(i1 i2) 18i2 = -20.625 V
VTh = vab = -20.625 V
To obtain RTh, we convert the delta connection in Fig. (b) to a wye connection shown in
Fig. (c).
2 k
3 k
R2
6 k
RTh
R1
5 k
6 k
a RTh
R3
18 k
(b)
18 k
(c)
R1 = 3x5/(2 + 3 + 5) = 1.5 k ohms, R2 = 2x3/10 = 600 ohms,

R3 = 2x5/10 = 1 k ohm.
RTh = R1 + (R2 + 6)||(R3 + 18) = 1.5 + 6.6||9 = 6.398 k ohms
RL = RTh = 6.398 k ohms
Pmax = (VTh)2/(4RTh) = (20.625)2/(4x6.398) = 16.622 mWatts
ix
VS
Rs
Ro
ix
Roix
-Vs + (Rs + Ro)ix + Roix = 0

ix = Vs/(Rs + (1 + )Ro)

(a)
Vo/Vg = Rp/(Rg + Rs + Rp)
(1)
Req = Rp||(Rg + Rs) = Rg

Rg = Rp(Rg + Rs)/(Rp + Rg + Rs)
RgRp + Rg2 + RgRs = RpRg + RpRs
RpRs = Rg(Rg + Rs)
From (1),
(2)
Rp/ = Rg + Rs + Rp
Rg + Rs = Rp((1/) 1) = Rp(1 - )/
(1a)
Combining (2) and (1a) gives,

Rs = [(1 - )/]Req
= (1 0.125)(100)/0.125 = 700 ohms
From (3) and (1a),
Rp(1 - )/ = Rg + [(1 - )/]Rg = Rg/
Rp = Rg/(1 - ) = 100/(1 0.125) = 114.29 ohms
(b)
RTh
I
VTh
RL
VTh = Vs = 0.125Vg = 1.5 V

RTh = Rg = 100 ohms
I = VTh/(RTh + RL) = 1.5/150 = 10 mA
(3)

Let 1/sensitivity = 1/(20 k ohms/volt) = 50 A
For the 0 10 V scale,
Rm = Vfs/Ifs = 10/50 A = 200 k ohms
For the 0 50 V scale,
Rm = 50(20 k ohms/V) = 1 M ohm
RTh
VTh
Rm
VTh = I(RTh + Rm)

(a)
A 4V reading corresponds to
I = (4/10)Ifs = 0.4x50 A = 20 A
VTh = 20 A RTh + 20 A 250 k ohms
= 4 + 20 A RTh
(b)
(1)
A 5V reading corresponds to
I = (5/50)Ifs = 0.1 x 50 A = 5 A
VTh = 5 A x RTh + 5 A x 1 M ohm
From (1) and (2)
VTh = 5 + 5 A RTh
(2)
0 = -1 + 15 A RTh which leads to RTh = 66.67 k ohms

From (1),
VTh = 4 + 20x10-6x(1/(15x10-6)) = 5.333 V

(a)
The resistance network can be redrawn as shown in Fig. (a),

10
10
RTh
9V
i1
40
i2
60
VTh
10
+
VTh
Vo
(a)
(b)
RTh = 10 + 10 + 60||(8 + 8 + 10||40) = 20 + 60||24 = 37.14 ohms

Using mesh analysis,
-9 + 50i1 - 40i2 = 0
116i2 40i1 = 0 or i1 = 2.9i2
From (1) and (2),
(1)
(2)
i2 = 9/105
VTh = 60i2 = 5.143 V
From Fig. (b),

Vo = [R/(R + RTh)]VTh = 1.8
R/(R + 37.14) = 1.8/5.143 which leads to R = 20 ohms
(b)
R = RTh = 37.14 ohms
Imax = VTh/(2RTh) = 5.143/(2x37.14) = 69.23 mA

4 k
12V
B
+
4 k
VTh
RTh = R1||R2 = 6||4 = 2.4 k ohms

VTh = [R2/(R1 + R2)]vs = [4/(6 + 4)](12) = 4.8 V
The 20-ohm, 60-ohm, and 14-ohm resistors form a delta connection which needs to be
connected to the wye connection as shown in Fig. (b),
20
30
30
R2
R1
14
a
60
b
RTh
R3
(a)
(b)
R1 = 20x60/(20 + 60 + 14) = 1200/94 = 12.97 ohms

R2 = 20x14/94 = 2.98 ohms
R3 = 60x14/94 = 8.94 ohms
RTh = R3 + R1||(R2 + 30) = 8.94 + 12.77||32.98 = 18.15 ohms
To find VTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (c).
IT
30
20
I1
14
b
a
60
IT
16 V
+
(c)
VTh
RTh
IT = 16/(30 + 15.74) = 350 mA

I1 = [20/(20 + 60 + 14)]IT = 94.5 mA
VTh = 14I1 + 30IT = 11.824 V
I40 = VTh/(RTh + 40) = 11.824/(18.15 + 40) = 203.3 mA
P40 = I402R = 1.654 watts
(a)
(b)
(c)
Rin = 1.5 M
Rout = 60
A = 8x104
Therefore AdB = 20 log 8x104 = 98.0 dB
v0 = Avd = A(v2 - v1)
= 105 (20-10) x 10-6 = 0.1V
v0 = Avd = A(v2 - v1)
= 2 x 105 (30 + 20) x 10-6 = 10V
v0 = Avd = A(v2 - v1)
v
4
v2 - v1 = 0 =
= 20V
A 2 x10 5
If v1 and v2 are in mV, then
v2 - v1 = -20 mV = 0.02
1 - v1 = -0.02
v1 = 1.02 mV
R0
Rin
vd
+
vi
+
-
Avd
+
v0
-vi + Avd + (Ri - R0) I = 0

But
(1)
vd = RiI,
-vi + (Ri + R0 + RiA) I = 0
vd =
vi R i
R 0 + (1 + A)R i
(2)
-Avd - R0I + v0 = 0
v0 = Avd + R0I = (R0 + RiA)I =
(R 0 + R i A) v i
R 0 + (1 + A)R i
v0
R 0 + RiA
100 + 10 4 x10 5
=
10 4
=
5
v i R 0 + (1 + A)R i 100 + (1 + 10 )
100,000
10 9
10 4 =
= 0.9999990
5
100,001
1 + 10
vi
+ -
R0
I
vd
+
Rin
+
-
Avd
+
vo
(R0 + Ri)R + vi + Avd = 0

But
vd = RiI,
vi + (R0 + Ri + RiA)I = 0
I=
vi
R 0 + (1 + A)R i
(1)
-Avd - R0I + vo = 0
vo = Avd + R0I = (R0 + RiA)I
Substituting for I in (1),
R 0 + R iA
vi
v0 =
+
+
R
(
1
A
)
R
i
0
6
50 + 2 x10 x 2 x10 5 10 3
=
50 + 1 + 2x10 5 x 2 x10 6
200,000 x 2 x10 6
mV
200,001x 2 x10 6
v0 = -0.999995 mV
100 k
10 k
VS
Rout = 100
+
Vd
Rin
+
-
AVd
+
Vout
At node 1,
(VS V1)/10 k = [V1/100 k] + [(V1 V0)/100 k]

10 VS 10 V1 = V1 + V1 V0
which leads to V1 = (10VS + V0)/12
At node 2,
(V1 V0)/100 k = (V0 AVd)/100
But Vd = V1 and A = 100,000,

V1 V0 = 1000 (V0 100,000V1)
0= 1001V0 100,000,001[(10VS + V0)/12]
0 = -83,333,334.17 VS - 8,332,333.42 V0
which gives us (V0/ VS) = -10 (for all practical purposes)
If VS = 1 mV, then V0 = -10 mV
Since V0 = A Vd = 100,000 Vd, then Vd = (V0/105) V = -100 nV
(a)
If va and vb are the voltages at the inverting and noninverting terminals of the op
amp.
va = v b = 0
1mA =
0 v0
2k
v0 = -2V
(b)
10 k
2V
ia
va
2V
vb
1V
+
vo
(a)
2 k
+
va
10 k
+-
+
ia
(b)
vo
Since va = vb = 1V and ia = 0, no current flows through the 10 k resistor. From Fig. (b),
-va + 2 + v0 = 0
va = va - 2 = 1 - 2 = -1V
(a)
Let va and vb be respectively the voltages at the inverting and noninverting
terminals of the op amp
va = vb = 4V
At the inverting terminal,
1mA =
4 v0
2k
v0 = 2V
(b)
1V
+-
vb
vo
Since va = vb = 3V,
-vb + 1 + vo = 0
vo = vb - 1 = 2V

Since no current enters the op amp, the voltage at the input of the op amp is vs.
Hence
10 v o
vs = v o
=
10 + 10 2
vo
=2
vs

8 k
2 k
3V
vb =
5 k
a
b
io
10 k
4 k
vo
10
(3) = 2V
10 + 5
At node a,
3 va va vo
=
2
8
12 = 5va vo
But va = vb = 2V,
vo = -2V
12 = 10 vo
io =
va vo 0 vo 2 + 2 2
+
=
+ = 1mA
8
4
8
4
i o = -1mA
4 k
1 k
1.2V
a
b
4 k
2 k
+
vo
4
2
2
vo = vo = vo
4+2
3
3
At node b,
vb =
At node a,
1 .2 v a v a v o
2
, but va = vb = v o
=
1
4
3
4.8 - 4 x
2
2
vo = vo vo
3
3
va = vb =
2
9.6
vo =
3
7
is =
vo =
3x 4.8
= 2.0570V
7
1 .2 v a 1 .2
=
1
7
1.2
p = vsis = 1.2
= -205.7 mW
7
10 k
a
b
1V
90 k
io
100 k i2
i1
4 k
50 k
90
va =
(1) = 0.9V
100
v
50
vb =
vo = o
3
150
v0
But va = vb
= 0 .9
vo = 2.7V
3
v
v
io = i1 + i2 = o + o = 0.27mA + 0.018mA = 288 A
10k 150k
+
vo
Transform the current source as shown below. At node 1,

10 v1 v1 v 2 v1 v o
=
+
5
20
10
10 k
5 k
10 k
20 k
v1
10V
vo
v2
+
vo
But v2 = 0. Hence 40 - 4v1 = v1 + 2v1 - 2vo

At node 2,
v1 v 2 v 2 v o
=
,
20
10
40 = 7v1 - 2vo
v 2 = 0 or v1 = -2vo
From (1) and (2), 40 = -14vo - 2vo
(1)
(2)
vo = -2.5V
(a) Let v1 be the voltage at the node where the three resistors meet. Applying
KCL at this node gives
1
v v
v
1 vo

+
(1)
i s = 1 + 1 o = v1
R2
R3
R
R
R3
3
2
0 v1
(2)
is =
v1 = i s R1
R1
Combining (1) and (2) leads to
v
vo
RR
R
R
= R1 + R3 + 1 3
i s 1 + 1 + 1 = o
R3
is
R2
R2 R3
(b) For this case,

vo
20 x 40
= 20 + 40 +
k = - 92 k
is
25
10k
5k
ix
va
vb
iy
vo
2k
+
0.5V
-
8k
Let currents be in mA and resistances be in k . At node a,

0 .5 v a v a v o
=
1 = 3v a vo
5
10
(1)
But
8
10
vo
vo = v a
(2)
8+2
8
Substituting (2) into (1) gives
10
8
1 = 3v a v a
v a =
8
14
Thus,
0 .5 v a
ix =
= 1 / 70 mA = 14.28 A
5
v vb v o v a
10
0 .6 8
iy = o
+
= 0 .6 ( v o v a ) = 0 .6 ( v a v a ) =
x mA = 85.71 A
2
10
8
4 14
v a = vb =
(a)
(b)
(c)
G=
vo
R
12
= 2 = = -2.4
vi
R1
5
vo
80
=
= -16
vi
5
vo
2000
=
= -400
vi
5
Converting the voltage source to current source and back to a voltage source, we have the
circuit shown below:
10 20 =
20
k
3
1 M
(20/3) k 50 k
2vi/3
+
vo
vo =
1000 2v i
20 3
50 +
3
vo
200
=
= -11.764
v1
17
We convert the current source and back to a voltage source.

24=
(4/3) k
(2/3)V
4 k
0V
4
3
10 k
vo
5 k
10k 2
= -1.25V
4 3
4x k
3
v
v 0
= -0.375mA
io = o + o
5k
10k
vo =

8 k
4 k
9V
4 k
vs
2 k
b
+
vo
At node a,
9 va va vo va vb
=
+
4
8
4
18 = 5va vo - 2vb
(1)
At node b,
va vb vb vo
=
4
2
va = 3vb - 2vo
But vb = vs = 0; (2) becomes va = 2vo and (1) becomes

-18 = -10vo vo
vo = -18/(11) = -1.6364V
(2)

Eqs. (1) and (2) remain the same. When vb = vs = 3V, eq. (2) becomes
va = 3 x 3 - 2v0 = 9 - 2vo
Substituting this into (1), 18 = 5 (9-2vo) vo 6 leads to
vo = 21/(11) = 1.909V
Av = -Rf/Ri = -15.
If Ri = 10k, then Rf = 150 k.
At the inverting terminal, v=0 so that KCL gives
vs 0
0 0 vo
=
+
R1
R2
Rf
vo
vs
Rf
R1
v1
Rf
R2
R1
- vs +
+
+
R3
R4
vo
-
v2
We notice that v1 = v2. Applying KCL at node 1 gives
v1 (v1 v s ) v1 vo
+
+
=0
R1
R2
Rf
+ 1 + 1 v1 v s = vo
R R
R f
R2 R f
2
1
(1)
Applying KCL at node 2 gives

R3
v1 v1 v s
+
=0
v1 =
vs
R3 + R4
R3
R4
Substituting (2) into (1) yields
(2)
R
R
R R3 1
v s
vo = R f 3 + 3 4
R1 R f R2 R3 + R4 R2
i.e.
R
R
R R3 1

k = R f 3 + 3 4
R1 R f R2 R3 + R4 R2
vo = 2 V
va
vo
-va + 3 + vo = 0 which leads to va = vo + 3 = 5 V.

+
vb
+
0.4V
-
8k
+
2k
vo
-
vb = 0.4 =
8
vo = 0.8vo
8+ 2
Hence,
io =
v o 0 .5
=
= 0.1 mA
5k 5k
vo = 0.4 / 0.8 = 0.5 V
io
5k
(a)
Let va be the voltage at the noninverting terminal.

va = 2/(8+2) vi = 0.2vi
1000
v 0 = 1 +
v a = 10.2v i
20
G = v0/(vi) = 10.2
(b)
vi = v0/(G) = 15/(10.2) cos 120t = 1.471 cos 120t V
+
+
At node 1,
0 v1 v1 v o
=
10k
50k
But v1 = 0.4V,
-5v1 = v1 vo, leads to
vo = 6v1 = 2.4V
Alternatively, viewed as a noninverting amplifier,

vo = (1 + (50/10)) (0.4V) = 2.4V
io = vo/(20k) = 2.4/(20k) = 120 A
R1
va
vb
+
vi
-
va =
R2
R2
vi ,
R1 + R2
But v a = vb
vb =
+
-
R1
R1
vo
R1 + R2
R2
R1
vi =
vo
R1 + R2
R1 + R2
Or
v o R2
=
vi
R1
The output of the voltage becomes

vo = vi = 12
30 20 = 12k
vx =
12
(1.2) = 0.2V
12 + 60
ix =
p=
v 2x 0.04
=
= 2W
R
20k
vx
0 .2
=
= 10A
20k 20k
+
R2
vo
-

After converting the current source to a voltage source, the circuit is as shown below:
12 k
3 k
6 k v
o
v1
12 V
vo
6 k
At node 1,
12 v1 v1 v o v1 v o
=
+
3
6
12
48 = 7v1 - 3vo
(1)
At node 2,
v1 v o v o 0
=
= ix
6
6
v1 = 2vo
(2)
From (1) and (2),
48
11
vo
ix =
= 0.7272mA
6k
vo =
Let vx = the voltage at the output of the op amp. The given circuit is a non-inverting
amplifier.
50
v x = 1 + (4 mV) = 24 mV
10
60 30 = 20k
vo =
v
20
v o = o = 12mV
20 + 20
2
ix =
vx
24mV
=
= 600nA
(20 + 20)k 40k
p=
v o2 144x10 6
=
= 204nW
R
60x10 3
After transforming the current source, the current is as shown below:

1 k
4 k
4V
vi
va
2 k
vo
3 k
This is a noninverting amplifier.

3
1
v o = 1 + v i = v i
2
2
Since the current entering the op amp is 0, the source resistor has a OV potential drop.
Hence vi = 4V.
vo =
3
(4) = 6V
2
Power dissipated by the 3k resistor is

v o2 36
=
= 12mW
R 3k
ix =
va vo 4 6
=
= -2mA
R
1k
v1 vin v1 vin
+
=0
R1
R2
(1)
R3
vo
R3 + R 4
(2)
but
va =

v1 va +
R1
R
v 2 1 va = 0
R2
R2
R
R
v a 1 + 1 = v1 + 1 v 2
R2
R2
R
R
R 3v o
1 + 1 = v1 + 1 v 2
R2
R3 + R 4 R 2
vo =
vO =
R3 + R 4
R
v1 + 1 v 2
R2
R
R 3 1 + 1
R2
R3 + R 4
( v1R 2 + v 2 )
R 3 ( R1 + R 2 )

Av =
vo
R
= 1 + f = 10
Ri
vi
If Ri = 10k, Rf = 90k
Rf = 9Ri
VTh = Vab
But
VTh
R1
Vab . Thus,
R1 + R2
R
R + R2
= Vab = 1
v s = (1 + 2 )v s
R1
R1
vs =
To get RTh, apply a current source Io at terminals a-b as shown below.

v1
+
-
v2
a
+
R2
R1
vo
io
Since the noninverting terminal is connected to ground, v1 = v2 =0, i.e. no current passes
through R1 and consequently R2 . Thus, vo=0 and
v
RTh = o = 0
io
R
R
R
v o = f v1 + f v 2 + f v 3
R3
R2
R1
30
30
30
= (1) + (2) + (3)

20
30
10
vo = -3V
R
R
R
R
v o = f v1 + f v 2 + f v 3 + f v 4
R4
R3
R2
R1
50
50
50
50
= (10) + (20) + (50) + (100)

20
10
50
25
= -120mV
This is a summing amplifier.

Rf
Rf
Rf
50
50
50
vo =
v1 +
v2 +
v3 = (2) + v 2 + (1) = 9 2.5v 2
R2
R3
20
50
10
R1
Thus,
vo = 16.5 = 9 2.5v 2
v 2 = 3 V
R1
va
R2
+
v1
-
R3
+
v2
-
vb
+
Rf
+
v3
-
vo
-
Applying KCL at node a,

v1 v a v 2 v a v3 v a
+
+
=0
R1
R2
R3
v1 v 2 v3
1
1
1
+
+
= va ( +
+ ) (1)
R1 R2 R3
R1 R2 R3
But
v a = vb =
R
vo
R + Rf
(2)
Substituting (2) into (1)gives

Rvo
v1 v 2 v3
1
1
1
+
+
=
( +
+ )
R1 R2 R3 R + R f R1 R2 R3
or
vo =
R + Rf
R
v1 v 2 v3
1
1
1
+
+ ) /( +
+ )
R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3
Rf/Ri = 1/(4)
Ri = 4Rf = 40k
The averaging amplifier is as shown below:

v1
v2
v3
v4
1
R f = R1 = 10 k
3
R1 = 40 k
10 k
R2 = 40 k
R3 = 40 k
R4 = 40 k
vo

In order for
R
R
R
R
v o = f v1 + f v 2 + f v 3 + f v 4
R2
R3
R4
R1
to become
1
(v 1 + v 2 + v 3 + v 4 )
4
R
Rf 1
12
=
Rf = i =
= 3k
Ri 4
4
4
vo =

R4
R3
v1
v2
a
R1
R2
At node b,
v b v1 v b v 2
+
=0
R1
R2
At node a,
0 va va vo
=
R3
R4
v1 v 2
+
R1 R 2
vb =
1
1
+
R1 R 2
(1)
vo
1+ R4 / R3
(2)
va =
But va = vb. We set (1) and (2) equal.

vo
R v + R 1 v1
= 2 1
1+ R4 / R3
R1 + R 2
or
vo =
vo
(R 3 + R 4 )
(R 2 v1 + R 1 v1 )
R 3 (R 1 + R 2 )
This can be achieved as follows:
R
( v1 ) + R v 2
v o =
R/2
R / 3
R
R
= f ( v1 ) + f v 2
R2
R1
i.e. Rf = R, R1 = R/3, and R2 = R/2

Thus we need an inverter to invert v1, and a summer, as shown below (R<100k).
R
v1
R/3
-v1
v2
R/2
vo

v1 1
R
R
R
1
+ ( v 2 ) + v 3 = f v1 + x ( v 2 ) + f v 3
3 3
2
R1
R2
R3
i.e. R3 = 2Rf, R1 = R2 = 3Rf. To get -v2, we need an inverter with Rf = Ri. If Rf = 10k,
a solution is given below.
vo =
10 k
v2
v1
10 k
30 k
30 k
10 k
-v2
v3
20 k
vo
If a is the inverting terminal at the op amp and b is the noninverting terminal,

then,
vb =
10 v a v a v o
3
(8) = 6V, v a = v b = 6V and at node a,
=
2
4
3 +1
which leads to vo = 2 V and io =
v o (v a v o )
= 0.4 2 mA = 2.4 mA
5k
4k
Since the op amp draws no current from the bridge, the bridge may be treated separately
v1
as follows:
i1
+
i2
v2
For loop 1, (10 + 30) i1 = 5
i1 = 5/(40) = 0.125A
For loop 2, (40 + 60) i2 = -5
i2 = -0.05A
But, 10i + v1 - 5 = 0
60i + v2 + 5 = 0
v1 = 5 - 10i = 3.75mV
v2 = -5 - 60i = -2mV
As a difference amplifier,
R
80
[3.75 (2)]mV
v o = 2 (v 2 v 1 ) =
20
R1
= 23mV
R1 = R3 = 10k, R2/(R1) = 2
i.e.
R2 = 2R1 = 20k = R4
vo =
Verify:
=2
R 2 1 + R1 / R 2
R
v 2 2 v1
R1 1 + R 3 / R 4
R1
(1 + 0.5)
v 2 2v1 = 2(v 2 v1 )
1 + 0.5
Thus, R1 = R3 = 10k, R2 = R4 = 20k

(a)
We use a difference amplifier, as shown below:

v1
R1
R2
+
v2
vo =
(b)
R1
vo
R2
R2
(v 2 v1 ) = 2(v 2 v1 ), i.e. R2/R1 = 2
R1
If R1 = 10 k then R2 = 20k
We may apply the idea in Prob. 5.35.

v 0 = 2 v1 2 v 2
R
( v1 ) + R v 2
=
R/2
R / 2
R
R
= f ( v1 ) + f v 2
R2
R1
i.e. Rf = R, R1 = R/2 = R2
We need an inverter to invert v1 and a summer, as shown below. We may let R = 10k.
R
v1
R/2
-v1
v2
R/2
vo
We achieve this by cascading an inverting amplifier and two-input inverting summer as

shown below:
R
R
R
R
v2
va
+
R
vo
v1
+
Verify:
But
vo = -va - v1
va = -v2. Hence
vo = v2 - v1.
A summing amplifier shown below will achieve the objective. An inverter is inserted to
invert v2. Let R = 10 k .
R/2
R
v1
R/5
v3
R
v4
vo
R
v2
R/4

(a)
v1
R2
R1
va
vb
v2
R1
vo
R2
At node a, v
=
At node b,
vb =
R2
v2
R1 + R 2
But va = vb. Setting (1) and (2) equal gives

R v + R 1v o
R2
v2 = 2 1
R1 + R 2
R1 + R 2
(1)
(2)
v 2 v1 =
R1
vo = vi
R2
vo R 2
=
vi
R1
(b)
v1
vi
+ v2
R1/2 v
A
R1/2
R2
va
Rg
R1/2
R1/2
vb
vB
R2
+
vo
At node A,
v1 v A v B v A v A v a
+
=
R1 / 2
Rg
R1 / 2
or
v1 v A +
At node B,
v2 vB vB vA vB vb
=
+
R1 / 2
R1 / 2
Rg
or
v2 vB
R1
(v B v A ) = v A v a
2R g
R1
(v B v A ) = v B v b
2R g
Subtracting (1) from (2),

v 2 v1 v B + v A
2R 1
(v B v A ) = v B v A v b + v a
2R g
Since, va = vb,
v 2 v1
R
v
= 1 + 1 (v B v A ) = i
2
2
2R g
(1)
(2)
vB vA =
or
vi
1
R
1+ 1
2R g
(3)
But for the difference amplifier,

R2
(v B v A )
R1 / 2
R
vB vA = 1 vo
2R 2
vo =
or
Equating (3) and (4),
R1
v
vo = i
2R 2
2
vo R 2
=
vi
R1
(c)
At node a,
At node b,
(4)
1
R
1+ 1
2R g
1
R
1+ 1
2R g
v1 v a v a v A
=
R1
R2 /2
2R 1
2R 1
vA
va
v1 v a =
R2
R2
2R 1
2R 1
vB
vb
v2 vb =
R2
R2
(1)
(2)
Since va = vb, we subtract (1) from (2),

2R 1
v
(v B v A ) = i
2
R2
R2
vi
vB vA =
2R 1
v 2 v1 =
or
(3)
At node A,
va vA vB vA vA vo
+
=
R2 /2
Rg
R/2
va vA +
R2
(v B v A ) = v A v o
2R g
(4)
At node B,
vb vB vB vA vB 0
=
R/2
Rg
R/2
vb vB
R2
(v B v A ) = v B
2R g
(5)

v B v A +
R2
(v B v A ) = v A v B v o
Rg
R
2(v B v A )1 + 2 = v o
2R
g

R 2
R
v i 1 + 2 = v o
2R
R1
g
v o R 2
R
=
1+ 2
vi
R 1 2R g
(a)
(b)
But
A0 = A1A2A3 = (-30)(-12.5)(0.8) = 300

A = A1A2A3A4 = A0A4 = 300A4
20Log10 A = 60dB
Log10 A = 3
A = 103 = 1000
A4 = A/(300) = 3.333
Let A1 = k, A2 = k, and A3 = k/(4)

A = A1A2A3 = k3/(4)
20Log10 A = 42
Thus
Log10 A = 2.1
A = 102 1 = 125.89
k3 = 4A = 503.57
k = 3 503.57 = 7.956
A1 = A2 = 7.956, A3 = 1.989
(6)
There is a cascading system of two inverting amplifiers.

12 12
v s = 6v s
4 6
v
i o = s = 3v s mA
2k
vo =
(a)
(b)
When vs = 12V, io = 36mA

When vs = 10 cos 377t V, io = 30 cos 377t mA
The first stage is a difference amplifier. Since R1/R2 = R3/R4,

v o =
R2
100
( v 2 v1 ) =
(1 + 4) = 10 mA
R1
50
The second stage is a non-inverter.
R
R
v o = 1 + v o = 1 + 10 mA = 40 mV(given)
40
40
Which leads to,
R = 120 k
By voltage division, the input to the voltage follower is:

v1 =
3
(0.6) = 0.45V
3 +1
vo =
10
10
v1 v1 = 7 v1 = 3.15
2
5
io =
0 vo
= 0.7875mA
4k
Thus
Let a be the node between the two op amps.

va = vo
The first stage is a summer
va =
or
10
10
vs
vo = vo
5
20
1.5vs = -2vs
vo 2
=
= -1.333
v s 1 .5
Transform the current source as shown below:

4 k
10 k
5 k
+
5is
v1
io
3 k
2 k
Assume all currents are in mA. The first stage is a summer

v1 =
10
(5i s ) 10 v o = 10i s 2.5v o
5
4
(1)
v1 =
3
1
vo = vo
3+3
2
(2)
Alternatively, we notice that the second stage is a non-inverter.

1
vo =
v1 = 2 v1
3+ 3
From (1) and (2),
0.5v o = 10i s 2.5v o
v o = 2i o =
10i s
3
3vo = 10is
io 5
= = 1.667
is 3
Let v01 be the voltage at the left end of R5. The first stage is an inverter, while the
second stage is a summer.
R2
v1
R1
R
R
v 0 = 4 v 01 4 v 2
R5
R3
v 01 =
v1 =
R 2R 4
R
v1 4 v 2
R 1R 5
R3
Let v1 = output of the first op amp

v2 = output of the second op amp
The first stage is a summer
v1 =
R2
R
vi 2 vo
R1
Rf
The second stage is a follower. By voltage division
(1)
vo = v2 =
R4
v1
R3 + R4
v1 =
R3 + R4
vo
R4
(2)
From (1) and (2),

R3
R
R
v o = 2 v i 2 v o
1 +
Rf
R1
R4
R3 R2
R
v o = 2 v i
1 +
+
R1
R4 Rf
vo
R
1
= 2
R
R
vi
R1
1+ 3 + 2
R4 R4
R 2R 4
=
R 1 (R 2 + R 3 + R 4 )
The two op amps are summer. Let v1 be the output of the first op amp. For the first
stage,
v1 =
R2
R
vi 2 vo
R1
R3
(1)
For the second stage,

vo =
R4
R
v1 4 v i
R5
Ro
(2)

R2
R R
R
v i + 4 2 v o 4 v i
R5 R3
R6
R1
R R R R
R
v o 1 2 4 = 2 4 4 v i
R 3 R 5 R 1R 5 R 6
vo =
R4
R5
R 2R 4 R 4
vo
R 1R 3 R 6
=
R R
vi
1 2 4
R 3R 5
G4
G
G1
+
G3
G
+
0V
vs
2
0V +
G2
+
vo
At node 1, v1=0 so that KCL gives

G1v s + G4 vo = Gv
(1)
At node 2,
G2 v s + G3 v o = Gv
From (1) and (2),
G1v s + G4 v o = G2 v s + G3 vo
or
vo G1 G2
=
v s G3 G 4
(2)
(G1 G2 )v s = (G3 G4 )vo
The output of the first op amp (to the left) is 6 mV. The second op amp is an
inverter so that its output is
30
(6mV) = -18 mV
10
The third op amp is a noninverter so that
vo ' =
vo ' =
40
vo
40 + 8
vo =
48
v o ' = 21.6 mV
40
100 40
100
110
(6)
(2)
(4)
25
20 20
10
= 24 + 40 20 = -4V
vo =
80 80
80
(0.5) (0.2)
40 20
20
= 3.2 0.8 = 2.4V
vo =
If Rq = , the first stage is an inverter.

Va =
15
(10) = 30mV
5
when Va is the output of the first op amp.

The second stage is a noninverting amplifier.
6
v o = 1 + v a = (1 + 3)(30) = -120mV
2
In this case, the first stage is a summer

va =
15
15
(10) v o = 30 1.5v o
5
10
For the second stage,
6
v o = 1 + v a = 4v a = 4( 30 1.5v o )
2
120
vo =
= -17.143mV
7 v o = 120
7
The output of amplifier A is

vA =
30
30
(10) (2) = 9
10
10
The output of amplifier B is

vB =
20
20
(3) (4) = 14
10
10
40 k
vA
vB
20 k
a
60 k
vo
10 k
vb =
60
(14) = 2V
60 + 10
At node a,
vA va va vo
=
20
40
But va = vb = -2V, 2(-9+2) = -2-vo

Therefore,
vo = 12V
20k
5k
100k
40k
+
+
2V
-
v2
10k
80k
+
20k
+
vo
-
+
+
3V
-
10k
v1
+
-
30k
v3
50k
20
50
(2) = 8, v3 = (1 + )v1 = 8
5
30
100
100
vo =
v2 +
v3 = (20 + 10) = 10 V
80
40
v1 = 3,
v2 =
Since no current flows into the input terminals of ideal op amp, there is no voltage
drop across the 20 k resistor. As a voltage summer, the output of the first op
amp is
v01 = 0.4
The second stage is an inverter
150
v 01
100
= 2.5(0.4) = -1V
v2 =
The first stage is an inverter. The output is

50
v 01 = (1.8) = 9V
10
The second stage is
v 2 = v 01 = -9V
Let v1 = output of the first op amp

v2 = input of the second op amp.
The two sub-circuits are inverting amplifiers
100
(0.6) = 6V
10
32
v2 =
(0.4) = 8V
1.6
v v2
6+8
io = 1
=
= 100 A
20k
20k
v1 =
The schematic is shown below. Pseudo-components VIEWPOINT and IPROBE are

involved as shown to measure vo and i respectively. Once the circuit is saved, we click
Analysis | Simulate. The values of v and i are displayed on the pseudo-components as:
i = 200 A
(vo/vs) = -4/2 = -2
The results are slightly different than those obtained in Example 5.11.

The schematic is shown below. IPROBE is inserted to measure io. Upon simulation, the
value of io is displayed on IPROBE as
io = -374.78 A
The schematic is shown below. IPROBE is inserted to measure io. Upon simulation, the
value of io is displayed on IPROBE as
io = -374.78 A
The circuit is constructed as shown below. We insert a VIEWPOINT to display vo.

Upon simulating the circuit, we obtain,
vo = 667.75 mV
The schematic is shown below. A pseudo-component VIEWPOINT is inserted to display

vo. After saving and simulating the circuit, we obtain,
vo = -14.61 V
The schematic is shown below. VIEWPOINT is inserted to display vo. After simulation,
we obtain,
vo = 12 V
The schematic is shown below. We insert one VIEWPOINT and one IPROBE to
measure vo and io respectively. Upon saving and simulating the circuit, we obtain,
vo = 343.37 mV
io = 24.51 A
The maximum voltage level corresponds to

11111 = 25 1 = 31
Hence, each bit is worth
(7.75/31) = 250 mV
The result depends on your design. Hence, let RG = 10 k ohms, R1 = 10 k ohms, R2 =

20 k ohms, R3 = 40 k ohms, R4 = 80 k ohms, R5 = 160 k ohms, R6 = 320 k ohms,
then,
-vo = (Rf/R1)v1 + --------- + (Rf/R6)v6
= v1 + 0.5v2 + 0.25v3 + 0.125v4 + 0.0625v5 + 0.03125v6
(a)
|vo| = 1.1875 = 1 + 0.125 + 0.0625 = 1 + (1/8) + (1/16) which implies,

[v1 v2 v3 v4 v5 v6] = [100110]
(b)
|vo| = 0 + (1/2) + (1/4) + 0 + (1/16) + (1/32) = (27/32) = 843.75 mV
(c)
This corresponds to [1 1 1 1 1 1].

|vo| = 1 + (1/2) + (1/4) + (1/8) + (1/16) + (1/32) = 63/32 = 1.96875 V

For (a), the process of the proof is time consuming and the results are only approximate,
but close enough for the applications where this device is used.
(a)
The easiest way to solve this problem is to use superposition and to solve
for each term letting all of the corresponding voltages be equal to zero.
Also, starting with each current contribution (ik) equal to one amp and
working backwards is easiest.
2R
v1
2R
ik
v2
2R
v3
2R
v4
For the first case, let v2 = v3 = v4 = 0, and i1 = 1A.

Therefore,
v1 = 2R volts or i1 = v1/(2R).
Second case, let v1 = v3 = v4 = 0, and i2 = 1A.

Therefore,
v2 = 85R/21 volts or i2 = 21v2/(85R). Clearly this is not
(1/4th), so where is the difference? (21/85) = 0.247 which is a really
good approximation for 0.25. Since this is a practical electronic circuit,
the result is good enough for all practical purposes.
Now for the third case, let v1 = v2 = v4 = 0, and i3 = 1A.

Therefore,
v3 = 8.5R volts or i3 = v3/(8.5R). Clearly this is not
(1/8th), so where is the difference? (1/8.5) = 0.11765 which is a really
good approximation for 0.125. Since this is a practical electronic circuit,
the result is good enough for all practical purposes.
Finally, for the fourth case, let v1 = v2 = v4 = 0, and i3 = 1A.
Therefore,
v4 = 16.25R volts or i4 = v4/(16.25R). Clearly this is not
th
(1/16 ), so where is the difference? (1/16.25) = 0.06154 which is a
really good approximation for 0.0625. Since this is a practical electronic
circuit, the result is good enough for all practical purposes.
Please note that a goal of a lot of electronic design is to come up with
practical circuits that are economical to design and build yet give the
desired results.
(b)
If Rf = 12 k ohms and R = 10 k ohms,

-vo = (12/20)[v1 + (v2/2) + (v3/4) + (v4/8)]
= 0.6[v1 + 0.5v2 + 0.25v3 + 0.125v4]
For
[v1 v2 v3 v4] = [1 0 11],

|vo| = 0.6[1 + 0.25 + 0.125] = 825 mV
For
[v1 v2 v3 v4] = [0 1 0 1],

|vo| = 0.6[0.5 + 0.125] = 375 mV

Av = 1 + (2R/Rg) = 1 + 20,000/100 = 201
vo = A(v2 v1) = 200(v2 v1)
(a)
(b)
vo = 200(0.386 0.402) = -3.2 V

vo = 200(1.011 1.002) = 1.8 V

The output, va, of the first op amp is,
Also,
va = (1 + (R2/R1))v1
(1)
vo = (-R4/R3)va + (1 + (R4/R3))v2
(2)

vo = (-R4/R3) (1 + (R2/R1))v1 + (1 + (R4/R3))v2
Or,
If
vo = (1 + (R4/R3))v2 (R4/R3 + (R2R4/R1R3))v1

R4 = R1 and R3 = R2, then,
vo = (1 + (R4/R3))(v2 v1)
which is a subtractor with a gain of (1 + (R4/R3)).

We need to find VTh at terminals a b, from this,
vo = (R2/R1)(1 + 2(R3/R4))VTh = (500/25)(1 + 2(10/2))VTh
= 220VTh
Now we use Fig. (b) to find VTh in terms of vi.
a
a
30 k
20 k
20 k
vi
vi
30 k
+
40 k
80 k
40 k
80 k
(a)
(b)
va = (3/5)vi, vb = (2/3)vi
VTh = vb va (1/15)vi
(vo/vi) = Av = -220/15 = -14.667

If we use an inverter, R = 2 k ohms,
(vo/vi) = -R2/R1 = -6
R = 6R = 12 k ohms
Hence the op amp circuit is as shown below.
12 k
2 k
vi
+
vo

Transforming the current source to a voltage source produces the circuit below,
At node b,
vb = (2/(2 + 4))vo = vo/3
20 k
5 k a
5is
+
4 k
io
2 k
At node a,
But va = vb = vo/3.
+
vo
(5is va)/5 = (va vo)/20

20is (4/3)vo = (1/3)vo vo, or is = vo/30
io = [(2/(2 + 4))/2]vo = vo/6
io/is = (vo/6)/(vo/30) = 5
vo
R2
R1
is
i2
i1
But
io
io = i1 + i2
(1)
i1 = is
(2)
R1 and R2 have the same voltage, vo, across them.

R1i1 = R2i2, which leads to i2 = (R1/R2)i1
(3)
Substituting (2) and (3) into (1) gives,

io = is(1 + R1/R2)
io/is = 1 + (R1/R2) = 1 + 8/1 = 9
The top op amp circuit is a non-inverter, while the lower one is an inverter. The
output at the top op amp is
v1 = (1 + 60/30)vi = 3vi
while the output of the lower op amp is
v2 = -(50/20)vi = -2.5vi
Hence,
vo = v1 v2 = 3vi + 2.5vi = 5.5vi

vo/vi = 5.5

R3
R1 v
a
vb
io
R4
vi
R2
vL
iL
RL
+
vo
At node a,
(vi va)/R1 = (va vo)/R3

vi va = (R1/R2)(va vo)
vi + (R1/R3)vo = (1 + R1/R3)va
(1)
But va = vb = vL. Hence, (1) becomes

vi = (1 + R1/R3)vL (R1/R3)vo
(2)
io = vo/(R4 + R2||RL), iL = (RL/(R2 + RL))io = (R2/(R2 + RL))(vo/( R4 + R2||RL))

Or,
vo = iL[(R2 + RL)( R4 + R2||RL)/R2
(3)
But,
vL = iLRL
(4)

vi = (1 + R1/R3) iLRL R1[(R2 + RL)/(R2R3)]( R4 + R2||RL)iL
= [((R3 + R1)/R3)RL R1((R2 + RL)/(R2R3)(R4 + (R2RL/(R2 + RL))]iL
= (1/A)iL
Thus,
A =
R + RL
R
1 + 1 R L R 1 2
R3
R 2R 3
R 2RL
R 4 +
R2 + RL
i=C
dv
= 5 2e 3t 6 + e 3 t = 10(1 - 3t)e-3t A
dt
p = vi = 10(1-3t)e-3t 2t e-3t = 20t(1 - 3t)e-6t W

1 2 1
Cv1 = (40)(120) 2
2
2
1
1
w2 = Cv12 = (40)(80) 2
2
2
w1 =
w = w 1 w 2 = 20(120 2 80 2 ) = 160 kW
i=C
280 160
dv
= 40x10 3
= 480 mA
dt
5
v=
=
1 t
idt + v(0)
C o
1
6 sin 4 tdt + 1
2
= 1 - 0.75 cos 4t
1 t
idt + v(0)
C o
For 0 < t < 1, i = 4t,
t
1
v=
4t dt + 0 = 100t2 kV
6 o
20x10
v(1) = 100 kV
v=
For 1 < t < 2, i = 8 - 4t,

t
1
v=
(8 4t )dt + v(1)
20x10 6 1
= 100 (4t - t2 - 3) + 100 kV
100t 2 kV,
0 < t <1
v (t) =
2
100(4t t 2)kV, 1 < t < 2
Thus
dv
= 30x10 6 x slope of the waveform.
dt
For example, for 0 < t < 2,
i=C
10
dv
=
dt 2x10 3
10
dv
= 30x10 6 x
= 150mA
i= C
dt
2x10 3
Thus the current i is sketched below.
i(t) (mA)
150
t (msec)
10
-150
v=
1
1
idt + v( t o ) =
C
50x10 3
=
4tx10
o
2t 2
+ 10 = 0.04k2 + 10 V
50
dt + 10
12
(a) i = C
dv
= 100 ACe 100t 600 BCe 600t
dt
i (0) = 2 = 100 AC 600 BC
(1)
5 = A 6B
v (0 + ) = v (0 )
50 = A + B
A=61, B=-11
(b) Energy =
(2)
(3)
1 2
1
Cv (0) = x 4 x10 3 x 2500 = 5 J
2
2
(c ) From (1),
i = 100 x61x 4 x10 3 e 100t 600 x11x 4 x10 3 e 600t = 24.4e 100t 26.4e 600t A
v(t) =
v(2) = 12(2 + e-2) = 25.62 V

p = iv = 12 (t + e-t) 6 (1-e-t) = 72(t-e-2t)
p(2) = 72(2-e-4) = 142.68 W
i=C
1 t
6 1 e t dt + 0 = 12 t + e t V
o
12
dv
dv
= 2 x10 3
dt
dt
16t , 0 < t < 1s
v = 16, 1 < t < 3 s

64 - 16t, 3 < t < 4 s
16 x10 6 , 0 < t < 1s

dv
= 0, 1 < t < 3 s
dt
6
- 16x10 , 3 < t < 4 s
32 kA, 0 < t < 1s
i (t ) = 0, 1 < t < 3 s
- 32 kA, 3 < t < 4s
1 t
idt + v(0)
C o
For 0 < t < 1,
v=
t
1
40 x10 3 dt = 10t kV
6 o
4x10
v(1) = 10 kV
v=
For 1 < t < 2,

v=
1 t
vdt + v(1) = 10kV
C 1
For 2 < t < 3,

1
4x10 6
= -10t + 30kV
v=
(40x10
2
)dt + v(2)
Thus
0 < t <1
10 t kV,
v(t) = 10kV,
1< t < 2
10 t + 30kV, 2 < t < 3
dv
= 3x10 3 x 60(4)( sin 4 t)
dt
= - 0.7e sin 4t A
i=C
P = vi = 60(-0.72) cos 4 t sin 4 t = -21.6 sin 8 t W

W=
pdt = 8 21.6 sin 8 t dt

o
21.6
cos 8
=
8
1/ 8
o
= -5.4J

Under dc conditions, the circuit becomes that shown below:
i1
10
50
i2
20
v1
30
v2
60V
i2 = 0, i1 = 60/(30+10+20) = 1A
v1 = 30i2 = 30V, v2 = 60-20i1 = 40V
Thus, v1 = 30V, v2 = 40V
(a) Ceq = 4C = 120 mF
1
4
4
= =
C eq C 30
(b)
Ceq = 7.5 mF

In parallel, as in Fig. (a),
v1 = v2 = 100
+
+
100V
v1
C1
+
v2
C2
100V
v1
C1
v2
(a)
(b)
C2
1 2 1
Cv = x 20x10 6 x100 2 = 0.1J
2
2
1
w30 = x30x10 6 x100 2 = 0.15J
2
w20 =
(b)
When they are connected in series as in Fig. (b):

v1 =
w20 =
C2
30
x100 = 60, v2 = 40
V=
50
C1 + C 2
1
x30x10 6 x 60 2 = 36 mJ
2
w30 =
1
x30x10 6 x 40 2 = 24 mJ
2
C eq = 14 +
Cx80
= 30
C + 80
C = 20 F
(a)
(b)
(c)
4F in series with 12F = 4 x 12/(16) = 3F

3F in parallel with 6F and 3F = 3+6+3 = 12F
4F in series with 12F = 3F
i.e. Ceq = 3F
Ceq = 5 + [6 || (4 + 2)] = 5 + (6 || 6) = 5 + 3 = 8F
3F in series with 6F = (3 x 6)/9 = 6F
1
1 1 1
= + + =1
C eq 2 6 3
Ceq = 1F
For the capacitors in parallel

C1eq = 15 + 5 + 40 = 60 F
Hence
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
=
C eq 20 30 60 10
Ceq = 10 F
We combine 10-, 20-, and 30- F capacitors in parallel to get 60 F. The 60 - F

capacitor in series with another 60- F capacitor gives 30 F.
30 + 50 = 80 F, 80 + 40 = 120 F
12
120
12
80
120- F capacitor in series with 80 F gives (80x120)/200 = 48

48 + 12 = 60
60- F capacitor in series with 12 F gives (60x12)/72 = 10 F
3 in series with 6 = 6x3/(9) = 2

2 in parallel with 2 = 4
4 in series with 4 = (4x4)/8 = 2
The circuit is reduced to that shown below:
20
8 in series with 8 = 4
5 in series with 20 = (5x20)/25 = 4
Thus Ceq = 4 mF
4F in series with 12F = (4x12)/16 = 3F

3F in parallel with 3F = 6F
6F in series with 6F = 3F
3F in parallel with 2F = 5F
5F in series with 5F = 2.5F
Hence Ceq = 2.5F
Combining the capacitors in parallel, we obtain the equivalent circuit shown below:
a
b
40 F
60 F
30 F
20 F
Combining the capacitors in series gives C1eq , where

1
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
=
1
C eq 60 20 30 10
Thus
Ceq = 10 + 40 = 50 F
C1eq = 10F

(a)
(b)
3F is in series with 6F
v4F = 1/2 x 120 = 60V
v2F = 60V
3
v6F =
(60) = 20V
6+3
v3F = 60 - 20 = 40V
3x6/(9) = 2F
Hence w = 1/2 Cv2

w4F = 1/2 x 4 x 10-6 x 3600 = 7.2mJ
w2F = 1/2 x 2 x 10-6 x 3600 = 3.6mJ
w6F = 1/2 x 6 x 10-6 x 400 = 1.2mJ
w3F = 1/2 x 3 x 10-6 x 1600 = 2.4mJ
20F is series with 80F = 20x80/(100) = 16F

14F is parallel with 16F = 30F
(a)
v30F = 90V
v60F = 30V
v14F = 60V
80
v20F =
x 60 = 48V
20 + 80
v80F = 60 - 48 = 12V
(b)
1 2
Cv
2
w30F = 1/2 x 30 x 10-6 x 8100 = 121.5mJ
w60F = 1/2 x 60 x 10-6 x 900 = 27mJ
w14F = 1/2 x 14 x 10-6 x 3600 = 25.2mJ
w20F = 1/2 x 20 x 10-6 x (48)2 = 23.04mJ
w80F = 1/2 x 80 x 10-6 x 144 = 5.76mJ
Since w =
(a) For the capacitors in series,

Q1 = Q2
C1v1 = C2v2
v1 C 2
=
v 2 C1
vs = v1 + v2 =
Similarly, v1 =
C + C2
C2
v2
v2 + v2 = 1
C1
C1
v2 =
C2
vs
C1 + C 2
(b) For capacitors in parallel

Q1 Q 2
=
C1 C 2
C
C + C2
Q2
Qs = Q1 + Q2 = 1 Q 2 + Q 2 = 1
C2
C2
v1 = v2 =
or
C2
C1 + C 2
C1
Q1 =
Qs
C1 + C 2
Q2 =
i=
dQ
dt
i1 =
C1
is ,
C1 + C 2
i2 =
C2
is
C1 + C 2
(a)
Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3 = 35F
(b)
Q1 = C1v = 5 x 150C = 0.75mC

Q2 = C2v = 10 x 150C = 1.5mC
Q3 = C3v = 20 x 150 = 3mC
(c)
w=
1
1
C eq v 2 = x35x150 2 J = 393.8mJ
2
2
C1
vs
C1 + C 2

1
1
1
1
1 1
1
7
=
+
+
= + +
=
C eq C1 C 2 C 3 5 10 20 20
(a)
Ceq =
(b)
(c)
20
F = 2.857F
7
Since the capacitors are in series,

20
Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = Q = Ceqv =
x 200V = 0.5714mV
7
1
1 20
w = C eq v 2 = x x 200 2 J = 57.143mJ
2
2 7
We may treat this like a resistive circuit and apply delta-wye transformation, except that
R is replaced by 1/C.
Cb
50 F
Cc
20 F
Ca
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ +
1
10 40
10 30
30 40
=
1
Ca
30
3
1
1
2
=
+ +
=
40 10 40 10
Ca = 5F
1
1
1
+
+
2
1
= 400 300 1200 =
1
30
C6
10
Cb = 15F
1
1
1
+
+
1
4
= 400 300 1200 =
1
Cc
15
40
Cc = 3.75F
Cb in parallel with 50F = 50 + 15 = 65F

Cc in series with 20F = 23.75F
65x 23.75
= 17.39F
65F in series with 23.75F =
88.75
17.39F in parallel with Ca = 17.39 + 5 = 22.39F
Hence Ceq = 22.39F
(a)
C in series with C = C/(2)

C/2 in parallel with C = 3C/2
3C
in series with C =
2
3C
2 = 3C
C
5
5
2
Cx
C
C
in parallel with C = C + 3 = 1.6 C
5
5
(b)
2C
Ceq
2C
1
1
1
1
=
+
=
C eq 2C 2C C
Ceq = C
1 t
idt + i(0)
C o
For 0 < t < 1, i = 60t mA,
10 3 t
vo =
60tdt + 0 = 10 t 2 kV
3x10 6 o
vo(1) = 10kV
vo =
For 1< t < 2, i = 120 - 60t mA,

10 3 t
vo =
(120 60t )dt + v o (1)
3x10t 6 1
= [40t 10t2 ] 1 + 10kV
= 40t 10t2 - 20
10t 2 kV,
0 < t <1
v o (t) =
2
40t 10 t 20kV, 1 < t < 2

20 tmA,
i s ( t ) = 20mA,
50 + 10 t ,
0 < t <1
1< t < 3
3< t <5
Ceq = 4 + 6 = 10F
1 t
v=
idt + v(0)
C eq o
For 0 < t < 1,
v=
10 3
10x10 6
For 1 < t < 3,

10 3
v=
10
= 2 t 1kV
For 3 < t < 5,
10 3
v=
10
20t dt + 0 = t
o
kV
20dt + v(1) = 2(t 1) + 1kV

1
10(t 5)dt + v(3)

3
= t 2 5 + 3t +5kV = t 2 5t + 11kV
t 2 kV,
0 < t <1
v( t ) = 2t 1kV,
1< t < 3
2
t 5t + 11kV, 3 < t < 5
dv
dv
= 6x10 6
dt
dt
0 < t <1
12 tmA,
= 12mA,
1< t < 3
12 30mA, 3 < t < 5
i 1 = C1
dv
dv
= 4x10 6
dt
dt
0 < t <1
8tmA,
= 8mA,
1< t < 3
8t 20mA, 3 < t < 5
i1 = C 2
(a)
Ceq = (12x60)/72 = 10 F
t
10 3
v1 =
30e 2t dt + v1 (0) = 1250e 2t
6
12 x10 0
t
10 3
v2 =
30e 2t dt + v 2 (0) = 250e 2t
6
60 x10 0
(b)
t
0
t
0
+ 50 = 1250e 2t + 1300
+ 20 = 250e 2t 230
At t=0.5s,
v1 = 1250e 1 + 1300 = 840.15,
w12 F =
1
x12 x10 6 x(840.15) 2 = 4.235 J
2
1
x 20 x10 6 x(138.03) 2 = 0.1905 J
2
1
= x 40 x10 6 x(138.03) 2 = 0.381 J
2
w20 F =
w40 F
v 2 = 250e 1 230 = 138.03
Because this is a totally capacitive circuit, we can combine all the capacitors using
the property that capacitors in parallel can be combined by just adding their
values and we combine capacitors in series by adding their reciprocals.
3F + 2F = 5F
1/5 +1/5 = 2/5 or 2.5F
The voltage will divide equally across the two 5F capacitors. Therefore, we get:
VTh = 7.5 V, CTh = 2.5 F
i = 6e-t/2
di
1
v = L = 10 x10 3 (6) e t / 2
dt
2
-t/2
= -30e mV
v(3) = -300e-3/2 mV = -0.9487 mV

p = vi = -180e-t mW
p(3) = -180e-3 mW = -0.8 mW
v=L
di
dt
L=
V
60 x10 3
=
= 200 mH
i / t 0.6 /(2)
di 1
= x10 3 (12)(2)( sin 2 t )V
dt 4
= - 6 sin 2t mV
v=L
p = vi = -72 sin 2t cos 2t mW

But 2 sin A cos A = sin 2A
p = -36 sin 4t mW
di
= 12 x10 3 x 4(100) cos100t
dt
= 4.8 cos 100t V
v=L
p = vi = 4.8 x 4 sin 100t cos 100t = 9.6 sin 200t

w=
11 / 200
pdt =
9.6 sin 200 t
9.6
/ 200
cos 200t 11
J
o
200
= 48(cos 1)mJ = 96 mJ
=
v=L
di
= 40x10 3 (e 2 t 2te 2 t )dt
dt
= 40(1 2t )e 2 t mV, t > 0
di
1
i = 0t idt + i(0)
L
dt
v=L
i=
1
200x10
t
(3t 2
3 0
= 5( t 3 + t 2 + 4t )
t
0
+ 2t + 4)dt + 1
+1
i(t) = 5t3 + 5t2 + 20t + 1 A

v=L
di
di
= 20 x10 3
dt
dt
10t , 0 < t < 1 ms
i = 20 - 10t, 1 < t < 3 ms

- 40 + 10t, 3 < t < 4 ms
10 x10 3 ,
di
= - 10x10 3 ,
dt
3
10x10 ,
200 V,
v = - 200 V,
200 V,
0 < t < 1 ms
1 < t < 3 ms
3 < t < 4 ms
0 < t < 1 ms
1 < t < 3 ms
3 < t < 4 ms
which is sketched below.

v(t) V
200
0
-200
t(ms)
i=
1 t
1 t
vdt + i(0) = 20 1 2 2 t dt + 0.3
L 0
2 o
= 10 t + e 2t to +0. 3 = 10t + 5e 2t 4. 7 A
2
At t = ls, i = 10 - 4.7 + 5e-2 = 5.977 A

w=
1 2
L i = 35.72J
2
1 t
1 t
vdt
i
(
0
)
+
=
v( t )dt 1
L o
5 o
10 t
For 0 < t < 1, i = dt 1 = 2t 1 A
5 0
i=
For 1 < t < 2, i = 0 + i(1) = 1A

1
10dt + i(2) = 2t 2t +1
5
= 2t - 3 A
For 2 < t < 3, i =
For 3 < t < 4, i = 0 + i(3) = 3 A

1 t
10dt + i(4) = 2 t 4t +3
5 4
= 2t - 5 A
For 4 < t < 5, i =
2t 1A,
1A,
Thus, i (t ) = 2t 3 A,
3 A,
2t 5,
0 < t <1
1< t < 2
2<t<3
3<t < 4
4<t <5

2
1
1
w = L idt = Li( t ) Li ()
2
2
1
= x80 x10 3 x 60x10 3 0
2
= 144 J
t
i=
1 t
1 t
vdt + i(t o ) = (4 + 10 cos 2t )dt 1
L to
5 o
= 0.8t + sin 2t -1
i(t) =
1 t
v( t ) + i(0)
L o
For 0 < t < 1, v = 5t

i=
1
10x10 3
5t dt + 0
o
= 0.25t2 kA
For 1 < t < 2, v = -10 + 5t
i=
1
10x10 3
(10 + 5t )dt + i(1)

1
= (0.5t 1)dt + 0.25kA

1
= 1 - t + 0.25t2 kA
0.25t 2 kA,
0 < t <1
i( t ) =
2
1 t + 0.25t kA, 1 < t < 2
Under dc conditions, the circuit is as shown below:

2
iL
+
3A
vC
iL =
4
(3) = 2A, vc = 0V
4+2
wL =
1 2 11 2
L i L = (2) = 1J
2
22
wc =
1
1
C v c2 = (2)( v) = 0J
2
2
Under dc conditions, the circuit is equivalent to that shown below:

R
5A
iL =
2
10
10R
(5) =
, v c = Ri L =
R+2
R+2
R+2
vC
iL
1 2
100R 2
Cv c = 80x10 6 x
2
(R + 2) 2
1
100
w L = Li12 = 2x10 3 x
2
(R + 2) 2
If wc = wL,
wc =
100R 2
2x10 3 x100
80x10 x
=
(Rx 2) 2
(R + 2) 2
80 x 10-3R2 = 2
R = 5
Under dc conditions, the circuit is as shown below:

4
iL1
+
+
30V
vC1
i L1 = i L 2 =
30
= 3A
4+6
v C1 = 6i L1 = 18V
v C 2 = 0V
iL2
vC2
(a)
L eq = 5 + 6 (1 + 4 4) = 5 + 6 3 = 7H
(b)
L eq = 12 (1 + 6 6) = 12 4 = 3H
(c)
L eq = 4 (2 + 3 6) = 4 4 = 2H
L eq = 10 + 5 4 12 + 3 6
= 10 + 5||(3 + 2) = 10 + 2.5 = 12.5 mH

1
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
=
L 60 20 30 10
L eq = 10 (25 + 10) =
L = 10 mH
10x35
45
= 7.778 mH
3//2//6 = 1H, 4//12 = 3H

After the parallel combinations, the circuit becomes that shown below.
3H
a
1H
1H
Lab = (3+1)//1 = (4x1)/5 = 0.8 H

L eq = 6 + 10 + 8 [5 (8 + 12) + 6 (8 + 4)]
= 16 + 8 (4 + 4) = 16 + 4
Leq = 20 mH
L eq = 4 + (9 + 3) (10 0 + 6 12)
= 4 + 12 (0 + 4) = 4 + 3
Leq = 7H
(a) L//L = 0.5L, L + L = 2L

Leq = L + 2 L // 0.5L = L +
2 Lx0.5 L
= 1.4 L
2 L + 0.5L
(b) L//L = 0.5L, L//L + L//L = L

Leq = L//L = 0.5L
1 L
=
3 3
L
Hence the given circuit is equivalent to that shown below:
LLL=
L
L/3
L/3
L
L eq
5
Lx L
2
3 = 5L
= L L + L =
5
8
3
L+ L
3
Let v = L eq
di
dt
di
+ v2
dt
i2 = i i1
i = i1 + i2
di
di
v
v 2 = 3 1 or 1 = 2
dt
dt
3
and
di
di
v2 + 2 + 5 2 = 0
dt
dt
di
di
v2 = 2 + 5 2
dt
dt
Incorporating (3) and (4) into (5),
di
v
di
di
di
v2 = 2 + 5 5 1 = 7 5 2
dt
dt
dt
dt
3
di
5
v 2 1 + = 7
dt
3
35 di
v2 =
8 dt
v = v1 + v 2 = 4
Substituting this into (2) gives

v=4
di 35 di
+
dt 8 dt
=
67 di
8 dt
Comparing this with (1),

L eq =
67
= 8.375H
8
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
v=L
di
di
= 3 = 3 x slope of i(t).
dt
dt
Thus v is sketched below:

v(t) (V)
6
t (s)
1
-6
(a) v s = (L1 + L 2 )
di
dt
vs
di
=
dt L1 + L 2
di
di
v 1 = L1 , v 2 = L 2
dt
dt
L1
L2
v1 =
vs , vL =
vs
L1 + L 2
L1 + L 2
(b)
v i = v 2 = L1
di1
di
= L2 2
dt
dt
i s = i1 + i 2
di s di1 di 2
(L + L 2 )
v
v
=
+
=
+
=v 1
L1 L 2
dt
dt
dt
L1 L 2
L1 L 2 di s
L2
1
1
dt =
is
vdt =
i1 =
L1 L1 + L 2 dt
L1 + L 2
L1
i2 =
1
1
vdt =
L2
L2
L1 L 2 di s
L1
dt =
is
+
L
dt
L
+
L
1
2
1
2
Leq = 3 // 5 =
vo = Leq
15
8
di 15 d
=
4e 2t = 15e 2t
dt 8 dt
io =
I
1
vo (t )dt + io (0) = 2 + (15)e 2t = 2 + 1.5e 2t
L0
50
= 0.5 + 1.5e 2t A
(a)
is = i1 + i2
i s (0) = i1 (0) + i 2 (0)
6 = 4 + i 2 ( 0)
i2(0) = 2mA
(b) Using current division:
20
i1 =
i s = 0.4 6e 2 t = 2.4e-2t mA
30 + 20
i 2 = i s i1 = 3.6e-2t mA
30 x 20
= 12mH
(c) 30 20 =
50
di
d
v1 = L = 10x10 3
6e 2 t x10 3 = -120e-2t V
dt
dt
di
d
v 2 = L = 12x10 3
6e 2 t x10 3 = -144e-2t V
dt
dt
(d)
w 10 mH =
= 0.8e 4 t
1
x30x10 3 36e 4 t x10 6
2
t=
1
2
= 24.36nJ
1
w 30 mH = x30 x10 3 5.76e 4 t x10 6 t =1 / 2
2
= 11.693nJ
1
w 20 mH = x 20x10 3 12.96e 4 t x10 6 t =1 / 2
2
= 17.54 nJ
(a)
Leq = 25 + 20 // 60 = 25 +
v = Leq
di
dt
20 x60
= 40 mH
80
t
i=
1
10 3
(
)
(
0
)
v
t
dt
+
i
=
12e 3t dt + i (0) = 0.1(e 3t 1) + i (0)
Leq
40 x10 3 0

60
3
1
i1 =
i = i, i 2 = i
80
4
4
3
i1 (0) = i (0)
0.75i (0) = 0.01

4
1
(0.1e 3t + 0.08667) A = - 25e -3t + 21.67 mA
4
i2 (0) = 25 + 21.67 = 3.33 mA
i2 =
3
(0.1e 3t + 0.08667) A = - 75e -3t + 65 mA
4
i2 = - 25e -3t + 21.67 mA
(b) i1 =
We apply superposition principle and let

vo = v1 + v 2
where v1 and v2 are due to i1 and i2 respectively.

v1 = L
di1
di 2,
=2 1 =
dt
dt 2,
4,
di2
di2
v2 = L
=2
= 0,
dt
dt
4,
0<t <3
3<t <6
0<t<2
2<t<4
4<t<6
i (0) = 0.01333
v1
v2
0
3
-2
-4
Adding v1 and v2 gives vo, which is shown below.

vo(t) V
6
2
0
2 3
t (s)
-2
-6
(a) When the switch is in position A,

i=-6 =i(0)
When the switch is in position B,
i () = 12 / 4 = 3,
= L / R = 1/ 8
i (t ) = i () + [i (0) i ()]e t / = 3 9e 8t A
(b) -12 + 4i(0) + v=0, i.e. v=12 4i(0) = 36 V

(c) At steady state, the inductor becomes a short circuit so that
v= 0 V
1
1
L1i12 = x5x (4) 2 = 40 W
2
2
1
w 20 = (20)(2) 2 = 40 W
2
(b) w = w5 + w20 = 80 W
dv
(c) i1 = L1
= 5( 200)(50e 200 t x10 3 )
dt
= -50e-200tA
(a)
w5 =
i2 = L2
dv
= 20(200)(50e 200 t x10 3 )
dt
= -200e-200tA
dv
= 20(200) 50e 200 t x10 3
dt
= -200e-200t A
i2 = L2
(d)
i = i1 + i2 = -250e-200t A

L eq = 20 + 16 + 60 40 = 36 + 24 = 60mH
v=L
di
dt
1 t
vdt + i(0)
L o
t
1
=
12 sin 4t dt + 0 mA
3 o
60x10
i = 50 cos 4t ot = 50(1 - cos 4t) mA
i=
60 40 = 24mH
d
di
= 24x10 3 (50)(1 cos 4t )mV
dt
dt
= 4.8 sin 4t mV
v=L
1
vi dt, RC = 50 x 103 x 0.04 x 10-6 = 2 x 10-3
RC
10 3
vo =
10 sin 50t dt
2
vo = 100 cos 50t mV
vo =
1
vi dt + v(0), RC = 50 x 103 x 100 x 10-6 = 5
RC
1 t
vo = 10dt + 0 = 2t
5 o
The op amp will saturate at vo = 12
vo =
-12 = -2t
t = 6s
RC = 4 x 106 x 1 x 10-6 = 4
vo =
1
1
v i dt = v i dt
RC
4
For 0 < t < 1, vi = 20, v o =
1 t
20dt = -5t mV
4 o
1 t
10dt + v(1) = 2.5( t 1) 5
4 1
= -2.5t - 2.5mV
For 1 < t < 2, vi = 10, v o =
1 t
20dt + v(2) = 5( t 2) 7.5
4 2
= 5t - 17.5 mV
For 2 < t < 4, vi = - 20, v o = +
1 t
10dt + v(4) = 2.5( t 4) + 2.5
4 4
= 2.5t - 7.5 mV
For 4 < t < 5m, vi = -10, v o =
1 t
20dt + v(5) = 5( t 5) + 5
4 5
= - 5t + 30 mV
For 5 < t < 6, vi = 20, v o =
Thus vo(t) is as shown below:
5
25
0
One possibility is as follows:

1
= 50
RC
1
Let R = 100 k, C =
= 0.2F
50 x100 x10 3
By combining a summer with an integrator, we have the circuit below:
+
1
1
1
v1dt
v 2 dt
v 2 dt
R 1C
R 2C
R 2C
For the given problem, C = 2F,
vo =
R1C = 1
R2C = 1/(4)
R3C = 1/(10)
R1 = 1/(C) = 1006/(2) = 500 k

R2 = 1/(4C) = 500k/(4) = 125 k
R3 = 1/(10C) = 50 k

The output of the first op amp is
v1 =
1
1
v i dt =
3
RC
10x10 x 2 x10 6
idt =
o
100 t
2
= - 50t
vo =
1
1
v i dt =
3
RC
20x10 x 0.5x10 6
(50t )dt
o
= 2500t2
At t = 1.5ms,
v o = 2500(1.5) 2 x10 6 = 5.625 mV
Consider the op amp as shown below:

Let va = vb = v
At node a,
0 v v vo
=
R
R
2v - vo = 0
(1)
R
R
a
R
+
R
vo
b
vi
At node b,
vi v v vo
dv
=
+C
R
R
dt
v i = 2v v o + RC
dv
dt
(2)

v i =v o v o +
RC dv o
2 dt
or
vo =
2
v i dt
RC
showing that the circuit is a noninverting integrator.

RC = 0.01 x 20 x 10-3 sec

v o = RC
dv i
dv
= 0.2 m sec
dt
dt
2V,
v o = 2V,
2V,
0 < t <1
1< t < 3
3< t < 4
Thus vo(t) is as sketched below:

vo(t) (V)
2
t (ms)
1
-2
v 0 = RC
dv i
, RC = 250 x10 3 x10x10 6 = 2.5
dt
v o = 2.5
d
(12t ) = -30 mV
dt

dv i
, RC = 50 x 103 x 10 x 10-6 = 0.5
dt
10, 0 < t < 5
dv
v o = 0.5 i =
5<t <5
dt 5,
v o = RC
The input is sketched in Fig. (a), while the output is sketched in Fig. (b).
vo(t) (V)
vi(t) (V)
5
t (ms)
0
10
t (ms)
15
10
(a)
-10
(b)
i = iR + i C
vi 0 0 v0
d
=
+ C (0 v o )
dt
R
RF
R F C = 10 6 x10 6 = 1
15
dv
Hence v i = v o + o
dt
Thus vi is obtained from vo as shown below:
dvo(t)/dt
vo(t) (V)
t (ms)
t (ms)
0
-4
-4
vi(t) (V)
8
t (ms)
-4
-8
d 2 vo
2dv o
= 10 sin 2 t
vo
dt
dt
Thus, by combining integrators with a summer, we obtain the appropriate analog
computer as shown below:
2vo
t=0
d2vo/dt
2
R
R
-dvo/dt
vo
R
d2vo/dt
2
R
R/2
dvo/dt
R
R
+
sin2t
R/10
-sin2t

We can write the equation as
dy
= f (t ) 4 y (t )
dt
which is implemented by the circuit below.
1V
t=0
C
R
R/4
dy/dt
-y
R
f(t)
R
+
dy/dt
From the given circuit,

d 2 vo
1000k
1000k dv o
= f (t)
vo
2
5000k
200k dt
dt
or
d 2 vo
dv
+ 5 o + 2v o = f ( t )
2
dt
dt
We can write the equation as

d 2v
= 5v 2 f (t )
dt 2
which is implemented by the circuit below.

C
C
R
R
2
d v/dt
R/5
-
-dv/dt
+
R/2
f(t)
d2v/dt2
The circuit consists of a summer, an inverter, and an integrator. Such circuit is shown
below.
10R
R
R
R
vo
R
C=1/(2R)
R
+
+
vs
-
Since two 10F capacitors in series gives 5F, rated at 600V, it requires 8 groups in
parallel with each group consisting of two capacitors in series, as shown below:
+
600
Answer: 8 groups in parallel with each group made up of 2 capacitors in series.
I =
q
t
I x t = q
q = 0.6 x 4 x 10-6
= 2.4C
q 2.4 x106
=
= 150nF
C=
v (36 20)

It is evident that differentiating i will give a waveform similar to v. Hence,
di
v=L
dt
4 t ,0 < t < 1
i=
8 4 t ,1 < t < 2
v=L
But,
di 4L,0 < t < 1

=
dt 4L,1 < t < 2
5mV,0 < t < 1

v=
5mV,1 < t < 2
Thus, 4L = 5 x 10-3
L = 1.25 mH in a 1.25 mH inductor

(a) For the series-connected capacitor
Cs =
1
1 1
1
+ + .... +
C C
C
C
8
For the parallel-connected strings,

C eq = 10C s =
10C s
1000
= 10 x
F = 1250F
3
8
(b)
vT = 8 x 100V = 800V
w=
1
1
C eq v T2 = 1250 x10 6 (800) 2
2
2
= 400J
Applying KVL to Fig. 7.1.
1 t
i dt + Ri = 0
C -
Taking the derivative of each term,
i
di
+R =0
C
dt
di
dt
or
=
i
RC
Integrating,
i( t ) - t
=
ln
I 0 RC
i( t ) = I 0 e - t RC
v( t ) = Ri( t ) = RI 0 e - t RC
or
v(t ) = V0e- t RC
= R th C
where R th is the Thevenin equivalent at the capacitor terminals.
R th = 120 || 80 + 12 = 60
= 60 0.5 10 -3 = 30 ms
(a) RTh = 10 // 10 = 5k,
= RTh C = 5 x10 3 x 2 x10 6 = 10 ms
(b) RTh = 20 //(5 + 25) + 8 = 20,
= RTh C = 20 x0.3 = 6s
= R eq C eq
where C eq =
C1C 2
,
C1 + C 2
R eq =
R 1R 2
R1 + R 2
R 1 R 2 C1C 2
( R 1 + R 2 )(C 1 + C 2 )
v( t ) = v(4) e -(t -4)

where v(4) = 24 ,
= RC = (20)(0.1) = 2
-(t - 4) 2
v( t ) = 24 e
v(10) = 24 e -6 2 = 1.195 V
v o = v ( 0) =
2
(24) = 4 V
10 + 2
v( t ) = voe t / , = RC = 40 x106 x 2 x103 =
2
25
v( t ) = 4e 12.5t V
v( t ) = v(0) e - t ,
= R th C
where R th is the Thevenin resistance across the capacitor. To determine R th , we insert a
1-V voltage source in place of the capacitor as shown below.
8
i2
i
i1
0.5 V
10
+
v=1
i1 =
1
= 0.1 ,
10
i = i1 + i 2 = 0.1 +
i2 =
1 13
=
16 80
1 80
R th = =
i 13
80
8
= R th C =
0.1 =
13
13
-13t 8
v( t ) = 20 e
V
1 0.5 1
=
8
16
1V
(a)
= RC =
1
4
dv
dt
-4t
- 0.2 e = C (10)(-4) e-4t
-i = C
C = 5 mF
1
= 50
4C
1
= RC = = 0.25 s
4
1
1
w C (0) = CV02 = (5 10 -3 )(100) = 250 mJ
2
2
1 1
1
w R = CV02 = CV02 (1 e -2t 0 )
2 2
2
1
e -8t 0 =
0.5 = 1 e -8t 0
2
8t 0
or
e =2
1
t 0 = ln (2) = 86.6 ms
8
R=
(b)
(c)
(d)
v( t ) = v(0) e- t ,
= R eq C
R eq = 2 + 8 || 8 + 6 || 3 = 2 + 4 + 2 = 8
= R eq C = (0.25)(8) = 2
v( t ) = 20 e -t 2 V

io
15
10
iT
+
10 mF
(10)(3)
=2A
15
i.e. if i(0) = 3 A , then i o (0) = 2 A
i T (0) = i(0) + i o (0) = 5 A
v(0) = 10i(0) + 4i T (0) = 30 + 20 = 50 V
across the capacitor terminals.
15 i o = 10 i
i o =
R th = 4 + 10 || 15 = 4 + 6 = 10
= R th C = (10)(10 10 -3 ) = 0.1
v( t ) = v(0) e - t = 50 e -10t
dv
iC = C
= (10 10 -3 )(-500 e -10t )
dt
i C = - 5 e -10t A
By applying the current division principle,
15
i( t ) =
( - i ) = -0.6 i C = 3 e -10t A
10 + 15 C
Applying KCL to the RL circuit,

1
v
v dt + = 0
L
R
Differentiating both sides,
v 1 dv
+
=0
L R dt
v = A e -Rt L
dv R
+ v=0
dt L
If the initial current is I 0 , then

v(0) = I 0 R = A
v = I 0 R e -t ,
L
R
1 t
v(t ) dt
L -
- I 0 R -t t
i=
e -
L
i = - I 0 R e -t
i=
i( t ) = I 0 e - t
When t < 0, the switch is closed and the inductor acts like a short circuit to dc. The 4
resistor is short-circuited so that the resulting circuit is as shown in Fig. (a).
3
12 V
i(0-)
(a)
2H
(b)
12
=4A
3
Since the current through an inductor cannot change abruptly,
i(0) = i(0 ) = i(0 + ) = 4 A
i (0 ) =
When t > 0, the voltage source is cut off and we have the RL circuit in Fig. (b).
L 2
= = = 0.5
R 4
Hence,
i( t ) = i(0) e - t = 4 e -2t A
L
R th
where R th is the Thevenin resistance at the terminals of the inductor.
=
R th = 70 || 30 + 80 || 20 = 21 + 16 = 37
2 10 -3
=
= 81.08 s
37
Converting the wye-subnetwork to delta gives

16
R2
80mH
R1
R3
30
R1 =
10 x 20 + 20 x50 + 50 x10
= 1700 / 20 = 85,
20
R2 =
1700
= 34 ,
50
R3 =
1700
= 170
10
30//170 = (30x170)/200 = 25.5 , 34//16=(34x16)/50 =10.88

RTh = 85 //( 25.5 + 10.88) =
85 x36.38
= 25.476,
121.38
80 x10 3
L
=
= 3.14 ms
RTh
25.476
(a) RTh = 12 + 10 // 40 = 20,

(b) RTh = 40 // 160 + 8 = 40,
L
= 5 / 20 = 0.25s
RTh
L
=
= (20 x10 3 ) / 40 = 0.5 ms
RTh
=
(a)
L eq
R eq
L eq = L and R eq = R 2 +
(b)
R 1R 3
R 2 (R 1 + R 3 ) + R 1 R 3
=
R1 + R 3
R1 + R 3
L( R 1 + R 3 )
R 2 (R 1 + R 3 ) + R 1 R 3
R 3 (R 1 + R 2 ) + R 1 R 2
L1 L 2
R 1R 2
=
and R eq = R 3 +
L1 + L 2
R1 + R 2
R1 + R 2
L1L 2 (R 1 + R 2 )
=
(L 1 + L 2 ) ( R 3 ( R 1 + R 2 ) + R 1 R 2 )
where L eq =
i( t ) = i(0) e - t ,
14 1
L
=
=
R eq
4 16
i( t ) = 2 e -16t
v o ( t ) = 3i + L
di
= 6 e-16t + (1 4)(-16) 2 e-16t
dt
v o ( t ) = - 2 e -16t V
If v( t ) = 0 , the circuit can be redrawn as shown below.

+
0.4 H
Req
vo(t)
i(t)
6
L 2 5 1
= = =
,
5
R 5 6 3
-t
-3t
i( t ) = i(0) e = e
di - 2
v o ( t ) = -L =
(-3) e -3t = 1.2 e -3t V
dt
5
R eq = 2 || 3 =

i
1V
+
10
i1
i1
i2
i/2
i2
40
To find R th we replace the inductor by a 1-V voltage source as shown above.

10 i1 1 + 40 i 2 = 0
i = i2 + i 2
and
i = i1
But
i1 = 2 i 2 = 2 i
i.e.
1
10 i 1 + 20 i = 0
i =
30
1
R th = = 30
i
L
6
=
=
= 0.2 s
R th 30
i( t ) = 2 e -5t A
(a).
L
1
=
R = 50L
R 50
di
-v= L
dt
-50t
- 150 e = L(30)(-50) e -50t
L = 0.1 H
=
R = 50L = 5
(b).
(c).
(d).
i.e.
L
1
=
= 20 ms
R 50
1
1
w = L i 2 (0) = (0.1)(30) 2 = 45 J
2
2
Let p be the fraction
1
1
L I 0 p = L I 0 ( 1 e -2t 0 )
2
2
-(2)(10) 50
p = 1 e
= 1 e -0.4 = 0.3296
p = 33%
=
The circuit can be replaced by its Thevenin equivalent shown below.

Rth
Vth
Vth =
2H
80
(60) = 40 V
80 + 40
80
+R
3
Vth
40
I = i(0) = i() =
=
R th 80 3 + R
R th = 40 || 80 + R =
1
1 40
=1
w = L I 2 = (2)
2
2 R + 80 3
40
40
=1
R =
R + 80 3
3
R = 13.33

i( t ) = i(0) e - t ,
L
R eq
R eq = 5 || 20 + 1 = 5 ,
2
5
i( t ) = 10 e -2.5t A
Using current division, the current through the 20 ohm resistor is
5
-i
io =
(-i) = = -2 e -2.5t
5 + 20
5
v( t ) = 20 i o = - 40 e -2.5t V
Since the 2 resistor, 1/3 H inductor, and the (3+1) resistor are in parallel,
they always have the same voltage.
2
2
+
= 1.5
i(0) = -1.5
2 3 +1
The Thevenin resistance R th at the inductors terminals is
13 1
L
4
R th = 2 || (3 + 1) = ,
=
=
=
3
R th 4 3 4
-i =
i( t ) = i(0) e - t = -1.5 e -4t , t > 0

di
v L = v o = L = -1.5(-4)(1/3) e -4t
dt
-4t
v o = 2 e V, t > 0
vx =
1
v = 0.5 e -4t V , t > 0
3 +1 L
(a) v( t ) = - 5 u(t)
(b) i( t ) = -10 [ u ( t ) u ( t 3)] + 10[ u ( t 3) u ( t 5)]
= - 10 u(t ) + 20 u(t 3) 10 u(t 5)
(c) x ( t ) = ( t 1) [ u ( t 1) u ( t 2)] + [ u ( t 2) u ( t 3)]

+ (4 t ) [ u ( t 3) u ( t 4)]
= ( t 1) u ( t 1) ( t 2) u ( t 2) ( t 3) u ( t 3) + ( t 4) u ( t 4)
= r(t 1) r(t 2) r(t 3) + r(t 4)
(d) y( t ) = 2 u (-t ) 5 [ u ( t ) u ( t 1)]
= 2 u(-t ) 5 u(t ) + 5 u(t 1)

v(t) = [u(t) + r(t 1) r(t 2) 2u(t 2)] V
v1 ( t ) = u ( t + 1) u ( t ) + [ u ( t 1) u ( t )]
v1 ( t ) = u(t + 1) 2 u(t ) + u(t 1)
(a)
v 2 ( t ) = ( 4 t ) [ u ( t 2) u ( t 4) ]
v 2 ( t ) = -( t 4) u ( t 2) + ( t 4) u ( t 4)
v 2 ( t ) = 2 u(t 2) r(t 2) + r(t 4)
(b)
v 3 ( t ) = 2 [ u(t 2) u(t 4)] + 4 [ u(t 4) u(t 6)]

v 3 ( t ) = 2 u(t 2) + 2 u(t 4) 4 u(t 6)
(c)
v 4 ( t ) = -t [ u ( t 1) u ( t 2)] = -t u(t 1) + t u ( t 2)
v 4 ( t ) = (-t + 1 1) u ( t 1) + ( t 2 + 2) u ( t 2)
v 4 ( t ) = - r(t 1) u(t 1) + r(t 2) + 2 u(t 2)
(d)

v(t) is sketched below.
v(t)
2
1
0
-1

i(t) is sketched below.
i(t)
1
-1
x(t)
(a)
3.679
0
(b)
y(t)
27.18
(c)
z (t ) = cos 4t (t 1) = cos 4 (t 1) = 0.6536 (t 1) , which is sketched below.

z(t)
-0.653 (t )
(a)
4 t 2 ( t 1) dt = 4 t 2
(b)
cos(2t ) ( t 0.5) dt = cos(2t )
10
t =1
=4
t = 0.5
= cos = - 1
(a)
(b)
= e = 112 10
[ e (t 2)] dt = e
[ 5 (t ) + e (t ) + cos 2t (t )] dt = ( 5 + e + cos(2t ))
- 4t 2
- 4t 2
-t
-t
(a)
(b)
1
4
u ( )d = 1d =
(c )
= t 1
r (t 1)dt = 0dt + (t 1)dt =

0
(t 6)
1
-9
-16
t=2
(t 2)dt = (t 6) 2
t2
t 14 = 4.5
2
t =2
= 16
t =0
= 5 +1+1 = 7
i( t ) =
1 t
v(t ) dt + i(0)
L 0
i( t ) =
10 -3
10 10 -3
20 (t 2) dt + 0
t
i ( t ) = 2 u( t 2 ) A
(a)
d
[u ( t 1) u ( t + 1)] = ( t 1)u ( t + 1) +
dt
u ( t 1)( t + 1) = ( t 1) 1 + 0 ( t + 1) = ( t 1)
(b)
d
[r ( t 6) u ( t 2)] = u ( t 6)u ( t 2) +
dt
r ( t 6)( t 2) = u ( t 6) 1 + 0 ( t 2) = u ( t 6)
d
[sin 4t u (t 3)] = 4 cos 4t u ( t 3) + sin 4t( t 3)
dt
= 4 cos 4t u ( t 3) + sin 4x3( t 3)
(c)
= 4 cos 4t u ( t 3) 0.5366( t 3)
(a)
v( t ) = A e -5t 3 , v(0) = A = -2
v( t ) = - 2 e -5t 3 V
(b)
v( t ) = A e 2t 3 , v(0) = A = 5
v( t ) = 5 e 2t 3 V
(a)
(b)
v( t ) = A + B e-t , t > 0
A = 1,
v(0) = 0 = 1 + B
v( t ) =
1 e -t V , t > 0
or
B = -1
v( t ) = A + B e t 2 , t > 0
A = -3 ,
v(0) = -6 = -3 + B
v( t ) = - 3 ( 1 + e t 2 ) V , t > 0
or
B = -3
Let v = vh + vp, vp =10.
vh + 4 v
=0
v h = Ae t / 4
v = 10 + Ae 0.25t
v(0) = 2 = 10 + A
v = 10 8e 0.25t
A = 8
(a) = 4 s
(b) v() = 10 V
(c ) v = 10 8e 0.25t
Let i = ip +ih
i h + 3ih = 0
Let i p = ku (t ),
ip = 0,
3ku (t ) = 2u (t )
ih = Ae 3t u (t )
k=
2
3
ip =
2
u (t )
3
2
i = ( Ae 3t + )u (t )
3
If i(0) =0, then A + 2/3 = 0, i.e. A=-2/3. Thus
i=
2
(1 e 3t )u (t )
3
(a)
Before t = 0,
v( t ) =
1
(20) = 4 V
4 +1
After t = 0,
v( t ) = v() + [ v(0) v()] e - t
= RC = (4)(2) = 8 , v(0) = 4 ,
v( t ) = 20 + (8 20) e - t 8
v( t ) = 20 12 e -t 8 V
v() = 20
Before t = 0, v = v1 + v 2 , where v1 is due to the 12-V source and v 2 is

due to the 2-A source.
v1 = 12 V
To get v 2 , transform the current source as shown in Fig. (a).
v 2 = -8 V
Thus,
v = 12 8 = 4 V
(b)
After t = 0, the circuit becomes that shown in Fig. (b).

2F
+
v2
2F
8V
12 V
(a)
(b)
v( t ) = v() + [ v(0) v()] e - t

v() = 12 ,
v(0) = 4 ,
= RC = (2)(3) = 6
-t 6
v( t ) = 12 + (4 12) e
v( t ) = 12 8 e -t 6 V
(a)
(b)
Before t = 0, v = 12 V .
After t = 0, v( t ) = v() + [ v(0) v()] e - t

v() = 4 ,
v(0) = 12 ,
= RC = (2)(3) = 6
-t 6
v( t ) = 4 + (12 4) e
v( t ) = 4 + 8 e - t 6 V
Before t = 0, v = 12 V .
After t = 0, v( t ) = v() + [ v(0) v()] e - t

After transforming the current source, the circuit is shown below.
t=0
2
+
12 V
v() = 12 ,
v(0) = 12 ,
v = 12 V
v(0) = 0 ,
v() =
R eq C = (6 || 30)(1) =
30
(12) = 10
16
(6)(30)
=5
36
v( t ) = v() + [ v(0) v()] e - t

v( t ) = 10 + (0 10) e - t 5
v( t ) = 10 ( 1 e -0.2t ) V
5F
= RC = (2)(5) = 10

(a)
v o ( t ) = v o () + [ v o (0) v o ()] e - t
4
v o () =
(12) = 8
v o (0) = 0 ,
4+2
4
= R eq C eq , R eq = 2 || 4 =
3
4
= (3) = 4
3
v o ( t ) = 8 8 e -t 4
v o ( t ) = 8 ( 1 e -0.25t ) V
(b)
For this case, v o () = 0 so that

v o ( t ) = v o (0) e -t
4
v o (0) =
(12) = 8 ,
4+2
v o ( t ) = 8 e -t 12 V
= RC = (4)(3) = 12
Before t = 0, the circuit has reached steady state so that the capacitor acts like an open
circuit. The circuit is equivalent to that shown in Fig. (a) after transforming the voltage
source.
vo
vo
,
0.5i = 2
i=
40
80
vo
1 vo
320
= 2
v o =
= 64
Hence,
2 80
40
5
vo
i=
= 0.8 A
80
After t = 0, the circuit is as shown in Fig. (b).
v C ( t ) = v C (0) e - t ,
= R th C
To find R th , we replace the capacitor with a 1-V voltage source as shown in Fig. (c).
0.5i
vC
i
1V
0.5i
(c)
80
vC
1
0.5
=
,
i o = 0.5 i =
80 80
80
1 80
R th = =
= 160 ,
= R th C = 480
i o 0.5
v C (0) = 64 V
i=
v C ( t ) = 64 e - t 480
dv C
1
64 e - t 480
0.5 i = -i C = -C
= -3
dt
480
i( t ) = 0.8 e -t 480 A
R eq = 6 || 3 = 2 ,
= RC = 4
v( t ) = v() + [ v(0) v()] e - t

3
3
v(0) =
(30) = 10 V ,
v() =
(12) = 4 V
3+ 6
3+ 6
Thus,
v( t ) = 4 + (10 4) e - t 4 = 4 + 6 e - t 4
- 1
dv
i( t ) = C
= (2)(6) e - t 4 = - 3 e -0.25t A
4
dt

For t < 0, v s = 5 u ( t ) = 0
v(0) = 0
For t > 0, v s = 5 ,
v() =
4
5
(5) =
4 + 12
4
R eq = 7 + 4 || 12 = 10 ,
= R eq C = (10)(1 2) = 5
v( t ) = v() + [ v(0) v()] e - t

v( t ) = 1.25 ( 1 e -t 5 ) V
i( t ) = C
dv 1 - 5 - 1 - t 5
= e
dt 2 4 5
i( t ) = 0.125 e -t 5 A
= RTh C = (2 + 6) x0.25 = 2s,
v(0) = 0,
v() = 6i s = 6 x5 = 30
v(t ) = v() + [v(0) v()]e t / = 30(1 e t / 2 ) V

For t < 0, u ( t ) = 0 ,
u ( t 1) = 0 ,
v(0) = 0
For 0 < t < 1, = RC = (2 + 8)(0.1) = 1

v(0) = 0 ,
v() = (8)(3) = 24
v( t ) = v() + [ v(0) v()] e - t
v( t ) = 24( 1 e - t )
For t > 1,
v(1) = 24( 1 e -1 ) = 15.17
- 6 + v() - 24 = 0
v() = 30
v( t ) = 30 + (15.17 30) e -(t-1)
v( t ) = 30 14.83 e -(t-1)
Thus,
24 1 e - t V ,
0<t<1
v( t ) =
-(t -1)
V,
t >1
30 14.83 e

For t < 0,
u (-t) = 1 ,
For t > 0,
u (-t) = 0 ,
R th = 20 + 10 = 30 ,
v(0) = 10 V
v() = 0
= R th C = (30)(0.1) = 3
v( t ) = v() + [ v(0) v()] e - t

v( t ) = 10 e -t 3 V
- 1
dv
= (0.1) 10 e - t 3
3
dt
- 1 -t 3
e A
i( t ) =
3
i( t ) = C

For 0 < t < 1, v(0) = 0 ,
R eq = 4 + 6 = 10 ,
v() = (2)(4) = 8
= R eq C = (10)(0.5) = 5
v( t ) = v() + [ v(0) v()] e - t

v( t ) = 8 ( 1 e - t 5 ) V
For t > 1,
v(1) = 8 ( 1 e -0.2 ) = 1.45 ,
v( t ) = v() + [ v(1) v()] e -( t 1)
v( t ) = 1.45 e -( t 1) 5 V
Thus,
v() = 0
8 1 e -t 5 V , 0 < t < 1
v( t ) =
- ( t 1 ) 5
V,
t >1
1.45 e

For the capacitor voltage,
v( t ) = v() + [ v(0) v()] e- t
v(0) = 0
For t < 0, we transform the current source to a voltage source as shown in Fig. (a).
1 k
1 k
+
30 V
(a)
2
(30) = 15 V
2 +1+1
R th = (1 + 1) || 2 = 1 k
1
1
= R th C = 10 3 10 -3 =
4
4
-4t
v( t ) = 15 ( 1 e ) , t > 0
v() =
2 k
We now obtain i x from v(t). Consider Fig. (b).
iT 1 k
ix
1 k
30 mA
1/4 mF
(b)
But
i x = 30 mA i T
v
dv
iT =
+C
R3
dt
i T ( t ) = 7.5 ( 1 e -4t ) mA +
i T ( t ) = 7.5 ( 1 + e -4t ) mA
1
10 -3 (-15)(-4) e -4t A
4
Thus,
i x ( t ) = 30 7.5 7.5 e -4t mA
i x ( t ) = 7.5 ( 3 e -4t ) mA , t > 0

t=0
+
VS
After the switch is closed, applying KVL gives

di
VS = Ri + L
dt
VS
di
or
L = -R i
dt
R
di
-R
=
dt
i VS R
L
Integrating both sides,
2 k

V i(t ) - R
ln i S I 0 =
t
R
L
i VS R - t
=
ln
I0 VS R
or
i VS R
= e- t
I0 VS R
i( t ) =
VS
VS -t
e
+ I0
R
R
which is the same as Eq. (7.60).

20
= 2 A,
i() = 2 A
10
i( t ) = i() + [ i(0) i()] e- t
i(0) =
i( t ) = 2 A

25
=5A
3+ 2
After t = 0,
i( t ) = i(0) e - t
L 4
= = = 2,
i(0) = 5
R 2
i( t ) = 5 e - t 2 A
i=
(a)
Before t = 0,
(b)
Before t = 0, the inductor acts as a short circuit so that the 2 and 4

resistors are short-circuited.
i( t ) = 6 A
After t = 0, we have an RL circuit.
i( t ) = i(0) e - t ,
i( t ) = 6 e - 2 t 3 A
L 3
=
R 2

(a)
Before t = 0, i is obtained by current division or

4
i( t ) =
(2) = 1 A
4+4
After t = 0,
i( t ) = i() + [ i(0) i()] e- t
L
=
,
R eq = 4 + 4 || 12 = 7
R eq
=
3.5 1
=
7
2
i(0) = 1 ,
i() =
6
3
4 || 12
(2) =
(2) =
7
4+3
4 + 4 || 12
6
6
+ 1 e -2 t
7
7
1
i( t ) = ( 6 e - 2t ) A
7
10
=2A
Before t = 0, i( t ) =
2+3
After t = 0,
R eq = 3 + 6 || 2 = 4.5
i( t ) =
(b)
L
2
4
=
=
R eq 4.5 9
i(0) = 2
To find i() , consider the circuit below, at t = when the inductor
becomes a short circuit,
v
=
i
10 V
2
24 V
10 v 24 v v
+
=
v = 9
2
6
3
v
i() = = 3 A
3
i( t ) = 3 + (2 3) e -9 t 4
i( t ) = 3 e - 9 t 4 A
2H
3

For t < 0, consider the circuit shown in Fig. (a).
0.5 H
io
3
24 V
io
+
0.5 H
i
+
4io
(a)
8
20 V
+
v
(b)
3i o + 24 4i o = 0
i o = 24
v
v( t ) = 4i o = 96 V
i = = 48 A
2
For t > 0, consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

i( t ) = i() + [ i(0) i()] e- t
20
i() =
=2A
i(0) = 48 ,
8+ 2
L
0.5 1
R th = 2 + 8 = 10 , =
=
=
R th 10 20
i( t ) = 2 + (48 2) e -20t = 2 + 46 e -20t

v( t ) = 2 i( t ) = 4 + 92 e -20t V

R eq = 6 + 20 || 5 = 10 ,
L
= 0.05
R
i( t ) = i() + [ i(0) i()] e- t
i(0) is found by applying nodal analysis to the following circuit.
5
i
vx
12
2A
6
+
20
0.5 H
20 V
20 v x v x v x v x
=
+
+
5
12 20 6
vx
i ( 0) =
=2A
6
2+
v x = 12
Since 20 || 5 = 4 ,
4
i() =
(4) = 1.6
4+6
i( t ) = 1.6 + (2 1.6) e- t 0.05 = 1.6 + 0.4 e-20t
di 1
v( t ) = L = (0.4) (-20) e -20t
dt 2
v( t ) = - 4 e -20t V
At t = 0 , the circuit has reached steady state so that the inductors act like short
circuits.
6
30 V
i
i1
i2
20
20
30
30
=
= 3,
i1 =
(3) = 2.4 ,
6 + 5 || 20 10
25
i 1 ( 0 ) = 2 .4 A ,
i 2 ( 0 ) = 0 .6 A
i=
i 2 = 0 .6
For t > 0, the switch is closed so that the energies in L1 and L 2 flow through the
closed switch and become dissipated in the 5 and 20 resistors.
L
2.5 1
i1 ( t ) = i1 (0) e - t 1 ,
1 = 1 =
=
R1
5
2
i1 ( t ) = 2.4 e -2t A
i 2 ( t ) = i 2 (0) e - t 2 ,
2 =
L2
4 1
=
=
R 2 20 5
i 2 ( t ) = 0.6 e -5t A

For t < 0,
v o (t) = 0
For t > 0,
i(0) = 10 ,
R th = 1 + 3 = 4 ,
20
=5
1+ 3
L 14 1
=
=
=
R th
4 16
i() =
i( t ) = i() + [ i(0) i()] e- t

i( t ) = 5 ( 1 + e-16t ) A
di
1
= 15 ( 1 + e -16t ) + (-16)(5) e-16t
dt
4
-16t
v o ( t ) = 15 5 e V
vo (t ) = 3i + L

Let I be the current through the inductor.
i(0) = 0
For t < 0,
vs = 0 ,
For t > 0,
R eq = 4 + 6 || 3 = 6 ,
2
(3) = 1
2+ 4
i( t ) = i() + [ i(0) i()] e- t
i( t ) = 1 e-4t
i() =
di
= (1.5)(-4)(-e- 4t )
dt
v o ( t ) = 6 e -4t V
vo (t ) = L
L 1 .5
=
= 0.25
R eq
6

Let I be the inductor current.
For t < 0,
u(t) = 0
i(0) = 0
For t > 0,
R eq = 5 || 20 = 4 ,
L
8
= =2
R eq 4
i() = 4
i( t ) = i() + [ i(0) i()] e- t
i( t ) = 4 ( 1 e - t 2 )
- 1
di
= (8)(-4) e - t 2
2
dt
v( t ) = 16 e -0.5t V
v( t ) = L
The current source is transformed as shown below.

4
20u(-t) + 40u(t)
0.5 H
L 12 1
=
= ,
i(0) = 5 ,
R
4
8
i( t ) = i() + [ i(0) i()] e - t
i( t ) = 10 5 e -8t A
=
di 1
= (-5)(-8) e -8t
dt 2
v( t ) = 20 e -8t V
v( t ) = L

L
2
=
=1
R eq 3 || 6
For 0 < t < 1, u ( t 1) = 0 so that
=
i() = 10
i(0) = 0 ,
i( t ) =
i() =
1
6
1
( 1 e -t )
6
1
( 1 e -1 ) = 0.1054
6
1 1 1
i() = + =
3 6 2
i( t ) = 0.5 + (0.1054 0.5) e-(t -1)
i( t ) = 0.5 0.3946 e-(t -1)
i(1) =
For t > 1,
Thus,
1
( 1 e -t ) A
0<t<1
i( t ) =
6
0.5 0.3946 e -(t -1) A
t>1
10
=2
5
For t < 0,
u (- t ) = 1 ,
i(0) =
For t > 0,
u (-t) = 0 ,
i() = 0
L
0.5 1
=
=
=
R th
4 8
R th = 5 || 20 = 4 ,
i( t ) = i() + [ i(0) i()] e - t

i( t ) = 2 e -8t A
di 1
= (-8)(2) e-8t
dt 2
v( t ) = - 8 e -8t V
v( t ) = L
Let i be the inductor current.

For t < 0, the inductor acts like a short circuit and the 3 resistor is shortcircuited so that the equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. (a).
6
10
(a)
10
io
3
2
(b)
i = i(0) =
For t > 0,
10
= 1.667 A
6
R th = 2 + 3 || 6 = 4 ,
L
4
= =1
R th 4
To find i() , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

10 v v v
10
= +
v =
6
3 2
6
v 5
i = i() = =
2 6
i( t ) = i() + [ i(0) i()] e - t
5 10 5
5
i( t ) = + e - t = ( 1 e - t ) A
6 6 6
6
v o is the voltage across the 4 H inductor and the 2 resistor
5
di 10 10 - t
10 10 - t
e
=
+ e + (4) (-1) e - t =
6
dt 6 6
6 6
v o ( t ) = 1.667 ( 1 e -t ) V
v o (t) = 2 i + L
Since v s = 10 [ u ( t ) u ( t 1)] , this is the same as saying that a 10 V source is

turned on at t = 0 and a -10 V source is turned on later at t = 1. This is shown in
the figure below.
vs
10
1
t
-10
For 0 < t < 1, i(0) = 0 ,
R th = 5 || 20 = 4 ,
10
=2
5
L
2 1
=
= =
R th 4 2
i() =
i( t ) = i() + [ i(0) i()] e- t
i( t ) = 2 ( 1 e -2t ) A
i(1) = 2 ( 1 e-2 ) = 1.729
For t > 1,
i() = 0
since vs = 0
i( t ) = i(1) e- ( t 1)
i( t ) = 1.729 e-2( t 1) A
Thus,
2 ( 1 e - 2t ) A 0 < t < 1
i( t ) =
t>1
1.729 e - 2( t 1) A
Following Practice Problem 7.14,

v( t ) = VT e - t
= R f C = (10 103 )(2 10- 6 ) =
VT = v(0) = -4 ,
1
50
v( t ) = -4 e -50t
v o ( t ) = -v( t ) = 4 e -50t , t > 0
i o (t) =
v o (t)
4
=
e -50t = 0.4 e -50t mA , t > 0
Ro
10 10 3
The op amp is a voltage follower so that v o = v as shown below.

R
R
vo
v1
+
R
vo
vo
At node 1,
v o v1 v1 0 v1 v o
=
+
R
R
R
v1 =
2
v
3 o
At the noninverting terminal,

dv
v v1
C o + o
=0
dt
R
dv
1
2
RC o = v o v1 = v o v o = v o
3
3
dt
dv o
v
= o
dt
3RC
v o ( t ) = VT e - t 3RC
VT = vo (0) = 5 V ,
= 3RC = (3)(10 103 )(1 10- 6 ) =
3
100
v o ( t ) = 5 e -100t 3 V
This is a very interesting problem and has both an important ideal solution as well as an
important practical solution. Let us look at the ideal solution first. Just before the switch
closes, the value of the voltage across the capacitor is zero which means that the voltage
at both terminals input of the op amp are each zero. As soon as the switch closes, the
output tries to go to a voltage such that the input to the op amp both go to 4 volts. The
ideal op amp puts out whatever current is necessary to reach this condition. An infinite
(impulse) current is necessary if the voltage across the capacitor is to go to 8 volts in zero
time (8 volts across the capacitor will result in 4 volts appearing at the negative terminal
of the op amp). So vo will be equal to 8 volts for all t > 0.
What happens in a real circuit? Essentially, the output of the amplifier portion of the op
amp goes to whatever its maximum value can be. Then this maximum voltage appears
across the output resistance of the op amp and the capacitor that is in series with it. This
results in an exponential rise in the capacitor voltage to the steady-state value of 8 volts.
vC(t) = Vop amp max(1 e-t/(RoutC)) volts, for all values of vC less than 8 V,
= 8 V when t is large enough so that the 8 V is reached.
Let v x be the capacitor voltage.

v x ( 0) = 0
For t < 0,
For t > 0, the 20 k and 100 k resistors are in series since no current enters the
op amp terminals. As t , the capacitor acts like an open circuit so that
20 + 100
48
v x () =
(4) =
20 + 100 + 10
13
R th = 20 + 100 = 120 k ,
= R th C = (120 103 )(25 10-3 ) = 3000
v x ( t ) = v x () + [ v x (0) v x ()] e- t
48
v x ( t ) = ( 1 e - t 3000 )
13
vo (t ) =
40
100
( 1 e -t 3000 ) V
vx (t) =
120
13
Let v = capacitor voltage.

For t < 0, the switch is open and v(0) = 0 .
For t > 0, the switch is closed and the circuit becomes as shown below.
1
2
vS
vo
v
C
R
v1 = v 2 = v s
0 vs
dv
=C
R
dt
where v = v s v o
v o = v s v
From (1),
dv v s
=
=0
dt RC
- t vs
-1
v=
v s dt + v(0) =
RC
RC
Since v is constant,
(1)
(2)
(3)
RC = (20 10 3 )(5 10 -6 ) = 0.1

- 20 t
mV = -200 t mV
v=
0.1
From (3),
v o = v s v = 20 + 200 t
v o = 20 ( 1 + 10t ) mV
Let v = voltage across the capacitor.

Let v o = voltage across the 8 k resistor.
For t < 2, v = 0 so that v(2) = 0 .
For t > 2, we have the circuit shown below.
10 k
10 k
20 k
+
4V
100 mF
io
8 k
vo
Since no current enters the op amp, the input circuit forms an RC circuit.
= RC = (10 10 3 )(100 10 -3 ) = 1000
v( t ) = v() + [ v(2) v()] e -( t 2 )
v( t ) = 4 ( 1 e -( t 2 ) 1000 )
As an inverter,
- 10k
v = 2 ( e -( t 2 ) 1000 1 )
vo =
20k
vo
io =
= 0.25 ( e -( t 2 ) 1000 1 ) A
8

The op amp acts as an emitter follower so that the Thevenin equivalent circuit is
shown below.
C
+
3u(t)
Hence,
io
v( t ) = v() + [ v(0) v()] e - t

v(0) = -2 V , v() = 3 V , = RC = (10 10 3 )(10 10 -6 ) = 0.1
v( t ) = 3 + (-2 - 3) e -10t = 3 5 e -10t
dv
= (10 10 -6 )(-5)(-10) e -10t
dt
i o = 0.5 e -10t mA , t > 0
io = C

Rf
v1
R1
v2
+
v1
C
v
v3
+
vo
At node 2,
v1 v 2
dv
=C
dt
R1
At node 3,
(1)
dv v 3 v o
=
dt
Rf
(2)
But v 3 = 0 and v = v 2 v 3 = v 2 . Hence, (1) becomes

v1 v
dv
=C
R1
dt
dv
v1 v = R 1C
dt
v1
dv
v
or
+
=
dt R 1C R 1C
which is similar to Eq. (7.42). Hence,
vT
t<0
v( t ) =
-t
t>0
v1 + ( v T v1 ) e
where v T = v(0) = 1 and v1 = 4

= R 1C = (10 10 3 )(20 10 -6 ) = 0.2
1
t<0
v( t ) =
-5t
t>0
4 3 e
From (2),
dv
= (20 10 3 )(20 10 -6 )(15 e -5t )
dt
v o = -6 e -5t , t > 0
v o = -R f C
v o = - 6 e -5t u(t ) V
Let v = capacitor voltage.

Rf
v1
R1
v2
+
v1
C
v
v3
+
vo
v(0) = 0
i s = 10 A . Consider the circuit below.
For t < 0,
For t > 0,
dv v
+
dt R
v( t ) = v() + [ v(0) v()] e - t
is = C
(1)
(2)
It is evident from the circuit that

= RC = (2 10 6 )(50 10 3 ) = 0.1
Rf
C
is
R
is
+
vo
At steady state, the capacitor acts like an open circuit so that i s passes through R.
Hence,
v() = i s R = (10 10 6 )(50 10 3 ) = 0.5 V
Then,
But
v( t ) = 0.5 ( 1 e -10t ) V
is =
0 vo
Rf
v o = -i s R f
Combining (1), (3), and (4), we obtain

- Rf
dv
vo =
v RfC
R
dt
-1
dv
v o = v (10 10 3 )(2 10 -6 )
5
dt
-10t
-2
v o = -0.1 + 0.1e (2 10 )(0.5)( - 10 e -10t )
v o = 0.2 e -10t 0.1
v o = 0.1 ( 2 e -10t 1) V
(3)
(4)
Let v1 = voltage at the noninverting terminal.

Let v 2 = voltage at the inverting terminal.
For t > 0,
v1 = v 2 = v s = 4
0 vs
= i o , R 1 = 20 k
R1
vo = -ioR
Also, i o =
i.e.
v
dv
+C ,
R2
dt
(1)
R 2 = 10 k , C = 2 F
- vs
dv
v
=
+C
dt
R1 R 2
(2)
This is a step response.

v( t ) = v() + [ v(0) v()] e - t ,
where = R 2 C = (10 10 3 )(2 10 -6 ) =
v(0) = 1
1
50
At steady state, the capacitor acts like an open circuit so that i o passes through
R 2 . Hence, as t
- vs
v()
= io =
R2
R1
- R2
- 10
(4) = -2
v() =
vs =
i.e.
20
R1
v( t ) = -2 + (1 + 2) e -50t
v( t ) = -2 + 3 e -50t
But
v = vs vo
or
v o = v s v = 4 + 2 3 e -50 t
v o = 6 3 e -50 t V
- vs
-4
=
= -0.2 mA
R 1 20k
dv
v
+C
= - 0.2 mA
io =
dt
R2
io =
or
The schematic is shown below. For the pulse, we use IPWL and enter the corresponding
values as attributes as shown. By selecting Analysis/Setup/Transient, we let Print Step =
25 ms and Final Step = 2 s since the width of the input pulse is 1 s. After saving and
simulating the circuit, we select Trace/Add and display V(C1:2). The plot of V(t) is
shown below.
The schematic is shown below. We click Marker and insert Mark Voltage Differential at
the terminals of the capacitor to display V after simulation. The plot of V is shown
below. Note from the plot that V(0) = 12 V and V() = -24 V which are correct.
(a)
When the switch is in position (a), the schematic is shown below. We insert
IPROBE to display i. After simulation, we obtain,
i(0) = 7.714 A
from the display of IPROBE.
(b)
When the switch is in position (b), the schematic is as shown below. For inductor
I1, we let IC = 7.714. By clicking Analysis/Setup/Transient, we let Print Step = 25 ms
and Final Step = 2 s. After Simulation, we click Trace/Add in the probe menu and
display I(L1) as shown below. Note that i() = 12A, which is correct.
When the switch is in position 1, io(0) = 12/3 = 4A. When the switch is in position 2,
R
4
i o ( ) =
= 0.5 A,
RTh = (3 + 5) // 4 = 8 / 3, = Th = 80 / 3
5+3
L
io (t ) = io () + [io (0) io ()]e t / = 0.5 + 4.5e 3t / 80 A

(a) When the switch is in position A, the 5-ohm and 6-ohm resistors are shortcircuited so that
i1 (0) = i2 (0) = vo (0) = 0
but the current through the 4-H inductor is iL(0) =30/10 = 3A.
(b) When the switch is in position B,
RTh = 3 // 6 = 2,
RTh
= 2 / 4 = 0 .5
L
i L (t ) = i L () + [i L (0) i L ()]e t / = 0 + 3e t / 0.5 = 3e 2t A
(c) i1 () =
30
= 2 A,
10 + 5
vo (t ) = L
3
i 2 ( ) = i L ( ) = 0 A
9
di L
dt
v o ( ) = 0 V
The schematic is shown below. We use VPWL for the pulse and specify the attributes as
shown. In the Analysis/Setup/Transient menu, we select Print Step = 25 ms and final
Step = 3 S. By inserting a current marker at one termial of LI, we automatically obtain
the plot of i after simulation as shown below.

= RC
R =
3 10 -3
=
= 30
C 100 10 -6

v() = 120,
v(0) = 0,
= RC = 34 x10 6 x15 x10 6 = 510s
v(t ) = v() + [v(0) v()]e t /
85.6 = 120(1 e t / 510 )
Solving for t gives

t = 510 ln 3.488 = 637.16 s
speed = 4000m/637.16s = 6.278m/s
Let Io be the final value of the current. Then
i (t ) = I o (1 e t / ),
0.6 I o = I o (1 e 50t )
= R / L = 0.16 / 8 = 1 / 50
t=
1
1
ln
= 18.33 ms.
50 0.4
(a)
= RC = (4 106 )(6 10-6 ) = 24 s

Since v( t ) = v() + [ v(0) v()] e - t
v( t 1 ) v() = [ v(0) v()] e - t1
v( t 2 ) v() = [ v(0) v()] e- t 2
Dividing (1) by (2),
v( t1 ) v()
= e( t 2 t1 )
v( t 2 ) v()
v( t ) v()
t 0 = t 2 t1 = ln 1
v( t 2 ) v()
(b)
75 120
= 24 ln (2) = 16.63 s
t 0 = 24 ln
30 120
Since t 0 < t , the light flashes repeatedly every
= RC = 24 s
(1)
(2)

v( t ) = v() + [ v(0) v()] e- t
v() = 12 ,
v(0) = 0
-t
v( t ) = 12 ( 1 e )
v( t 0 ) = 8 = 12 ( 1 e- t 0 )
8
1
= 1 e- t 0
e- t 0 =
12
3
t 0 = ln (3)
For R = 100 k ,
= RC = (100 103 )(2 10-6 ) = 0.2 s
t 0 = 0.2 ln (3) = 0.2197 s
For R = 1 M ,
= RC = (1 106 )(2 10-6 ) = 2 s
t 0 = 2 ln (3) = 2.197 s
Thus,
0.2197 s < t 0 < 2.197 s

For t < 0,
i (0 ) =
120
= 1.2 A
100
For t > 0, we have an RL circuit

L
50
= =
= 0.1 ,
i() = 0
R 100 + 400
i( t ) = i() + [ i(0) i()] e - t
i( t ) = 1.2 e -10t
At t = 100 ms = 0.1 s,
i(0.1) = 1.2 e -1 = 0.441 A
which is the same as the current through the resistor.
(a)
= RC = (300 10 3 )(200 10 -12 ) = 60 s

As a differentiator,
T > 10 = 600 s = 0.6 ms
Tmin = 0.6 ms
i.e.
(b)
= RC = 60 s
As an integrator,
T < 0.1 = 6 s
Tmax = 6 s
i.e.
Since < 0.1 T = 1 s

L
< 1 s
R
L < R 10 -6 = (200 10 3 )(1 10 -6 )
L < 200 mH
We determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the capacitor C s .

Rs
v th =
v,
R th = R s || R p
Rs + Rp i
Rth
Vth
Cs
The Thevenin equivalent is an RC circuit. Since

Rs
1
1
v th = v i
=
10
10 R s + R p
Rs =
Also,
1
6 2
R p = = M
9
9 3
= R th C s = 15 s
6 (2 3)
where R th = R p || R s =
= 0.6 M
6+2 3
15 10 -6
=
= 25 pF
Cs =
R th 0.6 10 6
12
= 240 mA ,
i() = 0
50
i( t ) = i() + [ i(0) i()] e - t
i( t ) = 240 e - t
L 2
= =
R R
i( t 0 ) = 10 = 240 e - t 0
i o (0) =
e t 0 = 24
t 0 = ln (24)
t0
2
5
=
=
= 1.573 =
R
ln (24) ln (24)
2
R=
= 1.271
1.573

10
10 -3
dv
= 4 10 -9 2 - 10
i=C
dt
5 10 -6
0 < t < tR
tR < t < tD
20 A
0 < t < 2 ms
i( t ) =
- 8 mA 2 ms < t < 2 ms + 5 s
which is sketched below.
i(t)
5 s
20 A
t
2 ms
-8 mA
(not to scale)
(a)
At t = 0-, the circuit has reached steady state so that the equivalent circuit is
shown in Figure (a).
6
VS
6
+
+
vL
10 H
(a)
10 F
(b)
i(0-) = 12/6 = 2A, v(0-) = 12V
At t = 0+, i(0+) = i(0-) = 2A, v(0+) = v(0-) = 12V
(b)
For t > 0, we have the equivalent circuit shown in Figure (b).

vL = Ldi/dt or di/dt = vL/L
Applying KVL at t = 0+, we obtain,

vL(0+) v(0+) + 10i(0+) = 0
vL(0+) 12 + 20 = 0, or vL(0+) = -8
Hence,
di(0+)/dt = -8/2 = -4 A/s
Similarly,
iC = Cdv/dt, or dv/dt = iC/C

iC(0+) = -i(0+) = -2
dv(0+)/dt = -2/0.4 = -5 V/s
(c)
As t approaches infinity, the circuit reaches steady state.

i() = 0 A, v() = 0 V
(a)
At t = 0-, the equivalent circuit is shown in Figure (a).

25 k
20 k
iR
80V
iL
+
60 k v
(a)
25 k
20 k
iL
iR
80V
(b)
60||20 = 15 kohms, iR(0-) = 80/(25 + 15) = 2mA.
By the current division principle,
iL(0-) = 60(2mA)/(60 + 20) = 1.5 mA
At t = 0+,
vC(0-) = 0
vC(0+) = vC(0-) = 0
iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 1.5 mA
80 = iR(0+)(25 + 20) + vC(0-)
iR(0+) = 80/45k = 1.778 mA
But,
iR = i C + iL
1.778 = iC(0+) + 1.5 or iC(0+) = 0.278 mA
(b)
vL(0+) = vC(0+) = 0
But,
vL = LdiL/dt and diL(0+)/dt = vL(0+)/L = 0

diL(0+)/dt = 0
Again, 80 = 45iR + vC
0
But,
= 45diR/dt + dvC/dt
dvC(0+)/dt = iC(0+)/C = 0.278 mohms/1 F = 278 V/s

Hence,
diR(0+)/dt = (-1/45)dvC(0+)/dt = -278/45

diR(0+)/dt = -6.1778 A/s
Also, iR = iC + iL
diR(0+)/dt = diC(0+)/dt + diL(0+)/dt
-6.1788 = diC(0+)/dt + 0, or diC(0+)/dt = -6.1788 A/s

(c)
As t approaches infinity, we have the equivalent circuit in Figure

(b).
iR() = iL() = 80/45k = 1.778 mA
iC() = Cdv()/dt = 0.
At t = 0-, u(t) = 0. Consider the circuit shown in Figure (a). iL(0-) = 0, and vR(0-) =
0. But, -vR(0-) + vC(0-) + 10 = 0, or vC(0-) = -10V.
(a)
At t = 0+, since the inductor current and capacitor voltage cannot change abruptly,
the inductor current must still be equal to 0A, the capacitor has a voltage equal to
10V. Since it is in series with the +10V source, together they represent a direct
short at t = 0+. This means that the entire 2A from the current source flows
through the capacitor and not the resistor. Therefore, vR(0+) = 0 V.
(b)
At t = 0+, vL(0+) = 0, therefore LdiL(0+)/dt = vL(0+) = 0, thus, diL/dt = 0A/s,

iC(0+) = 2 A, this means that dvC(0+)/dt = 2/C = 8 V/s. Now for the value of
dvR(0+)/dt. Since vR = vC + 10, then dvR(0+)/dt = dvC(0+)/dt + 0 = 8 V/s.
40
40
+
vC
+
vR
+
+
10
vR
+
10V
2A
iL
vC
10
(a)
10V
(b)
(c)
As t approaches infinity, we end up with the equivalent circuit shown in
Figure (b).
iL() = 10(2)/(40 + 10) = 400 mA
vC() = 2[10||40] 10 = 16 10 = 6V
vR() = 2[10||40] = 16 V
(a)
At t = 0-, u(-t) = 1 and u(t) = 0 so that the equivalent circuit is shown in
Figure (a).
i(0-) = 40/(3 + 5) = 5A, and v(0-) = 5i(0-) = 25V.
i(0+) = i(0-) = 5A
Hence,
v(0+) = v(0-) = 25V

3
i
40V
+
v
(a)
0.25 H
+ vL iC
i
+
40V
iR
0.1F
4A
5
(b)
(b)
iC = Cdv/dt or dv(0+)/dt = iC(0+)/C
For t = 0+, 4u(t) = 4 and 4u(-t) = 0. The equivalent circuit is shown in Figure (b).
Since i and v cannot change abruptly,
iR = v/5 = 25/5 = 5A, i(0+) + 4 =iC(0+) + iR(0+)
5 + 4 = iC(0+) + 5 which leads to iC(0+) = 4
dv(0+)/dt = 4/0.1 = 40 V/s
(a)
For t < 0, 4u(t) = 0 so that the circuit is not active (all initial conditions = 0).
iL(0-) = 0 and vC(0-) = 0.
For t = 0+, 4u(t) = 4. Consider the circuit below.
iL
A
i
4A
+
4 vC
1H
iC +
0.25F
vL
Since the 4-ohm resistor is in parallel with the capacitor,

i(0+) = vC(0+)/4 = 0/4 = 0 A
Also, since the 6-ohm resistor is in series with the inductor,
v(0+) = 6iL(0+) = 0V.
(b)
di(0+)/dt = d(vR(0+)/R)/dt = (1/R)dvR(0+)/dt = (1/R)dvC(0+)/dt

= (1/4)4/0.25 A/s = 4 A/s
v = 6iL or dv/dt = 6diL/dt and dv(0+)/dt = 6diL(0+)/dt = 6vL(0+)/L = 0
Therefore dv(0+)/dt = 0 V/s
(c)
As t approaches infinity, the circuit is in steady-state.

i() = 6(4)/10 = 2.4 A
v() = 6(4 2.4) = 9.6 V
(a)
Let i = the inductor current. For t < 0, u(t) = 0 so that

i(0) = 0 and v(0) = 0.
For t > 0, u(t) = 1. Since, v(0+) = v(0-) = 0, and i(0+) = i(0-) = 0.
vR(0+) = Ri(0+) = 0 V
Also, since v(0+) = vR(0+) + vL(0+) = 0 = 0 + vL(0+) or vL(0+) = 0 V.
(1)
(b)
Since i(0+) = 0,
iC(0+) = VS/RS
But,
iC = Cdv/dt which leads to dv(0+)/dt = VS/(CRS)
(2)
From (1),
dv(0+)/dt = dvR(0+)/dt + dvL(0+)/dt

vR = iR or dvR/dt = Rdi/dt
(3)
(4)
But,
vL = Ldi/dt, vL(0+) = 0 = Ldi(0+)/dt and di(0+)/dt = 0
From (4) and (5),
dvR(0+)/dt = 0 V/s
From (2) and (3),
dvL(0+)/dt = dv(0+)/dt = Vs/(CRs)
(5)
(c)
As t approaches infinity, the capacitor acts like an open circuit, while the inductor
acts like a short circuit.
vR() = [R/(R + Rs)]Vs
vL() = 0 V
s2 + 4s + 4 = 0, thus s1,2 =
4 4 2 4x 4
= -2, repeated roots.
2
v(t) = [(A + Bt)e-2t], v(0) = 1 = A

dv/dt = [Be-2t] + [-2(A + Bt)e-2t]
dv(0)/dt = -1 = B 2A = B 2 or B = 1.
Therefore, v(t) = [(1 + t)e-2t] V
s2 + 6s + 9 = 0, thus s1,2 =
6 6 2 36
2
i(t) = [(A + Bt)e-3t], i(0) = 0 = A

di/dt = [Be-3t] + [-3(Bt)e-3t]
di(0)/dt = 4 = B.
Therefore, i(t) = [4te-3t] A
s2 + 10s + 25 = 0, thus s1,2 =
10 10 10
2
i(t) = [(A + Bt)e-5t], i(0) = 10 = A

di/dt = [Be-5t] + [-5(A + Bt)e-5t]
di(0)/dt = 0 = B 5A = B 50 or B = 50.
Therefore, i(t) = [(10 + 50t)e-5t] A
s2 + 5s + 4 = 0, thus s1,2 =
5 25 16
= -4, -1.
2
v(t) = (Ae-4t + Be-t), v(0) = 0 = A + B, or B = -A

dv/dt = (-4Ae-4t - Be-t)
dv(0)/dt = 10 = 4A B = 3A or A = 10/3 and B = 10/3.
Therefore, v(t) = ((10/3)e-4t + (10/3)e-t) V
s2 + 2s + 1 = 0, thus s1,2 =
2 44
2
v(t) = [(A + Bt)e-t], v(0) = 10 = A

dv/dt = [Be-t] + [-(A + Bt)e-t]
dv(0)/dt = 0 = B A = B 10 or B = 10.
Therefore, v(t) = [(10 + 10t)e-t] V
(a)
Overdamped when C > 4L/(R2) = 4x0.6/400 = 6x10-3, or C > 6 mF
(b)
Critically damped when C = 6 mF
(c)
Underdamped when C < 6mF
Let R||60 = Ro. For a series RLC circuit,

o =
1
LC
1
0.01x 4
= 5
For critical damping, o = = Ro/(2L) = 5

or Ro = 10L = 40 = 60R/(60 + R)
which leads to R = 120 ohms
This is a series, source-free circuit. 60||30 = 20 ohms

= R/(2L) = 20/(2x2) = 5 and o =
1
LC
1
0.04
= 5
o = leads to critical damping

i(t) = [(A + Bt)e-5t], i(0) = 2 = A
v = Ldi/dt = 2{[Be-5t] + [-5(A + Bt)e-5t]}
v(0) = 6 = 2B 10A = 2B 20 or B = 13.
This is a series, source-free circuit. 60||30 = 20 ohms

= R/(2L) = 20/(2x2) = 5 and o =
LC
1
0.04
i(t) = [(A + Bt)e-5t], i(0) = 2 = A

v = Ldi/dt = 2{[Be-5t] + [-5(A + Bt)e-5t]}
v(0) = 6 = 2B 10A = 2B 20 or B = 13.
= 5
At t = 0, i(0) = 0, vC(0) = 40x30/50 = 24V

For t > 0, we have a source-free RLC circuit.
= R/(2L) = (40 + 60)/5 = 20 and o =
1
LC
1
3
10 x 2.5

i(t) = [(A + Bt)e-20t], i(0) = 0 = A
di/dt = {[Be-20t] + [-20(Bt)e-20t]},
but di(0)/dt = -(1/L)[Ri(0) + vC(0)] = -(1/2.5)[0 + 24]
Hence,
B = -9.6 or i(t) = [-9.6te-20t] A
i(0) = I0 = 0, v(0) = V0 = 4 x15 = 60

di(0)
1
= (RI0 + V0 ) = 4(0 + 60) = 240
dt
L
1
1
o =
=
= 10
LC
1 1
4 25
R
10
=
=
= 20, which is > o .
2L 2 1
4
s = 2 o2 = 20 300 = 20 10 3 = 2.68, 37.32
i( t ) = A1e 2.68t + A 2e 37.32 t
di(0)
i(0) = 0 = A1 + A 2 ,
= 2.68A1 37.32A 2 = 240
dt
This leads to A1 = 6.928 = A 2
i( t ) = 6.928 e 37.32 t e 268t
Since, v( t ) =
1 t
i( t )dt + 60, we get
C 0
v(t) = (60 + 64.53e-2.68t 4.6412e-37.32t) V
= 20
When the switch is off, we have a source-free parallel RLC circuit.
o =
< o
1
LC
1
0.25 x1
= 2,
1
= 0.5
2 RC
underdamped case d = o 2 = 4 0.25 = 1.936

2
Io(0) = i(0) = initial inductor current = 20/5 = 4A

Vo(0) = v(0) = initial capacitor voltage = 0 V
v(t ) = e t ( A1 cos d t + A2 sin d t ) = e 0.5t ( A1 cos1.936t + A2 sin 1.936t )
v(0) =0 = A1
dv
= e 0.5t (0.5)( A1 cos1.936t + A2 sin 1.936t ) + e 0.5t (1.936 A1 sin 1.936t + 1.936 A2 cos1.936t )
dt
(V + RI o )
dv(0)
( 0 + 4)
= o
=
= 4 = 0.5 A1 + 1.936 A2
dt
RC
1
Thus,
A2 = 2.066
v(t ) = 2.066e 0.5t sin 1.936t
For t < 0, the equivalent circuit is shown in Figure (a).

10
i
+
120V
+
v
(a)
i(0) = 120/10 = 12, v(0) = 0
(b)
For t > 0, we have a series RLC circuit as shown in Figure (b) with R = 0 = .
1
o =
LC
1
4
= 0.5 = d
i(t) = [Acos0.5t + Bsin0.5t], i(0) = 12 = A

v = -Ldi/dt, and -v/L = di/dt = 0.5[-12sin0.5t + Bcos0.5t],
which leads to -v(0)/L = 0 = B
Hence,
i(t) = 12cos0.5t A and v = 0.5
However, v = -Ldi/dt = -4(0.5)[-12sin0.5t] = 24sin0.5t V

For t < 0, the equivalent circuit is as shown below.

2
12
+
vC
v(0) = -12V and i(0) = 12/2 = 6A

For t > 0, we have a series RLC circuit.
= R/(2L) = 2/(2x0.5) = 2
o = 1/ LC = 1 / 0.5x 1 4 = 2 2
Since is less than o, we have an under-damped response.
d = o2 2 = 8 4 = 2
i(t) = (Acos2t + Bsin2t)e-2t

i(0) = 6 = A
di/dt = -2(6cos2t + Bsin2t)e-2t + (-2x6sin2t + 2Bcos2t)e-t

di(0)/dt = -12 + 2B = -(1/L)[Ri(0) + vC(0)] = -2[12 12] = 0
Thus, B = 6 and i(t) = (6cos2t + 6sin2t)e-2t A
By combining some resistors, the circuit is equivalent to that shown below.

60||(15 + 25) = 24 ohms.
12
24V
t=0
3H
24
+
(1/27)F
At t = 0-,
i(0) = 0, v(0) = 24x24/36 = 16V
R = 30 ohms, L = 3 H, C = (1/27) F
= R/(2L) = 30/6 = 5
o = 1 / LC = 1 / 3x1 / 27 = 3, clearly > o (overdamped response)
s1,2 = 2 o2 = 5 5 2 3 2 = -9, -1
v(t) = [Ae-t + Be-9t], v(0) = 16 = A + B
(1)
i = Cdv/dt = C[-Ae-t - 9Be-9t]

i(0) = 0 = C[-A 9B] or A = -9B
From (1) and (2),
B = -2 and A = 18.
Hence,
v(t) = (18e-t 2e-9t) V
(2)

= 20 = 1/(2RC) or RC = 1/40
(1)
d = 50 = o2 2 which leads to 2500 + 400 = o2 = 1/(LC)
Thus, LC 1/2900
(2)
In a parallel circuit, vC = vL = vR
But,
iC = CdvC/dt or iC/C = dvC/dt

= -80e-20tcos50t 200e-20tsin50t + 200e-20tsin50t 500e-20tcos50t
= -580e-20tcos50t
iC(0)/C = -580 which leads to C = -6.5x10-3/(-580) = 11.21 F
R = 1/(40C) = 106/(2900x11.21) = 2.23 kohms
L = 1/(2900x11.21) = 30.76 H

Let Co = C + 0.01. For a parallel RLC circuit,
= 1/(2RCo), o = 1/ LC o
= 1 = 1/(2RCo), we then have Co = 1/(2R) = 1/20 = 50 mF
o = 1/ 0.5x 0.5 = 6.32 > (underdamped)
Co = C + 10 mF = 50 mF or 40 mF
For t < 0, u(-t) 1, namely, the switch is on.
v(0) = 0, i(0) = 25/5 = 5A
For t > 0, the voltage source is off and we have a source-free parallel RLC circuit.
= 1/(2RC) = 1/(2x5x10-3) = 100
o = 1/ LC = 1 / 0.1x10 3 = 100
o = (critically damped)
v(t) = [(A1 + A2t)e-100t]
v(0) = 0 = A1
dv(0)/dt = -[v(0) + Ri(0)]/(RC) = -[0 + 5x5]/(5x10-3) = -5000
But,
dv/dt = [(A2 + (-100)A2t)e-100t]
Therefore, dv(0)/dt = -5000 = A2 0

v(t) = -5000te-100t V
In the circuit in Fig. 8.76, calculate io(t) and vo(t) for t>0.
1H
30V
io(t)
+
t=0, note this is a

make before break
switch so the
inductor current is
not interrupted.
Figure 8.78
For Problem 8.25.
At t = 0-, vo(0) = (8/(2 + 8)(30) = 24

For t > 0, we have a source-free parallel RLC circuit.
= 1/(2RC) =
o = 1/ LC = 1 / 1x 1 4 = 2
Since is less than o, we have an under-damped response.
d = o2 2 = 4 (1 / 16) = 1.9843
vo(t) = (A1cosdt + A2sindt)e-t
(1/4)F
vo(t)
vo(0) = 24 = A1 and io(t) = C(dvo/dt) = 0 when t = 0.

dvo/dt = -(A1cosdt + A2sindt)e-t + (-dA1sindt + dA2cosdt)e-t
at t = 0, we get dvo(0)/dt = 0 = -A1 + dA2
Thus, A2 = (/d)A1 = (1/4)(24)/1.9843 = 3.024
vo(t) = (24cosdt + 3.024sindt)e-t/4 volts
s2 + 2s + 5 = 0, which leads to s1,2 =
2 4 20
= -1j4
2
i(t) = Is + [(A1cos4t + A2sin4t)e-t], Is = 10/5 = 2

i(0) = 2 = = 2 + A1, or A1 = 0
di/dt = [(A2cos4t)e-t] + [(-A2sin4t)e-t] = 4 = 4A2, or A2 = 1
i(t) = 2 + sin4te-t A
s2 + 4s + 8 = 0 leads to s =
4 16 32
= 2 j2
2
v(t) = Vs + (A1cos2t + A2sin2t)e-2t

8Vs = 24 means that Vs = 3
v(0) = 0 = 3 + A1 leads to A1 = -3
dv/dt = -2(A1cos2t + A2sin2t)e-2t + (-2A1sin2t + 2A2cos2t)e-2t
0 = dv(0)/dt = -2A1 +2A2 or A2 = A1 = -3
v(t) = [3 3(cos2t + sin2t)e-2t] volts
The characteristic equation is s2 + 6s + 8 with roots

6 36 32
s1, 2 =
= 4,2
2
Hence,
i (t ) = I s + Ae 2t + Be 4t
8I s = 12
i (0) = 0
I s = 1.5
0 = 1.5 + A + B
(1)
di
= 2 Ae 2t 4 Be 4t
dt
di(0)
= 2 = 2 A 4 B
0 = 1 + A + 2 B
dt
Solving (1) and (2) leads to A=-2 and B=0.5.
(2)
i (t ) = 1.5 2e 2t + 0.5e 4t A
(a)
s2 + 4 = 0 which leads to s1,2 = j2 (an undamped circuit)

v(t) = Vs + Acos2t + Bsin2t
4Vs = 12 or Vs = 3
v(0) = 0 = 3 + A or A = -3
dv/dt = -2Asin2t + 2Bcos2t
dv(0)/dt = 2 = 2B or B = 1, therefore v(t) = (3 3cos2t + sin2t) V
(b)
s2 + 5s + 4 = 0 which leads to s1,2 = -1, -4

i(t) = (Is + Ae-t + Be-4t)
4Is = 8 or Is = 2
i(0) = -1 = 2 + A + B, or A + B = -3
(1)
di/dt = -Ae-t - 4Be-4t

di(0)/dt = 0 = -A 4B, or B = -A/4
From (1) and (2) we get A = -4 and B = 1
i(t) = (2 4e-t + e-4t) A
(c)
s2 + 2s + 1 = 0, s1,2 = -1, -1
v(t) = [Vs + (A + Bt)e-t], Vs = 3.
v(0) = 5 = 3 + A or A = 2
dv/dt = [-(A + Bt)e-t] + [Be-t]
dv(0)/dt = -A + B = 1 or B = 2 + 1 = 3
v(t) = [3 + (2 + 3t)e-t] V
s1 = 500 = + 2 o ,
s 2 = 800 = 2 o
s1 + s 2 = 1300 = 2
= 650 =
R
2L
Hence,
L=
s1 s 2 = 300 = 2 2 o
R
200
=
= 153.8 mH
2 2 x650
2
C=
o = 623.45 =
1
= 16.25F
(632.45) 2 L
1
LC
(2)
For t = 0-, we have the equivalent circuit in Figure (a). For t = 0+, the equivalent
circuit is shown in Figure (b). By KVL,
v(0+) = v(0-) = 40, i(0+) = i(0-) = 1
By KCL, 2 = i(0+) + i1 = 1 + i1 which leads to i1 = 1. By KVL, -vL + 40i1 + v(0+)
= 0 which leads to vL(0+) = 40x1 + 40 = 80
vL(0+) = 80 V,
40
i
vC(0+) = 40 V
10
i1 40
50V
vL
10
0.5H
(a)
50V
(b)
For t = 0-, the equivalent circuit is shown below.

2A
i
+
i(0-) = 0, v(0-) = -2x6 = -12V

For t > 0, we have a series RLC circuit with a step input.
= R/(2L) = 6/2 = 3, o = 1/ LC = 1 / 0.04
s = 3 9 25 = 3 j4
Thus, v(t) = Vf + [(Acos4t + Bsin4t)e-3t]
where Vf = final capacitor voltage = 50 V

v(t) = 50 + [(Acos4t + Bsin4t)e-3t]
v(0) = -12 = 50 + A which gives A = -62
i(0) = 0 = Cdv(0)/dt
dv/dt = [-3(Acos4t + Bsin4t)e-3t] + [4(-Asin4t + Bcos4t)e-3t]
0 = dv(0)/dt = -3A + 4B or B = (3/4)A = -46.5
v(t) = {50 + [(-62cos4t 46.5sin4t)e-3t]} V
We may transform the current sources to voltage sources. For t = 0-, the equivalent
circuit is shown in Figure (a).
10
+
30V
1H
10
30V
4F
(a)
(b)
i(0) = 30/15 = 2 A, v(0) = 5x30/15 = 10 V

= R/(2L) = 5/2 = 2.5
o = 1 / LC = 1 / 4 = 0.25, clearly > o (overdamped response)
s1,2 = 2 2o = 2.5 6.25 0.25 = -4.95, -0.05

v(t) = Vs + [A1e-4.95t + A2e-0.05t], v = 20.
v(0) = 10 = 20 + A1 + A2
(1)
i(0) = Cdv(0)/dt or dv(0)/dt = 2/4 = 1/2

Hence,
= -4.95A1 0.05A2
From (1) and (2),
A1 = 0, A2 = -10.
(2)
v(t) = {20 10e-0.05t} V

Before t = 0, the capacitor acts like an open circuit while the inductor behaves like a short
circuit.
i(0) = 0, v(0) = 20 V
For t > 0, the LC circuit is disconnected from the voltage source as shown below.
Vx
+
(1/16)F
() H
This is a lossless, source-free, series RLC circuit.

= R/(2L) = 0, o = 1/ LC = 1/
1
1
+
= 8, s = j8
16 4
Since is less than o, we have an underdamped response. Therefore,

i(t) = A1cos8t + A2sin8t where i(0) = 0 = A1
di(0)/dt = (1/L)vL(0) = -(1/L)v(0) = -4x20 = -80
However, di/dt = 8A2cos8t, thus, di(0)/dt = -80 = 8A2 which leads to A2 = -10
Now we have
i(t) = -10sin8t A

At t = 0-, iL(0) = 0, v(0) = vC(0) = 8 V
For t > 0, we have a series RLC circuit with a step input.
= R/(2L) = 2/2 = 1, o = 1/ LC = 1/ 1 / 5 =
s1,2 = 2 2o = 1 j2
v(t) = Vs + [(Acos2t + Bsin2t)e-t], Vs = 12.
v(0) = 8 = 12 + A or A = -4, i(0) = Cdv(0)/dt = 0.
But dv/dt = [-(Acos2t + Bsin2t)e-t] + [2(-Asin2t + Bcos2t)e-t]
0
= dv(0)/dt = -A + 2B or 2B = A = -4 and B = -2
v(t) = {12 (4cos2t + 2sin2t)e-t V.

For t = 0-, 3u(t) = 0. Thus, i(0) = 0, and v(0) = 20 V.
For t > 0, we have the series RLC circuit shown below.
10
10
5H
+
15V
20 V
0.2 F
= R/(2L) = (2 + 5 + 1)/(2x5) = 0.8

o = 1/ LC = 1/ 5x 0.2 = 1
s1,2 = 2 2o = 0.8 j0.6

v(t) = Vs + [(Acos0.6t + Bsin0.6t)e-0.8t]
Vs = 15 + 20 = 35V and v(0) = 20 = 35 + A or A = -15
i(0) = Cdv(0)/dt = 0
But dv/dt = [-0.8(Acos0.6t + Bsin0.6t)e-0.8t] + [0.6(-Asin0.6t + Bcos0.6t)e-0.8t]
0
= dv(0)/dt = -0.8A + 0.6B which leads to B = 0.8x(-15)/0.6 = -20

v(t) = {35 [(15cos0.6t + 20sin0.6t)e-0.8t]} V
i = Cdv/dt = 0.2{[0.8(15cos0.6t + 20sin0.6t)e-0.8t] + [0.6(15sin0.6t 20cos0.6t)e-0.8t]}

i(t) = [(5sin0.6t)e-0.8t] A
For t = 0-, the equivalent circuit is shown below.
i2
6
v(0)
30V
i1
10V
18i2 6i1 = 0 or i1 = 3i2
(1)
-30 + 6(i1 i2) + 10 = 0 or i1 i2 = 10/3
(2)
From (1) and (2).
i1 = 5, i2 = 5/3
i(0) = i1 = 5A
-10 6i2 + v(0) = 0
v(0) = 10 + 6x5/3 = 20
R = 6||12 = 4
o = 1/ LC = 1/ (1 / 2)(1 / 8) = 4
= R/(2L) = (4)/(2x(1/2)) = 4
= o, therefore the circuit is critically damped
v(t) = Vs +[(A + Bt)e-4t], and Vs = 10
v(0) = 20 = 10 + A, or A = 10
i = Cdv/dt = -4C[(A + Bt)e-4t] + C[(B)e-4t]
i(0) = 5 = C(-4A + B) which leads to 40 = -40 + B or B = 80
i(t) = [-(1/2)(10 + 80t)e-4t] + [(10)e-4t]
i(t) = [(5 40t)e-4t] A
At t = 0-, the equivalent circuit is as shown.
2A
+
i
10
v
i1
5
10
i(0) = 2A, i1(0) = 10(2)/(10 + 15) = 0.8 A

v(0) = 5i1(0) = 4V
For t > 0, we have a source-free series RLC circuit.
R = 5||(10 + 10) = 4 ohms
o = 1/ LC = 1/ (1 / 3)(3 / 4) = 2
= R/(2L) = (4)/(2x(3/4)) = 8/3
s1,2 = 2 2o = -4.431, -0.903
i(t) = [Ae-4.431t + Be-0.903t]
i(0) = A + B = 2
(1)
di(0)/dt = (1/L)[-Ri(0) + v(0)] = (4/3)(-4x2 + 4) = -16/3 = -5.333

Hence, -5.333 = -4.431A 0.903B
(2)
From (1) and (2), A = 1 and B = 1.

i(t) = [e-4.431t + e-0.903t] A
For t = 0-, the equivalent circuit is shown in Figure (a). Where 60u(-t) = 60 and
30u(t) = 0.
30
60V
+ v
20
(a)
30
0.5F
0.25H
20 30V
(b)
v(0) = (20/50)(60) = 24 and i(0) = 0
For t > 0, the circuit is shown in Figure (b).

R = 20||30 = 12 ohms
o = 1/ LC = 1/ (1 / 2)(1 / 4) =
= R/(2L) = (12)/(0.5) = 24
Since > o, we have an overdamped response.
s1,2 = 2 2o = -47.833, -0.167
v(t) = Vs + [Ae-47.833t + Be-0.167t], Vs = 30
Thus,
v(0) = 24 = 30 + A + B or -6 = A + B
(1)
i(0) = Cdv(0)/dt = 0
But,
dv(0)/dt = -47.833A 0.167B = 0

B = -286.43A
From (1) and (2),
(2)
A = 0.021 and B = -6.021
v(t) = 30 + [0.021e-47.833t 6.021e-0.167t] V

At t = 0-, vC(0) = 0 and iL(0) = i(0) = (6/(6 + 2))4 = 3A
For t > 0, we have a series RLC circuit with a step input as shown below.
i
0.02 F
2H
+
14
24V
12V
o = 1/ LC = 1/ 2 x 0.02 = 5
= R/(2L) = (6 + 14)/(2x2) = 5
Since = o, we have a critically damped response.

v(t) = Vs + [(A + Bt)e-5t], Vs = 24 12 = 12V
v(0) = 0 = 12 + A or A = -12
i = Cdv/dt = C{[Be-5t] + [-5(A + Bt)e-5t]}
i(0) = 3 = C[-5A + B] = 0.02[60 + B] or B = 90
Thus, i(t) = 0.02{[90e-5t] + [-5(-12 + 90t)e-5t]}
i(t) = {(3 9t)e-5t} A
At t = 0-, the switch is open. i(0) = 0, and
v(0) = 5x100/(20 + 5 + 5) = 50/3
For t > 0, we have a series RLC circuit shown in Figure (a). After source
transformation, it becomes that shown in Figure (b).
10 H
4
5A
20
1H
i
+
10 F
20V
0.04F
(a)
(b)
o = 1/ LC = 1/ 1x1 / 25 = 5
= R/(2L) = (4)/(2x1) = 2
s1,2 = 2 2o = -2 j4.583
Thus,
v(t) = Vs + [(Acosdt + Bsindt)e-2t],

where d = 4.583 and Vs = 20
v(0) = 50/3 = 20 + A or A = -10/3
i(t) = Cdv/dt = C(-2) [(Acosdt + Bsindt)e-2t] + Cd[(-Asindt + Bcosdt)e-2t]

i(0) = 0 = -2A + dB
B = 2A/d = -20/(3x4.583) = -1.455
i(t) = C{[(0cosdt + (-2B - dA)sindt)]e-2t}
= (1/25){[(2.91 + 15.2767) sindt)]e-2t}
i(t) = {0.7275sin(4.583t)e-2t} A
For t = 0-, we have the equivalent circuit as shown in Figure (a).
i(0) = i(0) = 0, and v(0) = 4 12 = -8V
4V
+
12V
+
1H
+
v(0)
12V
0.04F
(a)
(b)
For t > 0, the circuit becomes that shown in Figure (b) after source transformation.
o = 1/ LC = 1/ 1x1 / 25 = 5
= R/(2L) = (6)/(2) = 3
s1,2 = 2 2o = -3 j4
Thus,
v(t) = Vs + [(Acos4t + Bsin4t)e-3t], Vs = -12

v(0) = -8 = -12 + A or A = 4
i = Cdv/dt, or i/C = dv/dt = [-3(Acos4t + Bsin4t)e-3t] + [4(-Asin4t + Bcos4t)e-3t]

i(0) = -3A + 4B or B = 3
v(t) = {-12 + [(4cos4t + 3sin4t)e-3t]} A

For t>0, we have a source-free series RLC circuit.
R
2L
R = 2L = 2 x8 x0.5 = 8
d = o 2 2 = 30
o =
1
LC
o = 900 64 = 836
C=
oL
2
1
= 2.392 mF
836 x0.5
R 1000
=
= 500,
2L
2 x1
o >
o =
1
LC
1
100 x10
= 10 4
underdamped.

o = 1/ LC = 1/ 1x 0.5 =
= R/(2L) = (1)/(2x2x0.5) = 0.5
Since < o, we have an underdamped response.

s1,2 = 2 2o = -0.5 j1.323
Thus,
i(t) = Is + [(Acos1.323t + Bsin1.323t)e-0.5t], Is = 4

i(0) = 1 = 4 + A or A = -3
v = vC = vL = Ldi(0)/dt = 0
di/dt = [1.323(-Asin1.323t + Bcos1.323t)e-0.5t] + [-0.5(Acos1.323t + Bsin1.323t)e-0.5t]

di(0)/dt = 0 = 1.323B 0.5A or B = 0.5(-3)/1.323 = -1.134
Thus,
i(t) = {4 [(3cos1.323t + 1.134sin1.323t)e-0.5t]} A
For t = 0-, u(t) = 0, so that v(0) = 0 and i(0) = 0.

For t > 0, we have a parallel RLC circuit with a step input, as shown below.
+
i
8mH
5F
2 k
6mA
= 1/(2RC) = (1)/(2x2x103 x5x10-6) = 50

o = 1/ LC = 1/ 8x10 3 x 5x10 6 = 5,000
Since < o, we have an underdamped response.

s1,2 = 2 o2 -50 j5,000
Thus,
i(t) = Is + [(Acos5,000t + Bsin5,000t)e-50t], Is = 6mA

i(0) = 0 = 6 + A or A = -6mA
v(0) = 0 = Ldi(0)/dt
di/dt = [5,000(-Asin5,000t + Bcos5,000t)e-50t] + [-50(Acos5,000t + Bsin5,000t)e-50t]

di(0)/dt = 0 = 5,000B 50A or B = 0.01(-6) = -0.06mA
Thus,
i(t) = {6 [(6cos5,000t + 0.06sin5,000t)e-50t]} mA
At t = 0-, we obtain,
iL(0) = 3x5/(10 + 5) = 1A
and vo(0) = 0.
For t > 0, the 20-ohm resistor is short-circuited and we have a parallel RLC circuit
with a step input.
= 1/(2RC) = (1)/(2x5x0.01) = 10
o = 1/ LC = 1/ 1x 0.01 = 10

s1,2 = -10
i(t) = Is + [(A + Bt)e-10t], Is = 3
Thus,
i(0) = 1 = 3 + A or A = -2
vo = Ldi/dt = [Be-10t] + [-10(A + Bt)e-10t]
vo(0) = 0 = B 10A or B = -20
Thus, vo(t) = (200te-10t) V
For t = 0-, we obtain i(0) = -6/(1 + 2) = -2 and v(0) = 2x1 = 2.

For t > 0, the voltage is short-circuited and we have a source-free parallel RLC
circuit.
= 1/(2RC) = (1)/(2x1x0.25) = 2
o = 1/ LC = 1/ 1x 0.25 = 2

s1,2 = -2
Thus,
i(t) = [(A + Bt)e-2t], i(0) = -2 = A

v = Ldi/dt = [Be-2t] + [-2(-2 + Bt)e-2t]
vo(0) = 2 = B + 4 or B = -2
Thus, i(t) = [(-2 - 2t)e-2t] A
and v(t) = [(2 + 4t)e-2t] V
For t = 0-, i(0) = 3 + 12/4 = 6 and v(0) = 0.

For t > 0, we have a parallel RLC circuit with a step input.
= 1/(2RC) = (1)/(2x5x0.05) = 2
o = 1/ LC = 1/ 5x 0.05 = 2

s1,2 = -2
i(t) = Is + [(A + Bt)e-2t], Is = 3
Thus,
i(0) = 6 = 3 + A or A = 3
v = Ldi/dt or v/L = di/dt = [Be-2t] + [-2(A + Bt)e-2t]
v(0)/L = 0 = di(0)/dt = B 2x3 or B = 6
Thus, i(t) = {3 + [(3 + 6t)e-2t]} A
For t = 0-, 4u(t) = 0, v(0) = 0, and i(0) = 30/10 = 3A.

For t > 0, we have a parallel RLC circuit.
i
+
3A
10
10 mF
6A
40
Is = 3 + 6 = 9A and R = 10||40 = 8 ohms

= 1/(2RC) = (1)/(2x8x0.01) = 25/4 = 6.25
o = 1/ LC = 1/ 4x 0.01 = 5
Since > o, we have a overdamped response.

s1,2 = 2 o2 = -10, -2.5
10 H
i(t) = Is + [Ae-10t] + [Be-2.5t], Is = 9
Thus,
i(0) = 3 = 9 + A + B or A + B = -6
di/dt = [-10Ae-10t] + [-2.5Be-2.5t],
v(0) = 0 = Ldi(0)/dt or di(0)/dt = 0 = -10A 2.5B or B = -4A
Thus, A = 2 and B = -8
Clearly,
i(t) = { 9 + [2e-10t] + [-8e-2.5t]} A
Let i = inductor current and v = capacitor voltage.

At t = 0, v(0) = 0 and i(0) = io.
For t > 0, we have a parallel, source-free LC circuit (R = ).
= 1/(2RC) = 0 and o = 1/ LC which leads to s1,2 = jo
v = Acosot + Bsinot, v(0) = 0 A

iC = Cdv/dt = -i
dv/dt = oBsinot = -i/C
dv(0)/dt = oB = -io/C therefore B = io/(oC)
v(t) = -(io/(oC))sinot V where o =
LC
= 300 =
1
2 RC
d = o 2 2 = 400
(1)
o = 400 2 300 2 = 264.575 =
From (2),
C=
1
= 285.71F
(264.575) 2 x50 x10 3
From (1),
R=
1
1
=
(3500) = 5.833
2C 2 x300
1
LC
(2)

C1
+
+
vS
v1
R2
i1
+
R1
C2
i2
vo
i2 = C2dvo/dt
(1)
i1 = C1dv1/dt
(2)
0 = R2i2 + R1(i2 i1) +vo
(3)
Substituting (1) and (2) into (3) we get,

0 = R2C2dvo/dt + R1(C2dvo/dt C1dv1/dt)
(4)
Applying KVL to the outer loop produces,

vs = v1 + i2R2 + vo = v1 + R2C2dvo/dt + vo, which leads to
v1 = vs vo R2C2dvo/dt
(5)
Substituting (5) into (4) leads to,

0 = R1C2dvo/dt + R1C2dvo/dt R1C1(dvs/dt dvo/dt R2C2d2vo/dt2)
Hence, (R1C1R2C2)(d2vo/dt2) + (R1C1 + R2C2 +R1C2)(dvo/dt) = R1C1(dvs/dt)
v
dv
+ 0.5
4
dt
di
v = 2i +
dt
i =
(1)
(2)
v =
v dv 1 dv 1 d 2 v
+
+
+
2 dt 4 dt 2 dt 2
s 2 + 2.5s + 3 = 0
d 2v
dv
+ 2.5 + 3v = 0
2
dt
dt
s = 1.25 j1.199
v = Ae 1.25t cos1.199t + Be 1.25t sin 1.199t

v(0) = 2=A. Let w=1.199
dv
= 1.25( Ae 1.25t cos wt + Be 1.25t sin wt ) + w( Ae 1.25t sin wt + Be 1.25t cos wt )
dt
dv(0)
= 0 = 1.25 A + Bw
dt
B=
1.25 X 2
= 2.085
1.199
v = 2e 1.25t cos1.199t + 2.085e 1.25t sin 1.199t V
At the top node, writing a KCL equation produces,

i/4 +i = C1dv/dt, C1 = 0.1
5i/4 = C1dv/dt = 0.1dv/dt
i = 0.08dv/dt
But,
(1)
v = (2i + (1 / C 2 ) idt ) , C2 = 0.5

or
-dv/dt = 2di/dt + 2i
(2)

-dv/dt = 0.16d2v/dt2 + 0.16dv/dt
0.16d2v/dt2 + 0.16dv/dt + dv/dt = 0, or d2v/dt2 + 7.25dv/dt = 0
Which leads to s2 + 7.25s = 0 = s(s + 7.25) or s1,2 = 0, -7.25
v(t) = A + Be-7.25t
(3)
v(0) = 4 = A + B
(4)
From (1),
i(0) = 2 = 0.08dv(0+)/dt or dv(0+)/dt = 25
But,
dv/dt = -7.25Be-7.25t, which leads to,
dv(0)/dt = -7.25B = 25 or B = -3.448 and A = 4 B = 4 + 3.448 = 7.448

Thus, v(t) = {7.45 3.45e-7.25t} V
For t < 0, i(0) = 0 and v(0) = 0.

For t > 0, the circuit is as shown below.
4
i
0.04F
+
20
io
0.25H
Applying KVL to the larger loop,

-20 +6io +0.25dio/dt + 25 (i o + i)dt = 0
Taking the derivative,
6dio/dt + 0.25d2io/dt2 + 25(io + i) = 0
For the smaller loop,
4 + 25 (i + i o )dt = 0
Taking the derivative,
25(i + io) = 0 or i = -io
From (1) and (2)
6dio/dt + 0.25d2io/dt2 = 0
This leads to, 0.25s2 + 6s = 0 or s1,2 = 0, -24
(1)
(2)
io(t) = (A + Be-24t) and io(0) = 0 = A + B or B = -A

As t approaches infinity, io() = 20/10 = 2 = A, therefore B = -2
Thus, io(t) = (2 - 2e-24t) = -i(t) or i(t) = (-2 + 2e-24t) A
(a)
Let v = capacitor voltage and i = inductor current. At t = 0-, the switch is
closed and the circuit has reached steady-state.
v(0-) = 16V and i(0-) = 16/8 = 2A
At t = 0+, the switch is open but, v(0+) = 16 and i(0+) = 2.
We now have a source-free RLC circuit.
R 8 + 12 = 20 ohms, L = 1H, C = 4mF.
= R/(2L) = (20)/(2x1) = 10
o = 1/ LC = 1/ 1x (1 / 36) = 6
Since > o, we have a overdamped response.
s1,2 = 2 o2 = -18, -2
Thus, the characteristic equation is (s + 2)(s + 18) = 0 or s2 + 20s +36 = 0.
(b)
i(t) = [Ae-2t + Be-18t] and i(0) = 2 = A + B

To get di(0)/dt, consider the circuit below at t = 0+.
i
12
+
+
(1/36)F
8
vL
1H
-v(0) + 20i(0) + vL(0) = 0, which leads to,
(1)
-16 + 20x2 + vL(0) = 0 or vL(0) = -24

Ldi(0)/dt = vL(0) which gives di(0)/dt = vL(0)/L = -24/1 = -24 A/s
Hence -24 = -2A 18B or 12 = A + 9B
From (1) and (2),
(2)
B = 1.25 and A = 0.75
i(t) = [0.75e-2t + 1.25e-18t] = -ix(t) or ix(t) = [-0.75e-2t - 1.25e-18t] A

v(t) = 8i(t) = [6e-2t + 10e-18t] A
(a) Let i =inductor current, v = capacitor voltage i(0) =0, v(0) = 4

[v(0) + Ri(0)]
(4 + 0)
dv(0)
=
=
= 8 V/s
dt
RC
0.5
(b) For t 0 , the circuit is a source-free RLC parallel circuit.
1
1
=
= 1,
2 RC 2 x0.5 x1
o =
1
LC
1
0.25 x1
=2
d = 2 o 2 = 4 1 = 1.732
Thus,
v(t ) = e t ( A1 cos1.732t + A2 sin 1.732t )
v(0) = 4 = A1
dv
= e t A1 cos1.732t 1.732e t A1 sin 1.732t e t A2 sin 1.732t + 1.732e t A2 cos1.732t
dt
dv(0)
= 8 = A1 + 1.732 A2
A2 = 2.309
dt
v(t ) = e t (4 cos 1.732t 2.309 sin 1.732t ) V
Let i = inductor current and v = capacitor voltage

v(0) = 0, i(0) = 40/(4+16) = 2A
For t>0, the circuit becomes a source-free series RLC with
R
16
1
1
=
= 2, o =
=
= 2,
= o = 2
2L 2 x4
4 x1 / 16
LC
i (t ) = Ae 2t + Bte 2t
i(0) = 2 = A
di
= 2 Ae 2t + Be 2t 2 Bte 2t
dt
1
1
di (0)
= 2 A + B = [ Ri(0) + v(0)]
2 A + B = (32 + 0),
dt
L
4
B = 4
i (t ) = 2e 2t 4te 2t
t
v=
1
idt + v(0) = 32 e 2t dt 64 te 2t dt = 16e 2t
C0
0
0
64 2t
e (2t 1)
4
t
0
v = 32te 2t V
At t = 0-, 4u(t) = 0 so that i1(0) = 0 = i2(0)
(1)
Applying nodal analysis,

4 = 0.5di1/dt + i1 + i2
Also,
i2 = [1di1/dt 1di2/dt]/3 or 3i2 = di1/dt di2/dt
Taking the derivative of (2), 0 = d2i1/dt2 + 2di1/dt + 2di2/dt

From (2) and (3),
(2)
(3)
(4)
di2/dt = di1/dt 3i2 = di1/dt 3(4 i1 0.5di1/dt)

= di1/dt 12 + 3i1 + 1.5di1/dt
Substituting this into (4),

d2i1/dt2 + 7di1/dt + 6i1 = 24 which gives s2 + 7s + 6 = 0 = (s + 1)(s + 6)
Thus, i1(t) = Is + [Ae-t + Be-6t], 6Is = 24 or Is = 4

i1(t) = 4 + [Ae-t + Be-6t] and i1(0) = 4 + [A + B]
(5)
i2 = 4 i1 0.5di1/dt = i1(t) = 4 + -4 - [Ae-t + Be-6t] [-Ae-t - 6Be-6t]

= [-0.5Ae-t + 2Be-6t] and i2(0) = 0 = -0.5A + 2B
From (5) and (6),
(6)
A = -3.2 and B = -0.8

i1(t) = {4 + [-3.2e-t 0.8e-6t]} A
i2(t) = [1.6e-t 1.6e-6t] A
For t > 0, we obtain the natural response by considering the circuit below.
1H
iL
+
4
vC
0.25F
At node a,
vC/4 + 0.25dvC/dt + iL = 0
(1)
But,
vC = 1diL/dt + 6iL
(2)

(1/4)diL/dt + (6/4)iL + 0.25d2iL/dt2 + (6/4)diL/dt + iL = 0
d2iL/dt2 + 7diL/dt + 10iL = 0
s2 + 7s + 10 = 0 = (s + 2)(s + 5) or s1,2 = -2, -5
Thus, iL(t) = iL() + [Ae-2t + Be-5t],
where iL() represents the final inductor current = 4(4)/(4 + 6) = 1.6
iL(t) = 1.6 + [Ae-2t + Be-5t] and iL(0) = 1.6 + [A+B] or -1.6 = A+B
diL/dt = [-2Ae-2t - 5Be-5t]
(3)
and diL(0)/dt = 0 = -2A 5B or A = -2.5B
(4)
From (3) and (4), A = -8/3 and B = 16/15

iL(t) = 1.6 + [-(8/3)e-2t + (16/15)e-5t]
v(t) = 6iL(t) = {9.6 + [-16e-2t + 6.4e-5t]} V
vC = 1diL/dt + 6iL = [ (16/3)e-2t - (16/3)e-5t] + {9.6 + [-16e-2t + 6.4e-5t]}
vC = {9.6 + [-(32/3)e-2t + 1.0667e-5t]}
i(t) = vC/4 = {2.4 + [-2.667e-2t + 0.2667e-5t]} A
This is a parallel RLC circuit as evident when the voltage source is turned off.
= 1/(2RC) = (1)/(2x3x(1/18)) = 3
o = 1/ LC = 1/ 2x1 / 18 = 3
s1,2 = -3
Let v(t) = capacitor voltage
Thus, v(t) = Vs + [(A + Bt)e-3t] where Vs = 0
But -10 + vR + v = 0 or vR = 10 v
Therefore vR = 10 [(A + Bt)e-3t] where A and B are determined from initial
conditions.
v1
vs
R
vo
v2
C
At node 1,
v s v1
dv
=C 1
R
dt
(1)
At node 2,
dv
v2 vo
=C o
(2)
dt
R
As a voltage follower, v1 = v 2 = v . Hence (2) becomes
dv
(3)
v = v o + RC o
dt
and (1) becomes
dv
v s = v + RC
(4)
dt
v s = vo + RC
dvo
dv
d 2 vo
+ RC o + R 2 C 2
dt
dt
dt 2
or
R 2C 2
d 2 vo
dv
+ 2 RC o + vo = v s
2
dt
dt

C2
R2
R1
vs
1
v1
C1
vo
At node 1,
(vs v1)/R1 = C1 d(v1 0)/dt or vs = v1 + R1C1dv1/dt
At node 2,
C1dv1/dt = (0 vo)/R2 + C2d(0 vo)/dt

or
From (1) and (2),

or
(1)
R2C1dv1/dt = vo + C2dvo/dt
(2)
(vs v1)/R1 = C1 dv1/dt = -(1/R2)(vo + C2dvo/dt)

v1 = vs + (R1/R2)(vo + C2dvo/dt)
(3)
Substituting (3) into (1) produces,

vs = vs + (R1/R2)(vo + C2dvo/dt) + R1C1d{vs + (R1/R2)(vo + C2dvo/dt)}/dt
= vs + (R1/R2)(vo)+ (R1C2/R2) dvo/dt) + R1C1dvs/dt + (R1R1C1/R2)dvo/dt
+ (R12 C1C2/R2)[d2vo/dt2]
Simplifying we get,
d2vo/dt2 + [(1/ R1C1) + (1/ C2)]dvo/dt + [1/(R1C1C2)](vo) = - [R2/(R1C2)]dvs/dt
At the input of the first op amp,
(vo 0)/R = Cd(v1 0)
(1)
At the input of the second op amp,

(-v1 0)/R = Cdv2/dt
(2)
Let us now examine our constraints. Since the input terminals are essentially at ground,
then we have the following,
vo = -v2 or v2 = -vo
Combining (1), (2), and (3), eliminating v1 and v2 we get,
d 2 vo 1
d 2vo
100 v o = 0
v o =
dt 2 R 2 C 2
dt 2
(3)
Which leads to s2 100 = 0

Clearly this produces roots of 10 and +10.
And, we obtain,
vo(t) = (Ae+10t + Be-10t)V
At t = 0, vo(0+) = v2(0+) = 0 = A + B, thus B = A
This leads to vo(t) = (Ae+10t Ae-10t)V. Now we can use v1(0+) = 2V.
From (2), v1 = RCdv2/dt = 0.1dvo/dt = 0.1(10Ae+10t + 10Ae-10t)
v1(0+) = 2 = 0.1(20A) = 2A or A = 1
Thus, vo(t) = (e+10t e-10t)V
It should be noted that this circuit is unstable (clearly one of the poles lies in the righthalf-plane).
C2
vS
R2
R1
vo
R4
C1
Note that the voltage across C1 is
R3
v2 = [R3/(R3 + R4)]vo
This is the only difference between this problem and Example 8.11, i.e. v = kv, where
k = [R3/(R3 + R4)].
At node 1,
(vs v1)/R1 = C2[d(v1 vo)/dt] + (v1 v2)/R2
vs/R1 = (v1/R1) + C2[d(v1)/dt] C2[d(vo)/dt] + (v1 kvo)/R2
(1)
At node 2,
(v1 kvo)/R2 = C1[d(kvo)/dt]
or
v1 = kvo + kR2C1[d(vo)/dt]
(2)

vs/R1 = (kvo/R1) + (kR2C1/R1)[d(vo)/dt] + kC2[d(vo)/dt] + kR2C1C2[d2(vo)/dt2] (kvo/R2)
+ kC1[d(vo)/dt] (kvo/R2) + C2[d(vo)/dt]
We now rearrange the terms.
[d2(vo)/dt2] + [(1/C2R1) + (1/ R2C2) + (1/R2C1) (1/ kR2C1)][d(vo)/dt] + [vo/(R1R2C1C2)]
= vs/(kR1R2C1C2)
If R1 = R2 10 kohms, C1 = C2 = 100 F, R3 = 20 kohms, and R4 = 60 kohms,
k = [R3/(R3 + R4)] = 1/3
R1R2C1C2 = 104 x104 x10-4 x10-4 = 1
(1/C2R1) + (1/ R2C2) + (1/R2C1) (1/ kR2C1) = 1 + 1 + 1 3 = 3 3 = 0
Hence,
[d2(vo)/dt2] + vo = 3vs = 6, t > 0, and s2 + 1 = 0, or s1,2 = j

vo(t) = Vs + [Acost + B sint], Vs = 6
vo(0) = 0 = 6 + A or A = 6
dvo/dt = Asint + Bcost, but dvo(0)/dt = 0 = B
Hence,
vo(t) = 6(1 cost)u(t) volts.

At node 1,
d ( v1 v o )
d ( v 1 0)
v in v1
= C1
+ C2
dt
dt
R1
At node 2,
C2
(1)
vo
d ( v 1 0) 0 v o
dv1
, or
=
=
dt
R2
dt
C2R 2
(2)
From (1) and (2),

v in v1 =
v1 = v in +
v
dv
R 1C1 dv o
R 1 C1 o R 1 o
R2
dt
C 2 R 2 dt
v
dv
R 1C1 dv o
+ R 1 C1 o + R 1 o
R2
dt
C 2 R 2 dt
(3)
C1
R2
R1
vin
v1
C2
2
0V
vo
From (2) and (3),
vo
d 2 v o R 1 dv o
dv
dv
R C dv o
= 1 = in + 1 1
+ R 1 C1
+
C2R 2
dt
dt
C 2 R 2 dt
R 2 dt
dt 2
d 2 vo
vo
1 1
1 dv o
1 dv in
+
=
+
+
2
R 2 C1 C 2 dt
C1 C 2 R 2 R 1
R 1C1 dt
dt
But C1C2R1R2 = 10-4 x10-4 x104 x104 = 1

1
R2
1
1
2
2
=
= 4
=2
+
4
C1 C 2 R 2 C1 10 x10
d 2 vo
dv
dv
+ 2 o + v o = in
2
dt
dt
dt
Which leads to s2 + 2s + 1 = 0 or (s + 1)2 = 0 and s = 1, 1

Therefore,
vo(t) = [(A + Bt)e-t] + Vf
As t approaches infinity, the capacitor acts like an open circuit so that

Vf = vo() = 0
vin = 10u(t) mV and the fact that the initial voltages across each capacitor is 0
means that vo(0) = 0 which leads to A = 0.
vo(t) = [Bte-t]
dv o
= [(B Bt)e-t]
dt
dv o (0+ )
v (0+ )
= o
=0
dt
C2R 2
From (2),
From (1) at t = 0+,
dv (0+)
dv o (0+ )
1
1 0
= C1 o
which leads to
=
= 1
dt
dt
C1 R 1
R1
Substituting this into (4) gives B = 1

Thus,
v(t) = te-tu(t) V
(4)

The schematic is as shown below. The unit step is modeled by VPWL as shown. We
insert a voltage marker to display V after simulation. We set Print Step = 25 ms and
final step = 6s in the transient box. The output plot is shown below.

The schematic is shown below. The initial values are set as attributes of L1 and C1. We
set Print Step to 25 ms and the Final Time to 20s in the transient box. A current marker
is inserted at the terminal of L1 to automatically display i(t) after simulation. The result
is shown below.

The schematic is shown below.
After the circuit is saved and simulated, we obtain the capacitor voltage v(t) as shown
below.

The schematic is shown below. We use VPWL and IPWL to model the 39 u(t) V and 13
u(t) A respectively. We set Print Step to 25 ms and Final Step to 4s in the Transient
box. A voltage marker is inserted at the terminal of R2 to automatically produce the plot
of v(t) after simulation. The result is shown below.

When the switch is in position 1, we obtain IC=10 for the capacitor and IC=0 for the
inductor. When the switch is in position 2, the schematic of the circuit is shown below.
When the circuit is simulated, we obtain i(t) as shown below.

(a)
For t < 0, we have the schematic below. When this is saved and simulated, we
obtain the initial inductor current and capacitor voltage as
iL(0) = 3 A and vc(0) = 24 V.
(b)
For t > 0, we have the schematic shown below. To display i(t) and v(t), we
insert current and voltage markers as shown. The initial inductor current and capacitor
voltage are also incorporated. In the Transient box, we set Print Step = 25 ms and the
Final Time to 4s. After simulation, we automatically have io(t) and vo(t) displayed as
shown below.

10
+
20 V
-
2F
4H
Hence the dual circuit is shown below.

2H
20A
0.1
4F
0.2

The dual circuit is connected as shown in Figure (a). It is redrawn in Figure (b).
0.1
12V
10
12A
24A
0.5 F
24V
0.25
10 H
10 H
10 F
(a)
0.1
2F
0.5 H
24A
12A
0.25
(b)

The dual is obtained from the original circuit as shown in Figure (a). It is redrawn in
Figure (b).
0.1
0.05
1/3
10
20
60 A
30
120 A
60 V
2V
120 V
+
4H
1F
1H
2A
4F
(a)
0.05
60 A
120 A
1H
0.1
1/30
1/4 F 2V
(b)

The dual is constructed in Figure (a) and redrawn in Figure (b).
+
5A
5V
1/3
1/2
1F
1/4 H
1H
12V
1/4 F
12 A
(a)
1
2
1/4 F
1/3
12 A
1H
5V
(b)

The voltage across the igniter is vR = vC since the circuit is a parallel RLC type.
vC(0) = 12, and iL(0) = 0.
= 1/(2RC) = 1/(2x3x1/30) = 5
o = 1 / LC = 1 / 60 x10 3 x1 / 30 = 22.36
< o produces an underdamped response.
s1, 2 = 2 o2 = 5 j21.794
vC(t) = e-5t(Acos21.794t + Bsin21.794t)
(1)
vC(0) = 12 = A
dvC/dt = 5[(Acos21.794t + Bsin21.794t)e-5t]
+ 21.794[(Asin21.794t + Bcos21.794t)e-5t]
(2)
dvC(0)/dt = 5A + 21.794B
But,
dvC(0)/dt = [vC(0) + RiL(0)]/(RC) = (12 + 0)/(1/10) = 120
Hence,
120 = 5A + 21.794B, leads to B (5x12 120)/21.794 = 2.753
At the peak value, dvC(to)/dt = 0, i.e.,

0
= A + Btan21.794to + (A21.794/5)tan21.794to 21.794B/5

(B + A21.794/5)tan21.794to = (21.794B/5) A
tan21.794to = [(21.794B/5) A]/(B + A21.794/5) = 24/49.55 = 0.484

Therefore,
21.7945to = |0.451|
to = |0.451|/21.794 = 20.68 ms

For critical damping of a parallel RLC circuit,
= o
1
=
2 RC
1
LC
Hence,
C=
0.25
L
=
= 434 F
2
4 x144
4R
t1 = 1/|s1| = 0.1x10-3 leads to s1 = 1000/0.1 = 10,000

t2 = 1/|s2| = 0.5x10-3 leads to s1 = 2,000
s1 = 2 o2
s 2 = + 2 o2
s1 + s2 = 2 = 12,000, therefore = 6,000 = R/(2L)

L = R/12,000 = 60,000/12,000 = 5H
s 2 = + 2 o2 = 2,000
2 o2 = 2,000
6,000 2 o2 = 2,000
2 o2 = 4,000
2 o2 = 16x106
o2 = 2 16x106 = 36x106 16x106

o = 103 20 = 1 / LC
C = 1/(20x106x5) = 10 nF

t = 1/ = 0.25 leads to = 4
But,
1/(2RC) or,
C = 1/(2R) = 1/(2x4x200) = 625 F
d = o2 2
o2 = d2 + 2 = (24x10 3 ) 2 + 16 (24 x10 3 0 2 = 1/(LC)

This results in L = 1/(642x106x625x10-6) = 2.533 H
For t = 0-, v(0) = 0.

For t > 0, the circuit is as shown below.
R1
+
C1
vo
R2
C2
At node a,
(vo v/R1 = (v/R2) + C2dv/dt
vo = v(1 + R1/R2) + R1C2 dv/dt
60 = (1 + 5/2.5) + (5x106 x5x10-6)dv/dt
60 = 3v + 25dv/dt
v(t) = Vs + [Ae-3t/25]
where
3Vs = 60 yields Vs = 20
v(0) = 0 = 20 + A or A = 20
v(t) = 20(1 e-3t/25)V
i = iD + Cdv/dt
(1)
vs + iR + Ldi/dt + v = 0
(2)

vs = RiD + RCdv/dt + Ldi/dt + LCd2v/dt2 + v = 0
LCd2v/dt2 + RCdv/dt + RiD + Ldi/dt = vs
d2v/dt2 + (R/L)dv/dt + (R/LC)iD + (1/C)di/dt = vs/LC
= 103 rad/s
(a)
angular frequency
(b)
frequency
f =
= 159.2 Hz
2
(c)
period
T =
1
= 6.283 ms
f
(d)
Since sin(A) = cos(A 90),

vs = 12 sin(103t + 24) = 12 cos(103t + 24 90)
vs in cosine form is
vs = 12 cos(103t 66) V
(e)
vs(2.5 ms) = 12 sin((10 3 )(2.5 10 -3 ) + 24)

= 12 sin(2.5 + 24) = 12 sin(143.24 + 24)
= 2.65 V
(a)
amplitude = 8 A
(b)
= 500 = 1570.8 rad/s
(c)
f =
(d)
Is = 8-25 A
Is(2 ms) = 8 cos((500 )(2 10 -3 ) 25)
= 8 cos( 25) = 8 cos(155)
= -7.25 A
= 250 Hz
2
(a)
4 sin(t 30) = 4 cos(t 30 90) = 4 cos(t 120)
(b)
-2 sin(6t) = 2 cos(6t + 90)
(c)
-10 sin(t + 20) = 10 cos(t + 20 + 90) = 10 cos(t + 110)
(a)
v = 8 cos(7t + 15) = 8 sin(7t + 15 + 90) = 8 sin(7t + 105)
(b)
i = -10 sin(3t 85) = 10 cos(3t 85 + 90) = 10 cos(3t + 5)
v1 = 20 sin(t + 60) = 20 cos(t + 60 90) = 20 cos(t 30)
v2 = 60 cos(t 10)
This indicates that the phase angle between the two signals is 20 and that v1 lags
v2.
(a)
v(t) = 10 cos(4t 60)

i(t) = 4 sin(4t + 50) = 4 cos(4t + 50 90) = 4 cos(4t 40)
Thus, i(t) leads v(t) by 20.
(b)
v1(t) = 4 cos(377t + 10)

v2(t) = -20 cos(377t) = 20 cos(377t + 180)
Thus, v2(t) leads v1(t) by 170.
(c)
x(t) = 13 cos(2t) + 5 sin(2t) = 13 cos(2t) + 5 cos(2t 90)

X = 130 + 5-90 = 13 j5 = 13.928-21.04
x(t) = 13.928 cos(2t 21.04)
y(t) = 15 cos(2t 11.8)
phase difference = -11.8 + 21.04 = 9.24
Thus, y(t) leads x(t) by 9.24.
If f() = cos + j sin,

df
= -sin + j cos = j (cos + j sin ) = j f ( )
d
df
= j d
f
Integrating both sides

ln f = j + ln A
f = Aej = cos + j sin
f(0) = A = 1
i.e. f() = ej = cos + j sin
(a)
(b)
(c)
1545
1545
+ j2 =
+ j2
5 - 53.13
3 j4
= 398.13 + j2
= -0.4245 + j2.97 + j2
= -0.4243 + j4.97
(2 + j)(3 j4) = 6 j8 + j3 + 4 = 10 j5 = 11.18-26.57
8 - 20
(-5 j12)(10)
8 - 20
10
+
+
=
11.18 - 26.57
25 + 144
(2 + j)(3 - j4) - 5 + j12
= 0.71566.57 0.2958
j0.71
= 0.7109 + j0.08188
0.2958 j0.71
= 0.4151 j0.6281
10 + (850)(13-68.38) = 10+104-17.38
= 109.25 j31.07
(3 + j4)(5 + j8)
3 + j4
= 2+
25 + 64
5 j8
15 + j24 + j20 32
= 2+
89
= 1.809 + j0.4944
(a)
2+
(b)
4-10 +
1 j2
2.236 - 63.43
= 4-10 +
36
36
= 4-10 + 0.7453-69.43
= 3.939 j0.6946 + 0.2619 j0.6978
= 4.201 j1.392
(c)
810 + 6 - 20 7.879 + j1.3892 + 5.638 j2.052

=
980 450
1.5628 + j8.863 2.571 j3.064
13.533 - 2.81
13.517 j0.6629
=
=
5.88699.86
1.0083 + j5.799
= 2.299-102.67
= -0.5043 j2.243
(a) z1 = 6 j8, z 2 = 8.66 j 5, and z 3 = 4 j 6.9282

z1 + z 2 + z 3 = 10.66 j19.93
(b)
z1 z 2
= 9.999 + j 7.499
z3
(a)
(b)
(c)
z 1 z 2 = (-3 + j4)(12 + j5)

= -36 j15 + j48 20
= -56 + j33
z1
- 3 + j4 (-3 + j4)(12 + j5)
= -0.3314 + j0.1953
=
=
z2
144 + 25
12 j5
z 1 + z 2 = (-3 + j4) + (12 + j5) = 9 + j9
z 1 z 2 = (-3 + j4) (12 + j5) = -15 j
z1 + z 2
9 (1 + j)
- 9 (1 + j)(15 - j)
- 9 (16 + j14)
=
=
=
z1 z 2
15 2 12
226
- (15 + j)
= -0.6372 j0.5575

(a)
z 1 z 2 = (-3 + j4)(12 + j5)

= -36 j15 + j48 20
= -56 + j33
z1
(-3 + j4)(12 + j5)
- 3 + j4
=
= -0.3314 + j0.1953
=
z2
144 + 25
12 j5
(b)
z 1 + z 2 = (-3 + j4) + (12 + j5) = 9 + j9

z 1 z 2 = (-3 + j4) (12 + j5) = -15 j
z1 + z 2
9 (1 + j)
- 9 (1 + j)(15 - j)
- 9 (16 + j14)
=
=
=
2
2
z1 z 2
15 1
226
- (15 + j)
= -0.6372 j0.5575
(c)
(a) (0.4324 + j 0.4054)+ (0.8425 j 0.2534) = 1.2749 + j 0.1520
(b)
50 30 o
= 2.0833
24150 o
(c) (2+j3)(8-j5) (-4) = 35 +j14

(a)
3 j14
= 0.5751 + j 0.5116
15 + j11
(b)
(62.116 + j 231.82 + 138.56 j80)(60 j80)

24186 6944.9
=
= 1.922 j11.55
(67 + j84)(16.96 + j10.5983)
246.06 + j 2134.7
(c) ( 2 + j 4 )
(260 j120) = 256.4 j 200.89
(a)
(b)
(c)
10 + j6 2 j3
= -10 j6 + j10 6 + 10 j15
-5
-1 + j
= -6 j11
20 30 - 4 - 10
= 6015 + 64-10
160
345
= 57.96 + j15.529 + 63.03 j11.114
= 120.99 j4.415
1 j j 0
j
1 j
1
j 1+ j
1 j j
j
1
= 1 + 1 + 0 1 0 + j2 (1 j) + j2 (1 + j)
0
j
= 1 1 (1 j + 1 + j)
= 1 2 = -1
(a)
-10 cos(4t + 75) = 10 cos(4t + 75 180)

= 10 cos(4t 105)
The phasor form is 10-105
(b)
5 sin(20t 10) = 5 cos(20t 10 90)

= 5 cos(20t 100)
The phasor form is 5-100
(c)
4 cos(2t) + 3 sin(2t) = 4 cos(2t) + 3 cos(2t 90)

The phasor form is 40 + 3-90 = 4 j3 = 5-36.87
(a)
Let A = 8-30 + 60
= 12.928 j4
= 13.533-17.19
a(t) = 13.533 cos(5t + 342.81)
(b)
We know that -sin = cos( + 90).

Let B = 2045 + 30(20 + 90)
= 14.142 + j14.142 10.261 + j28.19
= 3.881 + j42.33
= 42.5184.76
b(t) = 42.51 cos(120t + 84.76)
(c)
Let C = 4-90 + 3(-10 90)

= -j4 0.5209 j2.954
= 6.974265.72
c(t) = 6.974 cos(8t + 265.72)
(a)
v1 ( t ) = 60 cos(t + 15)
(b)
V2 = 6 + j8 = 1053.13
v 2 ( t ) = 10 cos(40t + 53.13)
(c)
i1 ( t ) = 2.8 cos(377t /3)
(d)
I 2 = -0.5 j1.2 = 1.3247.4

i 2 ( t ) = 1.3 cos(103t + 247.4)
(a)
310 5-30 = 2.954 + j0.5209 4.33 + j2.5

= -1.376 + j3.021
= 3.32114.49
Therefore,
3 cos(20t + 10) 5 cos(20t 30) = 3.32 cos(20t +
114.49)
(b)
4-90 + 3-45 = -j40 + 21.21 j21.21

= 21.21 j61.21
= 64.78-70.89
Therefore,
40 sin(50t) + 30 cos(50t 45) = 64.78 cos(50t 70.89)
(c)
Using sin = cos( 90),

20-90 + 1060 5-110 = -j20 + 5 + j8.66 + 1.7101 + j4.699
= 6.7101 j6.641
= 9.44-44.7
Therefore,
20 sin(400t) + 10 cos(400t + 60) 5 sin(400t 20)
= 9.44 cos(400t 44.7)

(a) V = 4 60 o 90 o 540 o = 3.464 j 2 3.83 j 3.2139 = 8.966 4.399 o
Hence,
v = 8.966 cos(377t 4.399 o )
(b) I = 100 o + j 820 o 90 o ,
= 5 , i.e. I = 10 + 4020 o = 49.5116.04 o
i = 49.51 cos(5t + 16.04 o )
(a) F = 515 o 4 30 o 90 o = 6.8296 + j 4.758 = 8.323634.86 o

f (t ) = 8.324 cos(30t + 34.86 o )
(b) G = 8 90 o + 450 o = 2.571 j 4.9358 = 5.565 62.49 o

g (t ) = 5.565 cos(t 62.49 o )
1
(100 o + 5 90 o ), = 40
j
i.e. H = 0.25 90 o + 0.125 180 o = j 0.25 0.125 = 0.2795 116.6 o
(c) H =
h(t ) = 0.2795 cos(40t 116.6 o )

t
dv
Let f(t) = 10v(t ) + 4 2 v(t )dt
dt
2V
F = 10V + j 4V
, = 5, V = 20 30 o
j
F = 10V + j 20V j 0.4V = (10 j19.6)(17.32 j10) = 440.1 92.97 o
f (t ) = 440.1 cos(5t 92.97 o )
(a)
v(t) = 40 cos(t 60)
(b)
V = -3010 + 5060
= -4.54 + j38.09
= 38.3696.8
v(t) = 38.36 cos(t + 96.8)
(c)
I = j6-10 = 6(90 10) = 680

i(t) = 6 cos(t + 80)
(d)
2
+ 10-45 = -j2 + 7.071 j7.071
j
= 11.5-52.06
i(t) = 11.5 cos(t 52.06)
I =
(a)
V
= 100, = 1
j
V (1 j) = 10
10
V=
= 5 + j5 = 7.07145
1 j
Therefore,
v(t) = 7.071 cos(t + 45)
V+
(b)
4V
= 20(10 90), = 4
j
4
V j4 + 5 + = 20 - 80
j4
20 - 80
= 3.43 - 110.96
V=
5 + j3
Therefore,
v(t) = 3.43 cos(4t 110.96)
jV + 5V +

(a)
2jI + 3I = 4 - 45, = 2
I (3 + j4) = 4 - 45
4 - 45 4 - 45
=
= 0.8 - 98.13
I=
3 + j4
553.13
Therefore,
i(t) = 0.8 cos(2t 98.13)
(b)
I
+ jI + 6I = 522, = 5
j
(- j2 + j5 + 6) I = 522
522
522
I=
=
= 0.745 - 4.56
6 + j3 6.70826.56
Therefore,
i(t) = 0.745 cos(5t 4.56)
10

I
= 10, = 2
j
1
I j2 + 2 + = 1
j2
1
= 0.4 - 36.87
I=
2 + j1.5
Therefore,
i(t) = 0.4 cos(2t 36.87)
jI + 2I +

V
= 110 - 10, = 377
j
j100
= 110 - 10
V j377 + 50
377
V (380.682.45) = 110 - 10
V = 0.289 - 92.45
jV + 50V + 100
Therefore, v(t) = 0.289 cos(377t 92.45).
i( t ) =
v s ( t ) 110 cos(377 t )
=
= 13.75 cos(377t) A.
R
8
Z=
1
1
=
= - j 0.5
6
jC j (10 )(2 10 -6 )
V = IZ = (425)(0.5 - 90) = 2 - 65
Therefore
v(t) = 2 sin(106t 65) V.

Z = jL = j (500)(4 10 -3 ) = j2
V 60 - 65
I= =
= 30 - 155
Z
290
Therefore,
i(t) = 30 cos(500t 155) A.
Thus,
i(t) = 10 sin(t + 30) = 10 cos(t + 30 90) = 10 cos(t 60)

I = 10-60
v(t) = -65 cos(t + 120) = 65 cos(t + 120 180) = 65 cos(t 60)

Thus,
V = 65-60
Z=
V 65 - 60
=
= 6.5
I 10 - 60
Since V and I are in phase, the element is a resistor with R = 6.5 .

V = 18010,
Z=
I = 12-30,
= 2
V 18010
=
= 1540 = 11.49 + j 9.642
I 12 - 30
One element is a resistor with R = 11.49 .

The other element is an inductor with L = 9.642 or
L = 4.821 H.
110 = v 2R + v 2L
v L = 110 2 v 2R
v L = 110 2 85 2 = 69.82 V
v o = 0 if L =
1
C
1
(5 10 3 )(2 10 3 )
1
LC
= 100 rad/s

Vs = 50
jL = j (2)(1) = j2
1
1
=
= - j2
jC j (2)(0.25)
j2
j2
Vs = 50 = (190)(50) = 590
2 j2 + j2
2
Thus, v o ( t ) = 5 cos(2t + 90) = -5 sin(2t) V
Vo =
Let Z be the input impedance at the source.
10 F
jL = j 200 x100 x10 3 = j 20
100 mH
1
1
=
= j 500
jC j10 x10 6 x 200
1000//-j500 = 200 j400

1000//(j20 + 200 j400) = 242.62 j239.84
Z = 2242.62 j 239.84 = 2255 6.104 o
I=
60 10 o
= 26.61 3.896 o mA
o
2255 6.104
i = 266.1 cos(200t 3.896 o )

jL = j (5)(1) = j5
1
1
=
= -j
jC j (5)(0.2)
Let Z1 = - j ,
Z 2 = 2 || j5 =
Then,
Ix =
(2)( j5)
j10
=
2 + j5 2 + j5
Z2
I ,
Z1 + Z 2 s
where I s = 20
j10
j20
2 + j5
Ix =
(2) =
= 2.12 32
j10
5 + j8
- j+
2 + j5
Therefore,
i x ( t ) = 2.12 sin(5t + 32) A

1
F
(a)
1
1
=
= - j2
jC j (3)(1 / 6)
- j2
(10 45) = 4.472 - 18.43
4 j2
Hence, i(t) = 4.472 cos(3t 18.43) A
I=
V = 4I = (4)(4.472 - 18.43) = 17.89 - 18.43

Hence, v(t) = 17.89 cos(3t 18.43) V
1
F
12
(b)
3H
1
1
=
= - j3
jC j (4)(1 / 12)
jL = j (4)(3) = j12
V 500
= 1036.87
=
Z 4 j3
Hence, i(t) = 10 cos(4t + 36.87) A
I=
j12
(500) = 41.6 33.69
8 + j12
Hence, v(t) = 41.6 cos(4t + 33.69) V
V=

Z = 8 + j5 || (- j10) = 8 +
I=
( j5)(- j10)
= 8 + j10
j5 j10
V 40 0
20
=
=
= 3.124 - 51.34
Z 8 + j10 6.40351.34
I1 =
- j10
I = 2 I = 6.248 - 51.34
j5 j10
I2 =
j5
I = - I = 3.124128.66
- j5
Therefore,
i1 ( t ) = 6.248 cos(120t 51.34) A

i 2 ( t ) = 3.124 cos(120t + 128.66) A

(a)
For = 1 ,
1H
jL = j (1)(1) = j
1
1
0.05 F
=
= - j20
jC j (1)(0.05)
- j40
Z = j + 2 || (- j20) = j +
= 1.98 + j0.802
2 j20
V
4 0
40
=
=
= 1.872 - 22.05
Z 1.98 + j0.802 2.13622.05
Hence, i o ( t ) = 1.872 cos(t 22.05) A
Io =
(b)
For = 5 ,
1H
jL = j (5)(1) = j5
1
1
0.05 F
=
= - j4
jC j (5)(0.05)
- j4
Z = j5 + 2 || (- j4) = j5 +
= 1.6 + j4.2
1 j2
40
40
V
=
=
= 0.89 - 69.14
Z 1.6 + j4 4.49469.14
Hence, i o ( t ) = 0.89 cos(5t 69.14) A
Io =
(c)
For = 10 ,
1H
jL = j (10)(1) = j10
1
1
0.05 F
=
= - j2
jC j (10)(0.05)
- j4
Z = j10 + 2 || (- j2) = j10 +
= 1 + j9
2 j2
V 40
4 0
=
= 0.4417 - 83.66
=
Z 1 + j9 9.05583.66
Hence, i o ( t ) = 0.4417 cos(10t 83.66) A
Io =
= 1,
1H
jL = j (1)(1) = j
1
1
=
= -j
jC j (1)(1)
1F
Z = 1 + (1 + j) || (- j) = 1 +
I=
Vs
10
=
,
Z 2 j
- j+1
= 2 j
1
I c = (1 + j) I
V = (- j)(1 + j) I = (1 j) I =
Thus,
(1 j)(10)
= 6.325 - 18.43
2 j
v(t) = 6.325 cos(t 18.43) V

= 200
50 F
1
1
=
= - j100
jC j (200)(50 10 -6 )
0.1 H
jL = j (200)(0.1) = j20
50 || -j100 =
Vo =
(50)(-j100) - j100
=
= 40 j20
50 j100
1 - j2
j20
j20
(600) =
(600) = 17.14 90
j20 + 30 + 40 j20
70
Thus, v o ( t ) = 17.14 sin(200t + 90) V

or
v o ( t ) = 17.14 cos(200t) V
= 2
1H
jL = j (2)(1) = j2
1F
Io =
1
1
=
= - j0.5
jC j (2)(1)
j2 j0.5
j1.5
I=
40 = 3.32833.69
j2 j0.5 + 1
1 + j1.5
Thus, i o ( t ) = 3.328 cos(2t + 33.69) A

= 200
10 mH
jL = j (200)(10 10 -3 ) = j2
5 mF
1
1
=
= -j
jC j (200)(5 10 -3 )
Y=
1 1
1
3+ j
+ +
= 0.25 j0.5 +
= 0.55 j0.4
4 j2 3 j
10
Z=
1
1
=
= 1.1892 + j0.865
Y 0.55 j0.4
I=
60
60
=
= 0.96 - 7.956
5 + Z 6.1892 + j0.865
Thus, i(t) = 0.96 cos(200t 7.956) A
We obtain I o by applying the principle of current division twice.

I
I2
Z1
I2
Io
-j2
Z2
(a)
Z 1 = - j2 ,
(b)
Z 2 = j4 + (-j2) || 2 = j4 +
I2 =
Z1
- j2
- j10
I=
(50) =
Z1 + Z 2
- j2 + 1 + j3
1+ j
Io =
- j - j10 - 10
- j2
=
I2 =
= -5 A
2 - j2
1 - j 1 + j 1 + 1
- j4
= 1 + j3
2 - j2

i s = 5 cos(10 t + 40)
I s = 540
Let
0.1 F
1
1
=
= -j
jC j (10)(0.1)
0.2 H
jL = j (10)(0.2) = j2
Z1 = 4 || j2 =
j8
= 0.8 + j1.6 ,
4 + j2
Z2 = 3 j
Io =
Z1
0.8 + j1.6
(540)
Is =
3.8 + j0.6
Z1 + Z 2
Io =
(1.78963.43)(540)
= 2.32594.46
3.847 8.97
Thus, i o ( t ) = 2.325 cos(10t + 94.46) A

First, we convert the circuit into the frequency domain.
Ix
50
Ix =
j4
-j10
20
5
5
5
=
=
= 0.460752.63
j10(20 + j4) 2 + 4.588 j8.626 10.854 52.63
2+
j10 + 20 + j4
is(t) = 0.4607cos(2000t +52.63) A

Converting the circuit to the frequency domain, we get:
10
V1 30
Ix
20-40
We can solve this using nodal analysis.
j20
-j20
V1 20 40 V1 0
V 0
=0
+
+ 1
10
j20
30 j20
V1(0.1 j0.05 + 0.02307 + j0.01538) = 2 40
240
= 15.643 24.29
0.12307 j0.03462
15.643 24.29
=
= 0.43389.4
30 j20
= 0.4338 sin(100 t + 9.4) A
V1 =
Ix
ix

Z T = 2 + j2 || (1 j) = 2 +
I
( j2)(1 j)
=4
1+ j
Ix
j2
-j
j2
j2
I=
I,
j2 + 1 j
1+ j
1+ j
1+ j
I=
Ix =
j2
j4
where I x = 0.50 =
Ix =
1
2
1+ j
1+ j
(4) =
= 1 j = 1.414 - 45
j4
j
v s ( t ) = 1.414 sin(200t 45) V
Vs = I Z T =

Since = 100, the inductor = j100x0.1 = j10 and the capacitor = 1/(j100x10-3)
= -j10.
j10
540
Ix
+
-j10
20
vx
Using the current dividing rule:

j10
540 = j2.540 = 2.5 50
j10 + 20 + j10
Vx = 20I x = 50 50
Ix =
v x = 50 cos(100t 50) V
0.1 F
1
1
=
= - j5
jC j (2)(0.1)
0.5 H
jL = j (2)(0.5) = j
The current I through the 2- resistor is

Is
1
I=
Is =
,
1 j5 + j + 2
3 j4
I s = (10)(3 j4) = 50 - 53.13
where I = 10 0
Therefore,
i s ( t ) = 50 cos(2t 53.13) A
5 || j5 =
j25
j5
=
= 2.5 + j2.5
5 + j5 1 + j
Z1 = 10 ,
Z 2 = - j5 + 2.5 + j2.5 = 2.5 j2.5
I2
IS
Z1
Z2
I2 =
Z1
10
4
Is =
Is =
I
12.5 j2.5
5 j s
Z1 + Z 2
Vo = I 2 (2.5 + j2.5)
4
830 =
5
Is =
10 (1 + j)
I s (2.5)(1 + j) =
I
j
5 j s
(830)(5 j)
= 2.884-26.31 A
10 (1 + j)

Convert the delta to wye subnetwork as shown below.
Z1
Io
Z2
Z3
10
8
60 30 V
o
Z
Z1 =
j 2 x4
= 0.1532 j 0.7692,
10 j 2
Z3 =
12
= 1.1538 + j 0.2308
10 j 2
Z2 =
j6 x4
= 0.4615 + j 2.3077,
10 j 2
( Z 3 + 8) //( Z 2 + 10) = (9.1538 + j 0.2308) //(9.5385 + j 2.3077) = 4.726 + j 0.6062

Z = 2 + Z 1 + 4.726 + j 0.6062 = 6.878 j 0.163
Io =
60 30 o
60 30 o
=
= 8.721 28.64 o A
o
Z
6.88 1.3575

Since the left portion of the circuit is twice as large as the right portion, the
equivalent circuit is shown below.
+
Vs
+
2Z
V1
V2
V1 = I o (1 j) = 2 (1 j)
V2 = 2V1 = 4 (1 j)
Vs = V1 + V2 = 6 (1 j)
Vs = 8.485-45 V
12
-j20 V
I1
I2
-j4
+
Vo
I1 =
Vo
4
= = -j0.5
j 8 j8
I2 =
I 1 (Z + j8) (-j0.5)(Z + j8) Z

=
= +j
- j4
- j4
8
I = I 1 + I 2 = -j0.5 +
Z
Z
+ j = + j0.5
8
8
- j20 = 12 I + I 1 (Z + j8)
Z j - j
- j20 = 12 + + (Z + j8)
8 2 2
j8
3
1
- 4 - j26 = Z j
2
2
Z=
- 4 - j26 26.31261.25
=
= 16.64279.68
3
1 1.5811 - 18.43
j
2
2
Z = 2.798 j16.403
3H
jL = j 30
3F
1
= j / 30
j C
1.5F
1
= j / 15
j C
j
15 = j 0.06681
j 30 //( j / 15) =
j
j 30
15
j 30 x
Z=
j
j 0.033(2 j 0.06681)
//(2 j 0.06681) =
= 6 j 333 m
30
j 0.033 + 2 j 0.06681

2H
1F
jL = j 2
1
=j
j C
Z = 1 + j2 //( 2 j) = 1 +
j2(2 j)
= 2.6 + j1.2
j2 + 2 j
Y = 1 = 0.3171 j0.1463 S
Z

(a)
10 mF
1
1
=
= - j2
jC j (50)(10 10 -3 )
10 mH
jL = j (50)(10 10 -3 ) = j0.5
Z in = j0.5 + 1 || (1 j2)
1 j2
Z in = j0.5 +
2 j2
Z in = j0.5 + 0.25 (3 j)
Z in = 0.75 + j0.25
(b)
0.4 H
jL = j (50)(0.4) = j20
0.2 H
jL = j (50)(0.2) = j10
1
1
=
= - j20
jC j (50)(1 10 -3 )
1 mF
For the parallel elements,

1
1
1
1
=
+
+
Z p 20 j10 - j20
Z p = 10 + j10
Then,
Z in = 10 + j20 + Z p = 20 + j30

Z eq = 6 + (1 j2) || (2 + j4)
Z eq = 6 +
(1 j2)(2 + j4)
(1 j2) + (2 + j4)
Z eq = 6 + 2.308 j1.5385
Z eq = 8.308 j1.5385

Z = (25 + j15) + (20 j 50) //(30 + j10) = 25 + j15 + 26.097 j 5.122 = 51.1 + j 9.878

All of the impedances are in parallel.
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
+ +
Z eq 1 j 1 + j2 j5 1 + j3
1
= (0.5 + j0.5) + (0.2 j0.4) + (- j0.2) + (0.1 j0.3) = 0.8 j0.4
Z eq
Z eq =
1
= 1 + j0.5
0.8 j0.4
2 mH
jL = j (10 10 3 )(2 10 -3 ) = j20

1
1
1 F
=
= - j100
3
jC j (10 10 )(1 10 -6 )
50
+
10 A
j20
Vin
-j100
V = (10)(50) = 50
Vin = (10)(50 + j20 j100) + (2)(50)
Vin = 50 j80 + 100 = 150 j80
Z in =
Vin
= 150 j80
10
2V
First, replace the wye composed of the 20-ohm, 10-ohm, and j15-ohm impedances with
the corresponding delta.
200 + j150 + j300
= 20 + j45
10
200 + j450
200 + j450
z2 =
= 30 j13.333, z3 =
= 10 + j22.5
j15
20
z1 =
j12
j16
z2
10
z1
ZT
z3
j16
10
Now all we need to do is to combine impedances.

z 2 (10 j16) =
(30 j13.333)(10 j16)

= 8.721 j8.938
40 j29.33
z3 (10 j16) = 21.70 j3.821

ZT = 8 j12 + z1 (8.721 j8.938 + 21.7 j3.821) = 34.69 j6.93

j10(6 + j8)
= 19 j5
6 j2
3090
I=
= 0.3866 + j1.4767 = 1.527104.7 A
ZT
ZT = 4 +

Z T = 2 + (4 j6) || (3 + j4)
ZT = 2 +
(4 j6)(3 + j4)
7 j2
Z T = 6.83 + j1.094 = 6.9179.1
I=
V
120 10
=
= 17.350.9 A
Z T 6.917 9.1
Z T = (20 j5) || (40 + j10) =
(20 j5)(40 + j10) 170

=
(12 j)
60 + j5
145
Z T = 14.069 j1.172 = 14.118-4.76
I=
V
6090
=
= 4.2594.76
Z T 14.118 - 4.76
I
I1
I2
20
j10
I1 =
40 + j10
8 + j2
I=
I
60 + j5
12 + j
I2 =
20 j5
4 j
I=
I
60 + j5
12 + j
Vab = -20 I 1 + j10 I 2
Vab
Vab =
- (160 + j40)
10 + j40
I+
I
12 + j
12 + j
Vab =
- 150
(-12 + j)(150)
I=
I
12 + j
145
Vab = (12.457 175.24)(4.2597.76)

Vab = 52.94273 V
(a)
20 mH
jL = j (10 3 )(20 10 -3 ) = j20

1
1
12.5 F
=
= - j80
3
jC j (10 )(12.5 10 -6 )
Z in = 60 + j20 || (60 j80)
( j20)(60 j80)
Z in = 60 +
60 j60
Z in = 63.33 + j23.33 = 67.494 20.22
Yin =
(b)
1
= 0.0148-20.22 S
Z in
10 mH
20 F
jL = j (10 3 )(10 10 -3 ) = j10

1
1
=
= - j50
jC j (10 3 )(20 10 -6 )
30 || 60 = 20
Z in = - j50 + 20 || (40 + j10)
(20)(40 + j10)
Z in = - j50 +
60 + j10
Z in = 13.5 j48.92 = 50.75 - 74.56
Yin =
1
= 0.019774.56 S = 5.24 + j18.99 mS
Z in
Yeq =
1
1
1
+
+
5 j2 3 + j - j4
Yeq = (0.1724 + j0.069) + (0.3 j0.1) + ( j0.25)
Yeq = 0.4724 + j0.219 S

1
1
1
1
= +
= (1 + j2)
Yo 4 - j2 4
Yo =
4
(4)(1 j2)
=
= 0.8 j1.6
1 + j2
5
Yo + j = 0.8 j0.6
1
1 1
1
=
+
+
= (1) + ( j0.333) + (0.8 + j0.6)
Yo 1 - j3 0.8 j0.6
Yo
= 1.8 + j0.933 = 2.02827.41
Yo = 0.4932 - 27.41 = 0.4378 j0.2271

Yo + j5 = 0.4378 + j4.773
1
1
1
0.4378 j4.773
= +
= 0.5 +
Yeq 2 0.4378 + j4.773
22.97
1
= 0.5191 j0.2078
Yeq
Yeq =
0.5191 j0.2078
= 1.661 + j0.6647 S
0.3126

Make a delta-to-wye transformation as shown in the figure below.
a
Zan
Zbn
Zeq
Zcn
c
8
2
-j5
Z an =
(- j10)(10 + j15)
(10)(15 j10)
=
= 7 j9
5 j10 + 10 + j15
15 + j5
Z bn =
(5)(10 + j15)
= 4.5 + j3.5
15 + j5
Z cn =
(5)(- j10)
= -1 j3
15 + j5
Z eq = Z an + (Z bn + 2) || (Z cn + 8 j5)
Z eq = 7 j9 + (6.5 + j3.5) || (7 j8)
Z eq = 7 j9 +
(6.5 + j3.5)(7 j8)

13.5 j4.5
Z eq = 7 j9 + 5.511 j0.2
Z eq = 12.51 j9.2 = 15.53-36.33

We apply a wye-to-delta transformation.
j4
Zab
a
Zac
Zbc
Zeq
-j2
1
c
Z ab =
2 j2 + j4 2 + j2
=
= 1 j
j2
j2
Z ac =
2 + j2
= 1+ j
2
Z bc =
2 + j2
= -2 + j2
-j
j4 || Z ab = j4 || (1 j) =
1 || Z ac = 1 || (1 + j) =
( j4)(1 j)
= 1.6 j0.8
1 + j3
(1)(1 + j)
= 0.6 + j0.2
2+ j
j4 || Z ab + 1 || Z ac = 2.2 j0.6
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
Z eq - j2 - 2 + j2 2.2 j0.6
= j0.5 0.25 j0.25 + 0.4231 + j0.1154
= 0.173 + j0.3654 = 0.404364.66

Z eq = 2.473-64.66 = 1.058 j2.235
Transform the delta connections to wye connections as shown below.

a
j2
j2
-j18
-j9
j2
R1
R2
R3
b
- j9 || - j18 = - j6 ,
R1 =
(20)(20)
= 8 ,
20 + 20 + 10
R2 =
Z ab = j2 + ( j2 + 8) || (j2 j6 + 4) + 4
Z ab = 4 + j2 + (8 + j2) || (4 j4)
Z ab = 4 + j2 +
(8 + j2)(4 j4)
12 - j2
Z ab = 4 + j2 + 3.567 j1.4054
Z ab = 7.567 + j0.5946
(20)(10)
= 4,
50
R3 =
(20)(10)
= 4
50
Transform the delta connection to a wye connection as in Fig. (a) and then
transform the wye connection to a delta connection as in Fig. (b).
a
j2
j2
-j18
-j9
j2
R1
R2
R3
b
( j8)(- j6)
48
=
= - j4.8
j8 + j8 j6 j10
Z 2 = Z1 = -j4.8
( j8)( j8) - 64
Z3 =
=
= j6.4
j10
j10
Z1 =
(2 + Z1 )(4 + Z 2 ) + (4 + Z 2 )(Z 3 ) + (2 + Z1 )(Z 3 ) =

(2 j4.8)(4 j4.8) + (4 j4.8)( j6.4) + (2 j4.8)( j6.4) = 46.4 + j9.6
46.4 + j9.6
= 1.5 j7.25
j6.4
46.4 + j9.6
= 3.574 + j6.688
Zb =
4 j4.8
46.4 + j9.6
= 1.727 + j8.945
Zc =
2 j4.8
Za =
(690)(7.58361.88)
= 07407 + j3.3716
3.574 + j12.688
(-j4)(1.5 j7.25)
- j4 || Z a =
= 0.186 j2.602
1.5 j11.25
j6 || Z b =
j12 || Z c =
(1290)(9.1179.07)
= 0.5634 + j5.1693
1.727 + j20.945
Z eq = ( j6 || Z b ) || (- j4 || Z a + j12 || Z c )
Z eq = (0.7407 + j3.3716) || (0.7494 + j2.5673)

Z eq = 1.50875.42 = 0.3796 + j1.46

One such RL circuit is shown below.
20
20
+
+
j20
Vi = 10
j20
Vo
We now want to show that this circuit will produce a 90 phase shift.
Z = j20 || (20 + j20) =
V=
( j20)(20 + j20) - 20 + j20

=
= 4 (1 + j3)
20 + j40
1 + j2
Z
4 + j12
1 + j3 1
Vi =
(10) =
= (1 + j)
Z + 20
24 + j12
6 + j3 3
Vo =
j 1
j20
(1 +
V =
20 + j20
1 + j 3
j
j) = = 0.333390
3
This shows that the output leads the input by 90.

Since cos(t ) = sin(t + 90) , we need a phase shift circuit that will cause the
output to lead the input by 90. This is achieved by the RL circuit shown
below, as explained in the previous problem.
10
10
+
j10
Vi
j10
Vo
This can also be obtained by an RC circuit.

Let Z = R jX, where X =

| Z |= R 2 + X 2
X = | Z |2 R 2 = 1162 = 662 = 95.394
C=
1
1
=
C 2fC
1
1
= 27.81F
=
2fX 2x 60x95.394
(a)
- jX c
V
R jX c i
1
1
where X c =
=
= 3.979
C (2)(2 10 6 )(20 10 -9 )
Vo =
Vo
- j3.979
=
=
Vi 5 - j3.979
Vo
=
Vi
3.979
25 + 15.83
3.979
5 + 3.979
2
(-90 + tan -1 (3.979 5))
(-90 38.51)
Vo
= 0.6227 - 51.49
Vi
Therefore, the phase shift is 51.49 lagging
(b)
= -45 = -90 + tan -1 (X c R )

45 = tan -1 (X c R )
R = X c =
= 2f =
f=
1
C
1
RC
1
1
=
= 1.5915 MHz
2RC (2 )(5)(20 10 -9 )
8+j6
R
Z
-jX
Z = R //[8 + j (6 X )] =
R[8 + j (6 X )]
=5
R + 8 + j (6 X )
i.e 8R + j6R jXR = 5R + 40 + j30 j5X

Equating real and imaginary parts:
8R = 5R + 40 which leads to R=13.33
6R-XR =30-5 which leads to X=4.125.
(a)
Consider the circuit as shown.

20
V2
40
V1
30
+
Vi
+
j10
j30
j60
Vo
Z2
Z1
( j30)(30 + j60)
= 3 + j21
30 + j90
( j10)(43 + j21)
Z 2 = j10 || (40 + Z1 ) =
= 1.535 + j8.896 = 9.02880.21
43 + j31
Z1 = j30 || (30 + j60) =
Let Vi = 10 .
Z2
(9.02880.21)(10)
Vi =
21.535 + j8.896
Z 2 + 20
V2 = 0.387557.77
V2 =
Z1
3 + j21
(21.21381.87)(0.387557.77)
V2 =
V2 =
Z1 + 40
43 + j21
47.8526.03
V1 = 0.1718113.61
V1 =
j60
j2
2
V1 =
V1 = (2 + j)V1
30 + j60
1 + j2
5
Vo = (0.894426.56)(0.1718113.6)
Vo = 0.1536140.2
Vo =
Therefore, the phase shift is 140.2

(b)
The phase shift is leading.
(c)
If Vi = 120 V , then
Vo = (120)(0.1536140.2) = 18.43140.2 V
and the magnitude is 18.43 V.
200 mH
Vo =
(a)
jL = j (2 )(60)(200 10 -3 ) = j75.4
j75.4
j75.4
Vi =
(1200)
R + 50 + j75.4
R + 50 + j75.4
When R = 100 ,
j75.4
(75.490)(1200)
(120 0) =
Vo =
150 + j75.4
167.8826.69
Vo = 53.8963.31 V
(b)
When R = 0 ,
j75.4
(75.490)(120 0)
(1200) =
Vo =
50 + j75.4
90.47 56.45
Vo = 10033.55 V
(c)
To produce a phase shift of 45, the phase of Vo = 90 + 0 = 45.

Hence, = phase of (R + 50 + j75.4) = 45.
For to be 45,
R + 50 = 75.4
Therefore,
R = 25.4
Let
Z1 = R 1 ,
Z2 = R 2 +
1
,
jC 2
Zx =
Z3
Z
Z1 2
Rx +
R3
1
1
R 2 +
=
jC x R 1
jC 2
Rx =
R3
1200
R2 =
(600) = 1.8 k
R1
400
Z 3 = R 3 , and Z x = R x +
R1
400
1 R3 1
(0.3 10 -6 ) = 0.1 F
C x =
C2 =
=
1200
Cx R1 C2
R3
Cx =
R1
100
(40 10 -6 ) = 2 F
Cs =
2000
R2
Lx =
R2
500
(250 10 -3 ) = 104.17 mH
Ls =
1200
R1
1
.
jC x
Let
1
Z2 = R 2 ,
,
jC s
R1
jC s
R1
Z1 =
=
1
jR 1C s + 1
R1 +
jC s
Z1 = R 1 ||
Since Z x =
Z 3 = R 3 , and Z x = R x + jL x .
Z3
Z ,
Z1 2
R x + jL x = R 2 R 3
jR 1C s + 1 R 2 R 3
=
(1 + jR 1C s )
R1
R1
Equating the real and imaginary components,

R 2R 3
Rx =
R1
L x =
R 2R 3
(R 1C s ) implies that
R1
L x = R 2 R 3Cs
Given that R 1 = 40 k , R 2 = 1.6 k , R 3 = 4 k , and C s = 0.45 F

R 2 R 3 (1.6)(4)
=
k = 0.16 k = 160
R1
40
L x = R 2 R 3 C s = (1.6)(4)(0.45) = 2.88 H
Rx =
Let
1
,
jC 2
R4
- jR 4
Z4 =
=
jR 4 C 4 + 1 R 4 C 4 j
Z1 = R 1 ,
Since Z 4 =
Z3
Z
Z1 2
Z2 = R 2 +
Z1 Z 4 = Z 2 Z 3 ,
Z 3 = R 3 , and Z 4 = R 4 ||
1
.
jC 4

- jR 4 R 1
j
= R 3 R 2
R 4 C 4 j
C 2
jR 3
- jR 4 R 1 (R 4 C 4 + j)
= R 3R 2
2
2 2
R 4C4 + 1
C 2
Equating the real and imaginary components,

R 1R 4
= R 2R 3
2
R 24 C 24 + 1
(1)
2
R3
R 1 R 4 C 4
=
2
2 2
R 4 C 4 + 1 C 2
(2)
Dividing (1) by (2),
1
= R 2 C 2
R 4 C 4
1
2 =
R 2C2R 4C4
1
= 2f =
R 2C2 R 4C4
f=
1
2 R 2 R 4 C 2 C 4
Y=
1
1
1
+
+
240 j95 - j84
Y = 4.1667 10 -3 j0.01053 + j0.0119

Z=
1
1000
1000
=
=
Y 4.1667 + j1.37 4.386118.2
Z = 228-18.2
Z1 = 50 +
-j
1
= 50 +
(2)(2 10 3 )(2 10 -6 )
jC
Z1 = 50 j39.79
Z 2 = 80 + jL = 80 + j (2)(2 10 3 )(10 10 -3 )
Z 2 = 80 + j125.66
Z 3 = 100
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
Z Z1 Z 2 Z 3
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
Z 100 50 j39.79 80 + j125.66
1
= 10 -3 (10 + 12.24 + j9.745 + 3.605 j5.663)
Z
= (25.85 + j4.082) 10 -3
= 26.17 10 -3 8.97
Z = 38.21-8.97
(a)
(b)
Z = - j20 + j30 + 120 j20

Z = 120 j10
1
1
=
would cause the capacitive
C 2f C
impedance to double, while L = 2f L would cause the inductive
impedance to halve. Thus,
Z = - j40 + j15 + 120 j40
Z = 120 j65
If the frequency were halved,
Z in = jL || R +
jC
1
L
jL R +
+ jL R
jC
C
=
Z in =
1
1
R + jL +
R + jL
jC
Z in =
L
1
+ jL R R jL
C
C
R + L
To have a resistive impedance, Im(Z in ) = 0 . Hence,

L
1
=0
L R 2 L
C
C
R 2 C = L
1
C
2 R 2 C 2 = 2 LC 1
2 R 2 C 2 + 1
L=
2 C
(1)
Ignoring the +1 in the numerator in (1),
L = R 2 C = (200) 2 (50 10 -9 ) = 2 mH
Let
Vs = 1450 ,
I=
X = jL = j (2)(60) L = j377 L
Vs
1450
=
80 + R + jX 80 + R + jX
V1 = 80 I =
50 =
(80)(145)
80 + R + jX
(80)(145)
80 + R + jX
Vo = (R + jX) I =
110 =
(1)
(R + jX)(1450)
80 + R + jX
(R + jX)(145)
80 + R + jX
(2)
From (1) and (2),

50
80
=
110
R + jX
11
R + jX = (80)
5
R 2 + X 2 = 30976
From (1),
(80)(145)
80 + R + jX =
= 232
50
(3)
6400 + 160R + R 2 + X 2 = 53824

160R + R 2 + X 2 = 47424
(4)

160R = 16448
R = 102.8
From (3),
X 2 = 30976 10568 = 20408
X = 142.86 = 377 L
L = 0.3789 H
Z in =
1
+ R || jL
jC
Z in =
-j
jLR
+
C R + jL
- j 2 L2 R + jLR 2
=
+
C
R 2 + 2 L2
To have a resistive impedance, Im(Z in ) = 0 .
Hence,
-1
LR 2
=0
+ 2
C R + 2 L2
1
LR 2
= 2
C R + 2 L2
R 2 + 2 L2
C=
2 LR 2
where = 2 f = 2 10 7
C=
9 10 4 + (4 2 1014 )(400 10 12 )
(4 2 1014 )(20 10 6 )(9 10 4 )
C=
9 + 16 2
nF
72 2
C = 235 pF
(a) Z o =
Z
=
Y
10075 o
= 471.413.5 o
o
6
45048 x10
(b) = ZY = 10075 o x 45048 o x10 6 = 0.212161.5 o

Z = Zs + 2 ZA + ZL
Z = (1 + 0.8 + 23.2) + j(0.5 + 0.6 + 18.9)
Z = 25 + j20
IL =
VS
1150
=
Z 32.02 38.66
I L = 3.592-38.66 A
=1
10 cos( t 45)
10 - 45
5 sin( t + 30)
5 - 60
1H
1F
jL = j
1
= -j
jC
The circuit becomes as shown below.

3
10-45 V
Vo
2 Io
5-60 V

(10 - 45) Vo (5 - 60) Vo Vo
+
=
3
j
-j
j10 - 45 + 15 - 60 = j Vo
Vo = 10 - 45 + 15 - 150 = 15.73247.9
Therefore,
v o ( t ) = 15.73 cos(t + 247.9) V
= 10
4 cos(10t 4)
4 - 45
20 sin(10 t + 3)
20 - 150
1H
jL = j10
1
1
0.02 F
=
= - j5
jC j 0.2
The circuit becomes that shown below.
10
Vo
Io
20-150 V
j10
4-45 A
-j5

Vo Vo
(20 - 150) Vo
+ 4 - 45 =
+
10
j10 - j5
20 - 150 + 4 - 45 = 0.1(1 + j) Vo
Io =
Therefore,
Vo 2 - 150 + 4 - 45
= 2.816 150.98
=
j10
j (1 + j)
i o ( t ) = 2.816 cos(10t + 150.98) A

= 4
2 cos(4t )
20
16 sin(4 t )
16 - 90 = -j16
2H
jL = j8
1
1
1 12 F
=
= - j3
jC j (4)(1 12)
-j16 V
-j3
Vo
j8
20 A
Vo
Vo
- j16 Vo
+2=
+
4 j3
1 6 + j8
- j16
1
1
V
+ 2 = 1 +
+
4 j3
4 j3 6 + j8 o
Vo =
3.92 j2.56 4.682 - 33.15

=
= 3.835 - 35.02
1.22 + j0.04
1.2207 1.88
v o ( t ) = 3.835 cos(4t 35.02) V
Therefore,

16 sin(4 t 10)
16 - 10, = 4
1H
jL = j4
0.25 F
Ix
16-10 V
1
1
=
= -j
jC j (4)(1 4)
j4
V1
-j
+
0.5 Ix
Vo
(16 - 10) V1 1
V
+ Ix = 1
j4
2
1 j
But
Ix =
So,
(16 - 10) V1
j4
3 ((16 - 10) V1 )
V
= 1
j8
1 j
V1 =
48 - 10
- 1 + j4

1
48 - 10
Vo =
V1 =
= 8.232 - 69.04
1 j
(1 - j)(-1 + j4)
v o ( t ) = 8.232 sin(4t 69.04) V
Therefore,
Let the voltage across the capacitor and the inductor be Vx and we get:
Vx 0.5I x 1030 Vx Vx
+
+
=0
4
j2 j3
(3 + j6 j4)Vx 1.5I x = 3030 but I x =
Vx
= j0.5Vx
j2
Combining these equations we get:

(3 + j2 j0.75)Vx = 3030 or Vx =
I x = j0.5
3030
3 + j1.25
3030
= 4.61597.38 A
3 + j1.25

Let Vo be the voltage across the current source. Using nodal analysis we get:
Vo 4Vx
Vo
20
3+
= 0 where Vx =
Vo
20 + j10
20
20 + j10
Combining these we get:
Vo
4Vo
Vo
3+
= 0 (1 + j0.5 3)Vo = 60 + j30
20 20 + j10
20 + j10
Vo =
60 + j30
20(3)
or Vx =
= 29.11166 V.
2 + j0.5
2 + j0.5

At the main node,
120 15 o V
V
V
= 630 o +
+
j30 50
40 + j20
115.91 j31.058
5.196 j3 =
40 + j20
1
j
1
+
+
V
40 + j20 30 50
V=
3.1885 j4.7805
= 124.08 154 o V
0.04 + j0.0233
= 200,
100mH
50F
jL = j200x 0.1 = j20

1
1
=
= j100
jC j200x 50x10 6
The frequency-domain version of the circuit is shown below.

0.1 Vo
40
V1
615
20
+
Vo
-
Io
V2
-j100
j20
At node 1,
or
V
V1
V V2
615 o + 0.1V1 = 1 +
+ 1
20 j100
40
5.7955 + j1.5529 = (0.025 + j 0.01)V1 0.025V2
(1)
At node 2,
V
V1 V2
= 0.1V1 + 2
j20
40
From (1) and (2),
0 = 3V1 + (1 j2)V2
(0.025 + j0.01) 0.025 V1 (5.7955 + j1.5529)

=
3
(1 j2) V2
0
or
(2)
AV = B
Using MATLAB,
V = inv(A)*B
V2 = 110.3 + j161.09
leads to V1 = 70.63 j127.23,
V V2
Io = 1
= 7.276 82.17 o
40
Thus,
i o ( t ) = 7.276 cos(200 t 82.17 o ) A

10 cos(10 3 t )
10 0, = 10 3
10 mH
jL = j10
50 F
1
1
=
= - j20
3
jC j (10 )(50 10 -6 )
Consider the circuit shown below.
20
V1
-j20
V2
j10
Io
100 V
20
+
4 Io
30
Vo
At node 1,
10 V1 V1 V1 V2
=
+
20
20
- j20
10 = (2 + j) V1 jV2
(1)
At node 2,
V1 V2
V
V2
V
, where I o = 1 has been substituted.
= (4) 1 +
20
- j20
20 30 + j10
(-4 + j) V1 = (0.6 + j0.8) V2
V1 =
0.6 + j0.8
V2
-4+ j
(2)
Substituting (2) into (1)

(2 + j)(0.6 + j0.8)
10 =
V2 jV2
-4+ j
or
V2 =
170
0.6 j26.2
Vo =
30
3
170
V2 =
= 6.154 70.26
30 + j10
3 + j 0.6 j26.2
v o ( t ) = 6.154 cos(103 t + 70.26) V
Therefore,
50 mH
2F
jL = j2000x50 x10 3 = j100,
= 2000
1
1
=
= j250
jC j2000 x 2x10 6
Consider the frequency-domain equivalent circuit below.

V1
36<0o
2k
-j250
j100
V2
0.1V1
4k
At node 1,
36 =
V1
V
V V2
+ 1 + 1
2000 j100 j250
36 = (0.0005 j0.006)V1 j0.004V2
(1)
At node 2,
V
V1 V2
= 0.1V1 + 2
4000
j250
0 = (0.1 j0.004)V1 + (0.00025 + j0.004)V2 (2)
Solving (1) and (2) gives

Vo = V2 = 535.6 + j893.5 = 8951.193.43o
vo (t) = 8.951 sin(2000t +93.43o) kV

cos(2t )
10, = 2
8 sin( 2t + 30)
8 - 60
1H
jL = j2
12F
1
1
=
= -j
jC j (2)(1 2)
2H
jL = j4
14F
1
1
=
= - j2
jC j (2)(1 4)
2 Io
2 Io
2 Io
2 -j
2
2 Io
2
I
-j
2
2 Io
At node 1,
(8 - 60) V1 V1 V1 V2
=
+
2
-j
j2
8 - 60 = (1 + j) V1 + j V2
(1)
At node 2,
1+
V1 V2 (8 - 60) V2
=0
+
j2
j4 j2
V2 = 4 - 60 + j + 0.5 V1
1 + 8 - 60 4 30 = (1 + j1.5) V1
Therefore,
(2)
V1 =
1 + 8 - 60 430
1 + j1.5
Io =
V1 1 + 8 - 60 4 30
= 5.024 - 46.55
=
-j
1.5 j
i o ( t ) = 5.024 cos(2t 46.55)

20 sin(1000t )
20 0, = 1000
10 mH
jL = j10
50 F
1
1
=
= - j20
3
jC j (10 )(50 10 -6 )
The frequency-domain equivalent circuit is shown below.
2 Io
V1
10
V2
Io
200 A
20
-j20
j10
At node 1,
20 = 2 I o +
V1 V1 V2
+
,
20
10
where
Io =
V2
j10
20 =
2V2 V1 V1 V2
+
+
j10 20
10
400 = 3V1 (2 + j4) V2
(1)
At node 2,
2V2 V1 V2
V
V
+
= 2 + 2
j10
10
- j20 j10
j2 V1 = (-3 + j2) V2
V1 = (1 + j1.5) V2
or
400 = (3 + j4.5) V2 (2 + j4) V2 = (1 + j0.5) V2
Therefore,
V2 =
400
1 + j0.5
Io =
V2
40
=
= 35.74 - 116.6
j10 j (1 + j0.5)
(2)
i o ( t ) = 35.74 sin(1000t 116.6) A

Nodal analysis is the best approach to use on this problem. We can make our work easier
by doing a source transformation on the right hand side of the circuit.
j2
4030 V
18
j6
+
Vx
500 V
Vx 4030 Vx Vx 50
+
+
=0
j2
3
18 + j6
which leads to Vx = 29.3662.88 A.

At node 1,
0 V1 0 V1 V2 V1
+
+
= 2030
- j2
10
j4
- (1 + j2.5) V1 j2.5 V2 = 173.2 + j100
(1)
At node 2,
V2 V2 V2 V1
+
+
= 2030
j2 - j5
j4
- j5.5 V2 + j2.5 V1 = 173.2 + j100
Equations (1) and (2) can be cast into matrix form as

1 + j2.5 j2.5 V1 - 200 30
=
j2.5
- j5.5 V2 200 30
1 + j2.5 j2.5
= 20 j5.5 = 20.74 - 15.38
j2.5
- j5.5
1 =
2 =
- 200 30 j2.5
= j3 (20030) = 600120
200 30 - j5.5
1 + j2.5 - 20030
j2.5
20030
V1 =
1
= 28.93135.38
V2 =
2
= 49.18124.08
= (200 30)(1 + j5) = 1020108.7
(2)

We apply nodal analysis to the circuit shown below.
5A
V2
-j20 V
V1
-j2
2I
At node 1,
V
V V2
- j20 V1
= 5+ 1 + 1
2
- j2
j
- 5 j10 = (0.5 j0.5) V1 + j V2
At node 2,
5 + 2I +
V1 V2 V2
,
=
j
4
where I =
V2 =
V1
- j2
5
V1
0.25 j
(2)

- 5 j10
j5
= 0.5 (1 j) V1
0.25 j
(1 j) V1 = -10 j20
j40
1 j4
( 2 - 45) V1 = -10 j20 +

V1 = 15.81313.5
160 j40
17 17
(1)
I=
V1
= (0.590)(15.81313.5)
- j2
I = 7.90643.49 A
At node 1,
V1 V1 V2 V1 V2
+
+
20
10
- j5
j40 = (3 + j4) V1 (2 + j4) V2
j2 =
At node 2,
V1 V2 V1 V2
V
+
+1+ j = 2
10
- j5
j10
10 (1 + j) = - (1 + j2) V1 + (1 + j) V2
Thus,
j40
10 (1 +
3 + j4 - 2 (1 + j2) V1
=
j) - (1 + j2)
1 + j V2
3 + j4 - 2 (1 + j2)
= 5 j = 5.099 - 11.31
- (1 + j2)
1+ j
1 =
j40
- 2 (1 + j2)
= 60 + j100 = 116.62 120.96
10 (1 + j)
1+ j
2 =
3 + j4
j40
- (1 + j2) 10 (1 + j)
= -90 + j110 = 142.13129.29
1
= 22.87132.27 V
2
V2 =
= 27.87140.6 V
V1 =

j4
10020 V
1
Io
V1
V2
-j2
At node 1,
10020 V1 V1 V1 V2
=
+
j4
3
2
100 20 =
V1
(3 + j10) j2 V2
3
(1)
At node 2,
10020 V2 V1 V2 V2
+
=
1
2
- j2
100 20 = -0.5 V1 + (1.5 + j0.5) V2
From (1) and (2),
10020 - 0.5
0.5 (3 + j) V1
=
10020 1 + j10 3
- j2 V2
- 0.5
1.5 + j0.5
= 0.1667 j4.5
1 + j10 3
- j2
1 =
2 =
10020 1.5 + j0.5

= -55.45 j286.2
10020
- j2
- 0.5
10020
1 + j10 3 10020
= -26.95 j364.5
(2)
V1 =
1
= 64.74 - 13.08
V2 =
2
= 81.17 - 6.35
Io =
V1 V2 1 2 - 28.5 + j78.31
=
=
2
2
0.3333 j 9
I o = 9.25-162.12
V1
j6 V
2
j5
+
445 A
+
2 Vx
Vx
-j
-j2
At node 1,
445 =
V1 V1 V2
+
2
8 + j6
200 45 = (29 j3) V1 (4 j3) V2
(1)
At node 2,
V1 V2
V
V2
,
+ 2Vx = 2 +
8 + j6
- j 4 + j5 j2
where Vx = V1
(104 j3) V1 = (12 + j41) V2
12 + j41
V
104 j3 2
V1 =
20045 = (29 j3)
Vo
(2)
(12 + j41)
V (4 j3) V2
104 j3 2
200 45 = (14.2189.17) V2
V2 =
20045
14.2189.17
Vo =
- j2
- j2
- 6 j8
V2 =
V2 =
V2
4 + j5 j2
4 + j3
25
Vo =
10233.13
20045
25
14.2189.17
Vo = 5.63189 V
We have a supernode as shown in the circuit below.
j2
V1
V2
4
V3
+
2
Vo
-j4
0.2 Vo
Vo = V1 .
Notice that
At the supernode,
V3 V2 V2 V1 V1 V3
=
+
+
4
- j4 2
j2
0 = (2 j2) V1 + (1 + j) V2 + (-1 + j2) V3
(1)
At node 3,
0.2V1 +
V1 V3 V3 V2
=
j2
4
(0.8 j2) V1 + V2 + (-1 + j2) V3 = 0

(2)
0 = 1.2V1 + j V2
But at the supernode,
V1 = 12 0 + V2
V2 = V1 12
or
0 = 1.2V1 + j (V1 12)
V1 =
j12
= Vo
1.2 + j
Vo =
1290
1.56239.81
(3)
(4)
Vo = 7.68250.19 V
The circuit is converted to its frequency-domain equivalent circuit as shown below.
R
+
Vm0
jL
Vo
1
jC
Let
Z = jL ||
1
=
jC
L
C
1
jL +
jC
jL
1 2 LC
jL
Z
jL
1 2 LC
Vo =
Vm =
Vm =
V
jL
R+Z
R (1 2 LC) + jL m
R+
1 2 LC
Vo =
90 tan -1
2
R (1 LC)
R 2 (1 2 LC) 2 + 2 L2
L Vm
If
Vo = A , then
A=
and
L Vm
R 2 (1 2 LC) 2 + 2 L2
= 90 tan -1
L
R (1 2 LC)
(a)
Vo
=
Vi
1
jC
R + jL +
1
jC
As ,
(b)
Vo
=
Vi
1
LC
Vo
=
Vi
jL
R + jL +
As ,
1
LC
1
jC
1
jRC
-j L
R C
LC
2 LC
=
1 2 LC + jRC
Vo
= 0
Vi
Vo 1
= = 1
Vi 1
At = 0 ,
At =
1
1 LC + jRC
2
Vo 1
= = 1
Vi 1
Vo
= 0
Vi
At = 0 ,
At =
Vo
=
Vi
1
jRC
1
LC
j L
R C

Consider the circuit in the frequency domain as shown below.
R1
R2
Vs
1
jC
jL
Let
Z = (R 2 + jL) ||
+
Vo
1
jC
1
(R + jL)
R 2 + jL
jC 2
Z=
=
1
1 + jR 2 2 LC
R 2 + jL +
jC
R 2 + jL
Vo
1 2 LC + jR 2 C
Z
=
=
R 2 + jL
Vs Z + R 1
R1 +
1 2 LC + jR 2 C
Vo
R 2 + jL
=
2
Vs R 1 + R 2 LCR 1 + j (L + R 1 R 2 C)
V Vs
V
+
+ jCV = 0
1
R
jL +
j C
V+
jRCV
2LC + 1
+ jRCV = Vs
1 2LC + jRC + jRC j3RLC2
V = Vs
2
1
LC
V=
(1 2 LC)Vs
1 2LC + jRC(2 2LC)
For mesh 1,
1
1
1
I1
+
Vs =
I
jC 2 2
jC1 jC 2
(1)
For mesh 2,
1
1
I
I 1 + R + jL +
jC 2
jC 2 2
Putting (1) and (2) into matrix form,

1
1
1
I1
Vs
jC1 jC 2
jC 2
=
0
1
1 I 2

R + jL +
j C 2
jC 2
0=
(2)
1
1
1
1
+ 2
R + jL +
=
+
jC 2 C1C 2
jC1 jC 2
1 = Vs R + jL +
jC 2
and
Vs R + jL +
jC 2
1
I1 =
=
1
1
1
1
R + jL +
+ 2
+
jC 2 C1 C 2
jC 1 jC 2
I2 =
Vs
jC 2
2
=
1
1
1
1
+ 2
R + jL +
+
jC 2 C1 C 2
jC 1 jC 2
= 2
10 cos(2t )
100
2 =
Vs
jC 2
6 sin(2t )
6 - 90 = -j6
2H
jL = j4
1
1
0.25 F
=
= - j2
jC j (2)(1 4)
j4
Io
100 V
I1
-j2
I2
6-90 V
For loop 1,
- 10 + (4 j2) I 1 + j2 I 2 = 0
5 = (2 j) I 1 + j I 2
(1)
For loop 2,
j2 I 1 + ( j4 j2) I 2 + (- j6) = 0
I1 + I 2 = 3
In matrix form (1) and (2) become
2 j j I 1 5
1 1 I = 3
2
= 2 (1 j) ,
1 = 5 j3 ,
(2)
2 = 1 j3
1 2
4
=
= 1 + j = 1.414 45
2 (1 j)
i o ( t ) = 1.414 cos(2t + 45) A

I o = I1 I 2 =
Therefore,

We apply mesh analysis to the circuit shown below.
For mesh 1,
- 10 + 40 I 1 20 I 2 = 0
1 = 4 I1 2 I 2
For the supermesh,
(20 j20) I 2 20 I 1 + (30 + j10) I 3 = 0
- 2 I 1 + (2 j2) I 2 + (3 + j) I 3 = 0
(1)
(2)
At node A,
I o = I1 I 2
(3)
At node B,
I2 = I3 + 4Io
I 2 = I 3 + 4 I1 4 I 2
I 3 = 5 I 2 4 I1
0 = -(14 + j4) I 1 + (17 + j3) I 2
From (1) and (6),
1
4
- 2 I 1
0 = - (14 + j4) 17 + j3 I

2
(4)
(5)
(6)
= 40 + j4
1 =
-2
0 17 + j3
I 3 = 5 I 2 4 I1 =
Vo = 30 I 3 =
Therefore,
= 17 + j3 ,
2 =
- (14 + j4) 0
= 14 + j4
5 2 4 1
2 + j8
=
40 + j4
15 (1 + j4)
= 6.15470.25
10 + j
v o ( t ) = 6.154 cos(103 t + 70.25) V

For mesh 1,
- 40 30 + ( j10 j20) I 1 + j20 I 2 = 0
4 30 = - j I 1 + j2 I 2
(1)
For mesh 2,
50 0 + (40 j20) I 2 + j20 I 1 = 0
5 = - j2 I 1 (4 j2) I 2
From (1) and (2),
430 - j
j2 I 1
=
5 - j2 - (4 j2) I
= -2 + 4 j = 4.472116.56
(2)
1 = -(4 30)(4 j2) j10 = 21.01211.8

2 = - j5 + 8120 = 4.44 154.27
I1 =
1
= 4.69895.24 A
I2 =
2
= 0.992837.71 A

1H
jL = j4,
1F
1
1
=
= j0.25
jC j1x 4
The frequency-domain version of the circuit is shown below, where

V1 = 100 o ,
V2 = 20 30 o .
j4
j4
-j0.25
+
V1
-
I1
V1 = 100 o ,
I2
V2
-
V2 = 20 30 o
Applying mesh analysis,

10 = (2 + j3.75)I1 (1 j0.25)I 2
(1)
20 30 o = (1 j0.025)I1 + (2 + j3.75)I 2
(2)
From (1) and (2), we obtain
10
2 + j3.75 1 + j0.25 I1
17.32 + j10 1 + j0.25 2 + j3.75 I 2
Solving this leads to

I1 = 1.3602 j0.9769 = 1.6747 35.69 o ,
I 2 = 4.1438 + j2.111 = 4.6505153o
Hence,
i1 = 1.675 cos(4t 35.69 o ) A,
i 2 = 4.651cos(46 + 153o ) A

For mesh 1,
(5 + j5) I 1 (2 + j) I 2 30 20 = 0
30 20 = (5 + j5) I 1 (2 + j) I 2
(1)
For mesh 2,
(5 + j3 j6) I 2 (2 + j) I 1 = 0
0 = - (2 + j) I 1 + (5 j3) I 2
From (1) and (2),
3020 5 + j5 - (2 + j) I 1
0 = - (2 + j) 5 - j3 I
= 37 + j6 = 37.489.21
1 = (30 20)(5.831 - 30.96) = 175 - 10.96
2 = (30 20)(2.356 26.56) = 67.0846.56
I1 =
1
= 4.67-20.17 A
I2 =
2
= 1.7937.35 A
(2)

I2
j4
100 V
1
Io
I1
3
I3
-j2
For mesh 1,
100 20 = (3 + j4) I 1 j4 I 2 3 I 3
(1)
0 = - j4 I 1 + (3 + j4) I 2 j2 I 3
(2)
For mesh 2,
For mesh 3,
0 = -3 I 1 2 I 2 + (5 j2) I 3
Put (1), (2), and (3) into matrix form.
3 + j4 - j4
- 3 I 1 10020
j4
3
+
j4
j2
0
=
I
2
- 3
-2
5 - j2 I 3
0
3 + j4 - j4
-3
= - j4 3 + j4 - j2 = 106 + j30
-3
-2
5 - j2
3 + j4 10020 - 3
2 = - j4
0
- j2 = (10020)(8 + j26)
-3
0
5 - j2
3 + j4 - j4 10020
3 = - j4 3 + j4
0
= (10020)(9 + j20)
-3
-2
0
Io = I3 I2 =
3 2 (10020)(1 j6)
=
106 + j30
I o = 5.521-76.34 A
(3)

Consider the network shown below.
80
100120 V
I1
Io
-j40
j60
I2
-j40
20
I3
60-30 V
For loop 1,
- 100 20 + (80 j40) I 1 + j40 I 2 = 0
10 20 = 4 (2 j) I 1 + j4 I 2
(1)
j40 I 1 + ( j60 j80) I 2 + j40 I 3 = 0

0 = 2 I1 I 2 + 2 I 3
(2)
60 - 30 + (20 j40) I 3 + j40 I 2 = 0

- 6 - 30 = j4 I 2 + 2 (1 j2) I 3
(3)
For loop 2,
For loop 3,
From (2),
2 I 3 = I 2 2 I1
Substituting this equation into (3),
- 6 - 30 = -2 (1 j2) I 1 + (1 + j2) I 2
(4)
From (1) and (4),

10120 4 (2 j)
j4 I 1
- 6 - 30 = - 2 (1 j2) 1 + j2 I
2

2 =
8 j4
- j4
= 32 + j20 = 37.7432
- 2 + j4 1 + j2
8 j4 10120
= -4.928 + j82.11 = 82.2593.44
- 2 + j4 - 6 - 30
Io = I2 =
2
= 2.17961.44 A

j4
Io
+
2
4-30 V
Vo
I1
3 Vo
For mesh 1,
where
(2 + j4) I 1 2 (4 - 30) + 3 Vo = 0
Vo = 2 (4 - 30 I 1 )
Hence,
(2 + j4) I 1 8 - 30 + 6 (4 - 30 I 1 ) = 0
4 - 30 = (1 j) I 1
I 1 = 2 2 15
or
Io =
3 Vo
3
=
(2)(4 - 30 I 1 )
- j2 - j2
I o = j3 (4 - 30 2 2 15)
I o = 8.48515 A
Vo =
- j2 I o
= 5.657-75 V
3

I2
-j2
5A
I4
2
j
I
-j20 V
I1
I2
-j2
2I
I3
For mesh 1,
j20 + (2 j2) I 1 + j2 I 2 = 0
(1 j) I 1 + j I 2 = - j10
(1)
For the supermesh,

( j j2) I 2 + j2 I 1 + 4 I 3 j I 4 = 0
(2)
Also,
I 3 I 2 = 2 I = 2 (I 1 I 2 )
I 3 = 2 I1 I 2
(3)
I4 = 5
(4)
For mesh 4,

(8 + j2) I 1 (- 4 + j) I 2 = j5
(5)
Putting (1) and (5) in matrix form,

1 j
j I 1 - j10
8 + j2 4 j I = j5
= -3 j5 ,
I = I1 I 2 =
1 = -5 + j40 ,
2 = -15 + j85
1 2 10 j45
=
= 7.90643.49 A
- 3 j5
Io
I2
3A
20
8
4090 V
-j2
I3
10
I1
j15
j4
For mesh 1,
- j40 + (18 + j2) I 1 (8 j2) I 2 (10 + j4) I 3 = 0
For the supermesh,
(13 j2) I 2 + (30 + j19) I 3 (18 + j2) I 1 = 0
(1)
(2)
Also,
I2 = I3 3
Adding (1) and (2) and incorporating (3),

- j40 + 5 (I 3 3) + (20 + j15) I 3 = 0
3 + j8
I3 =
= 1.46538.48
5 + j3
I o = I 3 = 1.46538.48 A
(3)
j2
I3
-j3
10
20 V
I1
-j4 A
I2
-j5
For the supermesh,

- 20 + 8 I 1 + (11 j8) I 2 (9 j3) I 3 = 0
(1)
Also,
I 1 = I 2 + j4
(2)
(13 j) I 3 8 I 1 (1 j3) I 2 = 0
(3)
For mesh 3,

(19 j8) I 2 (9 j3) I 3 = 20 j32
(4)

- (9 j3) I 2 + (13 j) I 3 = j32
(5)
From (4) and (5),

19 j8 - (9 j3) I 2 20 j32
- (9 j3) 13 j I = j32
= 167 j69 ,
2 = 324 j148
2 324 j148 356.2 - 24.55

=
=
167 j69 180.69 - 22.45

I 2 = 1.971-2.1 A
I2 =

j4
-j3
+
I1
490 A
Vo
I2
2
I3
20 A
Clearly,
I 1 = 4 90 = j4
and
I 3 = -2
For mesh 2,
(4 j3) I 2 2 I 1 2 I 3 + 12 = 0
(4 j3) I 2 j8 + 4 + 12 = 0
- 16 + j8
= -3.52 j0.64
I2 =
4 j3
Thus,
Vo = 2 (I 1 I 2 ) = (2)(3.52 + j4.64) = 7.04 + j9.28
Vo = 11.64852.82 V
I1
+
120 90 o V
-
Ix
Z
Z=80-j35
I2
Iy
Iz
120 V
120 30 o V
+
Z
I3
For mesh x,
ZI x ZI z = j120
(1)
ZI y ZI z = 12030 o = 103.92 + j60
(2)
ZI x ZI y + 3ZI z = 0
(3)
For mesh y,
For mesh z,
Putting (1) to (3) together leads to the following matrix equation:

0
(80 + j35) I x
j120
(80 j35)
0
(80 j35) (80 + j35) I y = 103.92 + j60
(80 + j35) (80 + j35) (240 j105) I
Using MATLAB, we obtain

- 1.9165 + j1.4115
I = inv(A) * B = - 2.1806 - j0.954

- 1.3657 + j0.1525
I1 = I x = 1.9165 + j1.4115 = 2.3802143.6 o A

I 2 = I y I x = 0.2641 j2.3655 = 2.3802 96.37 o A
I 3 = I y = 2.1806 + j0.954 = 2.380223.63o A

AI = B
Io
I1
20 A
j2
I2
-j4
40 A
I3
I4
1090 V
A
Clearly,
I1 = 2
(1)
For mesh 2,
(2 j4) I 2 2 I 1 + j4 I 4 + 10 90 = 0
Substitute (1) into (2) to get
(1 j2) I 2 + j2 I 4 = 2 j5
For the supermesh,
(1 + j2) I 3 j2 I 1 + (1 j4) I 4 + j4 I 2 = 0
j4 I 2 + (1 + j2) I 3 + (1 j4) I 4 = j4
(2)
(3)
At node A,
I3 = I4 4
j2 I 2 + (1 j) I 4 = 2 (1 + j3)
From (2) and (5),
1 j2 j2 I 2 2 j5
j2 1 j I = 2 + j6
= 3 j3 ,
1 = 9 j11
- 1 - (9 j11) 1
=
= (-10 + j)
3 j3
3
I o = 3.35174.3 A
Io = -I2 =
(4)
(5)

For mesh 1,
(28 j15)I1 8I 2 + j15I 3 = 1264 o
(1)
8I1 + (8 j9)I 2 j16I 3 = 0
(2)
j15I1 j16I 2 + (10 + j)I 3 = 0
(3)
For mesh 2,
For mesh 3,
In matrix form, (1) to (3) can be cast as

j15 I1 1264 o
8
(28 j15)

(8 j9) j16 I 2 = 0
8
j15
j16 (10 + j) I 3 0
Using MATLAB,
I = inv(A)*B
I1 = 0.128 + j0.3593 = 0.3814109.6 o A
I 2 = 0.1946 + j0.2841 = 0.3443124.4 o A
I 3 = 0.0718 j0.1265 = 0.1455 60.42 o A
or
AI = B
I x = I1 I 2 = 0.0666 + j0.0752 = 0.100548.5 o A

Let i O = i O1 + i O 2 , where i O1 is due to the dc source and i O 2 is due to the ac source. For
i O1 , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
4
2
iO1
8V
(a)
Clearly,
i O1 = 8 2 = 4 A
For i O 2 , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).
4
2
IO2
100 V
j4
(b)
If we transform the voltage source, we have the circuit in Fig. (c), where 4 || 2 = 4 3 .
IO2
2.50 A
(c)

43
I O2 =
(2.50)
4 3 + j4
I O 2 = 0.25 j0.75 = 0.79 - 71.56
j4
i O 2 = 0.79 cos(4t 71.56) A
Thus,
Therefore,
i O = i O1 + i O 2 = 4 + 0.79 cos(4t 71.56) A

Let vx = v1 + v2.
For v1 we let the DC source equal zero.
5
+
200
V1
V1 20 V1 V1
+
+
= 0 which simplifies to (1j 5 + 5 j)V1 = 100 j
5
j 1
V1 = 2.5639.8 or v1 = 2.56sin(500t 39.8) V
Setting the AC signal to zero produces:
5
1
+
V2
6V
The 1-ohm resistor in series with the 5-ohm resistor creating a simple voltage divider
yielding:
v2 = (5/6)6 = 5 V.
vx = {2.56sin(500t 39.8) + 5} V.
Let ix = i1 + i2, where i1 and i2 which are generated by is and vs respectively. For i1 we let
is = 6sin2t A becomes Is = 60, where =2.
2 j4
1 j2
6 = 12
= 3.724 j3.31 = 4.983 41.63
3 + j2 + 2 j4
5 j2
i1= 4.983sin(2t 41.63) A
I1 =
j4
i1
3
is
j2
For i2, we transform vs = 12cos(4t 30) into the frequency domain and get
Vs = 1230.
Thus, I 2 =
12 30
= 5.3858.2 or i2 = 5.385cos(4t + 8.2) A
2 j2 + 3 + j4
j2
i2
3
Vs
j4
ix = [5.385cos(4t + 8.2) + 4.983sin(2t 41.63)] A.

Let i O = i O1 + i O 2 , where i O1 is due to the dc source and i O 2 is due to the ac source. For
i O1 , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
2
iO1
8V
(a)
Clearly,
i O1 = 8 2 = 4 A
2
IO2
100 V
j4
(b)
If we transform the voltage source, we have the circuit in Fig. (c), where 4 || 2 = 4 3 .
IO2
2.50 A
(c)
43
I O2 =
(2.50)
4 3 + j4
I O 2 = 0.25 j0.75 = 0.79 - 71.56
Thus,
i O 2 = 0.79 cos(4t 71.56) A
Therefore,
i O = i O1 + i O 2 = 4 + 0.79 cos (89)(4t 71.56) A
j4

Let v x = v1 + v 2 , where v1 and v2 are due to the current source and voltage source
respectively.
For v1 , = 6 , 5 H
jL = j30
The frequency-domain circuit is shown below.
20
16
Is
Let Z = 16 //( 20 + j30) =
+
V1
-
16(20 + j30)
= 11.8 + j3.497 = 12.3116.5 o
36 + j30
V1 = I s Z = (1210 o )(12.3116.5 o ) = 147.726.5 o
For v2 , = 2 , 5 H
j30
v1 = 147.7 cos(6 t + 26.5 o ) V
jL = j10

20
16
j10
+
V2
-
Vs
-

16
16(500 o )
V2 =
Vs =
= 21.41 15.52 o
16 + 20 + j10
36 + j10
v 2 = 21.41sin(2t 15.52 o ) V
Thus,
v x = 147.7 cos(6 t + 26.5 o ) + 21.41sin( 2 t 15.52 o ) V

Let I o = I 1 + I 2 , where I 1 is due to the voltage source and I 2 is due to the current
source. For I 1 , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
10
IT
I1
20-150 V
j10
-j5
(a)
j10 || - j5 = - j10
20 - 150 2 - 150
IT =
=
10 j10
1 j
- j5
- j5 2 - 150
I1 =
IT =
= - (1 + j) - 150
j10 j5
j5
1 j
For I 2 , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).
I2
10
j10
(b)
10 || - j5 =
- j10
2 j
-j5
4-45 A
I2 =
- j10 (2 j)
(4 - 45) = -2 (1 + j) - 45
- j10 (2 j) + j10
I o = I 1 + I 2 = - 2 - 105 2 2 0
I o = -2.462 + j1.366 = 2.816150.98
i o = 2.816 cos(10t + 150.98) A
Therefore,
Let v o = v1 + v 2 + v 3 , where v1 , v 2 , and v 3 are respectively due to the 10-V dc source,

the ac current source, and the ac voltage source. For v1 consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
6
2H
+
1/12 F
v1
10 V
(a)
The capacitor is open to dc, while the inductor is a short circuit. Hence,
v1 = 10 V
For v 2 , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).
= 2
2H
jL = j4
1
1
1
F
=
= - j6
12
jC j (2)(1 / 12)
+
6
-j6
40 A
V2
(b)

V
V
V 1 j j
4 = 2 + 2 + 2 = + V2
6 - j6 j4 6 6 4
V2 =
24
= 21.4526.56
1 j0.5
j4
Hence,
v 2 = 21.45 sin( 2 t + 26.56) V
For v 3 , consider the circuit in Fig. (c).

=3
2H
jL = j6
1
1
1
F
=
= - j4
12
jC j (3)(1 / 12)
6
120 V
j6
+
-j4
V3
(c)

12 V3 V3 V3
=
+
6
- j4 j6
12
V3 =
= 10.73 - 26.56
1 + j0.5
Hence,
v 3 = 10.73 cos(3t 26.56) V
Therefore,
v o = 10 + 21.45 sin(2t + 26.56) + 10.73 cos(3t 26.56) V
Let i o = i1 + i 2 + i 3 , where i1 , i 2 , and i 3 are respectively due to the 24-V dc source, the
ac voltage source, and the ac current source. For i1 , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
1
24 V
1/6 F
(a)
Since the capacitor is an open circuit to dc,
2H
i1
4
i1 =
24
=4A
4+2
For i 2 , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

=1
2H
jL = j2
1
1
F
= - j6
6
jC
1
j2
-j6
I2
10-30 V
I1
I2
(b)
For mesh 1,
- 10 - 30 + (3 j6) I 1 2 I 2 = 0
10 - 30 = 3 (1 2 j) I 1 2 I 2
(1)
For mesh 2,
0 = -2 I 1 + (6 + j2) I 2
I 1 = (3 + j) I 2
(2)
10 - 30 = 13 j15 I 2
I 2 = 0.504 19.1
Hence,
i 2 = 0.504 sin( t + 19.1) A
For i 3 , consider the circuit in Fig. (c).
=3
2H
jL = j6
1
1
1
F
=
= - j2
jC j (3)(1 / 6)
6
1
j6
-j2
I3
2
(c)
20 A
2 || (1 j2) =
2 (1 j2)
3 j2

2 (1 j2)
(20)
2 (1 j2)
3 j2
=
I3 =
2 (1 j2)
13 + j3
4 + j6 +
3 j2
I 3 = 0.3352 - 76.43
Hence
i 3 = 0.3352 cos(3t 76.43) A
Therefore,
i o = 4 + 0.504 sin(t + 19.1) + 0.3352 cos(3t 76.43) A
Let i O = i O1 + i O 2 + i O 3 , where i O1 is due to the ac voltage source, i O 2 is due to the dc

voltage source, and i O3 is due to the ac current source. For i O1 , consider the circuit in
Fig. (a).
= 2000
50 cos(2000t )
500
40 mH
jL = j (2000)(40 10 -3 ) = j80
1
1
=
= - j25
jC j (2000)(20 10 -6 )
20 F
I
500 V
-j25
IO1
80
j80
(a)
80 || (60 + 100) = 160 3

50
30
=
I=
160 3 + j80 j25 32 + j33
60
100
- 80 I
-1
10180
= I=
80 + 160 3
4645.9
= 0.217 134.1
i O1 = 0.217 cos(2000 t + 134.1) A
I O1 =
I O1
Hence,

iO2
80
100
60
24 V
(b)
i O2 =
24
= 0.1 A
80 + 60 + 100
For i O3 , consider the circuit in Fig. (c).

= 4000
2 cos(4000t )
20
40 mH
20 F
jL = j (4000)(40 10 -3 ) = j160
1
1
=
= - j12.5
jC j (4000)(20 10 -6 )
-j12.5
I2
IO3
80
j160
I3
20 A
I1
100
60
(c)
For mesh 1,
I1 = 2
For mesh 2,
(1)
(80 + j160 j12.5) I 2 j160 I 1 80 I 3 = 0

Simplifying and substituting (1) into this equation yields
(8 + j14.75) I 2 8 I 3 = j32
For mesh 3,
240 I 3 60 I 1 80 I 2 = 0
Simplifying and substituting (1) into this equation yields
I 2 = 3 I 3 1.5
(16 + j44.25) I 3 = 12 + j54.125
12 + j54.125
I3 =
= 1.17827.38
16 + j44.25
(2)
(3)
Hence,
I O 3 = - I 3 = -1.17827.38
i O 3 = -1.1782 sin( 4000t + 7.38) A
Therefore,
i O = 0.1 + 0.217 cos(2000t + 134.1) 1.1782 sin(4000t + 7.38) A
8 sin( 200t + 30)

830, = 200
5 mH
1 mF
jL = j (200)(5 10 -3 ) = j
1
1
=
= - j5
jC j (200)(1 10 -3 )
After transforming the current source, the circuit becomes that shown in the figure below.
5
4030 V
40 30
40 30
=
= 4.47256.56
5 + 3 + j j5
8 j4
i = 4.472 sin(200t + 56.56) A
I=
j
-j5
50 cos(10 5 t )
50 0, = 10 5
0.4 mH
0.2 F
jL = j (10 5 )(0.4 10 -3 ) = j40

1
1
=
= - j50
5
jC j (10 )(0.2 10 -6 )
After transforming the voltage source, we get the circuit in Fig. (a).
j40
+
20
2.50 A
-j50
80
Vo
(a)
Let
Z = 20 || - j 50 =
and
- j100
2 j5
Vs = (2.50) Z =
- j250
2 j5
With these, the current source is transformed to obtain the circuit in Fig.(b).
j40
Vs
80
Vo
(b)
80
80
- j250
Vs =
- j100
Z + 80 + j40
2 j5
+ 80 + j40
2 j5
8 (- j250)
Vo =
= 36.15 - 40.6
36 j42
v o = 36.15 cos(105 t 40.6) V
Vo =
Therefore,

The original circuit with mesh currents and a node voltage labeled is shown below.
Io
j10
4-60 V
-j20
40
1.250 A
The following circuit is obtained by transforming the voltage sources.
Io
4-60 V
j10
-j20
40
Use nodal analysis to find Vx .
1
1
1
4 - 60 + 1.250 =
+
+ Vx
j10 - j20 40
3.25 j3.464 = (0.025 j0.05) Vx
3.25 j3.464
Vx =
= 81.42 + j24.29 = 84.97 16.61
0.025 j0.05
Thus, from the original circuit,
40 30 Vx (34.64 + j20) (81.42 + j24.29)
I1 =
=
j10
j10
- 46.78 j4.29
I1 =
= -0.429 + j4.678 = 4.69895.24 A
j10
Vx 50 0 31.42 + j24.29
=
40
40
I 2 = 0.7855 + j0.6072 = 0.992837.7 = 0.992837.7 A
I2 =

We transform the voltage source to a current source.
600
= 6 j12
Is =
2 + j4
1.250 A
The new circuit is shown in Fig. (a).

-j2
Ix
2
Is = 6 j12 A
6
j4
590 A
-j3
(a)
Let
6 (2 + j4)
= 2.4 + j1.8
8 + j4
Vs = I s Z s = (6 j12)(2.4 + j1.8) = 36 j18 = 18 (2 j)
Z s = 6 || (2 + j4) =
With these, we transform the current source on the left hand side of the circuit to a
voltage source. We obtain the circuit in Fig. (b).
Zs
-j2
Ix
Vs
j5 A
-j3
(b)
Let
Z o = Z s j2 = 2.4 j0.2 = 0.2 (12 j)

Vs
18 (2 j)
Io =
=
= 15.517 j6.207
Z o 0.2 (12 j)
With these, we transform the voltage source in Fig. (b) to a current source. We obtain the
circuit in Fig. (c).
Ix
Io
Zo
-j3
(c)
j5 A

Zo
2.4 j0.2
Ix =
(I o + j5) =
(15.517 j1.207)
Z o + 4 j3
6.4 j3.2
I x = 5 + j1.5625 = 5.23817.35 A
We transform the voltage source to a current source to obtain the circuit in Fig. (a).
-j3
j4
+
50 A
j2
Vo
-j2
(a)
Let
j8
= 0.8 + j1.6
4 + j2
Vs = (50) Z s = (5)(0.8 + j1.6) = 4 + j8
Z s = 4 || j2 =
With these, the current source is transformed so that the circuit becomes that shown in
Fig. (b).
-j3
Zs
Vs
j4
+
-j2
Vo
(b)
Let
Z x = Z s j3 = 0.8 j1.4
V
4 + j8
= 3.0769 + j4.6154
Ix = s =
Z s 0.8 j1.4
With these, we transform the voltage source in Fig. (b) to obtain the circuit in Fig. (c).
j4
+
Ix
Zx
-j2
Vo
(c)
1.6 j2.8
= 0.8571 j0.5714
2.8 j1.4
Vy = I x Z y = (3.0769 + j4.6154) (0.8571 j0.5714) = j5.7143
Z y = 2 || Z x =
Let
With these, we transform the current source to obtain the circuit in Fig. (d).
j4
Zy
Vy
-j2
Vo
(d)
Vo =
- j2 ( j5.7143)
- j2
Vy =
= (3.529 j5.883) V
Z y + j4 j2
0.8571 j0.5714 + j4 j2

50 x( j 30)
= 13.24 j 22.059
50 j 30
We convert the current source to voltage source and obtain the circuit below.
50 //( j 30) =
40
+
115.91 j31.06V
13.24 j22.059
j20
134.95-j74.912 V
V
-
+
-
Applying KVL gives

-115.91 + j31.058 + (53.24-j2.059)I -134.95 + j74.912 = 0
or I =
250.86 + j105.97
= 4.7817 + j1.8055
53.24 j 2.059
But V + (40 + j20)I + V = 0
V = Vs (40 + j20)I
V = 115.91 j31.05 (40 + j20)(4.7817 + j1.8055) = 124.06 154 o V

which agrees with the result in Prob. 10.7.
(a)
To find Z th , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

j20
10
Zth
-j10
(a)
( j20)(- j10)
j20 j10
= 10 j20 = 22.36-63.43
Z N = Z th = 10 + j20 || (- j10) = 10 +
To find Vth , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

j20
10
+
5030 V
-j10
Vth
(b)
Vth =
IN =
- j10
(5030) = -5030 V
j20 j10
Vth
- 50 30
=
= 2.236273.4 A
Z th 22.36 - 63.43
(b)
To find Z th , consider the circuit in Fig. (c).

-j5
Zth
j10
(c)
Z N = Z th = j10 || (8 j5) =
( j10)(8 j5)
= 1026
j10 + 8 j5
To obtain Vth , consider the circuit in Fig. (d).

-j5
Io
40 A
j10
+
Vth
(d)
8
32
Io =
(40) =
8 + j10 j5
8 + j5
Vth = j10 I o =
IN =
j320
= 33.9258 V
8 + j5
Vth 33.92 58
=
= 3.39232 A
10 26
Z th
(a)

j4
6
-j2
Zth
(a)
( j4)(- j2)
= 6 j4
j4 j2
= 7.211-33.69
Z N = Z th = 6 + j4 || (- j2) = 6 +
By placing short circuit at terminals a-b, we obtain,

I N = 20 A
Vth = Z th I th = (7.211 - 33.69) (20) = 14.422-33.69 V
(b)
To find Z th , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

j10
30
60
-j5
(b)
30 || 60 = 20
(- j5)(20 + j10)
20 + j5
= 5.423-77.47
Z N = Z th = - j5 || (20 + j10) =
Zth
To find Vth and I N , we transform the voltage source and combine the 30
and 60 resistors. The result is shown in Fig. (c).
j10
445 A
20
a
IN
-j5
(c)
20
2
(445) = (2 j)(445)
20 + j10
5
= 3.57818.43 A
IN =
Vth = Z th I N = (5.423 - 77.47) (3.57818.43)

= 19.4-59 V

5
-j10
2
Zth
j20
(a)
( j20)(5 j10)
5 + j10
= 18 j12 = 21.633-33.7
Z N = Z th = 2 + j20 || (5 j10) = 2 +

5
-j10
2
+
60120 V
j20
Vth
(b)
j20
j4
(60 120) =
(60120)
5 j10 + j20
1 + j2
= 107.3146.56 V
Vth =
IN =
Vth 107.3146.56
=
= 4.961-179.7 A
Z th 21.633 - 33.7
Consider the circuit in Fig. (a) to find Z th .
Zth
j10
-j6
(a)
( j10)(8 j6)
= 5 (2 + j)
8 + j4
= 11.1826.56
Z th = j10 || (8 j6) =
Consider the circuit in Fig. (b) to find Vth .

Io
8
545 A
j10
-j6
(b)
Io =
8 j6
4 j3
(545) =
(545)
8 j6 + j10
4 + j2
Vth = j10 I o =
( j10)(4 j3)(545)
= 55.971.56 V
(2)(2 + j)
Vth
The frequency-domain equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. (a). Our goal is to find Vth and
Z th across the terminals of the capacitor as shown in Figs. (b) and (c).
3
10-45 V
-j
Vo
Zth
5-60 A
b
(b)
(a)
Zth
a
+
10-45 V
Vth
5-60 A
Vth
Vo
(c)
From Fig. (b),

Z th = 3 || j =
j3
3
= (1 + j3)
3 + j 10
From Fig.(c),
10 - 45 Vth 5 - 60 Vth
=0
+
3
j
10 - 45 1530
Vth =
1 j3
From Fig. (d),
(d)
-j
b
-j
V = 10 - 45 1530
Z th j th
Vo = 15.73247.9 V
Vo =
Therefore,
v o = 15.73 cos(t + 247.9) V

(a)

10
-j4
a
j5
Zth
(a)
Z th = 4 || (- j4 + 10 || j5) = 4 || (- j4 + 2 + j4)
Z th = 4 || 2 = 1.333
10
V1
-j4
V2
+
200 V
j5
40 A
Vth
(b)
At node 1,
20 V1 V1 V1 V2
=
+
10
j5
- j4
(1 + j0.5) V1 j2.5 V2 = 20
(1)
At node 2,
V1 V2 V2
=
- j4
4
V1 = (1 j) V2 + j16
(2)
4+
Substituting (2) into (1) leads to

28 j16 = (1.5 j3) V2
28 j16
= 8 + j5.333
V2 =
1.5 j3
Therefore,
Vth = V2 = 9.61533.69 V
(b)
To find Z th , consider the circuit in Fig. (c).
Zth
c
10
-j4
j5
(c)
j10
Z th = - j4 || (4 + 10 || j5) = - j4 || 4 +
2 + j
- j4
Z th = - j4 || (6 + j4) =
(6 + j4) = 2.667 j4
6
To find Vth ,we will make use of the result in part (a).
V2 = 8 + j5.333 = (8 3 ) (3 + j2)
V1 = (1 j) V2 + j16 = j16 + (8 3) (5 j)
Vth = V1 V2 = 16 3 + j8 = 9.61456.31 V

First, we need to find Vth and Z th across the 1 resistor.
-j3
j8
Zth
(a)
From Fig. (a),
Z th = (4 j3) || (6 + j8) =
(4 j3)(6 + j8)
= 4.4 j0.8
10 + j5
Z th = 4.472-10.3
-j16 V
-j3
j8
+
2A
Vth
(b)
From Fig. (b),

- j16 Vth
Vth
+2=
4 j3
6 + j8
3.92 j2.56
Vth =
= 20.93 - 43.45
0.22 + j0.4
Vth
20.93 - 43.45
=
1 + Z th
5.46 - 8.43
Vo = 3.835 - 35.02
Vo =
Therefore,
v o = 3.835 cos(4t 35.02) V

First, we transform the circuit to the frequency domain.
12 cos( t )
120, = 1
2H
1
F
4
1
F
jL = j2
1
= - j4
jC
1
= - j8
jC

3 Io
Io
Vx
j2
Ix
2
-j4
-j8
1V
(a)
At node 1,
Vx Vx
1 Vx
,
+
+ 3Io =
4 - j4
j2
Thus,
where I o =
Vx 2 Vx 1 Vx
=
- j4
4
j2
Vx = 0.4 + j0.8
At node 2,
I x + 3Io =
1 1 Vx
+
- j8
j2
I x = (0.75 + j0.5) Vx j
3
8
I x = -0.1 + j0.425
Z th =
1
= -0.5246 j2.229 = 2.29 - 103.24
Ix
- Vx
4
3 Io
Io
j2
V1
V2
1
120 V
-j4
-j8
+
Vth
(b)
At node 1,
12 V1
V
V V2
,
= 3Io + 1 + 1
4
- j4
j2
24 = (2 + j) V1 j2 V2
where I o =
(1)
At node 2,
V1 V2
V
+ 3Io = 2
j2
- j8
72 = (6 + j4) V1 j3 V2
(2)
From (1) and (2),
24 2 + j - j2 V1
72 = 6 + j4 - j3 V
2

= -5 + j6 ,
Vth = V2 =
Thus,
2 = - j24
2
= 3.073 - 219.8
2
(2)(3.073 - 219.8)
Vth =
2 + Z th
1.4754 j2.229
6.146 - 219.8
Vo =
= 2.3 - 163.3
2.673 - 56.5
Vo =
Therefore,
v o = 2.3 cos(t 163.3) V
12 V1
4

Transform the circuit to the frequency domain.
4 cos(200t + 30)
430, = 200
10 H
5 F
jL = j (200)(10) = j2 k
1
1
=
= - j k
jC j (200)(5 10 -6 )
Z N is found using the circuit in Fig. (a).

-j k
j2 k
ZN
2 k
(a)
Z N = - j + 2 || j2 = - j + 1 + j = 1 k
We find I N using the circuit in Fig. (b).
-j k
430 A
j2 k
(b)
j2 || 2 = 1 + j
1+ j
IN =
(4 30) = 5.657 75
1+ j j
Therefore,
i N = 5.657 cos(200t + 75) A
Z N = 1 k
2 k
IN

Z N is obtained from the circuit in Fig. (a).
60
40
ZN
-j30
j80
(a)
Z N = (60 + 40) || ( j80 j30) = 100 || j50 =
(100)( j50)
100 + j50
Z N = 20 + j40 = 44.7263.43
To find I N , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).
60
360 A
j80
(b)
For mesh 1,
100 I 1 60 I s = 0
I 1 = 1.860
For mesh 2,
( j80 j30) I 2 j80 I s = 0
I 2 = 4.860
I N = I 1 I 2 = 360 A
40
I2
-j30
IN
Is
I s = 360
I1

5 cos(2 t )
50, = 2
4H
1
F
4
1
F
jL = j (2)(4) = j8
1
1
=
= - j2
jC j (2)(1 / 4)
1
1
=
= -j
jC j (2)(1 / 2)
To find Z N , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
2
ZN
-j2
-j
(a)
Z N = - j || (2 j2) =
- j (2 j2) 1
= (2 j10)
2 j3
13
To find I N , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).
50 V
-j2
-j
IN
(b)
IN =
50
= j5
-j
The Norton equivalent of the circuit is shown in Fig. (c).
Io
IN
ZN
(c)
j8

ZN
(1 13)(2 j10)( j5) 50 + j10
Io =
IN =
=
Z N + j8
(1 13)(2 j10) + j8 2 + j94
I o = 0.1176 j0.5294 = 0542 - 77.47
Therefore, i o = 0.542 cos(2t 77.47) A

= 10
0.5 H
jL = j (10)(0.5) = j5
1
1
10 mF
=
= - j10
jC j (10)(10 10 -3 )
-j10
Vx
+
10
j5
Vo
2 Vo
1A
(a)
Vx
Vx
,
+
j5 10 j10
V
19 Vx
- 10 + j10
1+
= x
Vx =
10 j10
j5
21 + j2
1 + 2 Vo =
Z N = Z th =
where Vo =
10Vx
10 j10
Vx
14.142 135
= 0.67129.56
=
1
21.0955.44
To find Vth and I N , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).
120 V
-j10
+
-j2 A
10
Vo
j5
2 Vo
Vth
(b)
where
Thus,
(10 j10 + j5) I (10)(- j2) + j5 (2 Vo ) 12 = 0

Vo = (10)(- j2 I )
(10 j105) I = -188 j20
188 + j20
I=
- 10 + j105
Vth = j5 (I + 2 Vo ) = j5 (21I + j40) = j105 I 200
j105 (188 + j20)
Vth =
200 = -11.802 + j2.076
- 10 + j105
Vth = 11.97170 V
IN =
Vth
11.97 170
= 17.8640.44 A
=
Z th 0.67 129.56

10(13 j5) 12(8 + j6)
+
= 11.243 + j1.079
23 j5
20 + j6
10
(8 + j6)
Va =
(6045 o ) = 13.78 + j21.44,
Vb =
(6045 o ) = 25.93 + j454.37
23 j5
20 + j6
V
VTh = Va Vb = 433.1 1.599 o V,
I N = Th = 38.34 97.09 o A
Z Th
Z N = Z Th = 10 //(13 j5) + 12 //(8 + j6) =

1H
jL = j10x1 = j10
1
1
1
F
=
= j2
1
20
j C
j10 x
20
We obtain VTh using the circuit below.
Io
4
a
6<0o
-
+
-
Vo/3
-j2 j10
Vo
4Io
j10( j2)
= j2.5
j10 j2
Vo = 4I o x ( j2.5) = j10I o
1
6 + 4I o + Vo = 0
3
j10 //( j2) =
(1)
(2)
Combining (1) and (2) gives

Io =
6
,
4 j10 / 3
VTh = Vo = j10I o =
j60
= 11.52 50.19 o
4 j10 / 3
v Th = 11.52 sin(10 t 50.19 o )

To find RTh, we insert a 1-A source at terminals a-b, as shown below.
Io
4
a
+
Vo/3
1
4I o + Vo = 0
3
1 + 4I o =
Vo Vo
+
j2 j10
+
-
V
Io = o
12
-j2 j10
4Io
Vo
-
1<0o
Combining the two equations leads to

Vo =
1
= 1.2293 j1.4766
0.333 + j0.4
V
Z Th = o = 1.2293 1.477
1

This is an inverting op amp so that
Vo - Z f
-R
=
=
= -jRC
Vs
Zi
1 jC
When Vs = Vm and = 1 RC ,
1
Vo = - j
RC Vm = - j Vm = Vm - 90
RC
Therefore,
v o ( t ) = Vm sin(t 90) = - Vm cos(t)

This may also be regarded as an inverting amplifier.
2 cos(4 10 4 t )
2 0, = 4 10 4
1
1
10 nF
=
= - j2.5 k
4
jC j (4 10 )(10 10 -9 )
Vo - Z f
=
Vs
Zi
where Z i = 50 k and Z f = 100k || (- j2.5k ) =
- j100
k .
40 j
Vo
- j2
=
Vs 40 j
Thus,
If Vs = 2 0 ,
Vo =
Therefore,
- j4
4 - 90
=
= 0.1 - 88.57
40 j 40.01 - 1.43
v o ( t ) = 0.1 cos(4x104 t 88.57) V
8 cos(2t + 30 o )
830 o
1
1
0. 5F
=
= j1k
jC j2x 0.5x10 6
Vo 830 o Vo 830 o 830 o
+
=
j1k
10k
2k
Vo =
Vo (0.1 + j) = 830(0.6 + j)
(6.9282 + j4)(0.6 + j)
= 9.2834.747 o
0.1 + j
vo(t) = 9.283cos(2t + 4.75o) V
4 cos(10 4 t )
4 0, = 10 4
1
1
1 nF
=
= - j100 k
4
jC j (10 )(10 -9 )
Consider the circuit as shown below.

50 k
40 V
Therefore,
-j100 k
At the noninverting node,

4 Vo
Vo
=
50
- j100
Io =
Vo
Vo =
Vo
Io
100 k
4
1 + j0.5
Vo
4
=
mA = 35.78 - 26.56 A
100k (100)(1 + j0.5)
i o ( t ) = 35.78 cos(104 t 26.56) A

As a voltage follower, V2 = Vo
1
1
=
= -j20 k
3
jC1 j (5 10 )(10 10 -9 )
1
1
C 2 = 20 nF
=
= -j10 k
3
jC 2 j (5 10 )(20 10 -9 )
C1 = 10 nF
Consider the circuit in the frequency domain as shown below.
-j20 k
Is 10 k
20 k
V1
VS
V2
Io
Vo
-j10 k
Zin
At node 1,
Vs V1 V1 Vo V1 Vo
=
+
10
- j20
20
2 Vs = (3 + j)V1 (1 + j)Vo
(1)
At node 2,
V1 Vo Vo 0
=
20
- j10
V1 = (1 + j2)Vo
2 Vs = j6Vo
or
(2)
1
Vo = -j Vs
3
2
1
V1 = (1 + j2)Vo = j Vs
3
3
Is =
Vs V1 (1 3)(1 j)
=
Vs
10k
10k
Is 1 j
=
Vs 30k
Vs 30k
=
= 15 (1 + j) k
Is 1 j
Z in = 21.2145 k
Z in =

Zi = R1 +
1
,
jC1
Zf = R 2 +
1
jC 2
1
Vo - Z f
jC 2 C 1 1 + jR 2 C 2
=
=
Av =
=
1
Vs
Zi
C 2 1 + jR 1C 1
R1 +
jC1
R2 +
Av =
At = 0 ,
As ,
Av =
C1
C2
R2
R1
At =
1
,
R 1 C1
C 1 + j R 2 C 2 R 1C1
Av = 1
1+ j
C2
At =
1
,
R 2C2
1+ j
Av = 1
C 2 1 + j R 1C1 R 2 C 2
= 2 10 3
C1 = C 2 = 1 nF
1
1
=
= -j500 k
3
jC1 j (2 10 )(1 10 -9 )
100 k
-j500 k
-j500 k
V2
V1
VS
20 k
100 k
+
Vo
20 k
At node 1,
Vs V1 Vo V1 V1 V2
=
+
- j500
100
- j500
Vs = (2 + j5) V1 j5 Vo V2
(1)
V1 V2 V2
=
- j500
100
V1 = (1 j5) V2
(2)
At node 2,
But
V2 =
Vo
R3
Vo =
R3 + R4
2
From (2) and (3),

1
V1 = (1 j5) Vo
2
1
1
Vs = (2 + j5)(1 j5) Vo j5 Vo Vo
2
2
1
Vs = (26 j25) Vo
2
Vo
2
=
= 0.055443.88
Vs 26 j25
(3)
(4)
Let the voltage between the -jk capacitor and the 10k resistor be V1.
230 o V1 V1 Vo V1 Vo
=
+
j4k
10k
20k
(1)
230 o = (1 j0.6)V1 + j0.6Vo

Also,
V1 Vo
Vo
=
j2k
10k
V1 = (1 + j5)Vo
(2)
Solving (2) into (1) yields

Vo = 0.047 j0.3088 = 0.3123 81.34 o V
R3
2
R1
1
VS
At node 1,
V1
V1
C2
C1
Vs V1
= jC V1
R1
Vs = (1 + jR 1C1 ) V1
At node 2,
0 V1 V1 Vo
=
+ jC 2 (V1 Vo )
R3
R2
R3
V1 = (Vo V1 )
+ jC 2 R 3
R2
R2
+
Vo
(1)
1
V1
Vo = 1 +
(R 3 R 2 ) + jC 2 R 3
From (1) and (2),
Vs
R2
1 +
Vo =
1 + jR 1C1 R 3 + jC 2 R 2 R 3
(2)
Vo
R 2 + R 3 + jC 2 R 2 R 3
=
Vs (1 + jR 1C 1 ) ( R 3 + jC 2 R 2 R 3 )

2 sin(400t )
20, = 400
1
1
0.5 F
=
= - j5 k
jC j (400)(0.5 10 -6 )
1
1
0.25 F
=
= - j10 k
jC j (400)(0.25 10 -6 )
20 k
10 k V
1
20 V
-j5 k
V2
Vo
40 k
-j10 k
10 k
20 k
At node 1,
2 V1
V
V V2 V1 Vo
= 1 + 1
+
10
- j10
- j5
20
4 = (3 + j6) V1 j4 V2 Vo
(1)
V1 V2 V2
=
j5
10
V1 = (1 j0.5) V2
(2)
At node 2,
But
V2 =
20
1
Vo = Vo
20 + 40
3
(3)
From (2) and (3),

1
V1 = (1 j0.5) Vo
3
Substituting (3) and (4) into (1) gives
(4)
1
4
1
4 = (3 + j6) (1 j0.5) Vo j Vo Vo = 1 j Vo
3
3
6
Vo =
24
= 3.9459.46
6 j
Therefore,
v o ( t ) = 3.945 sin(400t + 9.46) V
5 cos(1000t )
50, = 1000
0.1 F
1
1
=
= - j10 k
jC j (1000)(0.1 10 -6 )
0.2 F
1
1
=
= - j5 k
jC j (1000)(0.2 10 -6 )

20 k
-j10 k
10 k
Vs = 50 V
40 k
V1
-j5 k
Since each stage is an inverter, we apply Vo =
- Zf
V to each stage.
Zi i
+
Vo
Vo =
- 40
V
- j15 1
(1)
and
V1 =
- 20 || (- j10)
Vs
10
(2)
From (1) and (2),

- j8 - (20)(-j10)
50
Vo =
10 20 j10
Vo = 16 (2 + j) = 35.7826.56
Therefore,
v o ( t ) = 35.78 cos(1000t + 26.56) V

4 cos(1000t 60)
4 - 60, = 1000
0.1 F
1
1
=
= - j10 k
jC j (1000)(0.1 10 -6 )
0.2 F
1
1
=
= - j5 k
jC j (1000)(0.2 10 -6 )
The two stages are inverters so that

20
20 - j5
(4 - 60) +
Vo =
V
50 o 10
- j10
=
-j
-j 2
( j2) (4 - 60) + Vo
2
2 5
(1 + j 5) Vo = 4 - 60
Vo =
Therefore,
4 - 60
= 3.922 - 71.31
1+ j 5
v o ( t ) = 3.922 cos(1000t 71.31) V

The schematic is shown below. The pseudocomponent IPRINT is inserted to print the
value of Io in the output. We click Analysis/Setup/AC Sweep and set Total Pts. = 1,
Start Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq = 0.1592. Since we assume that w = 1. The output
file includes:
FREQ
1.592 E-01
IM(V_PRINT1)
1.465 E+00
IP(V_PRINT1)
7.959 E+01
Io = 1.46579.59o A
Thus,

The schematic is shown below. We insert PRINT to print Vo in the output file. For AC
Sweep, we set Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq = 0.1592. After
simulation, we print out the output file which includes:
FREQ
1.592 E-01
VM($N_0001)
7.684 E+00
VP($N_0001)
5.019 E+01
which means that
Vo = 7.68450.19o V
The schematic is shown below. The frequency is f = / 2 =
1000
= 159.15
2
When the circuit is saved and simulated, we obtain from the output file
FREQ
1.592E+02
VM(1)
6.611E+00
Thus,
VP(1)
-1.592E+02
vo = 6.611cos(1000t 159.2o) V
The schematic is shown below. We set PRINT to print Vo in the output file. In AC
Sweep box, we set Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq = 0.1592. After
simulation, we obtain the output file which includes:
FREQ
VM($N_0003)
1.592 E-01
1.664 E+00
VP($N_0003)
E+02
Vo = 1.664-146.4o V
Namely,
The schematic is shown below. We let = 1 rad/s so that L=1H and C=1F.
When the circuit is saved and simulated, we obtain from the output file
FREQ
1.591E-01
VM(1)
2.228E+00
VP(1)
-1.675E+02
From this, we conclude that

Vo = 2.228 167.5 V
-1.646
We insert three pseudocomponent PRINTs at nodes 1, 2, and 3 to print V1, V2, and V3,
into the output file. Assume that w = 1, we set Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592, and
End Freq = 0.1592. After saving and simulating the circuit, we obtain the output file
which includes:
FREQ
VM($N_0002)
1.592 E-01
6.000 E+01
FREQ
VM($N_0003)
1.592 E-01
2.367 E+02
VP($N_0002)
3.000
E+01
VP($N_0003)
E+01
-8.483
FREQ
VM($N_0001)
1.592 E-01
1.082 E+02
VP($N_0001)
1.254
E+02
Therefore,
V1 = 6030o V V2 = 236.7-84.83o V V3 = 108.2125.4o V
The schematic is shown below. We insert three PRINTs at nodes 1, 2, and 3. We set
Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592, End Freq = 0.1592 in the AC Sweep box. After
simulation, the output file includes:
FREQ
VM($N_0004)
1.592 E-01
1.591 E+01
FREQ
VM($N_0001)
1.592 E-01
5.172 E+00
VP($N_0004)
1.696
E+02
VP($N_0001)
E+02
-1.386
FREQ
VM($N_0003)
1.592 E-01
2.270 E+00
VP($N_0003)
-1.524
E+02
Therefore,
V1 = 15.91169.6o V V2 = 5.172-138.6o V V3 = 2.27-152.4o V
The schematic is shown below. We insert IPRINT and PRINT to print Io and Vo in the
output file. Since w = 4, f = w/2 = 0.6366, we set Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.6366,
and End Freq = 0.6366 in the AC Sweep box. After simulation, the output file includes:
FREQ
VM($N_0002)
6.366 E-01
3.496 E+01
1.261
FREQ
IM(V_PRINT2)
IP
6.366 E-01
8.912 E-01
VP($N_0002)
E+01
(V_PRINT2)
-8.870 E+01
Vo = 34.9612.6o V, Io = 0.8912-88.7o A
Therefore,
vo = 34.96 cos(4t + 12.6o)V,
io = 0.8912cos(4t - 88.7o )A

R1
Vin
R2
R3
Vin
R4
Iin
Vin
At node 1,
0 Vin Vin V2
=
R1
R2
- Vin + V2 =
R2
V
R 1 in
At node 3,
V2 Vin Vin V4
=
R3
1 jC
(1)
- Vin + V4 =
Vin V2
jCR 3
(2)
From (1) and (2),

- R2
V
jCR 3 R 1 in
- Vin + V4 =
Thus,
I in =
R2
Vin V4
=
V
R4
jCR 3 R 1 R 4 in
Z in =
Vin jCR 1R 3 R 4
=
= jL eq
I in
R2
L eq =
where
R 1R 3 R 4C
R2
Let
Z 4 = R ||
1
R
=
jC 1 + jRC
Z3 = R +
1
1 + jRC
=
jC
jC

Z3
Vi
R1
+
Z4
Vo
R2
Vo =
Z4
R2
Vi
V
Z3 + Z 4
R1 + R 2 i
R
Vo
R2
1 + jC
=
R
1 + jRC R 1 + R 2
Vi
+
1 + jC
jC
=
jRC
R2
2
jRC + (1 + jRC)
R1 + R 2
Vo
R2
jRC
=
2
2 2
Vi 1 R C + j3RC R 1 + R 2
For Vo and Vi to be in phase,
Vo
must be purely real. This happens when
Vi
1 2 R 2 C 2 = 0
=
1
= 2f
RC
f=
or
1
2RC
At this frequency,
Av =
Vo 1
R2
=
Vi 3 R 1 + R 2
(a)
Let
V2 = voltage at the noninverting terminal of the op amp

Vo = output voltage of the op amp
Z p = 10 k = R o
Z s = R + jL +
As in Section 10.9,
1
jC
Zp
V2
=
=
Vo Z s + Z p
Ro
R + R o + jL
j
C
CR o
V2
=
Vo C (R + R o ) + j (2 LC 1)
For this to be purely real,

1
o2 LC 1 = 0
o =
fo =
1
2 LC
LC
1
2 (0.4 10 -3 )(2 10 -9 )
f o = 180 kHz
(b)
At oscillation,
Ro
o CR o
V2
=
=
Vo o C (R + R o ) R + R o
This must be compensated for by
Vo
80
= 1+
=5
Av =
V2
20
Ro
1
=
R + Ro 5
R = 4R o = 40 k

Let
V2 = voltage at the noninverting terminal of the op amp

Vo = output voltage of the op amp
Zs = R o
Z p = jL ||
As in Section 10.9,
RL
1
1
=
|| R =
1
1
jC
L + jR (2 LC 1)
+ jC +
R
jL
RL
Zp
V2
L + jR (2 LC 1)
=
=
RL
Vo Z s + Z p
Ro +
L + jR (2 LC 1)
V2
RL
=
Vo RL + R o L + jR o R (2 LC 1)
For this to be purely real,

o2 LC = 1
f o =
(a)
1
2 LC
At = o ,
o RL
V2
R
=
=
Vo o RL + o R o L R + R o
This must be compensated for by
Vo
Rf
1000k
Av =
= 1+
= 1+
= 11
V2
Ro
100k
Hence,
R
1
=
R o = 10R = 100 k
R + R o 11
(b)
fo =
2 (10 10 -6 )(2 10 -9 )
f o = 1.125 MHz

As shown below, the impedance of the feedback is
jL
1
jC2
ZT =
1
jC1
1
jC1
|| jL +
jC 2
ZT
-j
-j
1
jL +
LC 2
C1
C 2
ZT =
=
-j
-j
j (C1 + C 2 2 LC1C 2 )
+ jL +
C1
C 2
In order for Z T to be real, the imaginary term must be zero; i.e.
C1 + C 2 o2 LC1C 2 = 0
C1 + C 2
1
o2 =
=
LC1C 2
LC T
1
fo =
2 LC T

If we select C1 = C 2 = 20 nF
CT =
Since f o =
1
2 LC T
L=
C1 C 2
C1
=
= 10 nF
C1 + C 2
2
1
1
=
= 10.13 mH
2
2
(2f ) C T (4 )(2500 10 6 )(10 10 -9 )
Xc =
1
1
=
= 159
C 2 (2 )(50 10 3 )(20 10 -9 )
We may select R i = 20 k and R f R i , say R f = 20 k .

Thus,
C1 = C 2 = 20 nF,
R f = R i = 20 k
L = 10.13 mH
First, we find the feedback impedance.

C
ZT
L2
L1
Z T = jL1 || jL 2 +
jC
jL1 jL 2
2 L1C (1 L 2 )
C
ZT =
=
j
j (2 C (L1 + L 2 ) 1)
jL1 + jL 2
C
In order for Z T to be real, the imaginary term must be zero; i.e.

o2 C (L1 + L 2 ) 1 = 0
o = 2f o =
fo =
1
C ( L1 + L 2 )
1
2 C (L 1 + L 2 )

(a)
Consider the feedback portion of the circuit, as shown below.
jL
Vo
V2 =
jL
V
R + jL 1
V1
V1 =
Applying KCL at node 1,

Vo V1 V1
V1
=
+
jL
R R + jL
1
1
Vo V1 = jL V1 +
R R + jL
V2
jL
R + jL
V2
jL
(1)
j2RL 2 L2
Vo = V1 1 +
R (R + jL)
(2)
From (1) and (2),

R + jL j2RL 2 L2
V
1 +
Vo =
R (R + jL) 2
jL
Vo R 2 + jRL + j2RL 2 L2
=
jRL
V2
V2
=
Vo
1
R 2 L2
3+
jRL
2
V2
1
=
Vo 3 + j (L R R L )
(b)
V2
must be real,
Vo
Since the ratio
o L
R
=0
R
o L
o L =
R2
o L
o = 2f o =
fo =
(c)
R
L
R
2 L
When = o
V2 1
=
Vo 3
This must be compensated for by A v = 3 . But
R2
Av = 1+
=3
R1
R 2 = 2 R1
v( t ) = 160 cos(50t )
i( t ) = -20 sin(50t 30) = 2 cos(50t 30 + 180 90)
i( t ) = 20 cos(50t + 60)
p( t ) = v( t ) i( t ) = (160)(20) cos(50t ) cos(50t + 60)
p( t ) = 1600 [ cos(100 t + 60) + cos(60) ] W
p( t ) = 800 + 1600 cos(100t + 60) W
P=
1
1
Vm I m cos( v i ) = (160)(20) cos(60)
2
2
P = 800 W

First, transform the circuit to the frequency domain.
30 cos(500t )
30 0 ,
= 500
0.3 H
20F
jL = j150
1
-j
=
= - j100
jC (500)(20)(10 -6 )
I2
-j100
I1
300 V
I1 =
j150
200
300
= 0.2 90 = - j0.2
j150
i1 ( t ) = 0.2 cos(500 t 90) = 0.2 sin(500 t )
I2 =
300
0.3
=
= 0.134226.56 = 0.12 + j0.06
200 j100 2 j
i 2 ( t ) = 0.1342 cos(500 t + 25.56)

I = I 1 + I 2 = 0.12 j0.14 = 0.1844 - 49.4
i( t ) = 0.1844 cos(500t 35)
For the voltage source,

p( t ) = v( t ) i( t ) = [ 30 cos(500t ) ] [ 0.1844 cos(500t 35) ]
At t = 2 s ,
p = 5.532 cos(1000) cos(1000 35)

p = (5.532)(0.5624)(0.935)
p = 2.91 W
For the inductor,

p( t ) = v( t ) i( t ) = [ 30 cos(500t ) ] [ 0.2 sin(500t ) ]
At t = 2 s ,
p = 6 cos(1000) sin(1000)
p = (6)(0.5624)(0.8269)
p = 2.79 W
For the capacitor,

Vc = I 2 (- j100) = 13.42 - 63.44
p( t ) = v( t ) i( t ) = [13.42 cos(500 63.44) ] [ 0.1342 cos(500t + 25.56)
At t = 2 s ,
p = 18 cos(1000 63.44) cos(1000 + 26.56)

p = (18)(0.991)(0.1329)
p = 2.37 W
For the resistor,

VR = 200 I 2 = 26.84 25.56
p( t ) = v( t ) i( t ) = [ 26.84 cos(500t + 26.56) ] [ 0.1342 cos(500t + 26.56) ]
At t = 2 s ,
p = 3.602 cos 2 (1000 + 25.56)

p = (3.602)(0.1329 2
p = 0.0636 W
= 2
10 cos(2t + 30)
1030 ,
1H
jL = j2
1
= -j2
jC
0.25 F
I1
I2
1030 V
j2 || (2 j2) =
I=
j2
( j2)(2 j2)
= 2 + j2
2
10 30
= 1.58111.565
4 + 2 + j2
I1 =
j2
I = j I = 1.581101.565
2
I2 =
2 j2
I = 2.236 56.565
2
For the source,

S = V I* =
1
(1030)(1.581 - 11.565)
2
S = 7.90518.43 = 7.5 + j2.5

The average power supplied by the source = 7.5 W
For the 4- resistor, the average power absorbed is
1 2
1
P = I R = (1.581) 2 (4) = 5 W
2
2
For the inductor,
1
1
2
S = I 2 Z L = (2.236) 2 ( j2) = j5
2
2
The average power absorbed by the inductor = 0 W
-j2
For the 2- resistor, the average power absorbed is

1
1
2
P = I 1 R = (1.581) 2 (2) = 2.5 W
2
2
For the capacitor,
S=
1
1
2
I 1 Z c = (1.581) 2 (- j2) = - j2.5
2
2
The average power absorbed by the capacitor = 0 W

20
50 V
10
I1
-j10
I2
j5
For mesh 1,
50 = (20 j10) I 1 + j10 I 2
5 = (2 j) I 1 + j I 2
(1)
0 = (10 + j5 j10) I 2 + j10 I 1

0 = (2 j) I 2 + j2 I 1
(2)
For mesh 2,
In matrix form,
5 2 j
j I 1
0 = j2 2 j I
2

= 5 j4 ,
1 = 5 (2 j) ,
I1 =
1 5 (2 j)
=
= 1.74612.1
5 j4
I2 =
2 - j10
=
= 1.562 128.66
5 - j4
For the source,

S=
1
V I 1* = 43.65 - 12.1
2
2 = -j10
The average power supplied = 43.65 cos(12.1) = 42.68 W

For the 20- resistor,
1
2
P = I 1 R = 30.48 W
2
For the inductor and capacitor,
P=0W
For the 10- resistor,
1
2
P = I 2 R = 12.2 W
2
Converting the circuit into the frequency domain, we get:
1
840
I1 =
j6
8 40
= 1.6828 25.38
j6(2 j2)
1+
j6 + 2 j2
1.6828 2
P1 =
1 = 1.4159 W
2
P3H = P0.25F = 0
I 2 =
j6
1.6828 25.38 = 2.258
j6 + 2 j2
2.258 2
P2 =
2 = 5.097 W
2
j2

20
50 V
I1
10
I2
-j10
j5
For mesh 1,
(4 + j2) I 1 j2 (4 60) + 4 Vo = 0
Vo = 2 (4 60 I 2 )
(1)
(2)
For mesh 2,
(2 j) I 2 2 (460) 4Vo = 0
(2 j) I 2 860 8 (4 60 I 2 ) = 0
I2 =
(3)
4060
10 j
Hence,
4060 - j860
=
Vo = 2 4 60
10 j
10 j

14 j
j32 60
(4 + j2) I 1 = j860 +
= ( j860)
10 j
10 j
I1 =
(460)(1 + j14)
= 2.498125.06
21 + j8
P4 =
1
1
2
I 1 R = (2.498) 2 (4) = 12.48 W
2
2

20
50 V
I1
10
-j10
I2
j5
Applying KVL to the left-hand side of the circuit,

820 = 4 I o + 0.1Vo
Applying KCL to the right side of the circuit,
V
V1
8Io + 1 +
=0
j5 10 j5
10
V
10 j5 1
But,
Vo =
Hence,
8Io +
V1 =
(1)
10 j5
Vo
10
Vo
10 j5
Vo +
=0
j50
10
I o = j0.025 Vo
820 = 0.1 Vo (1 + j)
(2)
Vo =
8020
1+ j
I1 =
Vo 10
=
- 25
10
2
P=
1 100
1
2
(10) = 250 W
I 1 R =
2 2
2

We apply nodal analysis to the following circuit.
V1 Io -j20
V2
I2
j10
60 A
0.5 Io
40
At node 1,
6=
At node 2,
V1 V1 V2
V1 = j120 V2
+
j10
- j20
(1)
0 .5 I o + I o =
V2
40
V1 V2
- j20
But,
Io =
Hence,
1.5 (V1 V2 ) V2
=
- j20
40
3V1 = (3 j) V2
(2)

j360 3V2 3V2 + j V2 = 0
V2 =
j360 360
=
(-1 + j6)
6 j 37
I2 =
V2
9
=
(-1 + j6)
40 37
1
2
P = I2 R =
2
1 9
(40) = 43.78 W
2 37

6
Vo = 1 + Vs = (4)(2) = 8 V rms
2
P10 =
Vo2 64
=
mW = 6.4 mW
R 10
The current through the 2 -k resistor is

Vs
= 1 mA
2k
P2 = I 2 R = 2 mW
Similarly,
P6 = I 2 R = 6 mW

No current flows through each of the resistors. Hence, for each resistor,
P = 0 W.

= 377 ,
R = 10 4 ,
C = 200 10 -9
RC = (377)(10 4 )(200 10 -9 ) = 0.754
tan -1 (RC) = 37.02

Z ab =
10k
1 + (0.754) 2
- 37.02 = 6.375 - 37.02 k
i( t ) = 2 sin(377 t + 22) = 2 cos(377 t 68) mA

I = 2 - 68
2
S= I
2
rms
2 10 -3
(6.375 - 37.02) 10 3
Z ab =
S = 12.751 - 37.02 mVA

P = S cos(37.02) = 10.181 mW

(a)
We find Z Th using the circuit in Fig. (a).

Zth
8
Z Th
-j2
(a)
(8)(-j2) 8
= 8 || -j2 =
= (1 j4) = 0.471 j1.882
8 j2 17
Z L = Z *Th = 0.471 + j1.882
We find VTh using the circuit in Fig. (b).

Io
-j2
Vth
40 A
(b)
Io =
- j2
(40)
8 j2
VTh = 8 I o =
- j64
8 j2
2
Pmax =
(b)
VTh
8RL
64
68
=
= 15.99 W
(8)(0.471)
We obtain Z Th from the circuit in Fig. (c).

5
-j3
j2
4
Zth
(c)
Z Th = j2 + 5 || (4 j3) = j2 +
Z L = Z *Th = 2.5 j1.167
(5)(4 j3)
= 2.5 + j1.167
9 j3

(a)
We find Z Th at the load terminals using the circuit in Fig. (a).

j100
80
Zth
-j40
(a)
(-j40)(80 + j100)
= 51.2 j1.6
80 + j60
Z Th = -j40 || (80 + j100) =

Z L = Z *Th = 51.2 + j1.6
(b)
We find VTh at the load terminals using Fig. (b).

Io
j100
+
320 A
80
-j40
Vth
(b)
Io =
80
(8)(320)
(320) =
80 + j100 j40
8 + j6
VTh = - j40 I o =
(- j40)(2420)
8 + j6
2
Pmax =
VTh
8RL
40
24
10
=
= 22.5 W
(8)(51.2)
From Fig.(d), we obtain VTh using the voltage division principle.
-j3
j2
1030 V
+
Vth
(d)
4 j3
4 j3 10
(1030) =
30
VTh =
9 j3
3 j 3
2
Pmax =
VTh
8RL
5 10

10 3
=
= 1.389 W
(8)(2.5)
j24
j10
16
4090 A
VTh
10
j8
Z Th = j10 +
+
ZTh
(10 + j24)(16 + j8)

= j10 + 8.245 + j7.7 = 8.245 j2.3
10 + j24 + 16 + j8
Z = ZTh = 8.245 + j2.3
10
j40(16 + j8)
10 + j24 + 16 + j8
= 173.5565.66 = 71.53 + j158.12 V
VTh = I(16 + j8) =
2
VTh
Pmax =
I 2rms 8.245 =
2
8.245 = 456.6 W
(2x8.245) 2

To find Z Th , insert a 1-A current source at the load terminals as shown in Fig. (a).
-j
+
2 Vo
Vo
1A
(a)
At node 1,
Vo Vo V2 Vo
+
=
1
j
-j
At node 2,
1 + 2 Vo =
V2 Vo
-j
Vo = j V2
1 = j V2 (2 + j) Vo

1 = j V2 (2 + j)( j) V2 = (1 j) V2
V2 =
1
1 j
VTh =
V2 1 + j
=
= 0.5 + j0.5
1
2
Z L = Z *Th = 0.5 j0.5
(1)
(2)
We now obtain VTh from Fig. (b).

1
120 V
-j
+
Vo
2 Vo
Vth
(b)
12 Vo Vo
=
1
j
- 12
Vo =
1+ j
2 Vo +
Vo (- j 2 Vo ) + VTh = 0
VTh = -(1 + j2)Vo =
(12)(1 + j2)
1+ j
2
Pmax =
VTh
8RL
12 5
2
= 90 W
=
(8)(0.5)
= 4,
1H
jL = j 4,
1 / 20F
1
1
=
= j5
jC j 4 x1 / 20
We find the Thevenin equivalent at the terminals of ZL. To find VTh, we use the circuit
shown below.
0.5Vo
V1
V2
+
+
10<0o
-
+
Vo
-
-j5
j4
VTh
-
At node 1,
V
V V2
10 V1
= 1 + 0.25V1 + 1
2
j5
4
At node 2,
V1 V2
V
+ 0.25V1 = 2
4
j4
5 = V1 (1 + j 0.2) 0.25V2
0 = 0.5V1 + V2 (0.25 + j 0.25)

VTh = V2 = 6.1947 + j 7.0796 = 9.407248.81o
We find R Th at terminals a-b following Fig. (a).
-j10
30
a
40
j20
(a)
Z Th = 30 || j20 + 40 || (- j10) =
(30)( j20) (40)(-j10)

+
30 + j20
40 j10
Z Th = 9.23 + j13.85 + 2.353 j9.41

Z Th = 11.583 + j4.44
Z L = Z *Th = 11.583 j4.44

We obtain VTh from Fig. (b).
I1
I2
-j10
30
j5 A
+ VTh
40
j20
(b)
(1)
(2)

30 + j20
I1 =
( j5) = -1.1 + j2.3
70 + j10
I2 =
40 j10
( j5) = 1.1 + j2.7
70 + j10
VTh = 30 I 2 + j10 I 1 = 10 + j70

Pmax =
VTh
8RL
5000
= 53.96 W
(8)(11.583)

We find Z Th at terminals a-b as shown in the figure below.
40
40
-j10
80
a
j20
Zth
Z Th = j20 + 40 || 40 + 80 || (-j10) = j20 + 20 +

Z Th = 21.23 + j10.154
Z L = Z *Th = 21.23 j10.15

At the load terminals,
Z Th = - j2 + 6 || (3 + j) = -j2 +
Z Th = 2.049 j1.561
R L = Z Th = 2.576
(6)(3 + j)
9+ j
(80)(-j10)
80 j10
To get VTh , let Z = 6 || (3 + j) = 2.049 + j0.439 .

By transforming the current sources, we obtain
VTh = (4 0) Z = 8.196 + j1.756
Pmax =
VTh
8RL
70.258
= 3.409 W
20.608

Combine j20 and -j10 to get
j20 || -j10 = -j20
To find Z Th , insert a 1-A current source at the terminals of R L , as shown in Fig. (a).
Io
40
V1
4 Io
V2
-j20
-j10
1A
(a)
At the supernode,
1=
V1
V
V
+ 1 + 2
40 - j20 - j10
40 = (1 + j2) V1 + j4 V2
Also,
V1 = V2 + 4 I o ,
1.1 V1 = V2
V1 =

V
40 = (1 + j2) 2 + j4 V2
1 .1
(1)
where I o =
V2
1 .1
- V1
40
(2)
V2 =
44
1 + j6.4
Z Th =
V2
= 1.05 j6.71
1
R L = Z Th = 6.792
To find VTh , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).
40
Io
V1
4 Io
V2
+
1200 V
-j20
-j10
Vth
(b)
At the supernode,
V
V
120 V1
= 1 + 2
40
- j20 - j10
120 = (1 + j2) V1 + j4 V2
Also,
V1 = V2 + 4 I o ,
V1 =
(3)
where I o =
120 V1
40
V2 + 12
1 .1
(4)

109.09 j21.82 = (0.9091 + j5.818) V2
VTh = V2 =
Pmax =
109.09 j21.82
= 18.893 - 92.43
0.9091 + j5.818
VTh
8RL
(18.893) 2
=
= 6.569 W
(8)(6.792)

We find Z Th at terminals a-b, as shown in the figure below.
100
-j10
a
40
Zth
50
j30
b
Z Th = 50 || [ - j10 + 100 || (40 + j30) ]
where 100 || (40 + j30) =
(100)(40 + j30)
= 31.707 + j14.634
140 + j30
Z Th = 50 || (31.707 + j4.634) =
(50)(31.707 + j4.634)
81.707 + j4.634
Z Th = 19.5 + j1.73
R L = Z Th = 19.58

i (t ) = 4 sin t ,
rms
0<t <
16 sin
tdt =
I rms = 8 = 2.828 A
16 t sin 2t

2
4
16
( 0) = 8
2

15, 0 < t < 2
v( t ) =
5, 2 < t < 6
2
Vrms
=
1
6
[ 15
2
dt + 2 5 2 dt =
6
550
6
Vrms = 9.574 V
5, 0 < t < 1
v( t ) =
- 5, 1 < t < 2
T = 2,
2
=
Vrms
1
2
[ 5
1
dt + 1 (-5) 2 dt =
2
25
[1 + 1] = 25
2
Vrms = 5 V
1 T 2
1 1
2
3
f
(
t
)
dt
(4) 2 dt + 1 0dt + 2 4 2 dt
=
0
0
T
3
1
32
= [16 + 0 + 16] =
3
3
2
f rms
=
f rms =
32
= 3.266
3

5 0< t<2
v( t ) =
10 2 < t < 4
T = 4,
2
Vrms
=
1
4
[ 5
2
4
1
dt + 2 (10) 2 dt = [50 + 200 ] = 62.5
4
Vrms = 7.906 V

T = 5,
I
2
rms
i( t ) = t , 0 < t < 5
1 t3
1 5 2
= 0 t dt =
5 3
5
5
0
125
= 8.333
15
I rms = 2.887 A
2
Vrms
=
2
rms
1
5
[ (4t )
2
dt + 2 0 2 dt
2
0
1 16 t 3
=
5 3
16
(8) = 8.533
15
Vrms = 2.92 V
2
Vrms
8.533
P=
=
= 4.267 W
R
2
20 2t 5 < t < 15
i( t ) =
- 40 + 2t 15 < t < 25
T = 20 ,
2
I eff
=
1
20
2
I eff
=
25
1 15
2
(
100
20
t
t
)
dt
( t 2 40 t + 400) dt
+
+
5
15
5
2
eff
15
(20 2 t ) 2 dt + 15 (-40 + 2t) 2 dt

25
1
t 3 15
2
= 100 t 10 t + 5
5
3
25
t3
+ 20 t 2 + 400 t 15
1
2
I eff
= [83.33 + 83.33 ] = 33.332
5
I eff = 5.773 A
2
P = I eff
R = 400 W
t 0<t<2
v( t ) =
- 1 2 < t < 4
2
Vrms
=
1
4
[ t
2
1 8
dt + 2 (-1) 2 dt = + 2 = 1.1667
43
Vrms = 1.08 V
rms
2
1
2
1 4
1
1
2
= v(t )dt = (2t ) dt + (4) 2 dt = + 16 = 8.6667
20
2 0
1
2 3
Vrms = 2.944 V
I 2rms =
2
rms
2
1 1
(10t 2 ) 2 dt + 0 dt
1
2 0
t5
= 50 0 t dt = 50
5
1
1
0
= 10
I rms = 3.162 A

10
0 < t <1
i( t ) = 20 10t 1 < t < 2

0
2<t<3
I 2rms =
1
3
[ 10
1
dt + 1 (20 10t ) 2 dt + 0
2
3 I 2rms = 100 + 1001 (4 4t + t 2 ) dt = 100 + (100)(1 3) = 133.33

2
I rms =
133.33
= 6.667 A
3
1 T 2
1 2
3
f ( t )dt = 0 (3t ) 2 dt + 2 6 2 dt
0
T
3
2
1 9t 3
=
+ 36 = 20
3 3
0
2
f rms
=
f rms = 20 = 4.472
2
Vrms
=
1
6
[ 10
1
dt + 1 20 2 dt + 2 30 2 dt + 4 20 2 dt + 5 10 2 dt
6
1
2
Vrms
= [100 + 400 + 1800 + 400 + 100 ] = 466.67
6
Vrms = 21.6 V
(a) Irms = 10 A
2
(b) V rms = 4 +
2
36
(c)
= 9.055 A
I rms = 64 +
2
2
(d)
Vrms =
Vrms = 16 +
9
= 4.528 V (checked)
2
25 16
+
= 4.528 V
2
2

i = i1 + i2 + i3 = 8 + 4 sin(t + 10 o ) + 6 cos(2t + 30 o )
I rms = I 21rms + I 2 2 rms + I 2 3rms = 64 +
16 36
+
= 90 = 9.487 A
2
2

0.5 H
jL = j (2 )(50)(0.5) = j157.08
Z = R + jX L = 30 + j157.08
S=
Z*
Apparent power = S =
(210) 2
30 j157.08
(210) 2
= 275.6 VA
160
157.08
= cos(79.19)
pf = cos = cos tan -1
36
pf = 0.1876 (lagging)
Z T = j4 || (12 j8) =
( j4)(12 j8)
12 j4
Z T = 0.4 (3 + j11) = 4.56 74.74
pf = cos(74.74) = 0.2631

At node 1,
12030 o V1 V1 V1 V2
=
+
20
j30
50
103.92 + j60 = V1 (1.4 j0.6667) 0.4V2
(1)
At node 2,
V1 V2 V2
V
=
+ 2
50
10 j 40
0 = V1 + (6 + j1.25)V2
V1 = 45.045 + j66.935, V2 = 9.423 + j9.193
(2)
(a) Pj 30 = 0 = P j 40
P10 =
P50
1 | V1 V2 | 2
=
= 4603.1 / 100 = 46.03 W
R
2
P20 =
(b) I =
V 2 rms 1 | V2 | 2
=
= 173.3 / 20 = 8.665 W
R
2 R
1 | 12030 o V1 | 2
= 3514 / 40 = 87.86 W
R
2
12030 o V1
= 2.944 j 0.3467,
20
1
S = Vs I = 142.5 j106.3,
2
Vs = 12030 o = 103.92 + j 60
S =| S | = 177.8 VA
(c ) pf = 142.5/177.8 = 0.8015 (leading).
(a)
- j2 || ( j5 j2) = -j2 || -j3 =
(-j2)(-j3)
= -j6
j
Z T = 4 j6 = 7.211 - 56.31
pf = cos(-56.31) = 0.5547 (leading)

(b)
j2 || (4 + j) =
( j2)(4 + j)
= 0.64 + j1.52
4 + j3
Z = 1 || (0.64 + j1.52 j) =
0.64 + j0.44
= 0.479321.5
1.64 + j0.44
pf = cos(21.5) = 0.9304 (lagging)
pf = 0.86 = cos
= 30.683
Q = S sin
S =
S = V I*
I * =
Q
5
=
= 9.798 kVA
sin sin(30.683)
S 9.798 10 3 30.683
=
= 44.536 30.683
220
V
Peak current = 2 44.536 = 62.98 A

Apparent power = S = 9.798 kVA
(a) Vrms = V 21rms + V 2 2 rms + V 2 3rms = 25 +

(b) P =
9 1
+ = 30 = 5.477 V
2 2
V 2 rms
= 30 / 10 = 3 W
R

pf = 0.65 = cos
= 49.46 o
S = S (cos + j sin ) = 50(0.65 + j 0.7599) = 32.5 + j 38 kVA

Thus,
Average power = 32.5 kW, Reactive power = 38 kVAR
(a) V 2 rms = 20 2 +
60 2
= 2200
2
I rms = 12 +
Vrms = 46.9 V
0.5 2
= 1.125 = 1.061A
2
(b) P = Vrms I rms = 49.74 W

(a)
S = V I * = (22030)(0.5 - 60) = 110 - 30

S = 95.26 j55 VA
Apparent power = 110 VA
Real power = 95.26 W
Reactive power = 55 VAR
pf is leading because current leads voltage
(b)
S = V I * = (250 - 10)(6.2 25) = 155015

S = 1497.2 + j401.2 VA
Apparent power =1550 VA
Reactive power = 401.2 VAR
pf is lagging because current lags voltage
(c)
S = V I * = (1200)(2.415) = 28815
S = 278.2 + j74.54 VA
Reactive power = 74.54 VAR
pf is lagging because current lags voltage
(d)
S = V I * = (160 45)(8.5 - 180) = 1360 - 135

S = - 961.7 j961.7 VA
Real power = - 961.7 W
Reactive power = - 961.7 VAR
pf is leading because current leads voltage

(a)
V = 112 10 ,
I = 4 - 50
1
S = V I * = 22460 = 112 + j194 VA
2
Average power = 112 W
Reactive power =194 VAR

(b)
V = 160 0 ,
I = 2545
1
S = V I * = 200 - 45 = 141.42 j141.42 VA
2
Average power = 141.42 W

Reactive power = - 141.42 VAR
(c)
S=
V
Z*
(80) 2
= 12830 = 90.51 + j64 VA
50 - 30
Average power = 90.51 W

Reactive power = 64 VAR
(d)
S = I Z = (100)(10045) = 7.071 + j7.071 kVA

Average power = 7.071 kW
Reactive power = 7.071 kVAR

(a)
S = P jQ = 269 j150 VA
(b)
pf = cos = 0.9
= 25.84
Q = S sin
S =
Q
2000
=
= 4588.31
sin sin(25.84)
P = S cos = 4129.48
S = 4129 j2000 VA
(c)
Q 450
=
= 0.75
S 600
pf = 0.6614
Q = S sin
sin =
= 48.59 ,
P = S cos = (600)(0.6614) = 396.86

S = 396.9 + j450 VA
(d)
S=
(220) 2
= 1210
40
P = S cos
cos =
P 1000
=
= 0.8264
S 1210
= 34.26
Q = S sin = 681.25
S = 1000 + j681.2 VA
(a)
4
sin(cos -1 (0.86)) kVA
0.86
S = 4 + j2.373 kVA
S = 4+ j
(b)
pf =
P 1.6
=
0.8 = cos
sin = 0.6
S
2
S = 1.6 j2 sin = 1.6 j1.2 kVA

(c)
S = Vrms I *rms = (20820)(6.550) VA

S = 1.352 70 = 0.4624 + j1.2705 kVA
2
(d)
V
(120) 2
14400
S= * =
=
Z
40 j60 72.11 - 56.31
S = 199.7 56.31 = 110.77 + j166.16 VA
(a)
S = P jQ = 1000 j
1000
sin(cos -1 (0.8))
0.8
S = 1000 j750
But,
Z =
*
Vrms
S=
Vrms
Z*
2
(220) 2
=
= 30.98 + j23.23
1000 j750
Z = 30.98 j23.23
(b)
S = I rms Z
Z=
(c)
Z =
*
S
I rms
Vrms
S
1500 + j2000
= 10.42 + j13.89
(12) 2
V
(120) 2
=
=
= 1.6 - 60
2S
(2)(4500 60)
Z = 1.6 60 = 0.8 + j1.386

(a)
Z T = 2 + (10 j5) || (8 + j6)
ZT = 2 +
(10 j5)(8 + j6)

110 + j20
= 2+
18 + j
18 + j
Z T = 8.152 + j0.768 = 8.1885.382
pf = cos(5.382) = 0.9956 (lagging)

2
(b)
V
1
(16) 2
S = V I* =
=
2
2 Z * (2)(8.188 - 5.382)
S = 15.635.382
P = S cos = 15.56 W
(c)
Q = S sin = 1.466 VAR
(d)
S = S = 15.63 VA
(e)
S = 15.635.382 = 15.56 + j1.466 VA

2000
0.6 = 2000 + j1500
0 .8
S B = 3000 x 0.4 j3000 x 0.9165 = 1200 j2749
S A = 2000 + j
SC = 1000 + j500
S = S A + S B + SC = 4200 j749
4200
(a)
pf =
(b)
S = Vrms I rms
I rms =
4200 2 + 749 2
= 0.9845 leading.
Irms = 35.5555.11 A.
4200 j749
= 35.55 55.11
12045
S = SA + SB + SC = 4000(0.8j0.6) + 2400(0.6+j0.8) + 1000 + j500

= 5640 + j20 = 56400.2
Irms =
(a)
SB
S + SC
S
56400.2
= 66.46 29.8
+ A
=
=
12030
Vrms
Vrms
Vrms
2
I = 2 x 66.4629.88 = 93.9729.8 A
(b)
pf = cos(0.2) 1.0 lagging.
(a)
S = P jQ = 1000 j
1000
sin(cos -1 (0.8))
0.8
S = 1000 j750
But,
Z =
*
Vrms
S=
Vrms
Z*
2
(220) 2
= 30.98 + j23.23
1000 j750
Z = 30.98 j23.23
(b)
S = I rms Z
Z=
(c)
Z =
*
S
I rms
Vrms
S
1500 + j2000
= 10.42 + j13.89
(12) 2
2S
(120) 2
= 1.6 - 60
(2)(4500 60)
Z = 1.6 60 = 0.8 + j1.386

We apply mesh analysis to the following circuit.
-j20
j10
I3
400 V rms
I1
20
I2
40 = (20 j20) I1 20 I 2
2 = (1 j) I1 I 2
For mesh 2, - j50 = (20 + j10) I 2 20 I1
- j5 = -2 I1 + (2 + j) I 2
Putting (1) and (2) in matrix form,
2 1 j - 1 I1
- j5 = - 2 2 + j I

2
5090 V rms
For mesh 1,
= 1 j ,
1 = 4 j3 ,
I1 =
1 4 j3 1
=
= (7 j) = 3.5358.13
1 j
2
I2 =
2 - 1 j5
=
= 2 j3 = 3.605 - 56.31
1 j
(1)
(2)
2 = -1 j5
I 3 = I1 I 2 = (3.5 + j0.5) (2 j3) = 1.5 + j3.5 = 3.80866.8

For the 40-V source,
1
S = -V I 1* = -(40) (7 j) = - 140 + j20 VA

2
For the capacitor,

S = I1
Z c = - j250 VA
R = 290 VA
Z L = j130 VA
For the resistor,

S = I3
For the inductor,

S = I2
For the j50-V source,

S = V I *2 = ( j50)(2 + j3) = - 150 + j100 VA
- j2 || 6 =
(6)(- j2)
= 0.6 j1.8
6 j2
3 + j4 + (-j2) || 6 = 3.6 + j2.2

Io
+
230 A
3.6 + j2.2
Vo
Io =
3.6 + j2.2
(230) = 0.9547.08
8.6 + j2.2
Vo = 5 I o = 4.7547.08
S=
1
1
Vo I *s = (4.7547.08)(2 - 30)
2
2
S = 4.7517.08 = 4.543 + j1.396 VA

240 V
Vo
-j1
V1
2
+
j2
V2
At node o,
24 Vo Vo Vo V1
=
+
4
1
-j
2 Vo
24 = (5 + j4) Vo j4 V1
At node 1,
(1)
Vo V1
V
+ 2 Vo = 1
-j
j2
V1 = (2 j4) Vo
(2)

24 = (5 + j4 j8 16) Vo
Vo =
- 24
,
11 + j4
V1 =
(-24)(2 - j4)
11 + j4
The voltage across the dependent source is

V2 = V1 + (2)(2 Vo ) = V1 + 4 Vo
V2 =
(-24)(6 j4)
- 24
(2 j4 + 4) =
11 + j4
11 + j4
S=
1
1
V2 I * = V2 (2 Vo* )
2
2
S=
(-24)(6 j4) - 24 576

(6 j4)
=
11 + j4
11 - j4 137
S = 25.23 j16.82 VA

Ix -j3 k
8 mA
From the left portion of the circuit,

0.2
Io =
= 0.4 mA
500
20 I o = 8 mA
4 k
j1 k
10 k
From the right portion of the circuit,

16
4
Ix =
mA
(8 mA) =
7 j
4 + 10 + j j3
S = Ix
R=
(16 10 -3 ) 2
(10 10 3 )
50
S = 51.2 mVA

Ix -j3 k
8 mA
4+
j1 k
4 k
10 k
Vo
Vo
240 Vo
=
+
50
- j20 40 + j30
88 = (0.36 + j0.38) Vo
Vo =
88
= 168.13 - 46.55
0.36 + j0.38
I1 =
Vo
= 8.4143.45
- j20
I2 =
Vo
= 3.363 - 83.42
40 + j30
Reactive power in the inductor is

1
1
2
S = I 2 Z L = (3.363) 2 ( j30) = j169.65 VAR
2
2
Reactive power in the capacitor is
1
1
2
S = I 1 Z c = (8.41) 2 (- j20) = - j707.3 VAR
2
2
S1 = 20 + j
20
sin(cos -1 (0.8)) = 20 + j15
0.8
S 2 = 16 + j
16
sin(cos -1 (0.9)) = 16 + j7.749
0.9
S = S1 + S 2 = 36 + j22.749 = 42.58532.29
S = Vo I * = 6 Vo
But
Vo =
S
= 7.098 32.29
6
pf = cos(32.29) = 0.8454 (lagging)

I2
Io
S2
I1
+
Vo
So
S1
S3
S 2 = 1.2 j0.8 kVA
S3 = 4 + j
4
sin(cos -1 (0.9)) = 4 + j1.937 kVA
0.9
Let
S 4 = S 2 + S 3 = 5.2 + j1.137 kVA
But
S4 =
1
V I*
2 o 2
2 S 4 (2)(5.2 + j1.137) 10 3
I =
=
= 22.74 j104
Vo
100 90
*
2
I 2 = 22.74 + j104
2
sin(cos -1 (0.707)) = 2 j2 kVA
0.707
Similarly,
S1 = 2 j
But
S1 =
1
Vo I 1*
2
I 1* =
2 S 1 (4 j4) 10 3
=
= -40 j40
Vo
j100
I 1 = -40 + j40
I o = I 1 + I 2 = -17.26 + j144 = 14596.83

So =
1
Vo I *o
2
So =
1
(10090)(145 - 96.83) VA
2
S o = 7.2 j0.862 kVA

Consider the circuit below
0.2 + j0.04
I2
0.3 + j0.15
I1
Vs
V1
V2
S 2 = 15 j
15
sin(cos -1 (0.8)) = 15 j11.25
0.8
S 2 = V2 I *2
But
I *2 =
S 2 15 j11.25
=
V2
120
I 2 = 0.125 + j0.09375
V1 = V2 + I 2 (0.3 + j0.15)
V1 = 120 + (0.125 + j0.09375)(0.3 + j0.15)
V1 = 120.02 + j0.0469
S1 = 10 + j
10
sin(cos -1 (0.9)) = 10 + j4.843
0.9
S1 = V1 I 1*
But
I 1* =
S 1 11.11125.84
=
V1 120.02 0.02
I 1 = 0.093 - 25.82 = 0.0837 j0.0405

I = I 1 + I 2 = 0.2087 + j0.053
Vs = V1 + I (0.2 + j0.04)
Vs = (120.02 + j0.0469) + (0.2087 + j0.053)(0.2 + j0.04)

Vs = 120.06 + j0.0658
Vs = 120.060.03 V

Let
S = S1 + S 2 + S 3 .
S1 = 12 j
12
sin(cos -1 (0.866)) = 12 j6.929
0.866
S 2 = 16 + j
16
sin(cos -1 (0.85)) = 16 + j9.916
0.85
S3 =
(20)(0.6)
+ j20 = 15 + j20
sin(cos -1 (0.6)
S = 43 + j22.987 =
I *o =
1
V I *o
2
2 S 44 + j22.98
=
V
110
I o = 0.4513 - 27.58 A

I2
I1
8
+
Is
1200 V
j12
Is + I2 = I1 or Is = I1 I2
I1 =
But,
120
8 + j12
= 4.615 j6.923
2500 j400
S
S = VI 2
I 2 =
=
= 20.83 j3.333
V
120
or I 2 = 20.83 + j3.333
Is = I1 I2 = 16.22 j10.256 = 19.19147.69 A.
C = 1 nF
1
-j
= 4
= -j100 k
jC 10 10 -9
At the noninverting terminal,

40 Vo
Vo
=
100
- j100
Vo =
4
2
v o (t) =
Vo =
4
1+ j
- 45
4
2
cos(10 4 t 45)
2
2
4 1 1
Vrms

W
=
P=
R
2 2 50 10 3
P = 80 W
As an inverter,
- Zf
- (2 + j4)
Vo =
Vs =
(4 45)
Zi
4 + j3
Io =
Vo
- (2 + j4)(445)
mA
mA =
(6 - j2)(4 + j3)
6 j2
The power absorbed by the 6-k resistor is

2
2
1
1 20 4
-6
3
P = Io R =
10 6 10
2
2 40 5
P = 0.96 mW
= 2,
3H
10 //( j 5) =
jL = j 6,
0.1F
1
1
=
= j5
jC j 2 x0.1
j 50
= 2 j4
10 j 5
The frequency-domain version of the circuit is shown below.

Z2=2-j4
Z1 =8+j6
I1
0.620 o V
Io
Z 3 = 12
Vo
(a) I 1 =
0.620 o 0 0.5638 + j 0.2052

=
= 0.06 16.87 o
8 + j6
8 + j6
1
S = Vs I *1 = (0.320 o )(0.06 + 16.87 o ) = 14.4 + j10.8 mVA = 1836.86 o mVA
2
(b) Vo =
Z2
Vs ,
Z1
P=
Io =
Vo
( 2 j 4)
=
(0.620 o ) = 0.022499.7 o
12(8 + j 6)
Z3
1
| I o | 2 R = 0.5(0.0224) 2 (12) = 2.904 mW
2

S = SR + SL + Sc
Let
S R = PR + jQ R =
where
1 2
I R + j0
2 o
1
S L = PL + jQ L = 0 + j I o2 L
2
1
1
S c = Pc + jQ c = 0 j I o2
C
2
S=
Hence,
1 2
1
I o R + jL
2
C
(a)
Given that Z = 10 + j12

tan =
12
10
= 50.19
pf = cos = 0.6402
(b)
S=
2 Z*
(120) 2
= 295.12 + j354.09
(2)(10 j12)
The average power absorbed = P = Re(S) = 295.1 W

(c)
For unity power factor, 1 = 0 , which implies that the reactive power due
to the capacitor is Q c = 354.09
But
C=
Qc =
V2
1
= C V 2
2 Xc 2
2 Qc
(2)(354.09)
= 130.4 F
2 =
(2 )(60)(120) 2
V
pf = cos = 0.8
sin = 0.6
Q = S sin = (880)(0.6) = 528
If the power factor is to be unity, the reactive power due to the capacitor is
Q c = Q = 528 VAR
But
C=
2
Vrms
1
Q=
= C V 2
Xc
2
C =
2 Qc
V2
(2)(528)
= 69.45 F
(2)(50)(220) 2

P1 = Q1 = 150 x0.7071 = 106.065,
S 1 = 106.065 + j106.065,
Q2 = 50,
S2 =
Q2
,
0 .6
S 2 = 66.67 j 50
S = S 1 + S 2 = 172.735 + j 56.06 = 181.617.98 o ,
pf = cos17.98 o = 0.9512
Qc = P(tan 1 tan 2 ) = 172.735(tan 17.98 o 0) = 56.058

C=
Qc
56.058
=
= 10.33 F
2
V rms 2x60 x120 2
(a)
1 = cos -1 (0.76) = 40.54

2 = cos -1 (0.9) = 25.84
Q c = P (tan 1 tan 2 )
Q c = (40)[ tan(40.54) tan(25.84) ] kVAR
Q c = 14.84 kVAR
C=
P2 = 0.8S = 0.8
Qc
14840
=
= 2.734 mF
2
Vrms (2 )(60)(120) 2
50
= 66.67
0 .6
(b)
1 = 40.54 ,
2 = 0
Q c = (40)[ tan(40.54) 0 ] kVAR = 34.21 kVAR

C=
Qc
34210
= 6.3 mF
2
Vrms (2)(60)(120) 2
(a)
S = 10 j15 + j22 = 10 + j7 kVA

S = S = 10 2 + 7 2 = 12.21 kVA
(b)
S = V I*
I * =
S 10,000 + j7,000
=
240
V
I = 41.667 j29.167 = 50.86 - 35 A

(c)
7
1 = tan -1 = 35 ,
10
2 = cos -1 (0.96) = 16.26
Q c = P1 [ tan 1 tan 2 ] = 10 [ tan(35) - tan(16.26) ]

Q c = 4.083 kVAR
C=
(d)
Qc
4083
=
= 188.03 F
2
Vrms (2 )(60)(240) 2
S 2 = P2 + jQ 2 ,
P2 = P1 = 10 kW
Q 2 = Q1 Q c = 7 4.083 = 2.917 kVAR

S 2 = 10 + j2.917 kVA
But
I *2 =
S 2 = V I *2
S 2 10,000 + j2917
=
V
240
I 2 = 41.667 j12.154 = 43.4 - 16.26 A

(a)
1 = cos -1 (0.8) = 36.87

P1
24
=
= 30 kVA
cos 1 0.8
S1 =
Q1 = S1 sin 1 = (30)(0.6) = 18 kVAR

S1 = 24 + j18 kVA
2 = cos -1 (0.95) = 18.19

S2 =
P2
40
=
= 42.105 kVA
cos 2 0.95
Q 2 = S 2 sin 2 = 13.144 kVAR

S 2 = 40 + j13.144 kVA
S = S1 + S 2 = 64 + j31.144 kVA
31.144
= 25.95
= tan -1
64
pf = cos = 0.8992
(b)
2 = 25.95 ,
1 = 0
Q c = P [ tan 2 tan 1 ] = 64 [ tan(25.95) 0 ] = 31.144 kVAR

C=
Qc
31,144
=
= 5.74 mF
2
Vrms (2 )(60)(120) 2
(a)
S1 =
Z1*
(240) 2
5760
=
= 517.75 j323.59 VA
80 + j50 8 + j5
(240) 2
5760
S2 =
=
= 358.13 + j208.91 VA
120 j70 12 j7
S3 =
(240) 2
= 960 VA
60
S = S1 + S 2 + S 3 = 1835.88 j114.68 VA
(b)
114.68
= 3.574
= tan -1
1835.88
pf = cos = 0.998
(c)
Q c = P [ tan 2 tan 1 ] = 18.35.88[ tan(3.574) 0 ]

Q c = 114.68 VAR
C=
Qc
114.68
=
= 6.336 F
2
Vrms (2 )(50)(240) 2

The wattmeter reads the real power supplied by the current source. Consider the
circuit below.
4
120 V
-j3
330 +
Vo
j2
12 Vo Vo Vo
=
+
4 j3
j2
8
330 A
Vo =
S=
36.14 + j23.52
= 0.7547 + j11.322 = 11.347 86.19
2.28 j3.04
1
1
Vo I *o = (11.347 86.19)(3 - 30)
2
2
S = 17.02156.19
P = Re(S) = 9.471 W
The wattmeter measures the power absorbed by the parallel combination of 0.1 F
and 150 .
120 cos(2t )
1200 ,
= 2
4H
jL = j8
1
0.1 F
= -j5
jC
Consider the following circuit.
6
1200 V
Z = 15 || (-j5) =
j8
(15)(-j5)
= 1.5 j4.5
15 j5
I=
120
= 14.5 - 25.02
(6 + j8) + (1.5 j4.5)
S=
1
1 2
1
V I * = I Z = (14.5) 2 (1.5 j4.5)
2
2
2
S = 157.69 j473.06 VA
The wattmeter reads

P = Re(S) = 157.69 W
The wattmeter reads the power absorbed by the element to its right side.
= 4
2 cos(4t )
20 ,
1H
jL = j4
F
12
1
= -j3
jC

10
200 V
Z = 5 + j4 + 4 || - j3 = 5 + j4 +
(4)(- j3)
4 j3
Z = 6.44 + j2.08
I=
20
= 1.207 - 7.21
16.44 + j2.08
S=
1 2
1
I Z = (1.207) 2 (6.44 + j2.08)
2
2
P = Re(S) = 4.691 W
The wattmeter reads the power supplied by the source and partly absorbed by the 40-
resistor.
= 100,
j100x10x10 3 = j,
10 mH
500F
1
1
=
= j20
jC j100x500 x10 6

20
40
Io
j
V1
V2
+1
2 Io
10<0
-j20
At node 1,
10 V1
V V2 V1 V2 3(V1 V2 ) V1 V2
= 2I o + 1
+
=
+
40
j
20
20
j
10 = (7 j40)V1 + (6 + j40)V2
(1)
At node 2,
V1 V 2 V1 V 2
V
+
= 2
j
20
j 20
0 = (20 + j )V1 (19 + j )V 2
Solving (1) and (2) yields V1 = 1.5568 j4.1405

I=
10 V1
= 0.8443 + j 0.4141,
40
1
S = VI = 4.2216 j 2.0703
2
P = Re(S) = 4.222 W.
(a)
I=
V 110
=
= 17.19 A
Z 6.4
(2)
(b)
V 2 (110) 2
=
= 1890.625
S=
Z
6 .4
cos = pf = 0.825
= 34.41
P = S cos = 1559.76 1.6 kW

kWh consumed = 4017 3246 = 771 kWh
The electricity bill is calculated as follows :
(a)
Fixed charge = $12
(b)
First 100 kWh at $0.16 per kWh = $16
(c)
Next 200 kWh at $0.10 per kWh = $20
(d)
The remaining energy (771 300) = 471 kWh
at $0.06 per kWh = $28.26.
Adding (a) to (d) gives $76.26

(a)
P1 = 5,000,
Q1 = 0
P2 = 30,000 x0.82 = 24,600,
Q2 = 30,000 sin(cos 1 0.82) = 17,171
S = S1 + S 2 = (P1 + P2 ) + j(Q1 + Q 2 ) = 29,600 + j17,171

S =| S |= 34.22 kVA
(b)
Q = 17.171 kVAR
(c )
pf =
P 29,600
=
= 0.865
S 34,220
Q c = P(tan 1 tan 2 )
= 29,600 tan(cos 1 0.865) tan(cos 1 0.9) = 2833 VAR
(d)
C=
Qc
2833
=
= 130.46 F
2
V rms 2x60 x 240 2
1
1
(a) S = VI = (21060 o )(8 25 o ) = 84035 o
2
2
P = S cos = 840 cos 35 o = 688.1 W
(b) S = 840 VA
(c) Q = S sin = 840 sin 35 o = 481.8 VAR
(d) pf = P / S = cos 35 o = 0.8191 (lagging)
(a)
Maximum demand charge = 2,400 30 = $72,000

Energy cost = $0.04 1,200 10 3 = $48,000
Total charge = $120,000
(b)
To obtain $120,000 from 1,200 MWh will require a flat rate of

$120,000
per kWh = $0.10 per kWh
1,200 10 3
j 2x60 x15 x10 3 = j 5.655

(a) 15 mH
We apply mesh analysis as shown below.
I1
+
Ix
120<0o V
-
10
In
30
Iz
120<0o V
10
+
Iy
j5.655
I2
For mesh x,
(1)
120 = 10 Ix - 10 Iz
For mesh y,
(2)
120 = (10+j5.655) Iy - (10+j5.655) Iz
For mesh z,
(3)
0 = -10 Ix (10+j5.655) Iy + (50+j5.655) Iz
Solving (1) to (3) gives
Ix =20, Iy =17.09-j5.142, Iz =8
Thus,
I1 =Ix =20 A
I2 =-Iy =-17.09+j5.142 = 17.85163.26 o A
In =Iy - Ix =-2.091 j5.142 = 5.907 119.5 o A
(b)
S1 =
1
(120) I x = 60 x 20 = 1200,
2
S2 =
1
(120) I y = 1025.5 j 308.5
2
S = S1 + S 2 = 2225.5 j 308.5 VA
(c ) pf = P/S = 2225.5/2246.8 = 0.9905

For maximum power transfer
Z L = Z *Th
Z i = Z Th = Z *L
Z L = R + jL = 75 + j (2)(4.12 10 6 )(4 10 -6 )
Z L = 75 + j103.55
Z i = 75 j103.55
Z = R jX
VR = I R
2
R =
Z = R 2 + X2
X = 2.5377 k
VR
80
=
= 1 .6 k
I
50 10 -3
X 2 = Z
R 2 = (3) 2 (1.6) 2
X
2.5377
= 57.77
= tan -1 = tan -1
R
1.6
pf = cos = 0.5333

(a)
S = (110)(2 55) = 22055

P = S cos = 220 cos(55) = 126.2 W
(b)
S = S = 220 VA

(a)
Apparent power = S = 12 kVA

P = S cos = (12)(0.78) = 9.36 kW
Q = S sin = 12 sin(cos -1 (0.78)) = 7.51 kVAR
S = P + jQ = 9.36 + j7.51 kVA
(b)
V
S= *
Z
Z =
S
(210) 2
(9.36 + j7.51) 10 3
Z = 34.398 + j27.6

Original load :
P1 = 2000 kW ,
S1 =
cos 1 = 0.85
1 = 31.79
P1
= 2352.94 kVA
cos 1
Q1 = S1 sin 1 = 1239.5 kVAR
Additional load :
P2 = 300 kW ,
S2 =
cos 2 = 0.8
2 = 36.87
P2
= 375 kVA
cos 2
Q 2 = S 2 sin 2 = 225 kVAR
Total load :
S = S1 + S 2 = (P1 + P2 ) + j (Q1 + Q 2 ) = P + jQ
P = 2000 + 300 = 2300 kW
Q = 1239.5 + 225 = 1464.5 kVAR
The minimum operating pf for a 2300 kW load and not exceeding the kVA rating of the
generator is
P
2300
cos =
=
= 0.9775
S1 2352.94
or
= 12.177
The maximum load kVAR for this condition is

Q m = S1 sin = 2352.94 sin(12.177)
Q m = 496.313 kVAR
The capacitor must supply the difference between the total load kVAR ( i.e. Q ) and the
permissible generator kVAR ( i.e. Q m ). Thus,
Q c = Q Q m = 968.2 kVAR

P = S cos
pf = cos =
P
2700
=
= 0.8182
S (220)(15)
Q = S sin = 220(15) sin(35.09) = 1897.3

When the power is raised to unity pf, 1 = 0 and Q c = Q = 1897.3
C=
Qc
1897.3
=
= 104 F
2
Vrms (2 )(60)(220) 2

(a)
Apparent power drawn by the motor is

P
60
Sm =
=
= 80 kVA
cos 0.75
Q m = S 2 P 2 = (80) 2 (60) 2 = 52.915 kVAR

Total real power
P = Pm + Pc + PL = 60 + 0 + 20 = 80 kW
Total reactive power
Q = Q m + Q c + Q L = 52.915 20 + 0 = 32.91 kVAR
Total apparent power
S = P 2 + Q 2 = 86.51 kVA
(b)
pf =
(c)
I=
P
80
=
= 0.9248
S 86.51
S 86510
=
= 157.3 A
V
550
(a)
P1 = (5)(0.7457) = 3.7285 kW
S1 =
P1 3.7285
=
= 4.661 kVA
pf
0.8
Q1 = S1 sin(cos -1 (0.8)) = 2.796 kVAR

S 1 = 3.7285 + j2.796 kVA
P2 = 1.2 kW ,
S 2 = 1.2 + j0 kVA
Q 2 = 0 VAR
P3 = (10)(120) = 1.2 kW ,
S 3 = 1.2 + j0 kVA
Q 3 = 0 VAR
Q 4 = 1.6 kVAR ,
S4 =
cos 4 = 0.6
sin 4 = 0.8
Q4
= 2 kVA
sin 4
P4 = S 4 cos 4 = (2)(0.6) = 1.2 kW

S 4 = 1.2 j1.6 kVA
S = S1 + S 2 + S 3 + S 4
S = 7.3285 + j1.196 kVA
Total real power = 7.3285 kW
Total reactive power = 1.196 kVAR
(b)
1.196
= 9.27
= tan -1
7.3285
pf = cos = 0.987

cos 1 = 0.7
1 = 45.57
S1 = 1 MVA = 1000 kVA
P1 = S1 cos 1 = 700 kW
Q1 = S1 sin 1 = 714.14 kVAR
For improved pf,
cos 2 = 0.95
2 = 18.19
P2 = P1 = 700 kW
S2 =
P2
700
=
= 736.84 kVA
cos 2 0.95
Q 2 = S 2 sin 2 = 230.08 kVAR
P1 = P2 = 700 kW
1
Q2
S2
S1
Q1
(a)
Qc
Reactive power across the capacitor

Q c = Q1 Q 2 = 714.14 230.08 = 484.06 kVAR
Cost of installing capacitors = $30 484.06 = $14,521.80
(b)
Substation capacity released = S1 S 2

= 1000 736.84 = 263.16 kVA
Saving in cost of substation and distribution facilities
= $120 263.16 = $31,579.20
(c)
Yes, because (a) is greater than (b). Additional system capacity obtained
by using capacitors costs only 46% as much as new substation and
distribution facilities.

(a)
Zs = R s jXc
ZL = R L + jX 2
Source impedance
Load impedance
For maximum load transfer

Z L = Z *s
R s = R L , X c = X L
Xc = XL
or
1
LC
1
= L
C
= 2 f
f=
(b)
1
2 LC
1
2 (80 10 -3 )(40 10 -9 )
Vs2
(4.6) 2
P=
=
= 529 mW
4 R L (4)(10)
= 2.814 kHz
(since Vs is in rms)

ZTh
VTh
(a)
ZL
VTh = 146 V, 300 Hz

Z Th = 40 + j8
Z L = Z *Th = 40 j8
(b)
P=
VTh
8 R Th
(146) 2
=
= 66.61 W
(8)(40)

Z T = (2)(0.1 + j) + (100 + j20) = 100.2 + j22
I=
Vs
240
=
Z T 100.2 + j22
2
P = I R L = 100 I
(100)(240) 2
=
= 547.3 W
(100.2) 2 + (22) 2

(a)
If Vab = 400 , then

Van =
400
3
- 30 = 231 - 30 V
Vbn = 231 - 150 V

Vcn = 231 - 270 V
(b)
For the acb sequence,

Vab = Van Vbn = Vp 0 Vp 120
1
3
Vab = Vp 1 + j = Vp 3 - 30
2
2
i.e. in the acb sequence, Vab lags Van by 30.
Hence, if Vab = 400 , then
Van =
400
3
30 = 23130 V
Vbn = 231150 V
Vcn = 231 - 90 V

Since phase c lags phase a by 120, this is an acb sequence.
Vbn = 160(30 + 120) = 160150 V

Since Vbn leads Vcn by 120, this is an abc sequence.
Van = 208(130 + 120) = 208 250 V

Vbc = Vca 120 = 208140 V
Vab = Vbc 120 = 208260 V
Van =
Vab
3 30
208260
3 30
= 120230 V
Vbn = Van - 120 = 120110 V

This is an abc phase sequence.
Vab = Van 3 30
or
Van =
Vab
3 30
4200
3 30
= 242.5 - 30 V
Vbn = Van - 120 = 242.5 - 150 V

Vcn = Van 120 = 242.590 V

Z Y = 10 + j5 = 11.1826.56
The line currents are

Van
220 0
=
= 19.68 - 26.56 A
Ia =
Z Y 11.1826.56
I b = I a - 120 = 19.68 - 146.56 A
I c = I a 120 = 19.6893.44 A
The line voltages are

Vab = 200 3 30 = 38130 V
Vbc = 381 - 90 V
Vca = 381 - 210 V
The load voltages are
VAN = I a Z Y = Van = 2200 V
VBN = Vbn = 220 - 120 V
VCN = Vcn = 220120 V

This is a balanced Y-Y system.
4400 V
ZY = 6 j8
Using the per-phase circuit shown above,

4400
Ia =
= 4453.13 A
6 j8
I b = I a - 120 = 44 - 66.87 A
I c = I a 120 = 44173.13 A

VL = 220 V ,
I an =
Vp
ZY
I L = 6.918 A
Z Y = 16 + j9
VL
3 ZY
220
3 (16 + j9)
= 6.918 - 29.36
Ia =
Van
120 0
= 4.8 - 36.87 A
=
Z L + Z Y 20 + j15
I b = I a - 120 = 4.8 - 156.87 A

I c = I a 120 = 4.883.13 A
As a balanced system, I n = 0 A

Since the neutral line is present, we can solve this problem on a per-phase basis.
For phase a,
Ia =
Van
220 0
= 6.5536.53
=
Z A + 2 27 j20
Ib =
Vbn
220 - 120
=
= 10 - 120
ZB + 2
22
Ic =
Vcn
220 120
= 16.92 97.38
=
ZC + 2
12 + j5
For phase b,
For phase c,
The current in the neutral line is

I n = -(I a + I b + I c )
or
- In = Ia + Ib + Ic
- I n = (5.263 + j3.9) + (-5 j8.66) + (-2.173 + j16.78)
I n = 1.91 j12.02 = 12.17 - 81 A
Van =
Vbc
3 - 90
VBC
3 - 90
22010
3 - 90
Van = 127 100 V

VAB = VBC 120 = 220130 V
VAC = VBC - 120 = 220 - 110 V
If I bB = 30 60 , then
I aA = 30180 ,
I AB =
I aA
3 - 30
I cC = 30 - 60
=
30180
3 - 30
I BC = 17.3290 ,
= 17.32210
I CA = 17.32 - 30
I AC = -I CA = 17.32150 A
I BC Z = VBC
Z=
VBC
220 0
=
= 12.7 - 80
I BC 17.32 90

Convert the delta-load to a wye-load and apply per-phase analysis.
Ia
1100 V
ZY =
Z
= 20 45
3
ZY
1100
= 5.5 - 45 A
2045
I b = I a - 120 = 5.5 - 165 A
Ia =
I c = I a 120 = 5.575 A

First we calculate the wye equivalent of the balanced load.
ZY = (1/3)Z = 6+j5
Now we only need to calculate the line currents using the wye-wye circuits.
110
= 6.471 61.93 A
2 + j10 + 6 + j5
110 120
Ib =
= 6.471178.07 A
8 + j15
110120
Ic =
= 6.47158.07 A
8 + j15
Ia =

1 + j 2
a
+
1000 o V
-
ZL
ZL
I3
n
100120 o V
+
c
I1
100120 o V
+
b
I2
C
Z L = 12 + j12
1 + j 2
1 + j 2
For mesh 1,
100 + 100120 o + I 1 (14 + j16) (1 + j 2) I 2 (12 + j12) I 3 = 0
or
(14 + j16) I 1 (1 + j 2) I 2 (12 + j12) I 3 = 100 + 50 j86.6 = 150 j86.6 (1)
For mesh 2,
100120 o 100 120 o I 1 (1 + j 2) (12 + j12) I 3 + (14 + j16) I 2 = 0
or
(1 + j 2) I 1 + (14 + j16) I 2 (12 + j12) I 3 = 50 j86.6 + 50 j86.6 = j173.2 (2)
For mesh 3,
(12 + j12) I 1 (12 + j12) I 2 + (36 + j 36) I 3 = 0
(3)
Solving (1) to (3) gives
I 1 = 3.161 j19.3,
I 2 = 10.098 j16.749,
I aA = I 1 = 19.58 99.3 A
o
I bB = I 2 I 1 = 7.392159.8 o A
I cC = I 2 = 19.5658.91o A
I 3 = 4.4197 j12.016
Convert the delta load, Z , to its equivalent wye load.

Z Ye =
Z
= 8 j10
3
Z p = Z Y || Z Ye =
(12 + j5)(8 j10)

= 8.076 - 14.68
20 j5
Z p = 7.812 j2.047
Z T = Z p + Z L = 8.812 j1.047
Z T = 8.874 - 6.78
We now use the per-phase equivalent circuit.

Vp
210
Ia =
,
where Vp =
Zp + ZL
3
Ia =
210
3 (8.874 - 6.78)
= 13.66 6.78
I L = I a = 13.66 A

(a)
I CA = - I AC = 10(-30 + 180) = 10150

This implies that
I AB = 10 30
I BC = 10 - 90
I a = I AB 3 - 30 = 17.320 A
I b = 17.32 - 120 A
I c = 17.32120 A
(b)
Z =
VAB 110 0
=
= 11 - 30
I AB 10 30

Convert the -connected load to a Y-connected load and use per-phase analysis.
ZL
Van
ZY =
Ia =
Ia
ZY
Z
= 3 + j4
3
Van
120 0
=
= 19.931 - 48.37
Z Y + Z L (3 + j4) + (1 + j0.5)
But
I AB =
I a = I AB 3 - 30
19.931 - 48.37
3 - 30
= 11.51 - 18.37 A
I BC = 11.51 - 138.4 A
I CA = 11.51101.6 A
VAB = I AB Z = (11.51 - 18.37)(1553.13)
VAB = 172.634.76 V
VBC = 172.6 - 85.24 V

VCA = 172.6154.8 V

VAB = Van 3 30 = (440 60)( 3 30) = 762.190
Z = 12 + j9 = 1536.87
I AB =
VAB 762.190
= 50.8153.13 A
=
Z 1536.87
I BC = I AB - 120 = 50.81 - 66.87 A

I CA = I AB 120 = 50.81173.13 A

Z = 30 + j10 = 31.62 18.43
The phase currents are

Vab
1730
I AB =
= 5.47 - 18.43 A
=
Z 31.62 18.43
I BC = I AB - 120 = 5.47 - 138.43 A
I CA = I AB 120 = 5.47 101.57 A

I a = I AB I CA = I AB 3 - 30
I a = 5.47 3 - 48.43 = 9.474 - 48.43 A
I b = I a - 120 = 9.474 - 168.43 A

I c = I a 120 = 9.47471.57 A

Z = 12 + j9 = 1536.87
The phase currents are
2100
= 14 - 36.87 A
1536.87
= I AB - 120 = 14 - 156.87 A
I AB =
I BC
I CA = I AB 120 = 1483.13 A
I a = I AB 3 - 30 = 24.25 - 66.87 A
I b = I a - 120 = 24.25 - 186.87 A
I c = I a 120 = 24.2553.13 A
(a)
I AC =
230120
230120
=
= 17.96 98.66 A(rms)
10 + j8
12.80638.66
230 120 2300
10 + j8
10 + j8
= 17.96 158.66 17.96 38.66
= 16.729 j6.536 14.024 + j11.220 = 30.75 + j4.684
= 31.10171.34 A
I bB = I BC + I BA = I BC I AB =
(b)

Convert the -connected source to a Y-connected source.
Vp
208
Van =
- 30 =
- 30 = 120 - 30
3
3
Convert the -connected load to a Y-connected load.
Z
(4 + j6)(4 j5)
Z = Z Y || = (4 + j6) || (4 j5) =
3
8+ j
Z = 5.723 j0.2153
ZL
Van
Ia
Ia =
Van
120 30
=
= 15.53 - 28.4 A
Z L + Z 7.723 j0.2153
I b = I a - 120 = 15.53 - 148.4 A

I c = I a 120 = 15.5391.6 A
(a) I AB =
V AB
208
=
Z
2560 o
I a = I AB
208 3 30 o
3 30 =
= 14.411 90 o
o
2560
o
I L =| I a |= 14.41 A
208 3
cos 60 o = 2.596 kW
(b) P = P1 + P2 = 3VL I L cos = 3 (208)
25

Convert both the source and the load to their wye equivalents.
Z
= 20 30 = 17.32 + j10
ZY =
3
Van =
Vab
3
- 30 = 240.20
We now use per-phase analysis.
1+j
Van
Ia =
Ia
2030
Van
240.2
=
= 11.24 - 31 A
(1 + j) + (17.32 + j10) 21.37 31
I b = I a - 120 = 11.24 - 151 A

I c = I a 120 = 11.2489 A
But
I AB =
I a = I AB 3 - 30
11.24 - 31
3 - 30
= 6.489 - 1 A
I BC = I AB - 120 = 6.489 - 121 A

I CA = I AB 120 = 6.489119 A

Convert the delta-connected source to an equivalent wye-connected source and
consider the single-phase equivalent.
Ia =
where
440 (10 30)

3 ZY
Z Y = 3 + j2 + 10 j8 = 13 j6 = 14.32 - 24.78
Ia =
440 - 20
3 (14.32 - 24.78)
= 17.744.78 A
I b = I a - 120 = 17.74 - 115.22 A

I c = I a 120 = 17.74124.78 A

Transform the source to its wye equivalent.
Vp
Van =
- 30 = 72.17 - 30
3
Now, use the per-phase equivalent circuit.
Van
,
Z = 24 j15 = 28.3 - 32
I aA =
Z
I aA =
72.17 - 30
= 2.55 2 A
28.3 - 32
I bB = I aA - 120 = 2.55 - 118 A

I cC = I aA 120 = 2.55122 A
Ia =
Vab - 30
3 ZY
220 - 10
3 (20 + j15)
I a = 5.081 - 46.87 A
I b = I a - 120 = 5.081 - 166.87 A
I c = I a 120 = 5.08173.13 A

Let
Vab = 4000
Ia =
Van - 30
3 ZY
400 - 30
3 (30 - 60)
= 7.7 30
I L = I a = 7.7 A
VAN = I a Z Y =
Van
3
- 30 = 230.94 - 30
Vp = VAN = 230.9 V
P = 3Vp I p cos ,
Vp =
VL
3
IL = Ip
P = 3 VL I L cos
IL =
P
3 VL cos
ZY =
Vp
Ip
VL
3 IL
5000
240 3 (0.6)
= 20.05 = I p
240
3 (20.05)
= 6.911
cos = 0.6
= 53.13
Z Y = 6.911 - 53.13 (leading)
Z Y = 4.15 j5.53
S=
P 5000
=
= 8333
pf
0.6
Q = S sin = 6667
S = 5000 j6667 VA

Since this a balanced system, we can replace it by a per-phase equivalent, as
shown below.
+
Vp
ZL
S = 3S p =
S=
3V 2 p
,
Z*p
Vp =
VL
3
V 2L
(208) 2
=
= 1.442145 o kVA
Z * p 30 45 o
P = S cos = 1.02 kW
(a)
Pp = 6,000,
cos = 0.8,
Sp =
PP
= 6 / 0.8 = 7.5 kVA
cos
Q p = S P sin = 4.5 kVAR

S = 3S p = 3(6 + j 4.5) = 18 + j13.5 kVA
For delta-connected load, Vp = VL= 240 (rms). But
S=
3V 2 p
Z*p
Z*p =
3V 2 p
3(240) 2
=
,
S
(18 + j13.5) x10 3
6000
(b)
Pp = 3VL I L cos
(c )
We find C to bring the power factor to unity
Qc = Q p = 4.5 kVA
IL =
C=

S = 3 VL I L
S = S = 3 VL I L = 50 10 3
IL =
5000
3 (440)
= 65.61 A
3 x 240 x0.8
Z P = 6.144 + j 4.608
= 18.04 A
Qc
4500
=
= 207.2 F
2
V rms 2x60 x 240 2
For a Y-connected load,

I p = I L = 65.61 ,
Z =
Vp
Ip
Vp =
VL
3
440
= 254.03
254.03
= 3.872
65.61
Z = Z ,
= cos -1 (0.6) = 53.13
Z = (3.872)(cos + j sin )
Z = (3.872)(0.6 + j0.8)
Z = 2.323 + j3.098
S = 3 VL I L
S = S = 3 VL I L
For a Y-connected load,
VL = 3 Vp
IL = Ip ,
S = 3 Vp I p
IL = Ip =
S
4800
=
= 7.69 A
3 Vp (3)(208)
VL = 3 Vp = 3 208 = 360.3 V
Vp =
Ia =
VL
3
Vp
ZY
220
3
200
3 (10 j16)
= 6.7358
I L = I p = 6.73 A
S = 3 VL I L = 3 220 6.73 - 58
S = 1359 j2174.8 VA

(a) This is a balanced three-phase system and we can use per phase equivalent
circuit. The delta-connected load is converted to its wye-connected equivalent
Z '' y =
1
Z = (60 + j 30) / 3 = 20 + j10
3
IL
+
230 V
-
Zy
Z y = Z ' y // Z '' y = (40 + j10) //( 20 + j10) = 13.5 + j 5.5
IL =
230
= 14.61 j 5.953 A
13.5 + j 5.5
(b) S = Vs I * L = 3.361 + j1.368 kVA

(c ) pf = P/S = 0.9261
Zy
S = 1 [0.75 + sin(cos-10.75) ] =0.75 + 0.6614 MVA
(a)
(b) S = 3V p I * p
I*p =
S
(0.75 + j 0.6614) x10 6
=
= 59.52 + j 52.49
3V p
3x 4200
PL =| I p | 2 Rl = (79.36) 2 (4) = 25.19 kW
(c) Vs = VL + I p (4 + j ) = 4.4381 j 0.21 kV = 4.443 - 2.709 o kV
S=
P
12
=
= 20
pf 0.6
S = S = 20 = 12 j16 kVA
But
IL =
S = 3 VL I L
20 10 3
3 208
S = 3 Ip
= 55.51 A
Zp
For a Y-connected load, I L = I p .

Zp =
3 IL
(12 j16) 10 3
=
(3)(55.51) 2
Z p = 1.298 j1.731
As a balanced three-phase system, we can use the per-phase equivalent shown

below.
Ia =
1100
1100
=
(1 + j2) + (9 + j12) 10 + j14
Sp =
1
I
2 a
ZY =
1
(110) 2
(9 + j12)
2 (10 2 + 14 2 )
The complex power is

3 (110) 2
S = 3S p =
(9 + j12)
2 296
S = 551.86 + j735.81 VA
Consider the system shown below.

5
a
100120
c
+
100-120
1000
5
b
8
B
I2
-j6
I1
j3
I3
C
10
For mesh 1,
100 = (18 j6) I 1 5 I 2 (8 j6) I 3
(1)
100 - 120 = 20 I 2 5 I 1 10 I 3
20 - 120 = - I 1 + 4 I 2 2 I 3
(2)
For mesh 2,
For mesh 3,
0 = - (8 j6) I 1 10 I 2 + (22 j3) I 3
(3)
To eliminate I 2 , start by multiplying (1) by 2,

200 = (36 j12) I 1 10 I 2 (16 j12) I 3
(4)

200 = (44 j18) I 1 (38 j15) I 3
(5)
Multiplying (2) by 5 4 ,
25 - 120 = -1.25 I 1 + 5 I 2 2.5 I 3
(6)
Adding (1) and (6),

87.5 j21.65 = (16.75 j6) I 1 (10.5 j6) I 3
(7)
In matrix form, (5) and (7) become

44 j18 - 38 + j15 I 1
200
87.5 j12.65 = 16.75 j6 - 10.5 + j6 I
3

= 192.5 j26.25 ,
1 = 900.25 j935.2 ,
3 = 110.3 j1327.6
I1 =
1 1298.1 - 46.09
= 6.682 - 38.33 = 5.242 j4.144
=
194.28 - 7.76
I3 =
3 1332.2 - 85.25
=
= 6.857 - 77.49 = 1.485 j6.694
194.28 - 7.76
We obtain I 2 from (6),

1
1
I 2 = 5 - 120 + I 1 + I 3
4
2
I 2 = (-2.5 j4.33) + (1.3104 j1.0359) + (0.7425 j3.347)
I 2 = -0.4471 j8.713
The average power absorbed by the 8- resistor is

2
P1 = I 1 I 3 (8) = 3.756 + j2.551 (8) = 164.89 W

2
P2 = I 3 (4) = (6.8571) 2 (4) = 188.1 W

2
2
P3 = I 2 I 3 (10) = - 1.9321 j2.019 (10) = 78.12 W
Thus, the total real power absorbed by the load is
P = P1 + P2 + P3 = 431.1 W

Transform the delta-connected load to its wye equivalent.
Z
ZY =
= 7 + j8
3
Using the per-phase equivalent circuit above,
100 0
Ia =
= 8.567 - 46.75
(1 + j0.5) + (7 + j8)
For a wye-connected load,
I p = I a = I a = 8.567
S = 3 Ip
Z p = (3)(8.567) 2 (7 + j8)
P = Re(S) = (3)(8.567) 2 (7) = 1.541 kW
S=
P 5 kW
=
= 6.25 kVA
pf
0.8
But
IL =
S = 3 VL I L
S
3 VL
6.25 10 3
3 400
= 9.021 A

The load determines the power factor.
40
tan =
= 1.333
= 53.13
30
pf = cos = 0.6 (leading)

7.2
S = 7.2 j (0.8) = 7.2 j9.6 kVA
0.6
S = 3 Ip
But
Ip
Zp
S
(7.2 j9.6) 10 3
= 80
=
3Zp
(3)(30 j40)
I p = 8.944 A
I L = I p = 8.944 A
VL =
S
3 IL
12 10 3
3 (8.944)
= 774.6 V
S = 3 Ip
Zp ,
I p = I L for Y-connected loads
S = (3)(13.66) 2 (7.812 j2.047)

S = 4.373 j1.145 kVA
For a -connected load,

Vp = VL ,
IL = 3 Ip
S = 3 VL I L
IL =
S
3 VL
(12 2 + 5 2 ) 10 3
3 (240)
= 31.273
At the source,
VL' = VL + I L Z L
VL' = 2400 + (31.273)(1 + j3)
VL' = 271.273 + j93.819
VL' = 287.04 V
Also, at the source,

S ' = 3VL' I *L
S ' = 3 (271.273 + j93.819)(31.273)

93.819
= 19.078
= tan -1
271.273
pf = cos = 0.9451

S = 3 VL I L
IL =
IL =
S -
3 VL
(635.6) -
3 440
S =
P 450 10 3
=
= 635.6 kVA
pf
0.708
= 834 - 45 A
At the source,
VL = 440 0 + I L (0.5 + j2)
VL
VL
VL
VL
= 440 + (834 - 45)(2.062 76)

= 440 + 1719.7 31
= 1914.1 + j885.7
= 2.10924.83 V

For the wye-connected load,
IL = Ip ,
VL = 3 Vp
S = 3 Vp I *p =
S=
VL
Z*
3 Vp
Z*
I p = Vp Z
3 VL
(110) 2
=
= 121 W
100
S = 3V I =
S=
Z*
For the delta-connected load,

Vp = VL ,
IL = 3 Ip ,
*
p p
3 Vp
Z*
3 VL
I p = Vp Z
2
Z*
(3)(110) 2
= 363 W
100
This shows that the delta-connected load will deliver three times more average
Z
power than the wye-connected load. This is also evident from Z Y = .
3
pf = 0.8 (lagging)
= cos -1 (0.8) = 36.87
S1 = 250 36.87 = 200 + j150 kVA
pf = 0.95 (leading)
= cos -1 (0.95) = -18.19
S 2 = 300 - 18.19 = 285 j93.65 kVA
pf = 1.0
= cos -1 (1) = 0
S 3 = 450 kVA
S T = S1 + S 2 + S 3 = 935 + j56.35 = 936.7 3.45 kVA
S T = 3 VL I L
IL =
936.7 10 3
3 (13.8 10 3 )
= 39.19 A rms
pf = cos = cos(3.45) = 0.9982 (lagging)

(a) We first convert the delta load to its equivalent wye load, as shown below.
A
A
18-j12
ZA
40+j15
ZB
ZC
C
B
60
ZA =
(40 + j15)(18 j12)

= 7.577 j1.923
118 + j 3
ZB =
60(40 + j15).
= 20.52 j 7.105
118 + j 3
ZC =
60(18 j12)
= 8.992 j 6.3303
118 + j 3
The system becomes that shown below.
2+j3
+
240<0o
240<120
+
c
I2
ZA
I1
o
240<-120
+
b
ZB
ZC
2+j3
B
2+j3
We apply KVL to the loops. For mesh 1,
240 + 240 120 o + I 1 (2Z l + Z A + Z B ) I 2 ( Z B + Z l ) = 0
or
(32.097 + j11.13) I 1 (22.52 + j10.105) I 2 = 360 + j 207.85
For mesh 2,
240120 o 240 120 o I 1 ( Z B + Z l ) + I 2 (2Z l + Z B + Z C ) = 0
or
(1)
(22.52 + j10.105) I 1 + (33.51 + j 6.775) I 2 = j 415.69

I 1 = 23.75 j 5.328,
I 2 = 15.165 j11.89
(2)
I aA = I 1 = 24.34 12.64 o A,
I bB = I 2 I 1 = 10.81 142.6 o A
I cC = I 2 = 19.27141.9 o A
(b)
S a = (2400 o )(24.3412.64 o ) = 5841.612.64 o

S b = (240 120 o )(10.81142.6 o ) = 2594.422.6 o
S b = (240120 o )(19.27 141.9 o ) = 4624.8 21.9 o
S = S a + S b + S c = 12.386 + j 0.55 kVA = 12.42.54 o kVA

(a) For the delta-connected load, Z p = 20 + j10,
S=
V p = VL = 220 (rms) ,
3V 2 p
3 x 220 2
=
= 5808 + j 2904 = 6.94326.56 o kVA
*
(20 j10)
Z p
(b) For the wye-connected load, Z p = 20 + j10,

S=
V p = VL / 3 ,
3V 2 p
3 x 220 2
=
= 2.16426.56 o kVA
*
3(20 j10)
Z p
S = S 1 + S 2 = 8(0.6 + j 0.8) = 4.8 + j 6.4 kVA,

Hence,
S 1 = 3 kVA
S 2 = S S 1 = 1.8 + j 6.4 kVA

But S 2 =
Z*p =
3V 2 p
,
Z*p
Vp =
VL
3
V *L
240 2
=
(1.8 + j 6.4) x10 3
S2
S2 =
.V 2 L
Z*p
Z p = 2.346 + j8.34

Apply mesh analysis to the circuit as shown below.
Za
150120
1500
i1
Zb
150-120
i2
Zc
For mesh 1,
- 150 + (Z a + Z b ) I 1 Z b I 2 = 0
150 = (18 + j) I 1 (12 + j9) I 2
(1)
For mesh 2,
- 150 - 120 + (Z b + Z c ) I 2 Z b I 1 = 0
150 - 120 = (27 + j9) I 2 (12 + j9) I 1
From (1) and (2),
18 + j - 12 j9 I 1
150
150 - 120 = - 12 j9 27 + j9 I
2

= 414 j27 ,
1 = 3780.9 + j3583.8 ,
(2)
2 = 579.9 j1063.2
I1 =
1 5209.543.47
=
= 12.56 47.2
414.88 - 3.73
I2 =
2 1211.1 - 61.39
=
= 2.919 - 57.66
414.88 - 3.73
I a = I 1 = 12.5647.2 A
I b = I 2 I1 =
Ib =
2 1 - 3201 j4647
=
5642.3235.44
= 13.6239.17 A
414.88 - 3.73
I c = - I 2 = 2.919122.34 A
Since the neutral line is present, we can solve this problem on a per-phase basis.
Van 120 120
=
= 6 60
Ia =
20 60
Z AN
Ib =
Vbn 120 0
=
= 4 0
30 0
Z BN
Vcn 120 - 120

=
= 3 - 150
40 30
Z CN
Ic =
Thus,
- In
- In
- In
- In
= Ia + Ib + Ic
= 6 60 + 4 0 + 3 - 150
= (3 + j5.196) + (4) + (-2.598 j1.5)
= 4.405 + j3.696 = 5.7540
I n = 5.75 220 A
Vp =
250
3
Since we have the neutral line, we can use per-phase equivalent circuit for each
phase.
2500
1
Ia =
= 3.608 - 60 A
4060
3
Ib =
Ic =
250 - 120
3
250120
3
1
= 2.406 - 75 A
60 - 45
1
= 7.217 120 A
200
- In = Ia + Ib + Ic
- I n = (1.804 j3.125) + (0.6227 j2.324) + (-3.609 + j6.25)
I n = 1.1823 j0.801 = 1.428 - 34.12 A

Ia
Vp0
IAB
Vp120
+
50
Vp-120
j50
C
-j50
VAB = Vab = 100 3 30
I AB =
VAB 100 3 30
=
= 3.464 30 A
50
Z AB
I BC =
VBC 100 3 - 90
=
= 3.4640 A
50 - 90
Z BC
I CA =
VCA 100 3 150

=
= 3.46460 A
5090
Z CA

Ia
2200
220120
+
60 + j80
I1
220-120
+
b
100 j120
Ib
30 + j40
I2
Ic
For mesh 1,
220 - 120 220 0 + (160 j40) I 1 (100 j120) I 2 = 0
11 11 - 120 = (8 j2) I 1 (5 j6) I 2
(1)
For mesh 2,
220 120 220 - 120 + (130 j80) I 2 (100 j120) I 1 = 0
11 - 120 11120 = - (5 j6) I 1 + (6.5 j4) I 2
(2)
From (1) and (2),

16.5 + j9.526 8 j2 - 5 + j6 I 1
- j19.053 = - 5 + j6 6.5 - j4 I
= 55 + j15 ,
1 = 31.04 j99.35 ,
2 = 101.55 j203.8
I1 =
1 104.08 - 72.65
= 1.8257 - 87.91
=
57.0115.26
I2 =
2 227.7 - 63.51
=
= 3.994 - 78.77
57.0115.26
I a = I 1 = 1.8257 - 87.91
I b = I 2 I1 =
2 1 70.51 j104.45
=
= 2.211 - 71.23
55 + j15
I c = - I 2 = 3.994101.23
SA = Ia
Z AN = (1.8257) 2 (60 + j80) = 199.99 + j266.7
SB = Ib
Z BN = (2.211) 2 (100 j120) = 488.9 j586.6
SC = Ic
Z CN = (3.994) 2 (30 + j40) = 478.6 + j638.1
S = S A + S B + S C = 1167.5 + j318.2 VA

(a)
4400 +
440120
j10
I1
b
+
440-120
I2
I3
-j5
20
C
c
For mesh 1,
440 - 120 4400 + j10 (I 1 I 3 ) = 0
I1 I 3 =
(440)(1.5 + j0.866)
= 76.21 - 60
j10
(1)
For mesh 2,
440120 440 - 120 + 20 (I 2 I 3 ) = 0
I3 I2 =
(440)( j1.732)
= j38.1
20
For mesh 3,
j10 (I 3 I 1 ) + 20 (I 3 I 2 ) j5 I 3 = 0
(2)
Substituting (1) and (2) into the equation for mesh 3 gives,
(440)(-1.5 + j0.866)
I3 =
= 152.4260
j5
From (1),
I 1 = I 3 + 76.21 - 60 = 114.315 + j66 = 13230
From (2),
I 2 = I 3 j38.1 = 76.21 + j93.9 = 120.9350.94
I a = I 1 = 13230 A
I b = I 2 I 1 = -38.105 + j27.9 = 47.23143.8 A
I c = - I 2 = 120.9230.9 A
(b)
S AB = I 1 I 3 ( j10) = j58.08 kVA

2
S BC = I 2 I 3 (20) = 29.04 kVA

2
S CA = I 3 (-j5) = (152.42) 2 (-j5) = -j116.16 kVA

S = S AB + S BC + S CA = 29.04 j58.08 kVA
Real power absorbed = 29.04 kW
(c)
Total complex supplied by the source is

S = 29.04 j58.08 kVA
(3)

Ia
+
Va
-
80 + j 50
I1
20 + j 30
Vc
+
Vb
I2
60 j 40
Ib
Ic
(1)
(100 + j80) I 1 (20 + j 30) I 2 = Va Vb = 165 + j 95.263
(20 + j 30) I 1 + (80 j10) I 2 = Vb Vc = j190.53
(2)
Solving (1) and (2) gives I 1 = 1.8616 j 0.6084,
I 2 = 0.9088 j1.722 .
I a = I 1 = 1.9585 18.1o A,
I b = I 2 I 1 = 0.528 j1.1136 = 1.4656 130.55 o A
I c = I 2 = 1.947117.8 o A
The schematic is shown below. IPRINT is inserted in the neutral line to measure the
current through the line. In the AC Sweep box, we select Total Ptss = 1, Start Freq. =
0.1592, and End Freq. = 0.1592. After simulation, the output file includes
FREQ
IM(V_PRINT4)
IP(V_PRINT4)
1.592 E01
1.078 E+01
8.997 E+01
i.e.
In = 10.7889.97 A
The schematic is shown below. In the AC Sweep box, we set Total Pts = 1, Start Freq
= 60, and End Freq = 60. After simulation, we obtain an output file which includes
i.e.
FREQ
VM(1)
VP(1)
6.000 E+01
2.206 E+02
3.456 E+01
FREQ
VM(2)
VP(2)
6.000 E+01
2.141 E+02
8.149 E+01
FREQ
VM(3)
VP(3)
6.000 E+01
4.991 E+01
5.059 E+01
VAN = 220.634.56, VBN = 214.181.49, VCN = 49.9150.59 V
The schematic is shown below. IPRINT is inserted to give Io. We select Total Pts = 1,
Start Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq = 0.1592 in the AC Sweep box. Upon simulation,
the output file includes
from which,
FREQ
IM(V_PRINT4)
IP(V_PRINT4)
1.592 E01
1.421 E+00
1.355 E+02
Io = 1.421135.5 A
The schematic is shown below. Pseudocomponents IPRINT and PRINT are inserted to
measure IaA and VBN. In the AC Sweep box, we set Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592,
and End Freq = 0.1592. Once the circuit is simulated, we get an output file which
includes
FREQ
VM(2)
VP(2)
1.592 E01
2.308 E+02
1.334 E+02
FREQ
IM(V_PRINT2)
IP(V_PRINT2)
1.592 E01
1.115 E+01
3.699 E+01
from which
IaA = 11.1537 A, VBN = 230.8133.4 V
Because of the delta-connected source involved, we follow Example 12.12. In the AC

Sweep box, we type Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 60, and End Freq = 60. After
simulation, the output file includes
From which
FREQ
IM(V_PRINT2)
IP(V_PRINT2)
6.000 E+01
5.960 E+00
9.141 E+01
FREQ
IM(V_PRINT1)
IP(V_PRINT1)
6.000 E+01
7.333 E+07
1.200 E+02
Iab = 7.333x107120 A, IbB = 5.9691.41 A
Let = 1 so that L = X/ = 20 H, and C =
1
= 0.0333 F
X
The schematic is shown below..
.
When the file is saved and run, we obtain an output file which includes the following:
FREQ
1.592E-01
FREQ
1.592E-01
IM(V_PRINT1)IP(V_PRINT1)
1.867E+01
1.589E+02
1.238E+01
1.441E+02
From the output file, the required currents are:

I aA = 18.67158.9 o A, I AC = 12.38144.1o A

We follow Example 12.12. In the AC Sweep box we type Total Pts = 1, Start Freq =
0.1592, and End Freq = 0.1592. After simulation the output file includes
FREQ
IM(V_PRINT1)
IP(V_PRINT1)
1.592 E01
4.710 E+00
7.138 E+01
FREQ
IM(V_PRINT2)
IP(V_PRINT2)
1.592 E01
6.781 E+07
1.426 E+02
FREQ
IM(V_PRINT3)
IP(V_PRINT3)
1.592 E01
3.898 E+00
5.076 E+00
FREQ
IM(V_PRINT4)
IP(V_PRINT4)
1.592 E01
3.547 E+00
6.157 E+01
FREQ
IM(V_PRINT5)
IP(V_PRINT5)
1.592 E01
1.357 E+00
9.781 E+01
FREQ
IM(V_PRINT6)
IP(V_PRINT6)
1.592 E01
3.831 E+00
1.649 E+02
from this we obtain

IaA = 4.7171.38 A, IbB = 6.781142.6 A, IcC = 3.8985.08 A
IAB = 3.54761.57 A, IAC = 1.35797.81 A, IBC = 3.831164.9 A

Due to the delta-connected source, we follow Example 12.12. We type Total Pts = 1,
Start Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq = 0.1592. The schematic is shown below. After it
is saved and simulated, we obtain an output file which includes
Thus,
FREQ
IM(V_PRINT1)
IP(V_PRINT1)
1.592 E01
6.581 E+00
9.866 E+01
FREQ
IM(V_PRINT2)
IP(V_PRINT2)
1.592 E01
1.140 E+01
1.113 E+02
FREQ
IM(V_PRINT3)
IP(V_PRINT3)
1.592 E01
6.581 E+00
3.866 E+01
IaA = 6.58198.66 A, IbB = 11.4111.3 A, IcC = 6.58138.66 A
VL
Vp =
(b)
Because the load is unbalanced, we have an unbalanced three-phase

system. Assuming an abc sequence,
208
(a)
= 120 V
I1 =
120 0
= 2.50 A
48
I2 =
120 - 120
= 3 - 120 A
40
I3 =
120120
= 2120 A
60
3
3
- I N = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 = 2.5 + (3) - 0.5 j + (2) - 0.5 + j
2
2
IN = j
3
= j0.866 = 0.86690 A
2
Hence,
I1 = 2.5 A ,
(c)
I2 = 3 A ,
I3 = 2 A ,
P1 = I12 R 1 = (2.5) 2 (48) = 300 W

P2 = I 22 R 2 = (3) 2 (40) = 360 W
P3 = I 32 R 3 = (2) 2 (60) = 240 W

(d)
PT = P1 + P2 + P3 = 900 W
(a)
The power to the motor is

PT = S cos = (260)(0.85) = 221 kW
The motor power per phase is
1
Pp = PT = 73.67 kW
3
Hence, the wattmeter readings are as follows:
Wa = 73.67 + 24 = 97.67 kW
Wb = 73.67 + 15 = 88.67 kW
Wc = 73.67 + 9 = 83.67 kW
(b)
The motor load is balanced so that I N = 0 .

For the lighting loads,
Ia =
24,000
= 200 A
120
Ib =
15,000
= 125 A
120
Ic =
9,000
= 75 A
120
If we let
I N = 0.866 A
I a = I a 0 = 2000 A
I b = 125 - 120 A
I c = 75120 A
Then,
- I N = Ia + Ib + Ic
3
3
- I N = 200 + (125) - 0.5 j + (75) - 0.5 + j
2
2
- I N = 100 86.602 A
I N = 132.3 A
(a)
S = 3 VL I L = 3 (330)(8.4) = 4801 VA
(b)
P = S cos
pf = cos =
pf =
P
S
4500
= 0.9372
4801.24
(c)
For a wye-connected load,

I p = I L = 8.4 A
(d)
Vp =
VL
3
330
3
= 190.53 V

S 1 = 1.2(0.8 + j 0.6) = 0.96 + j 0.72 MVA,
S 2 = 2(0.75 j 0.661) = 1.5 1.323 MVA,
S = S 1 + S 2 + S 3 = 3.26 j 0.603 MVA,
pf =
S3 = 0.8 MVA
3.26
P
=
= 0.9833
S 3.3153
Qc = P(tan old tan new ) = 3.26[tan(cos 1 0.9833) tan(cos 1 0.99) = 0.1379 MVA
1
x0.1379 x10 6
3
C=
= 28 mF
2x60 x6.6 2 x10 6

PT = P1 + P2 = 1200 400 = 800
Q T = P2 P1 = -400 1200 = -1600
tan =
Q T - 1600
=
= -2
= -63.43
PT
800
pf = cos = 0.4472 (leading)

Zp =
VL 240
=
= 40
IL
6
Z p = 40 - 63.43
(a)
If Vab = 2080 , Vbc = 208 - 120 , Vca = 208120 ,

I AB =
Vab 2080
=
= 10.4 0
20
Z Ab
I BC =
Vbc
208 - 120
= 14.708 - 75
=
Z BC 10 2 - 45
I CA =
Vca
208120
= 16 97.38
=
Z CA 1322.62
I aA = I AB I CA = 10.40 1697.38
I aA = 10.4 + 2.055 j15.867
I aA = 20.171 - 51.87
I cC = I CA I BC = 1697.83 14.708 - 75
I cC = 30.64 101.03
P1 = Vab I aA cos( Vab IaA )
P1 = (208)(20.171) cos(0 + 51.87) = 2590 W
P2 = Vcb I cC cos( Vcb IcC )

But
Vcb = -Vbc = 20860
P2 = (208)(30.64) cos(60 101.03) = 4808 W
(b)
PT = P1 + P2 = 7398.17 W
Q T = 3 (P2 P1 ) = 3840.25 VAR

S T = PT + jQ T = 7398.17 + j3840.25 VA
S T = S T = 8335 VA

From Problem 12.11,
VAB = 220 130 V
I aA = 30180 A
and
P1 = (220)(30) cos(130 180) = 4242 W
VCB = -VBC = 220190

I cC = 30 - 60
P2 = (220)(30) cos(190 + 60) = - 2257 W

I1
Ia
240-60 V
Z
Z
240-120 V
I2
Ib
Ic
Z = 10 + j30 = 31.6271.57
Ia =
240 - 60
= 7.59 - 131.57
31.6271.57
Ib =
240 - 120
= 7.59 - 191.57
31.6271.57
I c Z + 240 - 60 240 - 120 = 0

Ic =
- 240
= 7.59108.43
31.6271.57
I 1 = I a I c = 13.146 - 101.57
I 2 = I b + I c = 13.146138.43
P1 = Re [ V1 I 1* ] = Re [ (240 - 60)(13.146 101.57) ] = 2360 W
P2 = Re [ V2 I *2 ] = Re [ (240 - 120)(13.146 - 138.43) ] = - 632.8 W

Z = 60 j30
2080 V
208-60 V
I1
I2
For mesh 1,
208 = 2 Z I 1 Z I 2
For mesh 2,
- 208 - 60 = - Z I 1 + 2 Z I 2
In matrix form,
2 Z - Z I 1
208
- 208 - 60 = - Z 2 Z I

2
= 3Z 2 ,
1 = (208)(1.5 + j0.866) Z ,
2 = (208)( j1.732) Z
I1 =
1 (208)(1.5 + j0.866)
=
= 1.78956.56
(3)(60 j30)
I2 =
2 (208)( j1.732)
=
= 1.79116.56
(3)(60 j30)
P1 = Re [ V1 I 1* ] = Re [ (208)(1.789 - 56.56) ] = 208.98 W

P2 = Re [ V2 (- I 2 ) * ] = Re [ (208 - 60))(1.7963.44) ] = 371.65 W
(a)
I=
V 12
=
= 20 mA
R 600
(b)
I=
V 120
=
= 200 mA
R 600

If both appliances have the same power rating, P,
P
I=
Vs
P
For the 120-V appliance,
I1 =
.
120
P
For the 240-V appliance,
I2 =
.
240
P2 R
2
Power loss = I 2 R = 120
2
P R
240 2
Since
for the 120-V appliance

for the 240-V appliance
1
1
, the losses in the 120-V appliance are higher.
2 >
120
240 2

Pg = PT Pload Pline ,
But
pf = 0.85
PT = 3600 cos = 3600 pf = 3060
Pg = 3060 2500 (3)(80) = 320 W
cos 1 =
51
= 0.85
1 = 31.79
60
Q1 = S1 sin 1 = (60)(0.5268) = 31.61 kVAR

P2 = P1 = 51 kW
cos 2 = 0.95
2 = 18.19
S2 =
P2
= 53.68 kVA
cos 2
Q 2 = S 2 sin 2 = 16.759 kVAR
Q c = Q1 Q 2 = 3.61 16.759 = 14.851 kVAR

For each load,
Q c1 =
C=
Qc
= 4.95 kVAR
3
Q c1
4950
= 67.82 F
2 =
V
(2 )(60)(440) 2

Consider the per-phase equivalent circuit below.
Ia
A
+
Van
ZY = 12 + j5
n
Ia =
N
Van
2550
=
= 17.15 - 19.65 A
Z Y + 2 14 + j5
Thus,
I b = I a - 120 = 17.15 - 139.65 A

I c = I a 120 = 17.15100.35 A
VAN = I a Z Y = (17.15 - 19.65)(1322.62) = 2232.97 V
Thus,
VBN = VAN - 120 = 223 - 117.63 V

VCN = VAN 120 = 223122.97 V
S = S1 + S 2 + S 3 = 6[0.83 + j sin(cos 1 0.83)] + S 2 + 8(0.7071 j 0.7071)

S = 10.6368 j 2.31 + S 2 kVA
(1)
But
S = 3VL I L = 3 (208)(84.6)(0.8 + j 0.6) VA = 24.383 + j18.287 kVA
(2)
From (1) and (2),

S 2 = 13.746 + j 20.6 = 24.7656.28 kVA
Thus, the unknown load is 24.76 kVA at 0.5551 pf lagging.
pf = 0.8 (leading)
1 = -36.87
S1 = 150 - 36.87 kVA
pf = 1.0
2 = 0
S 2 = 100 0 kVA
pf = 0.6 (lagging)
3 = 53.13
S 3 = 20053.13 kVA
S 4 = 80 + j95 kVA
S = S1 + S 2 + S 3 + S 4
S = 420 + j165 = 451.221.45 kVA
S = 3 VL I L
S L = 3 I 2L Z L = (3)(542.7) 2 (0.02 +
S L = 17.67 + j44.18 kVA
At the source,
S T = S + S L = 437.7 + j209.2
S T = 485.125.55 kVA
VT =
ST
3 IL
485.1 10 3
3 542.7
= 516 V
S 1 = 400(0.8 + j 0.6) = 320 + j 240 kVA,
S2 = 3
V 2p
Z*p
For the delta-connected load, V L = V p

(2400) 2
S 2 = 3x
= 1053.7 + j842.93 kVA
10 j8
S = S 1 + S 2 = 1.3737 + j1.0829 MVA

Let I = I1 + I2 be the total line current. For I1,
S1 = 3V p I *1 ,
I *1 =
S1
3VL
Vp =
VL
3
(320 + j 240) x10 3

3 (2400)
I 1 = 76.98 j 57.735
For I2, convert the load to wye.

I 2 = I p 3 30 o =
2400
3 30 o = 273.1 j 289.76
10 + j8
I = I 1 + I 2 = 350 j 347.5
Vs = VL + Vline = 2400 + I (3 + j 6) = 5.185 + j1.405 kV
| Vs |= 5.372 kV

S1 = 120 x746 x0.95(0.707 + j 0.707) = 60.135 + j 60.135 kVA,
S 2 = 80 kVA
S = S1 + S 2 = 140.135 + j 60.135 kVA
But | S |= 3VL I L
IL =
|S|
3VL
152.49 x10 3
3 x 480
= 183.42 A
We first find the magnitude of the various currents.

For the motor,
S
IL =
3 VL
4000
440 3
= 5.248 A
For the capacitor,

Q c 1800
=
= 4.091 A
IC =
VL
440
For the lighting,
440
Vp =
= 254 V
3
I Li =
PLi 800
=
= 3.15 A
Vp 254
Consider the figure below.
Ia
a
IC
+
Vab
I1
Ib
-jXC
I2
Ic
c
I3
ILi
In
If Van = Vp 0 ,
Vab = 3 Vp 30
Vcn = Vp 120
IC =
Vab
= 4.091120
-j X C
I1 =
Vab
= 4.091( + 30)
Z
where = cos -1 (0.72) = 43.95

I 1 = 5.249 73.95
I 2 = 5.249 - 46.05
I 3 = 5.249193.95
I Li =
Vcn
= 3.15120
R
Thus,
I a = I 1 + I C = 5.24973.95 + 4.091120
I a = 8.60893.96 A
I b = I 2 I C = 5.249 - 46.05 4.091120
I b = 9.271 - 52.16 A
I c = I 3 + I Li = 5.249193.95 + 3.15120
I c = 6.827 167.6 A
I n = - I Li = 3.15 - 60 A

Let
ZY = R
Vp =
VL
3
240
3
= 138.56 V
Vp2
27
P = Vp I p =
= 9 kW =
2
R
R=
Vp2
(138.56) 2
= 2.133
9000
Z Y = 2.133
Thus,

1
a
A
+
1200 V rms
I1
24 j2
1
n
N
I2
1200 V rms
15 + j4
1
b
For the two meshes,

120 = (26 j2) I 1 I 2
120 = (17 + j4) I 2 I 1
(1)
(2)
In matrix form,
120 26 j2
- 1 I 1
120 = - 1
17 + j4 I 2

= 449 + j70 ,
1 = (120)(18 + j4) ,
2 = (120)(27 j2)
I1 =
1 120 18.44 12.53

= 4.87 3.67
=
454.42 8.86
I2 =
2 120 27.07 - 4.24

=
= 7.15 - 13.1
454.42 8.86
I aA = I 1 = 4.87 3.67 A
I bB = - I 2 = 7.15166.9 A
I nN = I 2 I 1 =
I nN =
2 1
(120)(9 j6)
= 2.856 - 42.55 A
449 + j70
L = 50 mH
jL = j (2)(60)(5010 -3 ) = j18.85
1
115 V
I1
20
2
15 + j18.85
115 V
I2
30
Applying KVl to the three meshes, we obtain

23 I 1 2 I 2 20 I 3 = 115
- 2 I 1 + 33 I 2 30 I 3 = 115
- 20 I 1 30 I 2 + (65 + j18.85) I 3 = 0
In matrix form,
- 20
23 - 2
I 1 115
- 2 33
I = 115
- 30
2
- 20 - 30 65 + j18.85 I 3 0
= 12,775 + j14,232 ,
2 = (115)(1825 + j471.3) ,
(1)
(2)
(3)
1 = (115)(1975 + j659.8)
3 = (115)(1450)
I1 =
1 115 208218.47
=
= 12.52 - 29.62
1921448.09
I2 =
2 115 1884.9 14.48

= 11.33 - 33.61
=
19124 48.09
I n = I 2 I1 =
2 1 (115)(-150 j188.5)
=
= 1.448 - 176.6 A
12,775 + j14,231.75
S 1 = V1 I *1 = (115)(12.52 29.62) = 1252 + j711.6 VA

S 2 = V2 I *2 = (115)(1.3333.61) = 1085 + j721.2 VA

For coil 1, L1 M12 + M13 = 6 4 + 2 = 4
For coil 2, L2 M21 M23 = 8 4 5 = 1
For coil 3, L3 + M31 M32 = 10 + 2 5 = 7
LT = 4 1 + 7 = 10H
or
LT = L1 + L2 + L3 2M12 2M23 + 2M12

LT = 6 + 8 + 10 = 10H

L = L1 + L2 + L3 + 2M12 2M23 2M31
= 10 + 12 +8 + 2x6 2x6 2x4
= 22H

L1 + L2 + 2M = 250 mH
(1)
L1 + L2 2M = 150 mH
(2)
Adding (1) and (2),

2L1 + 2L2 = 400 mH
But,
L1 = 3L2,, or 8L2 + 400,
and L2 = 50 mH
L1 = 3L2 = 150 mH
From (2),
150 + 50 2M = 150 leads to M = 25 mH

k = M/ L1 L 2 = 2.5 / 50x150 = 0.2887

(a)
For the series connection shown in Figure (a), the current I enters each coil from
its dotted terminal. Therefore, the mutually induced voltages have the same sign as the
self-induced voltages. Thus,
Leq = L1 + L2 + 2M
Is
L1
I1
Vs
L2
I2
L1
L2
Leq
(a)
(b)
(b)
For the parallel coil, consider Figure (b).

Is = I 1 + I2
and
Zeq = Vs/Is
Applying KVL to each branch gives,

Vs = jL1I1 + jMI2
(1)
Vs = jMI1 + j L2I2
(2)
Vs jL1
V = jM
s
or
jM I1
jL 2 I 2
= 2L1L2 + 2M2, 1 = jVs(L2 M), 2 = jVs(L1 M)

I1 = 1/, and I2 = 2/
Is = I1 + I2 = (1 + 2)/ = j(L1 + L2 2M)Vs/( 2(L1L2 M))
Zeq = Vs/Is = j(L1L2 M)/[j(L1 + L2 2M)] = jLeq
i.e.,
Leq = (L1L2 M)/(L1 + L2 2M)

(a) If the coils are connected in series,
L = L1 + L 2 + 2M = 25 + 60 + 2(0.5) 25x 60 = 123.7 mH

(b) If they are connected in parallel,
L=
L1 L 2 M 2
25x 60 19.36 2
=
mH = 24.31 mH
L1 + L 2 2M 25 + 60 2x19.36

V1 = (R1 + jL1)I1 jMI2
V2 = jMI1 + (R2 + jL2)I2

2030 = I(j6 + j8 + j12 + 10 j4x2) = I(10 + j6)
where I is the loop current.
I = 2030/(10 + j6)
Vo = I(j12 + 10 j4) = I(10 + j8)
= 2030(10 + j8)/(10 + j6) = 2237.66 V

Consider the current as shown below.
j2
1
10
I1
j6
+
j4
I2
-j3
Vo
For mesh 1,
10 = (1 + j6)I1 + j2I2
For mesh 2,
(1)
0 = (4 + j4 j3)I2 + j2I1
0 = j2I1 +(4 + j)I2
(2)
In matrix form,
j2
10 1 + j6
0 = j2
4+

I1
j I 2
= 2 + j25, and 2 = j20

I2 = 2/ = j20/(2 + j25)
Vo = j3I2 = 60/(2 + j25) = 2.39294.57

830o
I1
j4
j4
I2
-j1
-j2V
For loop 1,
830 = (2 + j4)I1 jI2
For loop 2,
((j4 + 2 j)I2 jI1 + (j2) = 0

or
(1)
I1 = (3 j2)i2 2
830 + (2 + j4)2 = (14 + j7)I2
I2 = (10.928 + j12)/(14 + j7) = 1.03721.12

Vx = 2I2 = 2.07421.12
(2)

jM
jL
jL
Io
I1
Iin0o
I2
1/jC
M = k L1 L 2 = L2 = L, I1 = Iin0, I2 = Io
Io(jL + R + 1/(jC)) jLIin (1/(jC))Iin = 0
Io = j Iin(L 1/(C)) /(R + jL + 1/(jC))

V2
R2
I3
jL1
R1
V1
I1
1/jC
jM
jL2
I2
For mesh 1, V1 = I1(R1 + 1/(jC)) I2(1/jC)) R1I3

For mesh 2,
0 = I1(1/(jC)) + (jL1 + jL2 + (1/(jC)) j2M)I2 jL1I3 + jMI3
For mesh 3,
or
V2 = R1I1 j(L1 M)I2 + (R1 + R2 + jL1)I3

V2 = R1I1 + j(L1 M)I2 (R1 + R2 + jL1)I3

Let = 1.
j4
j2
+
1V
-
j6
j8
I1
j10
I2
Applying KVL to the loops,

1 = j8 I 1 + j 4 I 2
(1)
0 = j 4 I 1 + j18 I 2
(2)
Solving (1) and (2) gives I1 = -j0.1406. Thus
Z=
1
= jLeq
I1
Leq =
1
= 7.111 H
jI 1
We can also use the equivalent T-section for the transform to find the equivalent
inductance.
We replace the coupled inductance with an equivalent T-section and use series and
parallel combinations to calculate Z. Assuming that = 1,
La = L1 M = 18 10 = 8,
Lb = L2 M = 20 10 = 10,
The equivalent circuit is shown below:
Lc = M = 10
12
j8
j10
j10
-j6
Z
j4
Z=12 +j8 + j14//(2 + j4) = 13.195 + j11.244

To obtain VTh, convert the current source to a voltage source as shown below.
j2
5
j6
j8
-j3
a
j10 V
+
VTh
b
Note that the two coils are connected series aiding.
L = L1 + L2 2M
jL = j6 + j8 j4 = j10
Thus,
j10 + (5 + j10 j3 + 2)I + 8 = 0

I = ( 8 + j10)/ (7 + j7)
But,
j10 + (5 + j6)I j2I + VTh = 0
8V
VTh = j10 (5 + j4)I = j10 (5 + j4)(8 + j10)/(7 + j7)

VTh = 5.34934.11
To obtain ZTh, we set all the sources to zero and insert a 1-A current source at the terminals
ab as shown below.
j2
5
j6
I1
j8
-j3
+
Vo
1A
I2
b
Clearly, we now have only a super mesh to analyze.
(5 + j6)I1 j2I2 + (2 + j8 j3)I2 j2I1 = 0
(5 + j4)I1 + (2 + j3)I2 = 0
(1)
But,
I2 I1 = 1 or I2 = I1 1
(2)
(5 + j4)I1 +(2 + j3)(1 + I1) = 0

I1 = (2 + j3)/(7 + j7)
Now,
((5 + j6)I1 j2I1 + Vo = 0

Vo = (5 + j4)I1 = (5 + j4)(2 + j3)/(7 + j7) = (2 + j23)/(7 + j7) = 2.33250
ZTh = Vo/1 = 2.33250 ohms

To obtain IN, short-circuit ab as shown in Figure (a).
20
j20
20
j5
+
I1
j20
j5
j10
j10
6030o
IN
I1
I2
I2
b
(a)
For mesh 1,
b
(b)
6030 = (20 + j10)I1 + j5I2 j10I2

or
For mesh 2,
1230 = (4 + j2)I1 jI2
(1)
0 = (j20 + j10)I2 j5I1 j10I1

or
I1 = 2I2
(2)
1230 = (8 + j3)I2
IN = I2 = 1230/(8 + j3) = 1.4049.44 A

To find ZN, we set all the sources to zero and insert a 1-volt voltage source at terminals a
b as shown in Figure (b).
For mesh 1,
1 = I1(j10 + j20 j5x2) + j5I2

1 = j20I1 + j5I2
For mesh 2,
(3)
0 = (20 + j10)I2 + j5I1 j10I1 = (4 + j2)I2 jI1

or
I2 = jI1/(4 + j2)
1 = j20I1 + j(j5)I1/(4 + j2) = (1 + j20.5)I1
I1 = 1/(1 + j20.5)
ZN = 1/I1 = (1 + j20.5) ohms
(4)
To find IN, we short-circuit a-b.

8
-j2

j4
+
800 V
o
j6
I2
IN
I1
80 + (8 j 2 + j 4) I 1 jI 2 = 0
j 6 I 2 jI 1 = 0
I1 = 6I 2
(8 + j 2) I 1 jI 2 = 80
(1)
(2)

80
IN = I2 =
= 1.584 j 0.362 = 1.6246 12.91o A
48 + j11
To find ZN, insert a 1-A current source at terminals a-b. Transforming the current source
to voltage source gives the circuit below.
8
-j2
2
a

j4
+
j6
I1
2V
I2
0 = (8 + j 2) I 1 jI 2
I1 =
jI 2
8 + j2
(3)
2 + (2 + j 6) I 2 jI 1 = 0
(4)
Solving (3) and (4) leads to I2 = -0.1055 +j0.2975, Vab=-j6I2 = 1.7853 +0.6332
ZN =
Vab
= 1.89419.53o
1
Z = -j6 // Zo
where
Z o = j20 +
Z=
144
= 0.5213 + j15.7
j30 j2 + j5 + 4
j6 xZ o
= 0.1989 j9.7
j6 + Z o
Let = 1.
L1 = 5, L2 = 20, M = k L1 L2 = 0.5 x10 = 5
We replace the transformer by its equivalent T-section.

La = L1 ( M ) = 5 + 5 = 10,
Lb = L1 + M = 20 + 5 = 25,
Lc = M = 5
We find ZTh using the circuit below.

-j4
j10
j25
j2
-j5
ZTh
4+j6
Z Th = j 27 + (4 + j ) //( j 6) = j 27 +
j 6(4 + j )
= 2.215 + j 29.12
4 + j7
We find VTh by looking at the circuit below.
-j4
j10
j25
j2
+
-j5
+
VTh
120<0
4+j6
VTh =
4+ j
(120) = 61.37 46.22 o V
4 + j + j6
Let = 1.
La = L1 ( M ) = 40 + 25 = 65 H
Lb = L2 + M = 30 + 25 = 55 H,
L C = M = 25
Thus, the T-section is as shown below.

j65
j55
-j25
Transform the current source to a voltage source as shown below.

k=0.5
4
j10
j10
I3
j12
I1
-j5
I2
200o
k = M/ L1 L 2 or M = k L1 L 2
M = k L1L 2 = 0.5(10) = 5
For mesh 1,
j12 = (4 + j10 j5)I1 + j5I2 + j5I2 = (4 + j5)I1 + j10I2
For mesh 2,
0 = 20 + (8 + j10 j5)I2 + j5I1 + j5I1

20 = +j10I1 + (8 + j5)I2
From (1) and (2),
(1)
j12 4 + j5 + j10 I1
20 = + j10 8 + j5 I
2

= 107 + j60, 1 = 60 j296, 2 = 40 j100

I1 = 1/ = 2.46272.18 A
I2 = 2/ = 0.87897.48 A
I3 = I1 I2 = 3.32974.89 A
i1 = 2.462 cos(1000t + 72.18) A
i2 = 0.878 cos(1000t 97.48) A
(2)
At t = 2 ms, 1000t = 2 rad = 114.6

i1 = 0.9736cos(114.6 + 143.09) = 2.445
i2 = 2.53cos(114.6 + 153.61) = 0.8391
The total energy stored in the coupled coils is
w = 0.5L1i12 + 0.5L2i22 Mi1i2
Since L1 = 10 and = 1000, L1 = L2 = 10 mH, M = 0.5L1 = 5mH
w = 0.5(10)(2.445)2 + 0.5(10)(0.8391)2 5(2.445)(0.8391)
w = 43.67 mJ
For mesh 1, 3630 = (7 + j6)I1 (2 + j)I2

For mesh 2,
(1)
0 = (6 + j3 j4)I2 2I1 jI1 = (2 + j)I1 + (6 j)I2
Placing (1) and (2) into matrix form,
(2)
3630 7 + j6 2 j I1
0 = 2 j 6 j I
2
= 48 + j35 = 59.4136.1, 1 = (6 j)3630 = 21920.54

2 = (2 + j)3630 = 80.556.56, I1 = 1/ = 3.6915.56, I2 = 2/ = 1.35520.46
Power absorbed fy the 4-ohm resistor, = 0.5(I2)24 = 2(1.355)2 = 3.672 watts

With more complex mutually coupled circuits, it may be easier to show the effects of the
coupling as sources in terms of currents that enter or leave the dot side of the coil. Figure
13.85 then becomes,
-j50
Io
I3
j20Ic
+
j40
j10Ib
j60
Ia
j30Ic
Ix
j30Ib
+
j20Ia
500 V
+
j80
I1
I2
100
Ib
j10Ia
Note the following,

Ia = I 1 I3
Ib = I2 I1
Ic = I 3 I2
and
Io = I 3
Now all we need to do is to write the mesh equations and to solve for Io.
Loop # 1,
-50 + j20(I3 I2) j 40(I1 I3) + j10(I2 I1) j30(I3 I2) + j80(I1 I2) j10(I1 I3) = 0
j100I1 j60I2 j40I3 = 50
Multiplying everything by (1/j10) yields 10I1 6I2 4I3 = - j5
(1)
Loop # 2,
j10(I1 I3) + j80(I2I1) + j30(I3I2) j30(I2 I1) + j60(I2 I3) j20(I1 I3) + 100I2 = 0
-j60I1 + (100 + j80)I2 j20I3 = 0
(2)
Loop # 3,
-j50I3 +j20(I1 I3) +j60(I3 I2) +j30(I2 I1) j10(I2 I1) +j40(I3 I1) j20(I3 I2) = 0
-j40I1 j20I2 + j10I3 = 0
Multiplying by (1/j10) yields,
-4I1 2I2 + I3 = 0
(3)
Multiplying (2) by (1/j20) yields -3I1 + (4 j5)I2 I3 = 0

Multiplying (3) by (1/4) yields
(4)
-I1 0.5I2 0.25I3 = 0
(5)
Multiplying (4) by (-1/3) yields I1 ((4/3) j(5/3))I2 + (1/3)I3 = -j0.5 (7)

Multiplying [(6)+(5)] by 12 yields
(-22 + j20)I2 + 7I3 = 0
(8)
Multiplying [(5)+(7)] by 20 yields
-22I2 3I3 = -j10
(9)
(8) leads to I2 = -7I3/(-22 + j20) = 0.235542.3o = (0.17418+j0.15849)I3

(9) leads to I3 = (j10 22I2)/3, substituting (1) into this equation produces,
I3 = j3.333 + (-1.2273 j1.1623)I3
I3 = Io = 1.304063o amp.
or

= 10
0.5 H converts to jL1 = j5 ohms
1 H converts to jL2 = j10 ohms
0.2 H converts to jM = j2 ohms
25 mF converts to 1/(jC) = 1/(10x25x10-3) = j4 ohms
j2
j5
120
I1
j10
j4
I2
(10)
For mesh 1,
12 = (j5 j4)I1 + j2I2 (j4)I2

j2 = I1 + 6I2
For mesh 2,
0 = (5 + j10)I2 + j2I1 (j4)I1

0 = (5 + j10)I2 + j6I1
From (1),
(1)
(2)
I1 = j12 6I2
Substituting this into (2) produces,

I2 = 72/(5 + j26) = 2.7194100.89
I1 = j12 6 I2 = j12 163.17100.89 = 5.06852.54
Hence,
i1 = 5.068cos(10t + 52.54) A, i2 = 2.719cos(10t 100.89) A.

10t = 10x15x10-3 0.15 rad = 8.59
At t = 15 ms,
i1 = 5.068cos(61.13) = 2.446
i2 = 2.719cos(92.3) = 0.1089
w = 0.5(5)(2.446)2 + 0.5(1)(0.1089)2 (0.2)(2.446)(0.1089) = 15.02 J
(a)
k = M/ L1 L 2 = 1/ 4 x 2 = 0.3535
(b)
= 4
1/4 F leads to 1/(jC) = j/(4x0.25) = j
1||(j) = j/(1 j) = 0.5(1 j)
1 H produces jM = j4
4 H produces j16
2 H becomes j8
j4
2
j8
120
I1
I2
0.5(1j)
j16
12 = (2 + j16)I1 + j4I2
or
6 = (1 + j8)I1 + j2I2
0 = (j8 + 0.5 j0.5)I2 + j4I1 or I1 = (0.5 + j7.5)I2/(j4)
(1)
(2)

24 = (11.5 j51.5)I2 or I2 = 24/(11.5 + j51.5) = 0.45577.41
Vo = I2(0.5)(1 j) = 0.321757.59
vo = 321.7cos(4t + 57.6) mV
(c)
From (2),
At t = 2s,
I1 = (0.5 + j7.5)I2/(j4) = 0.85581.21
i1 = 0.885cos(4t 81.21) A, i2 = 0.455cos(4t 77.41) A

4t = 8 rad = 98.37
i1 = 0.885cos(98.37 81.21) = 0.8169
i2 = 0.455cos(98.37 77.41) = 0.4249
w = 0.5L1i12 + 0.5L2i22 + Mi1i2
= 0.5(4)(0.8169)2 + 0.5(2)(.4249)2 + (1)(0.1869)(0.4249) = 1.168 J
m = k L1 L 2 = 0.5 H
We transform the circuit to frequency domain as shown below.
12sin2t converts to 120, = 2
0.5 F converts to 1/(jC) = j
2 H becomes jL = j4
j1
Io 4
j1
120
j2
j2
j4
10
b
Applying the concept of reflected impedance,
Zab = (2 j)||(1 + j2 + (1)2/(j2 + 3 + j4))
= (2 j)||(1 + j2 + (3/45) j6/45)
= (2 j)||(1 + j2 + (3/45) j6/45)
= (2 j)||(1.0667 + j1.8667)
=(2 j)(1.0667 + j1.8667)/(3.0667 + j0.8667) = 1.508517.9 ohms
Io = 120/(Zab + 4) = 12/(5.4355 + j0.4636) = 2.24.88
io = 2.2sin(2t 4.88) A
M = k L1L 2
M = k L1L 2 = 0.6 20x 40 = 17
j17
50
20060
j30
I1
Io
j20
j40
I2
For mesh 1,
20060 = (50 j30 + j20)I1 + j17I2 = (50 j10)I1 + j17I2
10
(1)
For mesh 2,
0 = (10 + j40)I2 + j17I1
In matrix form,
(2)
j17 I1
20060 50 j10
=
0
10 + j40 I 2
j17
= 900 + j100, 1 = 200060(1 + j4) = 8246.2136, 2 = 340030

I2 = 2/ = 3.75536.34
Io = I2 = 3.75536.34 A
Switching the dot on the winding on the right only reverses the direction of Io.
This can be seen by looking at the resulting value of 2 which now becomes
3400150. Thus,
Io = 3.755143.66 A

Zin = j4 + j5 + 9/(12 + j6) = 0.6 + j.07 = 0.92249.4
I1 = 120/0.92249.4 = 1349.4 A
We find ZTh by replacing the 20-ohm load with a unit source as shown below.
j10
-jX

j12
j15
I2
+
1V
-
I1
For mesh 1,
0 = (8 jX + j12) I 1 j10 I 2
For mesh 2,
1 + j15I 2 j10 I 1 = 0
(1)
I 1 = 1.5I 2 0.1 j
(2)
Substituting (2) into (1) leads to

1.2 + j 0.8 + 0.1X
I2 =
12 + j8 j1.5 X
Z Th =
| Z Th |= 20 =
1
12 + j8 j1.5 X
=
I 2 1.2 j 0.8 0.1X
12 2 + (8 1.5 X ) 2
(1.2 0.1X ) + 0.8
2
Solving the quadratic equation yields X = 6.425
0 = 1.75 X 2 + 72 X 624
30 mH becomes jL = j30x10-3x103 = j30

50 mH becomes j50
Let X = M
Using the concept of reflected impedance,
Zin = 10 + j30 + X2/(20 + j50)
I1 = V/Zin = 165/(10 + j30 + X2/(20 + j50))
p = 0.5|I1|2(10) = 320 leads to |I1|2 = 64 or |I1| = 8
8 = |165(20 + j50)/(X2 + (10 + j30)(20 + j50))|
= |165(20 + j50)/(X2 1300 + j1100)|
64 = 27225(400 + 2500)/((X2 1300)2 + 1,210,000)
or
(X2 1300)2 + 1,210,000 = 1,233,633

X = 33.86 or 38.13
If X = 38.127 = M
M = 38.127 mH
k = M/ L1 L 2 = 38.127/ 30x50 = 0.984
j38.127
10
1650
I1
j30
j50
I2
20
165 = (10 + j30)I1 j38.127I2
(1)
0 = (20 + j50)I2 j38.127I1
(2)
165 10 + j30 j38.127 I1
0 = j38.127 20 + j50 I

2
In matrix form,
= 154 + j1100 = 1110.7382.03, 1 = 888.568.2, 2 = j6291

I1 = 1/ = 813.81, I2 = 2/ = 5.6647.97
i1 = 8cos(1000t 13.83), i2 = 5.664cos(1000t + 7.97)
At t = 1.5 ms, 1000t = 1.5 rad = 85.94
i1 = 8cos(85.94 13.83) = 2.457
i2 = 5.664cos(85.94 + 7.97) = 0.3862
w = 0.5L1i12 + 0.5L2i22 + Mi1i2
= 0.5(30)(2.547)2 + 0.5(50)(0.3862)2 38.127(2.547)(0.3862)
= 130.51 mJ
(a)
Zin = j40 + 25 + j30 + (10)2/(8 + j20 j6)

= 25 + j70 + 100/(8 + j14) = (28.08 + j64.62) ohms
(b)
jLa = j30 j10 = j20, jLb = j20 j10 = j10, jLc = j10
Thus the Thevenin Equivalent of the linear transformer is shown below.

j40
25
j20
j10
j10
8
j6
Zin
Zin = j40 + 25 + j20 + j10||(8 + j4) = 25 + j60 + j10(8 + j4)/(8 + j14)

= (28.08 + j64.62) ohms

(a)
La = L1 M = 10 H
Lb = L2 M = 15 H
Lc = M = 5 H
(b)
L1L2 M2 = 300 25 = 275

LA = (L1L2 M2)/(L1 M) = 275/15 = 18.33 H
LB = (L1L2 M2)/(L1 M) = 275/10 = 27.5 H
LC = (L1L2 M2)/M = 275/5 = 55 H

We first find Zin for the second stage using the concept of reflected impedance.
Lb
LB
Zin
Zin = jLb + 2Mb2/(R + jLb) = (jLbR - 2Lb2 + 2Mb2)/(R + jLb)
(1)
For the first stage, we have the circuit below.
La
LA
Zin
Zin
Zin = jLa + 2Ma2/(jLa + Zin)
= (2La2 + 2Ma2 + jLaZin)/( jLa + Zin)
(2)

( jL b R 2 L2b + 2 M 2b )
L + M + jL a
R + j L b
=
2 2
jL b R L b + 2 M 2b
jL a +
R + j L b
2
2
a
2
a
R2La2 + 2Ma2R j3LbLa + j3LbMa2 + jLa(jLbR 2Lb2 + 2Mb2)

jRLa 2LaLb + jLbR 2La2 + 2Mb2
2R(La2 + LaLb Ma2) + j3(La2Lb + LaLb2 LaMb2 LbMa2)
Zin =
2(LaLb +Lb2 Mb2) jR(La +Lb)

Zin = 10 + j12 + (15)2/(20 + j 40 j5) = 10 + j12 + 225/(20 + j35)
= 10 + j12 + 225(20 j35)/(400 + 1225)
= (12.769 + j7.154) ohms
Insert a 1-V voltage source at the input as shown below.
j6
j12
1<0 V
-
j10
I1
j4
I2
-j2
For loop 1,
1 = (1 + j10) I 1 j 4 I 2
(1)
For loop 2,
0 = (8 + j 4 + j10 j 2) I 2 + j 2 I 1 j 6 I 1
0 = jI 1 + (2 + j 3) I 2
(2)
Solving (1) and (2) leads to I1=0.019 j0.1068
Z=
1
= 1.6154 + j 9.077 = 9.21979.91o
I1
Alternatively, an easier way to obtain Z is to replace the transformer with its equivalent
T circuit and use series/parallel impedance combinations. This leads to exactly the same
result.
For mesh 1,
16 = (10 + j 4) I 1 + j 2 I 2
(1)
For mesh 2,
0 = j 2 I 1 + (30 + j 26) I 2 j12 I 3
(2)
For mesh 3,
0 = j12 I 2 + (5 + j11) I 3
(3)
We may use MATLAB to solve (1) to (3) and obtain

I 1 = 1.3736 j 0.5385 = 1.4754 21.41o A
I 2 = 0.0547 j 0.0549 = 0.0775 134.85 o A
I 3 = 0.0268 j 0.0721 = 0.077 110.41o A
Following the two rules in section 13.5, we obtain the following:

(a)
V2/V1 = n,
I2/I1 = 1/n
(b)
V2/V1 = n,
I2/I1 = 1/n
(c)
V2/V1 = n,
I2/I1 = 1/n
(d)
V2/V1 = n,
I2/I1 = 1/n
(n = V2/V1)
(a) n =
V2 2400
=
=5
V1
480
(b) S1 = I 1V1 = S 2 = I 2V2 = 50,000

(c ) I 2 =
I1 =
50,000
= 104.17 A
480
50,000
= 20.83 A
2400
Zin = Zp + ZL/n2, n = v2/v1 = 230/2300 = 0.1

v2 = 230 V, s2 = v2I2*
I2* = s2/v2 = 17.39153.13 or I2 = 17.39153.13 A
ZL = v2/I2 = 2300/17.39153.13 = 13.23553.13
Zin = 210 + 1323.553.13
= 1.97 + j0.3473 + 794.1 j1058.8
Zin = 1.32453.05 kohms
Referred to the high-voltage side,

ZL = (1200/240)2(0.810) = 2010
Zin = 6030 + 2010 = 76.412220.31
I1 = 1200/Zin = 1200/76.412220.31 = 15.720.31 A
Since S = I1v1 = I2v2, I2 = I1v1/v2
= (1200/240)( 15.720.31) = 78.520.31 A
n=
N2
500
1
=
= ,
N1 2000 4
P=
V 2 60 2
=
= 300 W
R
12
n=
V2
V1
V2 = nV1 =
1
(240) = 60 V
4

We reflect the 2-ohm resistor to the primary side.
Zin = 10 + 2/n2,
n = 1/3
Since both I1 and I2 enter the dotted terminals,
Zin = 10 + 18 = 28 ohms
I1 = 140/28 = 0.5 A and I2 = I1/n = 0.5/(1/3) = 1.5 A

10
+
V1
+
120<0o V
-
I1
-j50
1:4
+
V2
+
20
Vo
-
I2
Applying mesh analysis,

120 = 10I1 + V1
(1)
0 = (20 j50)I 2 + V2
(2)
At the terminals of the transformer,

V2
=n=4
V1
I2
1
1
= =
I1
n
4
V2 = 4V1
(3)
I1 = 4I 2
(4)
Substituting (3) and (4) into (1) gives 120 = 40I 2 + 0.25V2
(5)
Solving (2) and (5) yields I 2 = 2.4756 j0.6877
Vo = 20I 2 = 51.3915.52 o V
Transform the two current sources to voltage sources, as shown below.

10
+
20 V
Using mesh analysis,
I1
12
1:4
v1
+
v2
I2
12V
20 + 10I1 + v1 = 0
20 = v1 + 10I1
12 + 12I2 v2 = 0 or 12 = v2 12I2
At the transformer terminal, v2 = nv1 = 4v1
I1 = nI2 = 4I2
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Substituting (3) and (4) into (1) and (2), we get,
20 = v1 + 40I2
(5)
12 = 4v1 12I2
(6)
v1 = 4.186 V and v2 = 4v = 16.744 V
We can apply the superposition theorem. Let i1 = i1 + i1 and i2 = i2 + i2

where the single prime is due to the DC source and the double prime is due to the
AC source. Since we are looking for the steady-state values of i1 and i2,
i1 = i2 = 0.
For the AC source, consider the circuit below.
R
1:n
+
i1
v1
v2
v2/v1 = n,
i2
Vn0
I2/I1 = 1/n
But v2 = vm, v1 = vm/n or I1 = vm/(Rn)

I2 = I1/n = vm/(Rn2)
Hence,
i1(t) = (vm/Rn)cost A, and i2(t) = (vm/(n2R))cost A

48
490
ZL = 8
j
= 8 j4 , n = 1/3
C
Z=
ZL
= 9 Z L = 72 j36
n2
4 90
4 90
I=
=
= 0.03193 73.3
48 + 72 j36 125.28 16.7
We now have some choices, we can go ahead and calculate the current in the second loop
and calculate the power delivered to the 8-ohm resistor directly or we can merely say that
the power delivered to the equivalent resistor in the primary side must be the same as the
power delivered to the 8-ohm resistor. Therefore,
P8 =
I2
72 = 0.5098x10 3 72 = 36.71 mW
2
The student is encouraged to calculate the current in the secondary and calculate the
power delivered to the 8-ohm resistor to verify that the above is correct.
(a)
Reflecting the secondary circuit to the primary, we have the circuit shown below.
Zin
1660
I1
1030/(n) = 530
Zin = 10 + j16 + (1/4)(12 j8) = 13 + j14

1660 + ZinI1 530 = 0 or I1 = (1660 + 530)/(13 + j14)
Hence,
(b)
I1 = 1.0725.88 A, and I2 = 0.5I1 = 0.536185.88 A
Switching a dot will not effect Zin but will effect I1 and I2.
I1 = (1660 530)/(13 + j14) = 0.625 25 A
and I2 = 0.5I1 = 0.312525 A
0.02 F becomes 1/(jC) = 1/(j5x0.02) = j10

j10
I3
10
3:1
+
100
I1
v1
+
v2
+
I2
vo
For mesh 1,
10 = 10I1 10I3 + v1
(1)
For mesh 2,
v2 = 2I2 = vo
(2)
0 = (10 j10)I3 10I1 + v2 v1
(3)
v2 = nv1 = v1/3
(4)
I1 = nI2 = I2/3
(5)
From (2) and (4),
v1 = 6I2
(6)
10 = 10I1 10I3
(7)
For mesh 3,
At the terminals,
Substituting (4) and (6) into (3) yields

From (5), (7), and (8)
0 = 10I1 4I2 + 10(1 j)I3

0 I1 0
0.333
1
10
6
10 I 2 = 10
10
10 j10 I 3 0
4
(8)
I2 =
2
100 j100
= 1.48232.9
=
20 j93.33
vo = 2I2 = 2.96332.9 V
(a)
Switching the dot on the secondary side effects only equations (4) and (5).
From (2) and (9),
v2 = v1/3
(9)
I1 = I2/3
(10)
v1 = 6I2

10 = 10I1 10I3 6I2 = (23 j5)I1
(11)

From (10) to (12), we get
0 = 10I1 + 4I2 + 10(1 j)I3
(12)
0.333
0 I1 0
1
10
6
10 I 2 = 10
10
4
10 j10 I 3 0
I2 =
2
100 j100
= 1.482147.1
=
20 + j93.33
vo = 2I2 = 2.963147.1 V
10
2:1
+
+
o
1000 V
-
I1
V1
V2
-
Ix
j6
I2
-j4
100 = (8 j 4) I 1 j 4 I 2 + V1
(1)
0 = (10 + j 2) I 2 j 4 I 1 + V 2
(2)
V2
1
=n=
2
V1
(3)
But
I2
1
= = 2
I1
n
V1 = 2V2
I 1 = 0.5 I 2
(4)
Substituting (3) and (4) into (1) and (2), we obtain

100 = (4 j 2) I 2 + 2V2
0 = (10 + j 4) I 2 +V2
(1)a
(2)a
Solving (1)a and (2)a leads to I2 = -3.5503 +j1.4793
I x = I 1 + I 2 = 0.5 I 2 = 1.923157.4 o A
= 2,
1
F
20
1
= j10
j C
-j10
Ix
I1
1:3
I2
1
+
12<0o V
-
2
+
V1
-
+
V2
At node 1,
12 V1 V1 V2
=
+ I1
12 = 2 I 1 + V1 (1 + j 0.2) j 0.2V2
2
j10
At node 2,
V V2 V2
I2 + 1
=
0 = 6 I 2 + j 0.6V1 (1 + j 0.6)V2
j10
6
At the terminals of the transformer, V2 = 3V1 ,
(1)
(2)
1
I 2 = I1
3
Substituting these in (1) and (2),

12 = 6 I 2 + V1 (1 + j 0.8),
0 = 6 I 2 + V1 (3 + j 2.4)
Adding these gives V1=1.829 j1.463 and

Ix =
V1 V2
4V1
=
= 0.93751.34 o
j10
j10
i x = 0.937 cos(2t + 51.34 o ) A
The value of Zin is not effected by the location of the dots since n2 is involved.
Zin = (6 j10)/(n)2, n = 1/4
Zin = 16(6 j10) = 96 j160
Zin = 8 + j12 + (Zin + 24)/n2, n = 5
Zin = 8 + j12 + (120 j160)/25 = 8 + j12 + 4.8 j6.4
Zin = (12.8 + j5.6) ohms
Let Z3 = 36 +j18, where Z3 is reflected to the middle circuit.

ZR = ZL/n2 = (12 + j2)/4 = 3 + j0.5
Zin = 5 j2 + ZR = (8 j1.5) ohms
I1 = 240/ZTh = 240/(8 j1.5) = 240/8.1410.62 = 8.9510.62 A

40 = ZL/n2 = 10/n2 or n2 = 10/40 which yields n = 1/2 = 0.5
I = 120/(40 + 40) = 3/2
p = I2R = (9/4)x40 = 90 watts.
(a)
The Thevenin equivalent to the left of the transformer is shown below.

8
20 V
The reflected load impedance is ZL = ZL/n2 = 200/n2.

8 = 200/n2 produces n = 5.

(b)
If n = 10, ZL = 200/10 = 2 and I = 20/(8 + 2) = 2

p = I2ZL = (2)2(2) = 8 watts.

(a)
ZTh
VS
I1
ZL/n2

ZTh = ZL/n2, or n2 = ZL/ZTh = 8/128
n = 0.25
(b)
I1 = VTh/(ZTh + ZL/n2) = 10/(128 + 128) = 39.06 mA
(c)
v2 = I2ZL = 156.24x8 mV = 1.25 V

But
v2 = nv1 therefore v1 = v2/n = 4(1.25) = 5 V

We reflect Zs to the primary side.
ZR = (500 j200)/n2 = 5 j2, Zin = Zp + ZR = 3 + j4 + 5 j2 = 8 + j2
I1 = 1200/(8 + j2) = 14.55214.04
Zp
Vp
1:n
I1
I2
Zs
Since both currents enter the dotted terminals as shown above,

I2 = (1/n)I1 = 1.455214.04 = 1.4552166
S2 = |I2|2Zs = (1.4552)(500 j200)
P2 = Re(S2) = (1.4552)2(500) = 1054 watts

We apply mesh analysis to the circuit as shown below.
2
1:2
+
v1
46V
I1
v2
I2
10
For mesh 1,
46 = 7I1 5I2 + v1
(1)
For mesh 2,
v2 = 15I2 5I1
(2)
At the terminals of the transformer,

v2 = nv1 = 2v1
(3)
I1 = nI2 = 2I2
(4)
Substituting (3) and (4) into (1) and (2),
46 = 9I2 + v1
(5)
v1 = 2.5I2
(6)
46 = 11.5I2 or I2 = 4
P10 = 0.5I22(10) = 80 watts.

(a)
ZL = j3||(12 j6) = j3(12 j6)/(12 j3) = (12 + j54)/17

Reflecting this to the primary side gives
Zin = 2 + ZL/n2 = 2 + (3 + j13.5)/17 = 2.316820.04
I1 = vs/Zin = 6090/2.316820.04 = 25.969.96 A(rms)
I2 = I1/n = 12.9569.96 A(rms)
(b)
6090 = 2I1 + v1 or v1 = j60 2I1 = j60 51.869.96

v1 = 21.06147.44 V(rms)
v2 = nv1 = 42.12147.44 V(rms)
vo = v2 = 42.12147.44 V(rms)
(c)
S = vsI1* = (6090)(25.969.96) = 155420.04 VA

20
I3
20
1:5
+
800
I1
v1
v2
+
I2
vo
100
For mesh1,
80 = 20I1 20I3 + v1
(1)
For mesh 2,
v2 = 100I2
(2)
For mesh 3,
0 = 40I3 20I1 which leads to I1 = 2I3
(3)
At the transformer terminals, v2 = nv1 = 5v1
(4)
I1 = nI2 = 5I2
From (2) and (4),
(5)
5v1 = 100I2 or v1 = 20I2
(6)
Substituting (3), (5), and (6) into (1),

4
= I1 I2 I 3 = I1 (I1/(5)) I1/2 = (7/10)I1
I1 = 40/7, I2 = 8/7, I3 = 20/7

p20(the one between 1 and 3) = 0.5(20)(I1 I3)2 = 10(20/7)2 = 81.63 watts
p20(at the top of the circuit) = 0.5(20)I32 = 81.63 watts
p100 = 0.5(100)I22 = 65.31 watts

We apply nodal analysis to the circuit below.
2
I3
8
v1 I1 2 : 1
+
200
v1
I2
+
v2
v2
20 = 8I1 + V1
(1)
V1 = 2I3 + V2
(2)
V2 = 4I2
(3)
At the transformer terminals,
v2 = 0.5v1
(4)
I1 = 0.5I2
(5)
Solving (1) to (5) gives I1 = 0.833 A, I2 = 1.667 A, I3 = 3.333 A

V1 = 13.33 V, V2 = 6.667 V.
P8 = 0.5(8)|(20 V1)/8|2 = 2.778 W
P2 = 0.5(2)I32 = 11.11 W, P4 = 0.5V22/4 = 5.556 W
(a)
Transferring the 40-ohm load to the middle circuit,

ZL = 40/(n)2 = 10 ohms where n = 2
10||(5 + 10) = 6 ohms
We transfer this to the primary side.
Zin = 4 + 6/n2 = 4 + 96 = 100 ohms, where n = 0.25
I1 = 120/100 = 1.2 A and I2 = I1/n = 4.8 A
4
1:4
I1
+
1200
v1
I2
I2
+
v2
10
10
Using current division, I2 = (10/25)I2 = 1.92 and I3 = I2/n = 0.96 A

(b)
p = 0.5(I3)2(40) = 18.432 watts

We reflect the 160-ohm load to the middle circuit.
ZR = ZL/n2 = 160/(4/3)2 = 90 ohms, where n = 4/3
2
1:5
I1
+
240
v1
Io
14
Io
+
vo
60
90
14 + 60||90 = 14 + 36 = 50 ohms
We reflect this to the primary side.
ZR = ZL/(n)2 = 50/52 = 2 ohms when n = 5
I1 = 24/(2 + 2) = 6A
24 = 2I1 + v1 or v1 = 24 2I1 = 12 V
vo = nv1 = 60 V, Io = I1 /n1 = 6/5 = 1.2
Io = [60/(60 + 90)]Io = 0.48A
I2 = Io/n = 0.48/(4/3) = 0.36 A
(a)
Reflect the load to the middle circuit.

ZL = 8 j20 + (18 + j45)/32 = 10 j15
We now reflect this to the primary circuit so that
Zin = 6 + j4 + (10 j15)/n2 = 7.6 + j1.6 = 7.76711.89, where n =
5/2 = 2.5
I1 = 40/Zin = 40/7.76711.89 = 5.1511.89
S = 0.5vsI1* = (200)(5.1511.89) = 10311.89 VA
(b)
I2 = I1/n,
n = 2.5
I3 = I2/n,
n = 3
I3 = I1/(nn) = 5.1511.89/(2.5x3) = 0.686711.89

p = 0.5|I2|2(18) = 9(0.6867)2 = 4.244 watts
Reflecting the (9 + j18)-ohm load to the middle circuit gives,
Zin = 7 j6 + (9 + j18)/(n)2 = 7 j6 + 1 + j12 = 8 + j4 when n = 3
Reflecting this to the primary side,
Zin = 1 + Zin/n2 = 1 + 2 j = 3 j, where n = 2
I1 = 120/(3 j) = 12/3.16218.43 = 3.79518.43A
I2 = I1/n = 1.897518.43 A
I3 = I2/n2 = 632.5161.57 mA
We find ZTh at the terminals of Z by considering the circuit below.
10
1:n
+
V1
+
V2
I1
I2
20
1V
For mesh 1,
30 I 1 + 20 I 2 + V1 = 0
(1)
For mesh 2,
20 I 1 + 20 I 2 + V2 = 1
(2)
At the terminals,
V2 = nV1 ,
I2 =
I1
n
Substituting these in (1) and (2) leads to

(20 30n) I 2 + V1 = 0,
20(1 n) I 2 + nV1 = 1
Solving these gives
I2 =
1
30n 40n + 20
Z Th =
1
= 30n 2 40n + 20 = 7.5
I2
Solving the quadratic equation yields n=0.5 or 0.8333

40
10
I1
I2
+
200 V
(rms)
50
I2
1
+
1:2
V1
-
V2
-
V3
-
1:3
I3
2
+
V4
-
20
At node 1,
200 V1 V1 V4
=
+ I1
10
40
200 = 1.25V1 0.25V4 + 10 I 1
(1)
At node 2,
V1 V4 V4
=
+ I3
40
20
V1 = 3V4 + 40 I 3
(2)
At the terminals of the first transformer,

V2
= 2
V1
I2
= 1 / 2
I1
V2 = 2V1
(3)
I 1 = 2 I 2
(4)
For the middle loop,

V2 + 50 I 2 + V3 = 0
V3 = V2 50 I 2
(5)
At the terminals of the second transformer,

V4
=3
V3
I3
= 1 / 3
I2
V4 = 3V3
(6)
I 2 = 3 I 3
(7)
We have seven equations and seven unknowns. Combining (1) and (2) leads to
200 = 3.5V4 + 10 I 1 + 50 I 3
But from (4) and (7), I 1 = 2 I 2 = 2(3I 3 ) = 6 I 3 . Hence
200 = 3.5V4 + 110 I 3
(8)
From (5), (6), (3), and (7),

V4 = 3(V2 50 I 2 ) = 3V2 150 I 2 = 6V1 + 450 I 3
Substituting for V1 in (2) gives
V4 = 6(3V4 + 40 I 3 ) + 450 I 3
I3 =
19
V4
210
(9)

200 = 13.452V4
V4 = 14.87
V 24
P=
= 11.05 W
20
v1 = 420 V
(1)
v2 = 120I2
(2)
v1/v2 = 1/4 or v2 = 4v1
(3)
I1/I2 = 4 or I1 = 4 I2
(4)

v2 = 120[(1/4)I1] = 30 I1
4v1 = 30I1
4(420) = 1680 = 30I1 or I1 = 56 A
(a)
V1 N 1 + N 2
1
=
=
V2
N2
0 .4
(b)
S 2 = I 2V2 = 5,000
(c )
S 2 = S1 = I 1V1 = 5,000
V2 = 0.4V1 = 0.4 x 400 = 160 V
I2 =
5000
= 31.25 A
160
I2 =
5000
= 12.5 A
400
This is a step-up transformer.
I2
+
N1
2 j6
I1
10 + j40
+
2030
v2
N2
v1
For the primary circuit,
2030 = (2 j6)I1 + v1
(1)
For the secondary circuit,
v2 = (10 + j40)I2
(2)
At the autotransformer terminals,

v1/v2 = N1/(N1 + N2) = 200/280 = 5/7,
Also,
thus v2 = 7v1/5
(3)
I1/I2 = 7/5 or I2 = 5I1/7
(4)
v1 = (10 + j40)25I1/49
Substituting that into (1) gives
2030 = (7.102 + j14.408)I1
I1 = 2030/16.06363.76 = 1.24533.76 A
I2 = 5I1/7 = 0.889333.76 A
Io = I1 I2 = [(5/7) 1]I1 = 2I1/7 = 0.3557146.2 A
p = |I2|2R = (0.8893)2(10) = 7.51 watts
We can find the Thevenin equivalent.

I2
+
N2
I1
1200
v2
j125
75
VTh
N1
v1
I1 = I2 = 0
As a step up transformer,
v1/v2 = N1/(N1 + N2) = 600/800 = 3/4
v2 = 4v1/3 = 4(120)/3 = 1600 rms = VTh.

To find ZTh, connect a 1-V source at the secondary terminals. We now have a
step-down transformer.
+
v1
j125
75
I2
I1
10 V
+
v2
v1 = 1V, v2 =I2(75 + j125)

But
v1/v2 = (N1 + N2)/N1 = 800/200 which leads to v1 = 4v2 = 1

and v2 = 0.25
I1/I2 = 200/800 = 1/4 which leads to I2 = 4I1
Hence
0.25 = 4I1(75 + j125) or I1 = 1/[16(75 + j125)

ZTh = 1/I1 = 16(75 + j125)
Therefore, ZL = ZTh* = (1.2 j2) k
Since VTh is rms, p = (|VTh|/2)2/RL = (80)2/1200 = 5.333 watts
This is a step-down transformer.

30 + j12
I1
+
I2
v1
1200
+
v2
20 j40
I1/I2 = N2/(N1 + N2) = 200/1200 = 1/6, or I1 = I2/6
(1)
v1/v2 = (N2 + N2)/N2 = 6, or v1 = 6v2
(2)
For the primary loop,
120 = (30 + j12)I1 + v1
(3)
For the secondary loop,
v2 = (20 j40)I2
(4)

120 = (30 + j12)( I2/6) + 6v2
and substituting (4) into this yields
120 = (49 j38)I2 or I2 = 1.93537.79
p = |I2|2(20) = 74.9 watts.

Zin = V1/I1
But
V1I1 = V2I2, or V2 = I2ZL and I1/I2 = N2/(N1 + N2)

V1 = V2I2/I1 = ZL(I2/I1)I2 = ZL(I2/I1)2I1
Hence
V1/I1 = ZL[(N1 + N2)/N2] 2

Zin = [1 + (N1/N2)] 2ZL
(a)
Consider just one phase at a time.

1:n
A
B
b
C
c
n = VL/ 3VLp = 7200 /(12470 3 ) = 1/3
(b)
The load carried by each transformer is 60/3 = 20 MVA.

Hence
ILp = 20 MVA/12.47 k = 1604 A

ILs = 20 MVA/7.2 k = 2778 A
(c)
The current in incoming line a, b, c is

3I Lp = 3x1603.85 = 2778 A
Current in each outgoing line A, B, C is
2778/(n 3 ) = 4812 A
20MVA
Load

(a)
This is a three-phase -Y transformer.
(b)
VLs = nvLp/ 3 = 450/(3 3 ) = 86.6 V, where n = 1/3

As a Y-Y system, we can use per phase equivalent circuit.
Ia = Van/ZY = 86.60/(8 j6) = 8.6636.87
Ic = Ia120 = 8.66156.87 A
ILp = n 3 ILs
I1 = (1/3) 3 (8.6636.87) = 536.87
I2 = I1120 = 583.13 A
(c)
p = 3|Ia|2(8) = 3(8.66)2(8) = 1.8 kw.

(a)
This is a - connection.
(b)
The easy way is to consider just one phase.

1:n = 4:1 or n = 1/4
n = V2/V1 which leads to V2 = nV1 = 0.25(2400) = 600
i.e. VLp = 2400 V and VLs = 600 V
S = p/cos = 120/0.8 kVA = 150 kVA
pL = p/3 = 120/3 = 40 kw
4:1
IL
VLp
Ipp
ILs
Ips
VLs
But
pLs = VpsIps
For the -load,
IL =
Hence,
Ips = 40,000/600 = 66.67 A

ILs =
(c)
3 Ips =
3 Ip and VL = Vp
3 x66.67 = 115.48 A
Similarly, for the primary side

ppp = VppIpp = pps or Ipp = 40,000/2400 = 16.667 A
and
(d)
ILp =
3 Ip = 28.87 A
Since S = 150 kVA therefore Sp = S/3 = 50 kVA
(a)
n = VLs/( 3 VLp) 4500/(900 3 ) = 2.887
(b)
S =
3 VLsILs or ILs = 120,000/(900 3 ) = 76.98 A
ILs = ILp/(n 3 ) = 76.98/(2.887 3 ) = 15.395 A
(a)
At the load,
VL = 240 V = VAB
VAN = VL/ 3 = 138.56 V
Since S =
3 VLIL then IL = 60,000/(240 3 ) = 144.34 A
1:n
0.05
2640V
j0.1
A
240V
j0.1
0.05
B
0.05
(b)
j0.1
Balanced
Load
60kVA
0.85pf
leading
Let VAN = |VAN|0 = 138.560

cos = pf = 0.85 or = 31.79
IAA = IL = 144.3431.79
VAN = ZIAA + VAN
= 138.560 + (0.05 + j0.1)(144.3431.79)
= 138.036.69
VLs = VAN
(c)
3 = 137.8
3 = 238.7 V
For Y- connections,
n =
3 VLs/Vps =
3 x238.7/2640 = 0.1569
fLp = nILs/ 3 = 0.1569x144.34/ 3 = 13.05 A

(a)
This is a single phase transformer.
V1 = 13.2 kV, V2 = 120 V
n = V2/V1 = 120/13,200 = 1/110, therefore n = 110

(b)
P = VI or I = P/V = 100/120 = 0.8333 A

I1 = nI2 = 0.8333/110 = 7.576 mA

k = M / L1 L 2 = 1 / 6 x 3 = 0.2357
In the AC Sweep box, set Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592 and End Freq = 0.1592.
After simulation, the output file includes
From this,
FREQ
IM(V_PRINT1)
IP(V_PRINT1)
1.592 E01
4.253 E+00
8.526 E+00
FREQ
IM(V_PRINT2)
IP(V_PRINT2)
1.592 E01
1.564 E+00
2.749 E+01
I1 = 4.2538.53 A, I2 = 1.56427.49 A
The power absorbed by the 4-ohm resistor = 0.5|I|2R = 0.5(1.564)2x4

= 4.892 watts

k1 = 15 / 5000 = 0.2121, k2 = 10 / 8000 = 0.1118
In the AC Sweep box, we type Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq =
0.1592. After the circuit is saved and simulated, the output includes
FREQ
IM(V_PRINT1)
IP(V_PRINT1)
1.592 E01
4.068 E01
7.786 E+01
FREQ
IM(V_PRINT2)
IP(V_PRINT2)
1.592 E01
1.306 E+00
6.801 E+01
FREQ
IM(V_PRINT3)
IP(V_PRINT3)
1.592 E01
1.336 E+00
5.492 E+01
Thus, I1 = 1.30668.01 A, I2 = 406.877.86 mA, I3 = 1.33654.92 A

k1 = 10 / 40 x80 = 0.1768, k2 = 20 / 40 x 60 = 0.482
k3 = 30 / 80x 60 = 0.433
In the AC Sweep box, we set Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq =
0.1592. After the simulation, we obtain the output file which includes
i.e.
FREQ
IM(V_PRINT1)
IP(V_PRINT1)
1.592 E01
1.304 E+00
6.292 E+01
Io = 1.30462.92 A

k1 = 2 / 4x8 = 0.3535, k2 = 1 / 2 x8 = 0.25
In the AC Sweep box, we let Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 100, and End Freq = 100.
After simulation, the output file includes
FREQ
1.000 E+02
IM(V_PRINT1)
1.0448 E01
IP(V_PRINT1)
1.396 E+01
FREQ
1.000 E+02
IM(V_PRINT2)
2.954 E02
IP(V_PRINT2)
1.438 E+02
FREQ
1.000 E+02
IM(V_PRINT3)
2.088 E01
IP(V_PRINT3)
2.440 E+01
i.e.
I1 = 104.513.96 mA, I2 = 29.54143.8 mA,

I3 = 208.824.4 mA.

The schematic is shown below. In the AC Sweep box, we type Total Pts = 1, Start Freq
= 0.1592, and End Freq = 0.1592. After simulation, we obtain the output file which
includes
FREQ
1.592 E01
IM(V_PRINT1)
1.955 E+01
IP(V_PRINT1)
8.332 E+01
FREQ
1.592 E01
IM(V_PRINT2)
6.847 E+01
IP(V_PRINT2)
4.640 E+01
FREQ
1.592 E01
IM(V_PRINT3)
4.434 E01
IP(V_PRINT3)
9.260 E+01
i.e.
V1 = 19.5583.32 V, V2 = 68.4746.4 V,
Io = 443.492.6 mA.

The schematic is shown below. In the AC Sweep box, we set Total Pts = 1, Start Freq
= 0.1592, and End Freq = 0.1592. After simulation, the output file includes
FREQ
1.592 E01
IM(V_PRINT1)
1.080 E+00
IP(V_PRINT1)
3.391 E+01
FREQ
1.592 E01
VM($N_0001)
1.514 E+01
VP($N_0001)
3.421 E+01
i.e.
iX = 1.0833.91 A, Vx = 15.1434.21 V.

The schematic is shown below. We set Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592, and End
Freq = 0.1592. After simulation, the output file includes
FREQ
1.592 E01
IM(V_PRINT1)
4.028 E+00
IP(V_PRINT1)
5.238 E+01
FREQ
1.592 E01
IM(V_PRINT2)
2.019 E+00
IP(V_PRINT2)
5.211 E+01
FREQ
1.592 E01
IM(V_PRINT3)
1.338 E+00
IP(V_PRINT3)
5.220 E+01
i.e.
I1 = 4.02852.38 A, I2 = 2.01952.11 A,
I3 = 1.33852.2 A.
Z1
VS
ZL/n2

Z1 = ZL/n2 or n2 = ZL/Z1 = 8/7200 = 1/900
n = 1/30 = N2/N1. Thus N2 = N1/30 = 3000/30 = 100 turns.
n = N2/N1 = 48/2400 = 1/50
ZTh = ZL/n2 = 3/(1/50)2 = 7.5 k

ZTh = ZL/n2 or n =
Z L / Z Th = 75 / 300 = 0.5

n = V2/V1 = I1/I2 or I2 = I1/n = 2.5/0.1 = 25 A
p = IV = 25x12.6 = 315 watts
n = V2/V1 = 120/240 = 0.5
S = I1V1 or I1 = S/V1 = 10x103/240 = 41.67 A
S = I2V2 or I2 = S/V2 = 104/120 = 83.33 A
(a)
n = V2/V1 = 240/2400 = 0.1
(b)
n = N2/N1 or N2 = nN1 = 0.1(250) = 25 turns
(c)
S = I1V1 or I1 = S/V1 = 4x103/2400 = 1.6667 A

S = I2V2 or I2 = S/V2 = 4x104/240 = 16.667 A

(a)
The kVA rating is S = VI = 25,000x75 = 1875 kVA
(b)
Since S1 = S2 = V2I2 and I2 = 1875x103/240 = 7812 A

(a)
V2/V1 = N2/N1 = n, V2 = (N2/N1)V1 = (28/1200)4800 = 112 V
(b)
I2 = V2/R = 112/10 = 11.2 A and I1 = nI2, n = 28/1200

I1 = (28/1200)11.2 = 261.3 mA
(c)
p = |I2|2R = (11.2)2(10) = 1254 watts.

(a)
For an input of 110 V, the primary winding must be connected in parallel, with
series-aiding on the secondary. The coils must be series-opposing to give 12 V. Thus the
connections are shown below.
110 V
12 V
(b)
To get 220 V on the primary side, the coils are connected in series, with seriesaiding on the secondary side. The coils must be connected series-aiding to give 50 V.
Thus, the connections are shown below.
220 V
50 V

V2/V1 = 110/440 = 1/4 = I1/I2
There are four ways of hooking up the transformer as an auto-transformer. However it is
clear that there are only two outcomes.
V1
V1
V1
V2
V1
V2
(1)
(2)
V2
(3)
V2
(4)
(1) and (2) produce the same results and (3) and (4) also produce the same results.
Therefore, we will only consider Figure (1) and (3).
(a)
For Figure (3), V1/V2 = 550/V2 = (440 110)/440 = 330/440

Thus,
(b)
V2 = 550x440/330 = 733.4 V (not the desired result)
For Figure (1), V1/V2 = 550/V2 = (440 + 110)/440 = 550/440

Thus,
V2 = 550x440/550 = 440 V (the desired result)

(a)
n = Vs/Vp = 120/7200 = 1/60
(b)
Is = 10x120/144 = 1200/144
S = VpIp = VsIs
Ip = VsIs/Vp = (1/60)x1200/144 = 139 mA
H () =
Vo
R
jRC
=
=
Vi R + 1 jC 1 + jRC
H () =
j 0
,
1 + j 0
H = H () =
where 0 =
0
1 + ( 0 ) 2
1
RC
= H () =
tan -1
2
0
This is a highpass filter. The frequency response is the same as that for P.P.14.1
except that 0 = 1 RC . Thus, the sketches of H and are shown below.
H
1
0.7071
0 = 1/RC
90
45
0
0 = 1/RC
H () =
R
1
1
=
=
,
R + jL 1 + jL R 1 + j 0
H = H () =
where 0 =
R
L
= H () = - tan -1
0
1
1 + ( 0 ) 2
The frequency response is identical to the response in Example 14.1 except that
0 = R L . Hence the response is shown below.
H
1
0.7071
0 = R/L
0 = R/L
-45
-90

(a)
The Thevenin impedance across the second capacitor where Vo is taken is

R
Z Th = R + R || 1 sC = R +
1 + sRC
VTh =
Vi
1 sC
Vi =
R + 1 sC
1 + sRC
ZTh
VTh
1
sC
+
Vo
Vo =
(b)
Vi
1 sC
VTh =
Z Th + 1 sC
(1 + sRC)(1 + sCZ Th )
H (s) =
Vo
1
1
=
=
Vi (1 + sCZ Th )(1 + sRC) (1 + sRC)(1 + sRC + sRC (1 + sRC))
H (s) =
1
s R C + 3sRC + 1
2
RC = (40 10 3 )(2 10 -6 ) = 80 10 -3 = 0.08

There are no zeros and the poles are at
- 0.383
s1 =
= - 4.787
RC
s2 =
- 2.617
= - 32.712
RC
(a)
R ||
1
R
=
jC 1 + jRC
R
Vo
R
1 + jRC
H () =
=
=
R
Vi
R + jL (1 + jRC)
jL +
1 + jRC
(b)
H () =
R
- RLC + R + jL
H () =
jC (R + jL)
R + jL
=
R + jL + 1 jC 1 + jC (R + jL)
H () =
- 2 LC + jRC
1 2 LC + jRC
(a)
(b)
H () =
Vo
1 jC
=
Vi R + jL + 1 jC
H () =
1
1 + jRC 2 LC
R ||
1
R
=
jC 1 + jRC
H () =
Vo
jL (1 + jRC)
jL
=
=
Vi
jL + R (1 + jRC) R + jL (1 + jRC)
jL 2 RLC
H () =
R + jL 2 RLC

(a)
(b)

Io
R
H () =
=
I i R + jL + 1 jC
H () =
j (20)(0.25)
jRC
=
2
1 + jRC LC 1 + j(20)(0.25) 2 (10)(0.25)
H () =
j5
1 + j5 2.5 2
We apply nodal analysis to the circuit below.

Io
Vx
Is
1/jC
0.5 Vx
+
jL
Is =
Vx Vx 0.5Vx
+
R jL + 1 jC
But
Io =
0.5 Vx
jL + 1 jC
Vx = 2 I o ( jL + 1 jC)
Is
1
0 .5
= +
Vx R jL + 1 jC
Is
1
1
= +
2 I o ( jL + 1 jC) R 2 ( jL + 1 jC)
I s 2 ( jL + 1 jC)
=
+1
Io
R
Io
1
jRC
=
=
I s 1 + 2 ( jL + 1 jC) R jRC + 2 (1 2 LC)
j
H () =
j + 2 (1 2 0.25)
H () =
H () =
j
2 + j 0.5 2

(a)
0.05 = 20 log10 H
2.5 10 -3 = log10 H
H = 10 2.510 = 1.005773
-3
(b)
- 6.2 = 20 log10 H
- 0.31 = log10 H
H = 10 -0.31 = 0.4898
(c)
104.7 = 20 log10 H
5.235 = log10 H
H = 10 5.235 = 1.718 10 5
(a)
(b)
(c)
H = 0.05
H dB = 20 log10 0.05 = - 26.02 ,
= 0
H = 125
H dB = 20 log10 125 = 41.94 ,
= 0
H(1) =
j10
= 4.47263.43
2+ j
H dB = 20 log10 4.472 = 13.01 ,

(d)
H(1) =
= 63.43
3
6
+
= 3.9 j1.7 = 4.254 - 23.55
1+ j 2 + j
H dB = 20 log10 4.254 = 12.577 ,
= - 23.55

H () =
1
(1 + j)(1 + j 10)
H dB = -20 log10 1 + j 20 log10 1 + j / 10

= - tan -1 () tan -1 ( / 10)
The magnitude and phase plots are shown below.
HdB
0.1
10
100
20 log 10
-20
1
1 + j / 10
20 log10
-40
1
1 + j
0.1
-45
10
100
arg
1
1 + j / 10
-90
-135
-180
arg
1
1 + j
H( j) =
50
=
j(5 + j)
10
j
1 j1 +
5
HdB
40
20 log1
20
10
0.1
-20
100
1
20 log
j
1+
5
20 log
-40
0.1
1
10
-45
100
arg
1
1 + j / 5
-90
arg
-135
1
j
-180
H () =
5 (1 + j 10)
j (1 + j 2)
H dB = 20 log10 5 + 20 log10 1 + j 10 20 log10 j 20 log10 1 + j 2

= -90 + tan -1 10 tan -1 2
HdB
40
34
20
14
0.1
-20
10
100
10
100
-40
90
45
0.1
-45
-90
T ( w) =
0.1(1 + j )
,
j (1 + j / 10)
20 log 0.1 = 20
The plots are shown below.

|T|
(db)
20
0
0.1
10
100
-20
-40
arg T
90o
0
0.1
-90o
10
100
G () =
(1 10)(1 + j)
1 + j
=
2
( j) (10 + j) ( j) 2 (1 + j 10)
G dB = -20 + 20 log10 1 + j 40 log10 j 20 log10 1 + j 10

= -180 + tan -1 tan -1 10
GdB
40
20
0.1
-20
10
100
10
100
-40
90
0.1
-90
-180

50
25
H () =
1 + j
j10 j 2
+
j1 +
25 5
H dB = 20 log10 2 + 20 log10 1 + j 20 log10 j

20 log10 1 + j2 5 + ( j 5) 2
10 25
= -90 + tan -1 tan -1

1 2 5

HdB
40
26
20
6
0.1
-20
10
100
10
100
-40
90
0.1
-90
-180

40 (1 + j)
2 (1 + j)
=
(2 + j)(10 + j) (1 + j 2)(1 + j 10)
H () =
H dB = 20 log10 2 + 20 log10 1 + j 20 log10 1 + j 2 20 log10 1 + j 10

= tan -1 tan -1 2 tan -1 10
HdB
40
20
6
0.1
-20
10
100
10
100
-40
90
45
0.1
-45
-90
G () =
j
j
100(1 + j)1 +
10
GdB
20
0.1
20 log j
10
100
40 log
-20
-40
j
10
20 log(1/100)
-60
90
arg(j)
0.1
-90
-180
1
arg
10
100
arg
1
j
1 +
10
1
1 + j
G () =
(1 4) j
(1 + j)(1 + j 2) 2
G dB = -20log10 4 + 20 log10 j 20 log10 1 + j 40 log10 1 + j 2

= -90 - tan -1 2 tan -1 2
GdB
20
0.1
-12
-20
-40
10
100

90
0.1
10
100
-90
-180
4 (1 + j 2) 2
G () =
50 j (1 + j 5)(1 + j 10)
G dB = 20 log10 4 50 + 40 log10 1 + j 2 20 log10 j

20 log10 1 + j 5 20 log10 1 + j 10
where 20 log10 4 50 = -21.94
= -90 + 2 tan -1 2 tan -1 5 tan -1 10
GdB
20
0.1
-20
10
100
10
100
-40
-60
180
90
0.1
-90
H () =
j
100 (1 + j 10 2 100)
H dB = 20 log10 j 20 log10 100 20 log10 1 + j 10 2 100

10
= 90 tan -1
1 2 100
HdB
40
20
0.1
-20
10
100
10
100
-40
-60
90
0.1
-90
-180

10 (1 + j 2 )
(1 + j)(1 + j 10)
N() =
N dB = 20 20 log10 1 + j 20 log10 1 + j 10 + 20 log10 1 + j 2

tan -1 tan -1 10
= tan -1
1 2
NdB
40
20
0.1
-20
10
100
10
100
-40
180
90
0.1
-90
T() =
j (1 + j)
100 (1 + j 10)(1 + j 10 2 100)
TdB = 20 log10 j + 20 log10 1 + j 20 log10 100
20 log10 1 + j 10 20 log10 1 + j 10 2 100

10
= 90 + tan -1 tan -1 10 tan -1

1 2 100

TdB
20
0.1
-20
10
100
10
100
-40
-60
180
90
0.1
-90
-180

20 = 20 log10 k
k = 10
A zero of slope + 20 dB / dec at = 2

1 + j 2
A pole of slope - 20 dB / dec at = 20
1
1 + j 20
Hence,
H () =
1
1 + j 100
10 (1 + j 2)
(1 + j 20)(1 + j 100)
10 4 ( 2 + j)
H () =
( 20 + j)(100 + j)

A zero of slope + 20 dB / dec at the origin
1
1 + j 1
Hence,
H () =
j
(1 + j)(1 + j 10) 2
H () =
100 j
(1 + j)(10 + j) 2
1
(1 + j 10) 2

The phase plot is decomposed as shown below.
90
arg (1 + j / 10)
45
0.1
-45
-90
1
arg ( j)
10
100
1000
arg
1 + j / 100
G () =
k (1 + j 10)
k (10)(10 + j)
=
j (1 + j 100)
j (100 + j)
where k is a constant since arg k = 0 .
G () =
Hence,
k (10 + j)
,
j (100 + j)
where k = 10k is constant
0 =
1
LC
1
(40 10 -3 )(1 10 -6 )
= 5 krad / s
Z(0 ) = R = 2 k
0
4
Z(0 4) = R + j L
0 C
4
5 10 3
4
40 10 -3
Z(0 4) = 2000 + j
(5 10 3 )(1 10 -6 )
4
Z(0 4) = 2000 + j (50 4000 5)
Z(0 4) = 2 j0.75 k
0
2
Z(0 2) = R + j L
0 C
2
(5 10 3 )
(40 10 -3 )
Z(0 2) = 2000 + j
2
(5 10 3 )(1 10 -6 )
Z(0 4) = 2000 + j (100 2000 5)

Z(0 2) = 2 j0.3 k
Z(20 ) = R + j 20 L
20 C
Z(20 ) = 2000 + j (2)(5 10 3 )(40 10 -3 )

(2)(5 10 3 )(1 10 -6 )
Z(20 ) = 2 + j0.3 k
Z(40 ) = R + j 40 L
40 C
Z(40 ) = 2000 + j (4)(5 10 3 )(40 10 -3 )

3
-6
(4)(5 10 )(1 10 )
Z(40 ) = 2 + j0.75 k
(a)
fo =
(b)
B=
(c )
Q=
1
2 LC
1
2 5 x10 9 x10 x10 3
R
100
=
= 10 krad/s
L 10 x10 3
o L
R
L 10 6 10 x10 3
=
= 14.142
3
50 0.1x10
LC R
1
At resonance,
Z = R = 10 ,
B=
= 22.51 kHz
R
L
0 =
and
Q=
1
LC
0 0 L
=
B
R
Hence,
L=
RQ (10)(80)
=
= 16 H
0
50
C=
1
1
=
= 25 F
2
0 L (50) 2 (16)
B=
R 10
=
= 0.625 rad / s
L 16
Therefore,
R = 10 ,
L = 16 H ,
C = 25 F ,
B = 0.625 rad / s
Let R = 10 .
L=
R 10
=
= 0.5 H
B 20
C=
1
1
=
= 2 F
2
0 L (1000) 2 (0.5)
Q=
0 1000
=
= 50
B
20
Therefore, if R = 10 then
C = 2 F ,
L = 0.5 H ,
Q = 50

j
Z = j +
1/j
1
j
+
j 1 + j

1 2 + j
Z = j +
1 + 2
Since v( t ) and i( t ) are in phase,
1
Im(Z) = 0 = +
1 + 2
4 + 2 1 = 0
2 =
-1 1+ 4
= 0.618
2
= 0.7861 rad / s

Select R = 10 .
L=
R
10
=
= 0.05 H = 5 mH
0 Q (10)(20)
C=
1
1
=
= 0.2 F
2
0 L (100)(0.05)
B=
1
1
=
= 0.5 rad / s
RC (10)(0.2)
Therefore, if R = 10 then
L = 5 mH , C = 0.2 F ,
B = 0.5 rad / s
X L = L
B=
L=
XL
R R 2x10 x10 6 x 5.6 x10 3

=
=
= 8.796 x10 6 rad/s
3
L XL
40 x10

Since Q > 10 ,
1 = 0
B=
B
,
2
2 = 0 +
B
2
0 6 10 6
=
= 50 krad / s
Q
120
1 = 6 0.025 = 5.975 10 6 rad / s

2 = 6 + 0.025 = 6.025 10 6 rad / s
Q = o RC
Q=
R
o L
C=
L=
Q
80
=
= 56.84 pF
2f o R 2x5.6x10 6 x 40x10 3
R
40 x10 3
=
= 14.21 H
2f o Q 2x 5.6 x10 6 x80
(a)
o =
1
LC
=
8x10
x 60x10
= 1.443 krad/s
1
1
=
= 3.33 rad/s
RC 5x10 3 x 60x10 6
(b)
B=
(c)
Q = o RC = 1.443x10 3 x 5x10 3 x 60x10 6 = 432.9
At resonance,
1
R
Y=
R =
1
1
=
= 40
Y 25 10 -3
C =
Q = 0 RC
0 =
B=
1
LC
L =
Q
80
=
= 10 F
0 R (200 10 3 )(40)
1
1
=
= 2.5 H
2
10
0 C (4 10 )(10 10 -6 )
0 200 10 3
=
= 2.5 krad / s
Q
80
1 = 0
B
= 200 2.5 = 197.5 krad / s
2
1 = 0 +
B
= 200 + 2.5 = 202.5 krad / s
2
0 =
1
LC
= 5000 rad / s
Y(0 ) =
1
R
Z(0 ) = R = 2 k
Y(0 4) =
0
4
1
= 0.5 j18.75 kS
+ j C
0 L
R
4
Z(0 4) =
1
= 1.4212 + j53.3
0.0005 j0.01875
Y(0 2) =
0
2
1
= 0.5 j7.5 kS
+ j C
0 L
R
2
Z(0 2) =
Y(20 ) =
1
= 8.85 + j132.74
0.0005 j0.0075
1
1
= 0.5 + j7.5 kS
+ j 20 L
20 C
R
Z(20 ) = 8.85 j132.74

Y(40 ) =
1
1
= 0.5 + j18.75 kS
+ j 40 L
40 C
R
Z(40 ) = 1.4212 j53.3

1
L
)
+ jLR R + j(L
1
C
C
=
Z = jL //( R +
)=
1
1 2
jC
)
R+
+ j L
R 2 + ( L
j C
C
jL(R +
1
)
j C
1
L
L
C
C
=0
1 2
2
R + ( L
)
C
LR 2 +
Im(Z) =
Thus,
=
1
LC + R 2 C 2
1
R jL
+ jC = jC + 2
R + jL
R + 2 L2
At resonance, Im(Y) = 0 , i.e.
2 ( R 2 C 2 + LC) = 1
0 C
0 L
=0
R 2 + 02 L2
R 2 + 02 L2 =
0 =
L
C
1 R2
=
LC L2
50
1
-3
-6
(40 10 )(10 10 ) 40 10 -3
0 = 4841 rad / s
(a)
B = 2 1 = 2(f 2 f1 ) = 2(90 86) x10 3 = 8krad / s

o =
B=
1
(1 + 2 ) = 2(88) x10 3 = 176
2
1
RC
C=
(b)
o =
(c )
o = 176 = 552.9krad / s
(d)
B = 8 = 25.13krad / s
(e)
Q=
LC
1
1
=
= 19.89nF
BR 8x10 3 x 2x10 3
L=
1
2 o C
1
(176) 2 x19.89x10 9
= 164.4H
o 176
= 22
=
B
8

(a)
L = 5 + 10 = 15 mH
0 =
1
LC
=
15x10
x 20x10
= 1.8257 k rad/sec
Q = 0 RC = 1.8257 x10 3 x 25x10 3 x 20x10 6 = 912.8

1
1
=
= 2 rad
3
RC 25x10 20x10 6
B=
(b)
To increase B by 100% means that B = 4.

C =
Since C =
1
1
=
= 10 F
RB 25x10 3 x 4
C1C 2
= 10F and C1 = 20 F, we then obtain C2 = 20 F.
C1 + C 2
Therefore, to increase the bandwidth, we merely add another 20 F in

series with the first one.
(a)
This is a series RLC circuit.
R = 2+ 6 = 8,
0 =
(b)
1
LC
1
0.4
L =1H,
C = 0.4 F
= 1.5811 rad / s
Q=
0 L 1.5811
=
= 0.1976
R
8
B=
R
= 8 rad / s
L
This is a parallel RLC circuit.

3 F and 6 F
C = 2 F ,
(3)(6)
= 2 F
3+ 6
R = 2 k ,
L = 20 mH
0 =
1
LC
1
(2 10 -6 )(20 10 -3 )
= 5 krad / s
Q=
R
2 10 3
= 20
=
0 L (5 10 3 )(20 10 -3 )
B=
1
1
=
= 250 krad / s
3
RC (2 10 )(2 10 -6 )
(a)
Z in = (1 jC) || (R + jL)
Z in =
R + jL
jC
R + jL +
1
jC
R + jL
1 2 LC + jRC
(R + jL)(1 2 LC jRC)
Z in =
(1 2 LC) 2 + 2 R 2 C 2
At resonance, Im(Z in ) = 0 , i.e.
0 = L(1 2 LC) R 2 C
2 LC = L R 2 C
0 =
(b)
L R 2C
=
LC
1 R2
C L
Z in = jL || (R + 1 jC)
Z in =
jL (R + 1 jC)
jL (1 + jRC)
=
R + jL + 1 jC (1 2 LC) + jRC
Z in =
(-2 RLC + jL) [(1 2 LC) jRC]

(1 2 LC) 2 + 2 R 2 C 2

0 = L (1 2 LC) + 3 R 2 C 2 L
2 (LC R 2 C 2 ) = 1
0 =
1
LC R 2 C 2
Z in = R || ( jL + 1 jC)
(c)
R ( jL + 1 jC)
R (1 2 LC)
=
R + jL + 1 jC (1 2 LC) + jRC
R (1 2 LC)[(1 2 LC) jRC]
Z in =
(1 2 LC) 2 + 2 R 2 C 2
Z in =

0 = R (1 2 LC) RC
1 2 LC = 0
0 =
1
LC

1/jC
Zin
(a)
R1
jL
Z in = (R 1 || jL) || (R 2 + 1 jC)
R 1 jL
1
|| R 2 +
Z in =
jC
R 1 + jL
R2
jR 1 L
1
R 2 +
R 1 + jL
jC
Z in =
jR 1L
1
R2 +
+
jC R 1 + jL
Z in =
jR 1 L (1 + jR 2 C)
(R 1 + jL)(1 + jR 2 C) 2 LCR 1
Z in =
- 2 R 1 R 2 LC + jR 1 L
R 1 2 LCR 1 2 LCR 2 + j (L + R 1 R 2 C)
(-2 R 1 R 2 LC + jR 1 L)[R 1 2 LCR 1 2 LCR 2 j (L + R 1 R 2 C)]

Z in =
(R 1 2 LCR 1 2 LCR 2 ) 2 + 2 (L + R 1 R 2 C) 2
0 = 3 R 1 R 2 LC (L + R 1 R 2 C) + R 1 L (R 1 2 LCR 1 2 LCR 2 )
0 = 3 R 12 R 22 LC 2 + R 12 L 3 R 12 L2 C
0 = 2 R 22 C 2 + 1 2 LC
2 (LC R 22 C 2 ) = 1
0 =
1
LC R 22 C 2
0 =
(0.02)(9 10 -6 ) (0.1) 2 (9 10 -6 ) 2
0 = 2.357 krad / s
(b)
At = 0 = 2.357 krad / s ,
jL = j(2.357 10 3 )(20 10 -3 ) = j47.14
R 1 || jL =
R2 +
j47.14
= 0.9996 + j0.0212
1 + j47.14
1
1
= 0.1 +
= 0.1 j47.14
jC
j (2.357 10 3 )(9 10 -6 )
Z in (0 ) = (R 1 || jL) || (R 2 + 1 jC)
(0.9996 + j0.0212)(0.1 j47.14)

(0.9996 + j0.0212) + (0.1 j47.14)
Z in (0 ) =
Z in (0 ) = 1

We find the input impedance of the circuit shown below.
j(2/3)
1/j
1/jC
1
3
1
=
+ j +
,
Z j2
1 + 1 jC
=1
C 2 + jC
1
jC
= -j1.5 + j +
= -j0.5 +
Z
1+ C2
1 + jC
v( t ) and i( t ) are in phase when Z is purely real, i.e.

0 = -0.5 +
C
1 + C2
1
C2
1
=
2 =
Z 1+ C
2
(C 1) 2 = 1
Z = 2
V = Z I = (2)(10) = 20
v( t ) = 20 sin( t ) V ,
i.e.
Vo = 20 V
or
C = 1F
(a)
j
,
1 + j
1 || j =
1 ||
1 j
1
1
=
=
j 1 + 1 j 1 + j
Transform the current source gives the circuit below.
j
I
1 + j
j
1 + j
1
1 + j
+
Vo
1
j
1 + j
Vo =
I
1
j 1 + j
1+
+
1 + j 1 + j
(b)
H () =
Vo
j
=
I
2 (1 + j) 2
H (1) =
1
2 (1 + j) 2
H (1) =
1
2 ( 2)2
= 0.25

(a) This is an RLC series circuit.
o =
1
LC
(b)
(c )
C=
1
2 o L
1
(2x15x10 3 ) 2 x10 x10 3
Z = R, I = V/Z = 120/20 = 6 A
Q=
o L 2x15x10 3 x10 x10 3

=
= 15 = 47.12
R
20
= 11.26nF
H () =
Vo
R
1
=
=
Vi R + jL 1 + jL R
H(0) = 1 and H() = 0 showing that this circuit is a lowpass filter.

1
, i.e.
At the corner frequency, H(c ) =
2
1
c L
1+
R
1 =
c L
R
or
c =
R
L
Hence,
c =
R
= 2f c
L
fc =
1 R
1 10 10 3
= 796 kHz
=
2 L 2 2 10 -3
R ||
H () =
1
jC
jL + R ||
1
jC
R jC
R + 1 jC
H () =
R jC
jL +
R + 1 jC
H () =
R
R + jL 2 RLC
H(0) = 1 and H() = 0 showing that this circuit is a lowpass filter.
At dc, H(0) =
H() =
Hence,
2
2
1
2
4
= 2.
2
H(0) =
2
2
4 + 100c2
4 + 100c2 = 8
c = 0.2
H(2) =
4
2
=
2 + j20 1 + j10
H(2) =
2
101
= 0.199
In dB, 20 log10 H(2) = - 14.023

arg H(2) = -tan -110 = - 84.3

H () =
Vo
jL
=
Vi R + jL
H(0) = 0 and H() = 1 showing that this circuit is a highpass filter.

H (c ) =
or
fc =
1
2
c =
1
R
1+
c L
1 =
R
= 2f c
L
1 R
1 200
=
= 318.3 Hz
2 L 2 0.1
R
c L
H () =
jRC
j
=
1 + jRC j + 1 RC
(from Eq. 14.52)
This has a unity passband gain, i.e. H() = 1 .

1
= c = 50
RC
H ^ () = 10 H () =
H () =
j10
50 + j
j10
50 + j
Chapter 14, Problem 52.
Design an RL lowpass filter that uses a 40-mH coil and has a cut-off frequency of
5 kHz.
c =
R
= 2f c
L
R = 2f c L = (2)(10 5 )(40 10 -3 ) = 25.13 k

1 = 2f 1 = 20 10 3
2 = 2f 2 = 22 10 3
B = 2 1 = 2 10 3
0 =
2 + 1
= 21 10 3
2
Q=
0 21
= 11.5
=
B
2
0 =
L =
LC
1
02 C
L=
1
= 2.872 H
(21 10 ) (80 10 -12 )
B=
R
L
3 2
R = BL
R = (2 10 3 )(2.872) = 18.045 k
c = 2f c =
1
RC
R=
1
1
=
= 265.3k
3
2f c C 2x 2x10 x300x10 12
o =
1
LC
1
(25 10 )(0.4 10 6 )
3
B=
R
10
=
= 0.4 krad / s
L 25 10 -3
Q=
10
= 25
0.4
= 10 krad / s
1 = o B 2 = 10 0.2 = 9.8 krad / s
or
f1 =
9.8
= 1.56 kHz
2
2 = o + B 2 = 10 + 0.2 = 10.2 krad / s
or
f2 =
10.2
= 1.62 kHz
2
Therefore,
1.56 kHz < f < 1.62 kHz
(a)
From Eq 14.54,
R
R
sRC
L
H (s) =
=
=
2
R
1
1 1 + sRC + s LC
s2 + s +
R + sL +
L LC
sC
s
Since B =
R
and 0 =
L
H (s) =
(b)
1
LC
sB
s + sB + 02
2
From Eq. 14.56,

H (s) =
H (s) =
sL +
1
sC
1
R + sL +
sC
s2 +
s2 + s
1
LC
R
1
+
L LC
s 2 + 02
s 2 + sB + 02
(a)

I
Vs
I1
1/sC
+
1/sC
Vo
1
1
R +
1
1
sC
sC
Z(s) = R +
|| R + = R +
2
sC
sC
R+
sC
Z(s) = R +
1 + sRC
sC (2 + sRC)
1 + 3sRC + s 2 R 2 C 2
Z(s) =
sC (2 + sRC)
I=
Vs
Z
I1 =
Vs
1 sC
I=
2 sC + R
Z (2 + sRC)
Vo = I 1 R =
H (s) =
R Vs
sC (2 + sRC)
2 + sRC 1 + 3sRC + s 2 R 2 C 2
Vo
sRC
=
Vs 1 + 3sRC + s 2 R 2 C 2
3
s
1
RC
H (s) =
3
1
3 2
s +
s+ 2 2
RC
R C
Thus, 02 =
B=
(b)
1
R C2
2
or
0 =
1
= 1 rad / s
RC
3
= 3 rad / s
RC
Similarly,
Z(s) = sL + R || (R + sL) = sL +
R (R + sL)
2R + sL
R 2 + 3sRL + s 2 L2
Z(s) =
2R + sL
I=
Vs
,
Z
Vo = I 1 sL =
I1 =
R Vs
R
I=
2R + sL
Z (2R + sL)
sLR Vs
2R + sL
2
2R + sL R + 3sRL + s 2 L2
1 3R
s
Vo
sRL
3 L
H (s) =
=
=
3R
R2
Vs R 2 + 3sRL + s 2 L2
2
s +
s+ 2
L
L
Thus, 0 =
B=
R
= 1 rad / s
L
3R
= 3 rad / s
L

1
0 =
(b)
R 2 10 3
B= =
= 2 10 4
L
0 .1
Q=
LC
(a)
(0.1)(40 10 -12 )
= 0.5 10 6 rad / s
0 0.5 10 6
=
= 250
B
2 10 4
As a high Q circuit,
B
1 = 0 = 10 4 (50 1) = 490 krad / s
2
2 = 0 +
(c)
B
= 10 4 (50 + 1) = 510 krad / s
2
As seen in part (b),
Q = 250

Ro
+
1/sC
Vi
Vo
sL
1 R (sL + 1 sC)
Z(s) = R || sL + =
sC R + sL + 1 sC
Z(s) =
R (1 + s 2 LC)
1 + sRC + s 2 LC
Vo
R (1 + s 2 LC)
Z
=
=
H=
Vi Z + R o R o + sRR o C + s 2 LCR o + R + s 2 LCR
R (1 + s 2 LC)
Z in = R o + Z = R o +
1 + sRC + s 2 LC
R o + sRR o C + s 2 LCR o + R + s 2 LCR

Z in =
1 + sRC + s 2 LC
s = j
Z in =
R o + jRR o C 2 LCR o + R 2 LCR

1 2 LC + jRC
Z in =
(R o + R 2 LCR o 2 LCR + jRR o C)(1 2 LC jRC)

(1 2 LC) 2 + (RC) 2
Im(Z in ) = 0 implies that
- RC [R o + R 2 LCR o 2 LCR ] + RR o C (1 2 LC) = 0
R o + R 2 LCR o 2 LCR R o + 2 LCR o = 0
2 LCR = R
1
0 =
H=
LC
(1 10 )(4 10 -6 )
-3
R (1 2 LC)
R o + jRR o C + R 2 LCR o 2 LCR
H max = H(0) =
or
H max
R
Ro + R
R 2 LC
R
= H() = lim
=
R o + R
RR o C
+j
LC (R + R o ) R + R o
2
At 1 and 2 , H =
R
2 (R o + R )
1
2
1
2
0=
= 15.811 krad / s
1
2
H mzx
R (1 2 LC)
R o + R 2 LC (R o + R ) + jRR o C
(R o + R )(1 2 LC)
(RR o C) 2 + (R o + R 2 LC(R o + R )) 2
10 (1 2 4 10 -9 )
(96 10 -6 ) 2 + (10 2 4 10 -8 ) 2
10 (1 2 4 10 -9 )
(96 10 -6 ) 2 + (10 2 4 10 -8 ) 2
1
2
(10 2 4 10 -8 )( 2 ) (96 10 -6 ) 2 + (10 2 4 10 -8 ) 2 = 0

(2)(10 2 4 10 -8 ) 2 = (96 10 -6 ) 2 + (10 2 4 10 -8 ) 2
(96 10 -6 ) 2 (10 2 4 10 -8 ) 2 = 0
1.6 10 -15 4 8.092 10 -7 2 + 100 = 0
4 5.058 10 8 + 6.25 1016 = 0

2.9109 10 8
2 =
2.1471 10 8
Hence,
1 = 14.653 krad / s
2 = 17.061 krad / s
B = 2 1 = 17.061 14.653 = 2.408 krad / s
(a)
V+ =
1 jC
V,
R + 1 jC i
V = Vo
Since V+ = V ,
1
V = Vo
1 + jRC i
H () =
(b)
V+ =
Vo
1
=
Vi 1 + jRC
R
V,
R + 1 jC i
Since V+ = V ,
jRC
V = Vo
1 + jRC i
H () =
Vo
jRC
=
Vi 1 + jRC
V = Vo

This is a highpass filter.
(a)
H () =
jRC
1
=
1 + jRC 1 j RC
H () =
1
,
1 j c
H () =
1
1
=
1 j f c f 1 j1000 f
H (f = 200 Hz) =
Vo =
(b)
1 j5
Vo
1
=
1 j5 Vi
Vo
1
=
1 j0.5 Vi
120 mV
= 107.3 mV
1 j0.5
Vo
1
=
1 j0.1 Vi
H (f = 10 kHz) =
Vo =
1
= 2 (1000)
RC
= 23.53 mV
H (f = 2 kHz) =
Vo =
(c)
120 mV
c =
120 mV
1 j0.1
= 119.4 mV
For an active highpass filter,

H (s) =
sC i R f
1 + sC i R i
(1)
But
H(s) =
10s
1 + s / 10
(2)
Comparing (1) and (2) leads to:

C i R f = 10
Rf =
10
= 10M
Ci
C i R i = 0.1
Ri =
0.1
= 100k
Ci
Z f = R f ||
Rf
1
=
jC f 1 + jR f C f
Zi = R i +
1 + jR i C i
1
=
jC i
jC i
Hence,
H () =
Vo - Z f
- jR f C i
=
=
Vi
Zi
(1 + jR f C f )(1 + jR i C i )
This is a bandpass filter. H() is similar to the product of the transfer function
of a lowpass filter and a highpass filter.
V+ =
R
jRC
Vi =
V
R + 1 jC
1 + jRC i
V =
Ri
V
Ri + Rf o
Since V+ = V ,
Ri
jRC
Vo =
V
Ri + Rf
1 + jRC i
H () =
Vo
R f jRC
= 1 +
Vi
R i 1 + jRC
It is evident that as , the gain is 1 +
Rf
1
and that the corner frequency is
.
Ri
RC

(a)
Proof
(b)
When R 1 R 4 = R 2 R 3 ,
H (s) =
(c)
R4
s
R 3 + R 4 s + 1 R 2C
When R 3 ,
H (s) =
- 1 R 1C
s + 1 R 2C

DC gain =
Rf 1
=
Ri 4
R i = 4R f
Corner frequency = c =
1
= 2 (500) rad / s
R f Cf
If we select R f = 20 k , then R i = 80 k and

C=
1
= 15.915 nF
(2)(500)(20 10 3 )
Therefore, if R f = 20 k , then R i = 80 k and C = 15.915 nF
High frequency gain = 5 =
Corner frequency = c =
Rf
Ri
R f = 5R i
1
= 2 (200) rad / s
R i Ci
If we select R i = 20 k , then R f = 100 k and

C=
1
= 39.8 nF
(2)(200)(20 10 3 )
Therefore, if R i = 20 k , then R f = 100 k and C = 39.8 nF

This is a highpass filter with f c = 2 kHz.
1
c = 2f c =
RC
RC =
1
1
=
2f c 4 103
10 8 Hz may be regarded as high frequency. Hence the high-frequency gain is

R f 10
=
or
R f = 2 .5 R
R
4
If we let R = 10 k , then R f = 25 k , and C =
1
= 7.96 nF .
4000 10 4
(a)
H (s) =
Vo (s)
Y1 Y2
=
Vi (s) Y1 Y2 + Y4 (Y1 + Y2 + Y3 )
where Y1 =
H (s) =
(b)
1
1
= G 1 , Y2 =
= G 2 , Y3 = sC1 , Y4 = sC 2 .
R1
R2
G 1G 2
G 1 G 2 + sC 2 (G 1 + G 2 + sC1 )
G 1G 2
H() = 0
= 1,
G 1G 2
showing that this circuit is a lowpass filter.
H ( 0) =
R = 50 , L = 40 mH , C = 1 F
L =
Km
Km
L
1 =
(40 10 -3 )
Kf
Kf
25K f = K m
C =
C
KmKf
10 6 K f =
(1)
1 =
1
Km

1
10 6 K f =
25K f
K f = 0.2 10 -3
K m = 25K f = 5 10 -3
10 -6
KmKf
(2)
LC =
LC
K f2
K f2 =
LC
L C
(4 10 -3 )(20 10 -6 )
K =
= 4 10 -8
(1)(2)
2
f
K f = 2 10 -4
L L 2
= K
C C m
K 2m =
L C
C L
(1)(20 10 -6 )
K =
= 2.5 10 -3
(2)(4 10 -3 )
2
m
K m = 5 10 -2

R = K m R = (12)(800 10 3 ) = 9.6 M
L =
Km
800
L=
(40 10 -6 ) = 32 F
Kf
1000
C =
C
300 10 -9
=
= 0.375 pF
K m K f (800)(1000)

R '1 = K m R 1 = 3x100 = 300
R ' 2 = K m R 2 = 10 x100 = 1 k
L' =
Km
10 2
L=
(2) = 200 H
Kf
10 6
1
C
= 10 = 1 nF
C' =
K m K f 108

R ' = K m R = 20 x10 = 200
L' =
Km
10
L=
(4) = 400 H
Kf
10 5
C' =
C
1
=
= 1 F
K m K f 10x10 5
R ' = K m R = 50 x10 3
L' =
Km
L = 10 H
Kf
C' = 40 pF =
C
KmKf
R=
50 x10 3
10 3
L = 10 x10 6 x
= 50
10 6
10 3
= 10 mH
C = 40 x10 12 x10 3 x10 6 = 40 mF
L and C are needed before scaling.
B=
R
L
0 =
(a)
L =
1
LC
R 10
=
=2H
B 5
C =
1
1
=
= 312.5 F
2
0 L (1600)(2)
L = K m L = (600)(2) = 1200 H
C
3.125 10 -4
C =
=
= 0.5208 F
Km
600
(b)
L =
L
2
= 3 = 2 mH
K f 10
C
3.125 10 -4
=
= 312.5 nF
C =
Kf
10 3
(c)
L =
Km
(400)(2)
= 8 mH
L=
10 5
Kf
C =
C
3.125 10 -4
=
= 7.81 pF
KmKf
(400)(10 5 )

R = K m R = (1000)(1) = 1 k
Km
10 3
L =
L = 4 (1) = 0.1 H
10
Kf
C =
C
1
=
= 0.1 F
3
K m K f (10 )(10 4 )
The new circuit is shown below.

1 k
+
I
1 k
0.1 H
0.1 F
1 k
Vx
(a)
Insert a 1-V source at the input terminals.

Ro
Io
1V
V1
V2
1/sC
+
sL
3Vo
Vo
There is a supernode.
1 V1
V2
=
R
sL + 1 sC
But
V1 = V2 + 3Vo
Also,
Vo =
V2 = V1 3Vo =
Vo =
V2 = V1 3Vo
sL
V
sL + 1 sC 2
Combining (2) and (3)
(1)
Vo
V2
=
sL sL + 1 sC
(3)
sL + 1 sC
Vo
sL
s 2 LC
V
1 + 4s 2 LC 1

1 V1 Vo
sC
=
=
V
R
sL 1 + 4s 2 LC 1
sRC
1 + 4s 2 LC + sRC
1 = V1 +
V =
V1
1 + 4s 2 LC 1
1 + 4s 2 LC
V1 =
(2)
1 + 4s 2 LC
1 + 4s 2 LC + sRC
(4)
Io =
1 V1
sRC
=
R
R (1 + 4s 2 LC + sRC)
Z in =
1 1 + sRC + 4s 2 LC
=
sC
Io
Z in = 4sL + R +
1
sC
(5)
When R = 5 , L = 2 , C = 0.1 ,
Z in (s) = 8s + 5 +
10
s
At resonance,
Im(Z in ) = 0 = 4L
or
(b)
0 =
1
2 LC
1
C
1
2 (0.1)(2)
= 1.118 rad / s
After scaling,
R
K m R
4
40
5
50
L =
Km
10
L=
( 2 ) = 0 .2 H
Kf
100
C =
C
0.1
=
= 10 -4
K m K f (10)(100)
From (5),
Z in (s) = 0.8s + 50 +
0 =
1
2 LC
10 4
s
1
2 (0.2)(10 -4 )
= 111.8 rad / s

(a)
R = K m R = (200)(2) = 400
L =
K m L (200)(1)
=
= 20 mH
Kf
10 4
C =
C
0.5
=
= 0.25 F
K m K f (200)(10 4 )
The new circuit is shown below.

20 mH
a
Ix
0.25 F
400
0.5 Ix
(b)
Insert a 1-A source at the terminals a-b.

a
sL
V1
V2
Ix
1A
1/(sC)
0.5 Ix
At node 1,
1 = sCV1 +
V1 V2
sL
At node 2,
V1 V2
V2
+ 0 .5 I x =
sL
R
But, I x = sC V1 .
(1)
V1 V2
V2
+ 0.5sC V1 =
sL
R
(2)

sL + R
V1 = 2
s LC + 0.5sCR + 1
Z Th =
V1
sL + R
= 2
1 s LC + 0.5sCR + 1
At = 10 4 ,
Z Th
( j10 4 )(20 10 -3 ) + 400

=
( j10 4 ) 2 (20 10 -3 )(0.25 10 -6 ) + 0.5( j10 4 )(0.25 10 -6 )(400) + 1
Z Th =
400 + j200
= 600 j200
0.5 + j0.5
Z Th = 632.5 - 18.435 ohms

(a)
1
(G + jC)(R + jL) + 1
1
= G + jC +
=
R + j L
R + j L
Z
which leads to
Z=
jL + R
2
LC + j(RC + LG) + GR + 1
R
+
C
LC
Z() =
R
G GR + 1
2 + j + +
LC
L C
j
(1)
We compare this with the given impedance:

Z() =
1000( j + 1)
2
+ 2 j + 1 + 2500
(2)
Comparing (1) and (2) shows that
1
= 1000
C
R G
+ =2
L C
C = 1 mF,
R/L = 1
R=L
G = C = 1 mS
GR + 1 10 3 R + 1
2501 =
=
LC
10 3 R
R = 0 .4 = L
Thus,
R = 0.4, L = 0.4 H, C = 1 mF, G = 1 mS
(b) By frequency-scaling, Kf =1000.
R = 0.4 , G = 1 mS
L' =
L
0.4
=
= 0.4mH ,
K f 10 3
C' =
C 10 3
=
= 1F
K f 10 3
C =
C
KmKf
Kf =
c 200
=
= 200
Km =
C 1
1
1
= -6
= 5000
C K f 10 200
R = K m R = 5 k,
thus,
R f = 2R i = 10 k
1F
1
10 6
C' =
C=
= 0.1 pF
K mKf
100 x10 5
5F
C' = 0.5 pF
10 k
R ' = K m R = 100x10 k = 1 M
20 k
R ' = 2 M

The schematic is shown below. A voltage marker is inserted to measure vo. In
the AC sweep box, we select Total Points = 50, Start Frequency = 1, and End
Frequency = 1000. After saving and simulation, we obtain the magnitude and
phase plots in the probe menu as shown below.

We let I s = 10 o A so that Vo / I s = Vo . The schematic is shown below. The circuit
is simulated for 100 < f < 10 kHz.
The schematic is shown below. A current marker is inserted to measure I. We set

Total Points = 101, start Frequency = 1, and End Frequency = 10 kHz in the
AC sweep box. After simulation, the magnitude and phase plots are obtained in
the Probe menu as shown below.
The schematic is shown below. In the AC Sweep box, we set Total Points = 50,
Start Frequency = 1, and End Frequency = 100. After simulation, we obtain the
magnitude response as shown below. It is evident from the response that the
circuit represents a high-pass filter.
The schematic is shown below. We insert a voltage marker to measure Vo. In the
AC Sweep box, we set Total Points = 101, Start Frequency = 1, and End
Frequency = 100. After simulation, we obtain the magnitude and phase plots of
Vo as shown below.
The schematic is shown below. In the AC Sweep box, we type Total Points =
101, Start Frequency = 100, and End Frequency = 1 k. After simulation, the
magnitude plot of the response Vo is obtained as shown below.
The schematic is shown below. In the AC Sweep box, we set

Total Points = 1001, Start Frequency = 1, and End Frequency = 100k. After
simulation, we obtain the magnitude plot of the response as shown below. The
response shows that the circuit is a high-pass filter.
The schematic is shown below. In the AC Sweep box, we set

Total Points = 1001, Start Frequency = 1, and End Frequency = 100k. After
simulation, we obtain the magnitude plot of the response as shown below. The
response shows that the circuit is a high-pass filter.
The schematic is shown below. We type Total Points = 101, Start Frequency =
1, and End Frequency = 100 in the AC Sweep box. After simulating the circuit,
the magnitude plot of the frequency response is shown below.
L
C
R
1
1 R2
f0 =
2 LC L2
R
400
10 7
=
=
,
L 240 10 -6
6
Since
R
1
<<
L
LC
1
1
1016
=
=
LC (240 10 -6 )(120 10 -12 ) 288
f0
1
2 LC
10 8
24 2
= 938 kHz
R
1
<<
.
L
LC
The result remains the same.
If R is reduced to 40 ,
c =
1
RC
We make R and C as small as possible. To achieve this, we connect 1.8 k and 3.3 k
in parallel so that
1.8x 3.3
R=
= 1.164 k
1.8 + 3.3
We place the 10-pF and 30-pF capacitors in series so that
C = (10x30)/40 = 7.5 pF
Hence,
1
1
c =
=
= 114.55x10 6 rad/s
RC 1.164x10 3 x 7.5x10 12
(a)
f0 =
1
2 LC
When C = 360 pF ,
f0 =
1
2 (240 10 -6 )(360 10 -12 )
= 0.541 MHz
When C = 40 pF ,
f0 =
1
2 (240 10 -6 )(40 10 -12 )
Therefore, the frequency range is

0.541 MHz < f 0 < 1.624 MHz
= 1.624 MHz
Q=
(b)
2fL
R
At f 0 = 0.541 MHz ,
Q=
(2 )(0.541 10 6 )(240 10 -6 )
= 67.98
12
At f 0 = 1.624 MHz ,
(2 )(1.624 10 6 )(240 10 -6 )
= 204.1
Q=
12

Ri
Vi
V1
Vo
+
C1
C2
RL
Vo
Z2
Z1 = R L ||
Z2 =
Z1
RL
1
=
sC 2 1 + sR 2 C 2
1
1 sL + R L + s 2 R L C 2 L
|| (sL + Z1 ) =
||
sC1
sC1
1 + sR L C 2
1 sL + R L + s 2 R L C 2 L
sC1
1 + sR L C 2
Z2 =
sL + R L + s 2 R L C 2 L
1
+
sC1
1 + sR L C 2
sL + R L + s 2 R L LC 2
Z2 =
1 + sR L C 2 + s 2 LC1 + sR L C1 + s 3 R L LC1C 2
V1 =
Z2
V
Z2 + R i i
Vo =
Z1
Z2
Z1
V1 =
V
Z1 + sL
Z 2 + R 2 Z1 + sL i
Vo
Z2
Z1
=
Vi Z 2 + R 2 Z1 + sL
where
Z2
=
Z2 + R 2
sL + R L + s 2 R L LC 2
sL + R L + s 2 R L LC 2 + R i + sR i R L C 2 + s 2 R i LC1 + sR i R L C1 + s 3 R i R L LC1C 2
and
Z1
RL
=
Z1 + sL R L + sL + s 2 R L LC 2
Therefore,
Vo
=
Vi
R L (sL + R L + s 2 R L LC 2 )
(sL + R L + s 2 R L LC 2 + R i + sR i R L C 2 + s 2 R i LC 1 + sR i R L C 1
+ s 3 R i R L LC 1 C 2 )( R L + sL + s 2 R L LC 2 )
where s = j .

Ri
Vi
V1
Vo
+
C1
C2
RL
Vo
Z2
Z1

1 sL (R L + 1 sC 2 )
=
Z = sL || R L +
,
sC 2 R L + sL + 1 sC 2
V1 =
Z
V
Z + R i + 1 sC1 i
Vo =
RL
RL
Z
V1 =
V
R L + 1 sC 2
R L + 1 sC 2 Z + R i + 1 sC1 i
H () =
Vo
RL
sL (R L + 1 sC 2 )
=
Vi R L + 1 sC 2 sL (R L + 1 sC 2 ) + (R i + 1 sC1 )(R L + sL + 1 sC 2 )
H () =
s 3 LR L C 1C 2
(sR i C 1 + 1)(s 2 LC 2 + sR L C 2 + 1) + s 2 LC 1 (sR L C 2 + 1)
where s = j .

B = 2 1 = 2 (f 2 f 1 ) = 2 (454 432) = 44
0 = 2f 0 = QB = (20)(44 )
f0 =
s = j
(20)(44)
= (20)(22) = 440 Hz
2
Xc =
C=
1
1
=
C 2f C
1
1
10 -9
=
=
2f X c (2 )(2 10 6 )(5 10 3 ) 20
X L = L = 2f L
XL
300
3 10 -4
=
=
L=
2f (2 )(2 10 6 )
4
f0 =
B=
1
2 LC
1
3 10 -4 10 -9
2
4
20
= 1.826 MHz
4
R
= 4.188 10 6 rad / s
= (100)
3 10 -4
L
c = 2f c =
R=
1
RC
1
1
=
= 15.91
2f c C (2 )(20 10 3 )(0.5 10 -6 )
c = 2f c =
R=
1
RC
1
1
=
= 1.061 k
2f c C (2 )(15)(10 10 -6 )
(a)
When R s = 0 and R L = , we have a low-pass filter.

c = 2f c =
fc =
1
RC
1
1
=
= 994.7 Hz
2RC (2)(4 10 3 )(40 10 -9 )
(b)
We obtain R Th across the capacitor.

R Th = R L || (R + R s )
R Th = 5 || (4 + 1) = 2.5 k
fc =
1
1
=
2R Th C (2 )(2.5 10 3 )(40 10 -9 )
f c = 1.59 kHz

H () =
H () =
H () =
Vo
R2
,
=
Vi R 2 + R 1 || 1 sC
s = j
R (R + 1 sC)
R2
= 2 1
R (1 sC) R 2 + R 1 (1 sC)
R2 + 1
R 1 + 1 sC
R 2 (1 + sCR 1 )
R 1 + sCR 2
The schematic is shown below. We click Analysis/Setup/AC Sweep and enter

Total Points = 1001, Start Frequency = 100, and End Frequency = 100 k.
After simulation, we obtain the magnitude plot of the response as shown.

e at + e - at
2
1 1
1
s
L [ cosh(at ) ] =
+
= 2
2 s a s + a s a2
(a)
cosh(at ) =
(b)
sinh(at ) =
e at e - at
2
1 1
1
a
L [ sinh(at ) ] =
= 2
2 s a s + a s a2
(a)
f ( t ) = cos(t ) cos() sin(t ) sin()

F(s) = cos() L [ cos(t ) ] sin() L [ sin(t ) ]
F(s) =
(b)
s cos() sin()
s 2 + 2
f ( t ) = sin(t ) cos() + cos(t ) sin()

F(s) = sin() L [ cos(t ) ] + cos() L [ sin(t ) ]
F(s) =
s sin() cos()
s 2 + 2
(a)
L [ e -2t cos(3t ) u ( t ) ] =
s+2
(s + 2 ) 2 + 9
(b)
L [ e -2t sin(4 t ) u ( t ) ] =
4
(s + 2) 2 + 16
(c)
Since L [ cosh(at ) ] =
s
s a2
2
L [ e -3t cosh(2 t ) u ( t ) ] =
(d)
Since L [ sinh(at ) ] =
L [ e -4t sinh( t ) u ( t ) ] =
(e)
L [ e - t sin( 2t ) ] =
If
s+3
(s + 3 ) 2 4
a
s a2
2
1
(s + 4) 2 1
2
(s + 1) 2 + 4
f (t)
F(s)
t f (t)
-d
F(s)
ds
Thus, L [ t e - t sin(2 t ) ] =
=
L [ t e -t sin( 2t ) ] =
-d
-1
2 ( (s + 1) 2 + 4)
ds
2
2 (s + 1)
((s + 1) 2 + 4) 2
4 (s + 1)
((s + 1) 2 + 4) 2
(a)
G (s) = 6
(b)
F(s) =
s
s2 + 42
2
s2
+5
e s =
e 2s
s+3
6se s
s 2 + 16
(a)
L [ cos(2t + 30) ] =
s cos(30) 2 sin(30)
s2 + 4
L [ t 2 cos(2t + 30) ] =
d 2 s cos(30) 1
ds 2 s 2 + 4
-1
d d 3
s 1 (s 2 + 4)
ds ds 2
-1
-2
d 3 2
s 1 (s 2 + 4)
(s + 4) 2s
ds 2
3
3
2s
(8s 2 )
2
s
1
s
1
(- 2s ) 2
2
2
= 2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
s +4
s +4
s +4
s +4
(8s 2 )
s 1
- 3s 3s + 2 3s
2
=
+
3
2
2
2
s +4
s +4
(-3 3 s + 2)(s 2 + 4)
(s
+ 4)
L [ t 2 cos(2t + 30) ] =
4 3 s3 8 s 2
(s
+ 4)
8 12 3 s 6s 2 + 3s 3
( s 2 + 4) 3
4!
720
5 =
(s + 2)
(s + 2 ) 5
(b)
L [ 30 t 4 e - t ] = 30
(c)
2
d
2
L 2t u ( t ) 4 ( t ) = 2 4(s 1 0) = 2 4s
s
s
dt
(d)
2 e -(t-1) u ( t ) = 2 e -t u ( t )
2e
L [ 2 e -(t-1) u ( t ) ] =
s+1
(e)
Using the scaling property,

1
1
1
5
L [ 5 u ( t 2) ] = 5
= 5 2 =
1 2 s (1 2)
2s s
6
18
=
s + 1 3 3s + 1
(f)
L [ 6 e -t 3 u ( t ) ] =
(g)
Let f ( t ) = ( t ) . Then, F(s) = 1 .

dn
L n ( t ) =
dt
dn
L n f ( t ) = s n F(s) s n 1 f (0) s n 2 f (0) "

dt
dn
L n ( t ) =
dt
dn
L n f ( t ) = s n 1 s n 1 0 s n 2 0 "
dt
dn
L n ( t ) = s n
dt
(a)
L [ 2 ( t 1) ] = 2 e -s
(b)
L [ 10 u ( t 2) ] =
10 - 2s
e
s
(c)
L [ ( t + 4) u ( t ) ] =
1 4
+
s2 s
(d)
L[ 2e
-t
u ( t 4) ] = L [ 2 e
-4
-(t - 4)
u ( t 4) ] =
2 e -4s
e 4 (s + 1)
s
, we use the linearity and shift properties to
s + 42
10 s e - s
obtain L [10 cos(4 ( t 1)) u ( t 1) ] = 2
s + 16
(a)
Since L [ cos(4t ) ] =
(b)
Since L [ t 2 ] =
L [ t 2 e -2 t ] =
2
1
[
]
L
=
u
(
t
)
,
,
s3
s
e -3s
2
[
]
,
and
L
=
u
(
t
3
)
s
(s + 2) 3
L [ t 2 e -2 t u ( t ) + u ( t 3) ] =
2
e -3s
+
(s + 2 ) 3
s
(a)
L [ 2 (3t ) + 6 u (2t ) + 4 e -2 t 10 e -3 t
1
1 1
4
10
= 2 + 6
+
3
2 s 2 s+2 s+3
=
(b)
2 6
4
10
+ +
3 s s+2 s+3
t e -t u ( t 1) = ( t 1) e -t u ( t 1) + e -t u ( t 1)
t e -t u ( t 1) = ( t 1) e -(t-1) e -1 u ( t 1) + e -(t-1) e -1 u ( t 1)
L [ t e - t u ( t 1) ] =
(c)
e -1 e -s
e -1 e -s
e -(s+1)
e -(s+1)
+
=
+
(s + 1) 2
s + 1 (s + 1) 2 s + 1
L [ cos(2 ( t 1)) u ( t 1) ] =
s e -s
s2 + 4
(d)
Since sin(4 ( t )) = sin(4t ) cos(4 ) sin( 4) cos(4t ) = sin(4t )

sin(4t ) u ( t ) = sin(4 ( t )) u ( t )
L[ sin( 4 t ) [ u ( t ) u ( t )] ]
= L[ sin( 4 t ) u ( t ) ] L[ sin( 4( t )) u ( t ) ]
4 e - s
4
4
= 2
(1 e -s )
2
2
s + 16 s + 16 s + 16
(a)
f ( t ) = ( t 4) u ( t 2) = ( t 2) u ( t 2) 2 u ( t 2)
e -2s 2 e -2s
F(s) = 2 2
s
s
(b)
g( t ) = 2 e -4t u ( t 1) = 2 e -4 e -4(t -1) u ( t 1)

2 e -s
G (s) = 4
e (s + 4)
(c)
h ( t ) = 5 cos(2 t 1) u ( t )
cos(A B) = cos(A) cos(B) + sin(A) sin(B)
cos(2t 1) = cos(2t ) cos(1) + sin(2t ) sin(1)
h ( t ) = 5 cos(1) cos(2 t ) u ( t ) + 5 sin(1) sin(2t ) u ( t )
H(s) = 5 cos(1)
H(s) =
(d)
s
2
+ 5 sin(1) 2
s +4
s +4
2
2.702 s 8.415
+
s2 + 4 s2 + 4
p( t ) = 6u ( t 2) 6u ( t 4)
P(s) =
6 - 2s 6 -4s
e e
s
s

(a)
By taking the derivative in the time domain,

g ( t ) = (-t e -t + e -t ) cos( t ) t e -t sin( t )
g ( t ) = e -t cos( t ) t e -t cos( t ) t e -t sin( t )
(b)
G (s) =
s +1
d s +1 d
1
+
+
2
2
2
(s + 1) + 1 ds (s + 1) + 1 ds (s + 1) + 1
G (s) =
s +1
s 2 + 2s
2s + 2
s 2 (s + 2)
=
s 2 + 2s + 2 (s 2 + 2s + 2) 2 (s 2 + 2s + 2) 2 (s 2 + 2s + 2) 2
By applying the time differentiation property,

G (s) = sF(s) f (0)
where f ( t ) = t e -t cos( t ) , f (0) = 0
G (s) = (s)
- d s +1
(s)(s 2 + 2s)
s 2 (s + 2)
=
=
ds (s + 1) 2 + 1 (s 2 + 2s + 2) 2 (s 2 + 2s + 2) 2
(a)
Since L [ cosh(at ) ] =
F(s) =
(b)
s
s a2
2
6 (s + 1)
6 (s + 1)
= 2
2
(s + 1) 4 s + 2s 3
Since L [ sinh(at ) ] =
L [ 3 e -2t sinh(4t ) ] =
a
s a2
2
(3)(4)
12
= 2
2
(s + 2) 16 s + 4s 12
F(s) = L [ t 3 e -2t sinh(4t ) ] =
-d
[ 12 (s 2 + 4s 12) -1 ]
ds
F(s) = (12)(2s + 4)(s 2 + 4s 12) -2 =
24 (s + 2)
(s + 4s 12) 2
2
(c)
cosh( t ) =
1
(e t + e - t )
2
1
f ( t ) = 8 e -3t (e t + e - t ) u ( t 2)
2
= 4 e-2t u ( t 2) + 4 e-4t u ( t 2)
= 4 e-4 e-2(t - 2) u ( t 2) + 4 e-8 e-4(t - 2) u ( t 2)
L [ 4 e -4 e -2(t -2) u ( t 2)] = 4 e -4 e -2s L [ e -2 u ( t )]
L [ 4 e -4 e -2(t -2) u ( t 2)] =
4 e -(2s+ 4)
s+2
Similarly, L [ 4 e -8 e -4(t -2) u ( t 2)] =
4 e -(2s+8)
s+4
Therefore,
4 e -(2s+ 4) 4 e -(2s+8) e -(2s+ 6) [ (4 e 2 + 4 e -2 ) s + (16 e 2 + 8 e -2 )]
+
=
F(s) =
s+2
s+4
s 2 + 6s + 8
f ( t ) = te 2( t 1) e 2 u ( t 1) = ( t 1)e 2 e 2( t 1) u ( t 1) + e 2 e 2( t 1) u ( t 1)
f (s) = e s
e2
(s + 2) 2
+ e2
e s
e (s + 2)
1
s + 3 (s + 2)
=
e
1 +
=
s+2
s + 2 s + 2 (s + 2) 2
(a) tf (t )
d
F (s)
ds
If f(t) = cost, then F ( s )=
s
d
( s 2 + 1)(1) s (2s + 1)
F
s
and
(
)
=
ds
s2 +1
( s 2 + 1) 2
L (t cos t ) =
s2 + s 1
( s 2 + 1) 2
(b) Let f(t) = e-t sin t.

F (s) =
1
1
= 2
2
( s + 1) + 1 s + 2s + 2
dF ( s 2 + 2s + 2)(0) (1)(2s + 2)
=
ds
( s 2 + 2s + 2) 2
L (e t t sin t ) =
(c )
f (t )
t
dF
2( s + 1)
= 2
ds ( s + 2s + 2) 2
F (s)ds
s
Let f (t ) = sin t , then F ( s ) =
s +2
2
1
s
sin t
L
= 2
ds = tan 1
2
t s s +
tan 1
5t
0 < t <1
f (t) =
10 5t 1 < t < 2
We may write f ( t ) as
f ( t ) = 5t [ u ( t ) u ( t 1)] + (10 5t ) [ u ( t 1) u ( t 2)]
= 5t u ( t ) 10 ( t 1) u ( t 1) + 5 ( t 2) u ( t 2)
F(s) =
5 10 -s 5 -2s
e + 2e
s2 s2
s
F(s) =
5
( 1 2 e -s + e - 2 s )
s2
= tan 1

f ( t ) = 10 [ u ( t ) u ( t 1) u ( t 1) + u ( t 2)]
1 2
e -2s 10
F(s) = 10 e -s +
=
(1 e -s ) 2
s s
s s
f ( t ) = 5 u ( t ) 3 u ( t 1) + 3 u ( t 3) 5 u ( t 4)
F(s) =
1
[ 5 3 e -s + 3 e - 3 s 5 e - 4 s ]
s

0
t<0
t 2 0 < t < 1
f (t) =
1 1< t < 3
0
t>3
f ( t ) = t 2 [ u ( t ) u ( t 1)] + 1[ u ( t 1) u ( t 3)]
= t 2 u ( t ) ( t 1) 2 u ( t 1) + (-2t + 1) u ( t 1) + u ( t 1) u ( t 3)
= t 2 u ( t ) ( t 1) 2 u ( t 1) 2 ( t 1) u ( t 1) u ( t 3)
F(s) =
2
2 -s e -3s
-s
(
1
e
)
e
s3
s2
s

(a)
g ( t ) = u ( t ) u ( t 1) + 2 [ u ( t 1) u ( t 2)] + 3 [ u ( t 2) u ( t 3)]
= u ( t ) + u ( t 1) + u ( t 2) 3 u ( t 3)
1
G (s) = (1 + e -s + e - 2s 3 e - 3s )
s
(b)
h ( t ) = 2 t [ u ( t ) u ( t 1)] + 2 [ u ( t 1) u ( t 3)]
+ (8 2 t ) [ u ( t 3) u ( t 4)]
= 2t u ( t ) 2 ( t 1) u ( t 1) 2 u ( t 1) + 2 u ( t 1) 2 u ( t 3)
2 ( t 3) u ( t 3) + 2 u ( t 3) + 2 ( t 4) u ( t 4)
= 2t u ( t ) 2 ( t 1) u ( t 1) 2 ( t 3) u ( t 3) + 2 ( t 4) u ( t 4)
H(s) =
2
2 - 3s 2 - 4 s
2
-s
+ 2 e = 2 (1 e -s e - 3s + e -4s )
2 (1 e ) 2 e
s
s
s
s

Since L[ ( t )] = 1 and T = 2 , F(s) =
1
1 e - 2s
Let
g 1 ( t ) = sin(t ), 0 < t < 1

= sin( t ) [ u ( t ) u ( t 1)]
= sin(t ) u ( t ) sin(t ) u ( t 1)
Note that sin( ( t 1)) = sin(t ) = - sin(t ) .

So,
g1 ( t ) = sin( t) u(t) + sin( ( t - 1)) u(t - 1)
G 1 (s) =
(1 + e -s )
s + 2
2
G 1 (s)
(1 + e -s )
G (s) =
=
1 e -2s (s 2 + 2 )(1 e - 2s )
T = 2
Let
t
f 1 ( t ) = 1 [ u ( t ) u ( t 1)]
2
t
1
1
f1 ( t ) = u ( t )
u(t) +
( t 1) u ( t 1) 1 u ( t 1)
2
2
2
1
1
e -s
1 -s 1 [ 2 + (-2 + 1) e -s ] s + [ - 1 + e -s ]
e =
F1 (s) =
1
+
+
+
s 2s 2 2s 2
2
s
2s 2
F(s) =
[ 2 + (-2 + 1) e -s ] s + [ - 1 + e -s ]
F1 (s)
=
1 e -Ts
2s 2 (1 e - 2 s )

(a)
Let
g1 ( t ) = 2t, 0 < t < 1

= 2 t [ u ( t ) u ( t 1)]
= 2t u ( t ) 2 ( t 1) u ( t 1) + 2 u ( t 1)
2 2 e -s 2 -s
G 1 (s) = 2 2 + e
s
s
s
G (s) =
G 1 (s)
, T =1
1 e -sT
2 (1 e -s + s e -s )
G (s) =
s 2 (1 e -s )
(b)
Let h = h 0 + u ( t ) , where h 0 is the periodic triangular wave.

Let h 1 be h 0 within its first period, i.e.
2t
0 < t <1
h 1 (t) =
4 2t 1 < t < 2
h 1 ( t ) = 2 t u ( t ) 2 t u ( t 1) + 4u ( t 1) 2 t u ( t 1) 2 ( t 2) u ( t 2)
h 1 ( t ) = 2 t u ( t ) 4 ( t 1) u ( t 1) 2 ( t 2) u ( t 2)
2 4 -s 2 e -2s
2
= 2 (1 e -s ) 2
2
2 2 e
s
s
s
s
H 1 (s) =
2 (1 e -s ) 2
H 0 (s) = 2
s (1 e -2s )
1 2 (1 e -s ) 2
H(s) = + 2
s s (1 e - 2s )
(a)
Let
1 0 < t <1
f1 ( t ) =
- 1 1 < t < 2
f 1 ( t ) = [ u ( t ) u ( t 1)] [ u ( t 1) u ( t 2)]
f 1 ( t ) = u ( t ) 2 u ( t 1) + u ( t 2)
1
1
F1 (s) = (1 2 e -s + e -2s ) = (1 e -s ) 2
s
s
F(s) =
F1 (s)
, T=2
(1 e -sT )
(1 e -s ) 2
F(s) =
s (1 e - 2s )
(b)
Let
h 1 ( t ) = t 2 [ u ( t ) u ( t 2)] = t 2 u ( t ) t 2 u ( t 2)
h 1 ( t ) = t 2 u ( t ) ( t 2) 2 u ( t 2) 4 ( t 2) u ( t 2) 4 u ( t 2)
H 1 (s) =
2
4
4
- 2s
) 2 e -2s e -2s
3 (1 e
s
s
s
H(s) =
H 1 (s)
, T=2
(1 e -Ts )
H(s) =
2 (1 e -2s ) 4s e -2s (s + s 2 )
s 3 (1 e - 2s )
(a)
10s 4 + s
2
s s + 6s + 5
f (0) = lim sF(s) = lim

s
= lim
s
10 +
1
s3
1 6 5
+ +
s 2 s3 s 4
10
=
0
10s 4 + s
=0
s 0 s 2 + 6s + 5
f () = lim sF(s) = lim

s 0
(b)
s2 + s
=1
2
s s 4s + 6

s
The complex poles are not in the left-half plane.

f () does not exist
(c)
2s 3 + 7s
2
s (s + 1)(s + 2)(s + 2s + 5)

s
2 7
+
0
s s3
= lim
= =0
s
1 2 2 5 1
1 + 1 + 1 + + 2
s
s s
s
2s 3 + 7s
0
=
=0
2
s 0
s 0 (s + 1)(s + 2)(s + 2s + 5)
10
(a)
(8)(s + 1)(s + 3)
s (s + 2)(s + 4)

s
1 3
(8) 1 + 1 +
s s
= lim
=8
s
2 4
1 + 1 +
s
s
(8)(1)(3)
=3
s 0 ( 2)( 4)

s 0
(b)
6s (s 1)
4
s s 1

s
1 1
6 2 4
s
s 0
f (0) = lim
= =0
1
s
1
1 4
s
All poles are not in the left-half plane.

f () does not exist
(a)
s 3 + 3s
=1
s s 3 + 4s 2 + 6

s
Two poles are not in the left-half plane.

f () does not exist
(b)
s 3 2s 2 + s
2
s
s (s 2)(s + 2s + 4)
2 1
+ 2
s
s
= lim
=1
s
2 2 4
1 1 + + 2
s s s
1
One pole is not in the left-half plane.

f () does not exist

(a)
f ( t ) = u(t ) + 2 e -t
(b)
G (s) =
3 (s + 4) 11
11
= 3
s+4
s+4
g( t ) = 3 (t ) 11 e -4t
(c)
H(s) =
A = 2,
H(s) =
4
A
B
=
+
(s + 1)(s + 3) s + 1 s + 3
B = -2
2
2
s +1 s + 3
h ( t ) = 2 e -t 2 e -3t
(d)
J (s) =
B=
12
A
B
C
=
+
2
2 +
(s + 2) (s + 4) s + 2 (s + 2)
s+4
12
= 6,
2
C=
12
=3
(-2) 2
12 = A (s + 2) (s + 4) + B (s + 4) + C (s + 2) 2
Equating coefficients :
s2 :
0= A+C
A = -C = -3
s1 :
s0 :
0 = 6A + B + 4C = 2A + B
B = -2A = 6
12 = 8A + 4B + 4C = -24 + 24 + 12 = 12
J (s) =
-3
6
3
+
2 +
s + 2 (s + 2)
s+4
j( t ) = 3 e -4t 3 e -2t + 6 t e -2t
(a)
2(2) 2(4)
2
4
+
F(s) = 2 + 2 =
s+5 s+3 s+5
s+3
f ( t ) = (2e 3t + 4e 5t )ut ( t )
(b)
H(s) =
3s + 11
(s + 1)(s 2 + 2s + 5)
A
Bs + C
+
s + 1 s 2 + 2s + 5
3s + 11 = A(s 2 + 2s + 5) + (Bs + C)(s + 1) = (A + B)s 2 + (2A + B + C)s + 5A + C

5A + C = 11; A = B; B + C = 3, B = C 3 A = 2; B = 2; C = 1
H(s) =
2
2s + 1
+
h ( t ) = 2e t 2e t cos 2t + 1.5e t sin 2t u ( t )
s + 1 s 2 + 2s + 5
V(s) =
2
As + B
; 2s 2 + 8s + 26 + As 2 + Bs = 2s + 26 A = 2 and B = 6
+
2
2
s (s + 2) + 3
V(s) =
2
2(s + 2)
2
3
s (s + 2) 2 + 3 2 3 (s + 2) 2 + 3 2
2
v(t) = 2u ( t ) 2e 2 t cos 3t e 2 t sin 3t , t 0
3
(a) H1 (s) =
2(s + 2) + 2
(s + 2) 2 + 32
2(s + 2)
(s + 2) 2 + 3 2
h1 ( t ) = 2e 2 t cos 3t +
(b) H 2 (s) =
s2 + 4
(s + 1) 2 (s 2 + 2s + 5)
2
3
3 (s + 2) 2 + 32
2 2 t
e
sin 3t
3
=
A
B
Cs + D
+
+
(s + 1) (s + 1) 2
(s 2 + 2s + 5)
s 2 + 4 = A(s + 1)(s 2 + 2s + 5) + B(s 2 + 2s + 5) + Cs(s + 1) 2 + D(s + 1) 2

or
s 2 + 4 = A(s 3 + 3s 2 + 7s + 5) + B(s 2 + 2s + 5) + C(s 3 + 2s 2 + s) + D(s 2 + 2s + 1)
Equating coefficients:
s3 :
0= A+C
s2 :
1 = 3A + B + 2C + D = A + B + D
s:
C = A
0 = 7 A + 2B + C + 2D = 6A + 2B + 2D = 4A + 2
constant :
4 = 5A + 5B + D = 4A + 4B + 1
A = 1 / 2, C = 1 / 2
B = 5 / 4, D = 1 / 4
H 2 (s) =
1 2
5
2s + 1 1 2
5
2(s + 1) 1
=
+
+
+
+
4 (s + 1) (s + 1) 2
(s 2 + 2s + 5) 4 (s + 1) (s + 1) 2
(s + 1) 2 + 2 2 )
Hence,
h 2 (t) =
(c ) H 3 (s) =
h 3 (t) =
1
2e t + 5te t + 2e t cos 2t 0.5e t sin 2t u ( t )
4
(s + 2)e s
A
B 1 s 1
1
+
= es
+
= e
(s + 1)(s + 3)
(s + 1) (s + 3)
(s + 1) (s + 3) 2
1 ( t 1)
e
+ e 3( t 1) u ( t 1)
2
(a)
F(s) =
10s
A
B
C
=
+
+
(s + 1)(s + 2)(s + 3) s + 1 s + 2 s + 3
A = F(s) (s + 1) s= -1 =
- 10
= -5
2
B = F(s) (s + 2) s= -2 =
- 20
= 20
-1
C = F(s) (s + 3) s= -3 =
- 30
= -15
2
F(s) =
-5
20
15
+
s +1 s + 2 s + 3
f ( t ) = - 5 e -t + 20 e -2t 15 e -3t
(b)
F(s) =
2s 2 + 4s + 1
A
B
C
D
+
+
3 =
2 +
(s + 1)(s + 2)
s + 1 s + 2 (s + 2)
(s + 2) 3
A = F(s) (s + 1) s= -1 = -1
D = F(s) (s + 2) 3
s = -2
= -1
2s 2 + 4s + 1 = A(s + 2)(s 2 + 4s + 4) + B(s + 1)(s 2 + 4s + 4)
+ C(s + 1)(s + 2) + D(s + 1)

s3 :
0= A+B
B = -A = 1
s2 :
s1 :
s0 :
F(s) =
2 = 6A + 5B + C = A + C
C = 2 A = 3
4 = 12A + 8B + 3C + D = 4A + 3C + D
4 = 6+A+ D
D = -2 A = -1
1 = 8A + 4B + 2C + D = 4A + 2C + D = -4 + 6 1 = 1
-1
1
3
1
+
+
2
s + 1 s + 2 (s + 2)
(s + 2) 3
f(t) = -e - t + e -2t + 3 t e -2t
t 2 -2t
e
2
t2
f ( t ) = - e -t + 1 + 3 t e - 2t
2
(c)
F(s) =
s +1
A
Bs + C
=
+ 2
2
(s + 2)(s + 2s + 5) s + 2 s + 2s + 5
A = F(s) (s + 2) s= -2 =
-1
5
s + 1 = A (s 2 + 2s + 5) + B (s 2 + 2s) + C (s + 2)
1
5
s2 :
0= A+B
B = -A =
s1 :
s0 :
1 = 2A + 2B + C = 0 + C
C = 1
1 = 5A + 2C = -1 + 2 = 1
F(s) =
-1 5
1 5 s +1
-1 5
1 5 (s + 1)
45
+
+
2
2 =
2
2 +
s + 2 (s + 1) + 2
s + 2 (s + 1) + 2
(s + 1) 2 + 2 2
f ( t ) = - 0.2 e -2t + 0.2 e -t cos( 2t ) + 0.4 e -t sin( 2t )
(a)
F(s) =
8 (s + 1)(s + 3) A
B
C
= +
+
s (s + 2)(s + 4) s s + 2 s + 4
A = F(s) s s= 0 =
(8)(3)
=3
(2)(4)
B = F(s) (s + 2) s= -2 =
(8)(-1)
=2
(-4)
C = F(s) (s + 4) s= -4 =
(8)(-1)(-3)
=3
(-4)(-2)
F(s) =
3
2
3
+
+
s s+2 s+4
f ( t ) = 3 u(t ) + 2 e -2t + 3 e -4t

(b)
F(s) =
s 2 2s + 4
A
B
C
+
+
2 =
(s + 1)(s + 2)
s + 1 s + 2 (s + 2) 2
s 2 2s + 4 = A (s 2 + 4s + 4) + B (s 2 + 3s + 2) + C (s + 1)
s2 :
1= A+ B
B = 1 A
1
s :
- 2 = 4A + 3B + C = 3 + A + C
0
s :
4 = 4A + 2B + C = -B 2
B = -6
A = 1 B = 7
F(s) =
C = -5 - A = -12
7
6
12
s + 1 s + 2 (s + 2) 2
f ( t ) = 7 e -t 6 (1 + 2 t ) e -2t
(c)
F(s) =
s2 +1
A
Bs + C
=
+ 2
2
(s + 3)(s + 4s + 5) s + 3 s + 4s + 5
s 2 + 1 = A (s 2 + 4s + 5) + B (s 2 + 3s) + C (s + 3)
s2 :
1= A+ B
B = 1 A
s1 :
0
s :
0 = 4A + 3B + C = 3 + A + C
A + C = -3
1 = 5A + 3C = -9 + 2A
A = 5
B = 1 A = -4
F(s) =
C = -A 3 = -8
4 (s + 2)
5
4s + 8
5
2
s + 3 (s + 2) + 1 s + 3 (s + 2) 2 + 1
f ( t ) = 5 e -3t 4 e -2t cos(t )
(a)
F(s) =
6 (s 1)
6
As + B
C
= 2
= 2
+
4
s 1
(s + 1)(s + 1) s + 1 s + 1
6 = A (s 2 + s) + B (s + 1) + C (s 2 + 1)
s2 :
0= A+C
A = -C
s1 :
0= A+B
B = -A = C
6 = B + C = 2B
B = 3
s :
A = -3 ,
F(s) =
B = 3,
C=3
3
- 3s + 3
3
- 3s
3
=
+ 2
+ 2
+ 2
s +1 s +1 s +1 s +1 s +1
f ( t ) = 3 e -t + 3 sin( t ) 3 cos(t )
(b)
F(s) =
s e - s
s2 +1
f ( t ) = cos(t ) u(t )
(c)
F(s) =
8
A
B
C
D
+
+
3 =
2 +
s (s + 1)
s s + 1 (s + 1)
(s + 1) 3
A = 8,
D = -8
8 = A (s 3 + 3s 2 + 3s + 1) + B (s 3 + 2s 2 + s) + C (s 2 + s) + D s
s3 :
0= A+B
B = -A
s2 :
0 = 3A + 2B + C = A + C
C = -A = B
s1 :
s0 :
0 = 3A + B + C + D = A + D
D = -A
A = 8, B = 8, C = 8, D = 8
F(s) =
8
8
8
8
2
s s + 1 (s + 1)
(s + 1) 3
f ( t ) = 8 [ 1 e -t t e -t 0.5 t 2 e -t ] u(t )
(a)
F(s) = 10 +
s2 + 4 3
3
= 11 2
2
s +4
s +4
f ( t ) = 11 (t ) 1.5 sin( 2t )
(b)
G (s) =
e -s + 4 e -2s
(s + 2)(s + 4)
Let
1
A
B
=
+
(s + 2)(s + 4) s + 2 s + 4
A =1 2
G (s) =
B=1 2
1
1
e -s 1
1
+ 2 e -2s
+
+
s + 2 s + 4
2 s + 2 s + 4
g( t ) = 0.5 [ e -2(t -1) e -4(t -1) ] u(t 1) + 2 [ e -2(t - 2) e -4(t - 2) ] u(t 2)
(c)
s +1
A
B
C
= +
+
s (s + 3)(s + 4) s s + 3 s + 4
Let
A = 1 12 ,
B = 2 3,
C = -3 4
1 1 23
3 4 -2s
e
H(s) = +
12 s s + 3 s + 4
1 2
3
h ( t ) = + e - 3(t - 2) e -4(t - 2) u(t 2)
12 3

(a)
G (s) =
Let
B = -1
A = 2,
G (s) =
s+3
A
B
=
+
(s + 1)(s + 2) s + 1 s + 2
2
1
s +1 s + 2
g( t ) = 2 e - t e -2t
F(s) = e -6s G (s)

f ( t ) = g( t 6) u ( t 6)
-(t - 6)
-2(t - 6)
] u( t 6)
f (t) = [ 2 e
e
(b)
Let
G (s) =
A = 1 3,
1
A
B
=
+
(s + 1)(s + 4) s + 1 s + 4
B = -1 3
G (s) =
1
1
3 (s + 1) 3 (s + 4)
g( t ) =
1 -t
[ e e -4t ]
3
F(s) = 4 G (s) e -2t G (s)

f ( t ) = 4 g( t ) u ( t ) g ( t 2) u ( t 2)
f (t) =
4 -t
[ e e -4t ] u(t ) 1 [ e -(t-2) e -4(t-2) ] u(t 2)
3
3
(c)
Let
G (s) =
s
A
Bs + C
=
+ 2
2
(s + 3)(s + 4) s + 3 s + 4
A = - 3 13
s = A (s 2 + 4) + B (s 2 + 3s) + C (s + 3)
s2 :
0= A+B
B = -A
1 = 3B + C
s1 :
0
0 = 4A + 3C
s :
A = - 3 13 ,
13 G (s) =
B = 3 13 ,
C = 4 13
- 3 3s + 4
+
s + 3 s2 + 4
13 g( t ) = -3 e -3t + 3 cos(2t ) + 2 sin(2t )

F(s) = e -s G (s)
f ( t ) = g( t 1) u ( t 1)
f (t) =
1
[ - 3 e -3(t-1) + 3 cos(2 (t 1)) + 2 sin( 2 (t 1))] u(t 1)
13

(a)
X(s) =
1
A B
C
D
= + 2+
+
s (s + 2)(s + 3) s s
s+2 s+3
B = 1 6,
C =1 4,
D = -1 9
1 = A (s 3 + 5s 2 + 6s) + B (s 2 + 5s + 6) + C (s 3 + 3s 2 ) + D (s 3 + 2s 2 )
0 = A+C+D
s3 :
2
s :
0 = 5A + B + 3C + 2D = 3A + B + C
1
s :
0 = 6 A + 5B
s0 :
1 = 6B
B = 1 6
A = - 5 6 B = - 5 36
(b)
X(s) =
- 5 36 1 6 1 4
19
+ 2 +
s
s
s+2 s+3
x(t) =
-5
1
1
1
u(t ) + t + e - 2t e - 3t
36
6
4
9
Y(s) =
1
A
B
C
+
+
2 =
s (s + 1)
s s + 1 (s + 1) 2
A = 1,
C = -1
1 = A (s 2 + 2s + 1) + B (s 2 + s) + C s
0= A+B
B = -A
s2 :
s1 :
s0 :
0 = 2A + B + C = A + C
C = -A
1 = A, B = -1, C = -1
1
1
1
Y(s) =
s s + 1 (s + 1) 2
y( t ) = u(t ) e -t t e -t
(c)
Z(s) =
A
B
Cs + D
+
+ 2
s s + 1 s + 6s + 10
A = 1 10 ,
B = -1 5
1 = A (s 3 + 7s 2 + 16s + 10) + B (s 3 + 6s 2 + 10s) + C (s 3 + s 2 ) + D (s 2 + s)

0 = A+ B+C
s3 :
2
s :
0 = 7 A + 6 B + C + D = 6 A + 5B + D
1
s :
0 = 16A + 10B + D = 10A + 5B
B = -2A
s0 :
1 = 10A
A = 1 10
A = 1 10 ,
B = -2A = - 1 5 ,
C = A = 1 10 ,
D = 4A =
4
10
1
2
s+4
10 Z(s) =
+ 2
s s + 1 s + 6s + 10
1
2
s+3
1
10 Z(s) =
+
+
2
s s + 1 (s + 3) + 1 (s + 3) 2 + 1
z( t ) = 0.1 [ 1 2 e -t + e -3t cos(t ) + e -3t sin( t )] u(t )
(a)
Let
P(s) =
12
A Bs + C
= + 2
2
s (s + 4) s s + 4
A = P(s) s s=0 = 12 4 = 3
12 = A (s 2 + 4) + B s 2 + C s
s0 :
12 = 4A
A = 3
1
s :
0=C
2
s :
0= A+B
B = -A = -3
P(s) =
3
3s
2
s s +4
p( t ) = 3 u ( t ) 3 cos(2t )
F(s) = e -2s P(s)
f ( t ) = 3 [ 1 cos( 2(t 2))] u(t 2)
(b)
Let
G (s) =
2s + 1
As + B Cs + D
= 2
+
2
(s + 1)(s + 9) s + 1 s 2 + 9
2
2s + 1 = A (s 3 + 9s) + B (s 2 + 9) + C (s 3 + s) + D (s 2 + 1)
0= A+C
C = -A
s3 :
s2 :
0 = B+ D
D = -B
s1 :
2 = 9A + C = 8A
A = 2 8, C = - 2 8
s :
1 = 9B + D = 8B
B = 1 8 , D = - 1 8
1 2s + 1 1 2s + 1

G (s) = 2
8 s + 1 8 s 2 + 9
(c)
G (s) =
1
s
1
1
1
s
1
1
2
+ 2
2
2
4 s +1 8 s +1 4 s + 9 8 s + 9
g( t ) =
1
1
1
1
cos(t ) + sin( t ) cos( 3t )
sin( 3t )
4
8
4
24
Let
9s2
36s + 117
H(s) = 2
= 9 2
s + 4s + 13
s + 4s + 13
H(s) = 9 36
s+2
3
2
2 15
(s + 2) + 3
(s + 2) 2 + 3 2
h ( t ) = 9 (t ) 36e -2 t cos( 3t ) 15e -2 t sin( 3t )
(a)
F(s) =
s 2 + 4s
s 2 + 10s + 26 6s 26
=
s 2 + 10s + 26
s 2 + 10s + 26
F(s) = 1
6s + 26
s + 10s + 26
F(s) = 1
6 (s + 5)
4
2
2 +
(s + 5) + 1
(s + 5) 2 + 12
f ( t ) = (t ) 6 e -t cos(5t ) + 4 e -t sin( 5t )
(b)
5s 2 + 7s + 29
A
Bs + C
= + 2
F(s) =
2
s (s + 4s + 29) s s + 4s + 29
5s 2 + 7s + 29 = A (s 2 + 4s + 29) + B s 2 + C s
s0 :
29 = 29A
A = 1
s1 :
7 = 4A + C
C = 7 4A = 3
s2 :
5= A+B
B = 5 A = 4
B = 4,
A = 1,
C=3
4 (s + 2)
1
4s + 3
1
5
F(s) = + 2
= +
2
2
s s + 4s + 29 s (s + 2) + 5
(s + 2) 2 + 5 2
f ( t ) = u(t ) + 4 e -2t cos(5t ) e -2t sin( 5t )
(a)
2s 3 + 4s 2 + 1
As + B
Cs + D
F(s) = 2
= 2
+ 2
2
(s + 2s + 17)(s + 4s + 20) s + 2s + 17 s + 4s + 20
s 3 + 4s 2 + 1 = A(s 3 + 4s 2 + 20s) + B(s 2 + 4s + 20)
+ C(s3 + 2s 2 + 17s) + D(s 2 + 2s + 17)
s3 :
2= A+C
2
s :
4 = 4 A + B + 2C + D
1
0 = 20A + 4B + 17C + 2D
s :
0
s :
1 = 20B + 17 D
Solving these equations (Matlab works well with 4 unknowns),
D = 21
A = -1.6 ,
B = -17.8 ,
C = 3 .6 ,
F(s) =
- 1.6s 17.8
3.6s + 21
+ 2
2
s + 2s + 17 s + 4s + 20
F(s) =
(-1.6)(s + 1)
(-4.05)(4)
(3.6)(s + 2)
(3.45)(4)
2
2 +
2
2 +
2
2 +
(s + 1) + 4
(s + 1) + 4
(s + 2) + 4
(s + 2) 2 + 4 2
f ( t ) = - 1.6 e -t cos(4t ) 4.05 e -t sin( 4t ) + 3.6 e -2t cos(4t ) + 3.45 e -2t sin( 4t )
(b)
F(s) =
s2 + 4
As + B
Cs + D
= 2
+ 2
2
2
(s + 9)(s + 6s + 3) s + 9 s + 6s + 3
s 2 + 4 = A (s 3 + 6s 2 + 3s) + B (s 2 + 6s + 3) + C (s 3 + 9s) + D (s 2 + 9)
s3 :
0= A+C
C = -A
2
s :
1 = 6A + B + D
1
s :
0 = 3A + 6B + 9C = 6B + 6C
B = -C = A
4 = 3B + 9D
s0 :
Solving these equations,
A = 1 12 ,
B = 1 12 ,
12 F(s) =
D = 5 12
s +1
-s+5
+ 2
2
s + 9 s + 6s + 3
s 2 + 6s + 3 = 0
Let
G (s) =
E=
-s+5
s + 5.449
F=
-s+5
s + 0.551
G (s) =
C = - 1 12 ,
- 6 36 - 12
= -0.551, - 5.449
2
-s+5
E
F
=
+
s + 6s + 3 s + 0.551 s + 5.449
2
s = -0.551
= 1.133
s = -5.449
= - 2.133
1.133
2.133
s + 0.551 s + 5.449
12 F(s) =
s
1
3
1.133
2.133
2
2 +
2 +
s +3
3 s +3
s + 0.551 s + 5.449
2
f ( t ) = 0.08333 cos( 3t ) + 0.02778 sin( 3t ) + 0.0944 e -0.551t 0.1778 e -5.449t

4s 2 + 7s + 13
A
Bs + C
Let H(s) =
+
=
2
2
(s + 2)(s + 2s + 5) s + 2 s + 2s + 5
4s 2 + 7s + 13 = A(s 2 + 2s + 5) + B(s 2 + 2s) + C(s + 2)
Equating coefficients gives:
s2 :
4=A+B
s:
7 = 2A + 2B + C
C = 1
13 = 5A + 2C
5A = 15 or A = 3, B = 1
constant :
H(s) =
3
s 1
3
(s + 1) 2
+
=
+
2
s + 2 s + 2s + 5 s + 2 (s + 1) 2 + 2 2
Hence,
h ( t ) = 3e 2 t + e t cos 2t e t sin 2t = 3e 2 t + e t (A cos cos 2t A sin sin 2t )
where A cos = 1,
A sin = 1
Thus,
h(t) =
[ 2e
A = 2,
= 45 o
cos(2 t + 45 o ) + 3e 2 t u ( t )
Let y(t) = f(t)*h(t). For 0 < t < 1,

f ( t )
h( )
0
t
y( t ) = (1)4d = 22 0 = 2t 2
0
t 1
For 1 <t<3,
f ( t )
h ( )
0
1
1 t
y( t ) = (1)4d + (1)(8 4 )d = 22 0 + (8 22 ) 1 = 8t 2t 2 4
For 3 < t < 4
h ()
0
2
t-2
y( t ) = (8 4 )d = 8 22 t 2 = 32 16t + 2t 2
t 2
Thus,
2t 2 , 0 < t < 1
8t - 2t 2 4, 1 < t < 3
y( t ) =
2
32 - 16t + 2t , 3 < t < 4
0, otherwise
f ( t )
(a)
For 0 < t < 1 , f1 ( t ) and f 2 () overlap from 0 to t, as shown in Fig. (a).

y( t ) = f1 ( t ) f 2 ( t ) = 0
f1(t - )
2
(1)() d =
2
f2()
t-1
0 t
t2
=
2
t
0
(a)
t-1 1
(b)
For 1 < t < 2 , f1 ( t ) and f 2 () overlap as shown in Fig. (b).

y( t ) = t 1 (1)() d =
1
2
2
1
t 1
=t
t2
2
For t > 2 , there is no overlap.

Therefore,
t 2 2,
0<t <1
2
y( t ) = t t 2, 1 < t < 2
0,
otherwise
(b)
For 0 < t < 1 , the two functions overlap as shown in Fig. (c).
y( t ) = f1 ( t ) f 2 ( t ) = 0 (1)(1) d = t
t
f1(t - )
f2()
t-1
0 t
(c)
t-1 1
(d)
For 1 < t < 2 , the functions overlap as shown in Fig. (d).
y( t ) = t 1 (1)(1) d = 1t 1 = 2 t
1
For t > 2 , there is no overlap.

Therefore,
0<t<1
t,
y( t ) = 2 t , 1 < t < 2
0,
otherwise
(c)
For t < -1 , there is no overlap. For - 1 < t < 0 , f1 ( t ) and f 2 () overlap

as shown in Fig. (e).
2
y( t ) = f 1 ( t ) f 2 ( t ) = -1 (1)( + 1) d = + -t1
2
t
y( t ) =
1 2
1
( t + 2t + 1) = ( t + 1) 2
2
2
f2(t - )
f1()
-1
-1
(e)
0 t
(f)
For 0 < t < 1 , the functions overlap as shown in Fig. (f).

y( t ) = -1 (1)( + 1) d + 0 (1)(1 ) d
0
2
y( t ) = + 0-1 + 0t
2
y( t ) =
1
(1 + 2t t 2 )
2
For t > 1 , the two functions overlap.
y( t ) = -1 (1)( + 1) d + 0(1)(1 ) d
0
1
1
2 1 1
y( t ) = + 0 = + 1 = 1
2
2
2
2
Therefore,
0,
t < -1
0.5(t 2 + 2t + 1), - 1 < t < 0
y( t ) =
2
0.5(-t + 2t + 1), 0 < t < 1
1,
t >1

(a)
For 0 < t < 1 , x ( t ) and h () overlap as shown in Fig. (a).

y( t ) = x ( t ) h ( t ) = 0 (1)() d =
t
x(t - )
2
2
t
0
t2
2
1
h()
t-1
0 t
t-1 1
(a)
(b)
For 1 < t < 2 , x ( t ) and h () overlap as shown in Fig. (b).

y( t ) = t 1 (1)() d + 1 (1)(1) d =
1
2
2
1
t 1
For t > 2 , there is a complete overlap so that

y( t ) = t 1 (1)(1) d = tt 1 = t ( t 1) = 1
t
+ 1t =
-1 2
t + 2t 1
2
Therefore,
t 2 2,
0<t<1
2
- (t 2) + 2t 1, 1 < t < 2
y( t ) =
1,
t>2
0,
otherwise
(b)
For t > 0 , the two functions overlap as shown in Fig. (c).

y( t ) = x ( t ) h ( t ) = 0 (1) 2 e - d = -2 e -
t
x(t-)
t
0
h() = 2e-
(c)
Therefore,
y( t ) = 2 (1 e -t ), t > 0
(c)
For - 1 < t < 0 , x ( t ) and h () overlap as shown in Fig. (d).

y( t ) = x ( t ) h ( t ) = 0 (1)() d =
t +1
x(t - )
2
2
t-1 -1
t 0
t +1
0
1
( t + 1) 2
2
h()
t+1 1
(d)
For 0 < t < 1 , x ( t ) and h () overlap as shown in Fig. (e).
y( t ) = 0 (1)() d + 1 (1)(2 ) d
1
t +1
y( t ) =
2
2
1
0
-1
1
2
+ 2 1t +1 = t 2 + t +
2
2
2
-1 t-1
0 t
1 t+1 2
(e)
For 1 < t < 2 , x ( t ) and h () overlap as shown in Fig. (f).
y( t ) = t 1 (1)() d + 1 (1)(2 ) d
1
y( t ) =
2
2
1
t 1
-1
1
2
+ 2 12 = t 2 + t +
2
2
2
t-1 1
2 t+1
(f)
For 2 < t < 3 , x ( t ) and h () overlap as shown in Fig. (g).
y( t ) = t 1 (1)(2 ) d = 2
2
2
t 1
9
1
3t + t 2
2
2
1 t-1 2
(g)
t+1
Therefore,
( t 2 2 ) + t + 1 2, - 1 < t < 0
2
- ( t 2 ) + t + 1 2 , 0 < t < 2
y( t ) = 2
( t 2 ) 3t + 9 2, 2 < t < 3
0,
otherwise

(a)
For 0 < t < 1 , x ( t ) and h () overlap as shown in Fig. (a).

y( t ) = x ( t ) h ( t ) = 0 (1)(1) d = t
t
x(t - )
h()
t-1
0 t
-1
(a)
For 1 < t < 2 , x ( t ) and h () overlap as shown in Fig. (b).
y( t ) = t 1 (1)(1) d + 1 (-1)(1) d = 1t 1 1t = 3 2 t
1
For 2 < t < 3 , x ( t ) and h () overlap as shown in Fig. (c).

y( t ) = t 1 (1)(-1) d = -
2
2
t 1
= t3
t-1 1
-1
1 t-1
2 t
-1
(b)
(c)
Therefore,
0<t <1
t,
3 2t , 1 < t < 2
y( t ) =
2<t<3
t 3,
0,
otherwise
(b)
For t < 2 , there is no overlap. For 2 < t < 3 , f1 ( t ) and f 2 () overlap,

as shown in Fig. (d).
y( t ) = f 1 ( t ) f 2 ( t ) =
= t
2
(1)( t ) d
t t2
2 = 2 t + 2
2
f1(t - )
f2()
1 t-1 2
(d)
2 t-1 3
(e)
For 3 < t < 5 , f1 ( t ) and f 2 () overlap as shown in Fig. (e).
1
2 t
y( t ) = t 1 (1)( t ) d = t t 1 =
2
2
For 5 < t < 6 , the functions overlap as shown in Fig. (f).
5
-1
2
y( t ) = t 1 (1)( t ) d = t 5t 1 = t 2 + 5t 12
2
2
4 t-1 5
(f)
Therefore,
( t 2 2 ) 2t + 2,
2<t<3
1 2,
3<t<5
y( t ) = 2
- (t 2) + 5t 12, 5 < t < 6
0,
otherwise
(a)
f ( t ) ( t ) = 0 f () ( t ) d = f () = t
t
f (t ) (t ) = f (t )
(b)
f ( t ) u ( t ) = 0 f () u ( t ) d
t
1 < t
Since u ( t ) =
0 > t
f ( t ) u( t ) =
f ( ) d
Alternatively,
L{ f ( t ) u ( t )} =
F(s)
s
t
F(s)
= f ( t ) u ( t ) = f () d
L1
o
s
(a)
Let y( t ) = x 1 ( t ) x 2 ( t ) = 0 x 2 ( t ) x 1 ( t ) d
t
For 0 < t < 3 , x 1 ( t ) and x 2 () overlap as shown in Fig. (a).

y( t ) = 0 4 e -2 e -(t - ) d = 4 e - t 0 e - d = 4 (e - t e -2 t )
t
x2()
x1(t-)
t
(a)
For t > 3 , the two functions overlap as shown in Fig. (b).

y( t ) = 0 4 e -2 e -(t - ) d = 4 e - t ( - e - )
3
3
0
= 4 e - t (1 e -3 )
0
(b)
Therefore,
4 (e - t e -2t ), 0 < t < 3
y( t ) = -t
-3
t>3
4e (1 e ),
(b)
For 1 < t < 2 , x 1 () and x 2 ( t ) overlap as shown in Fig. (c).

y( t ) = x 1 ( t ) x 2 ( t ) = 1 (1)(1) d = 1t = t 1
t
x2(t - )
x1()
t-1 1
(c)
For 2 < t < 3 , the two functions overlap completely.

y( t ) = t 1 (1)(1) d = tt 1 = t ( t 1) = 1
t
For 3 < t < 4 , the two functions overlap as shown in Fig. (d).
y( t ) = t 1 (1)(1) d = 3t 1 = 4 t
3
2 t-1 3
(d)
Therefore,
t 1, 1 < t < 2
1,
2<t<3
y( t ) =
4 t , 3 < t < 4
0,
otherwise
(c)
For - 1 < t < 0 , x 1 ( t ) and x 2 () overlap as shown in Fig. (e).

y( t ) = x1 ( t ) x 2 ( t ) = -1 (1) 4 e -(t-) d
t
y( t ) = 4 e -t -1 e d = 4 [ 1 e -(t+1) ]
t
x1(t - )
1
-1
t
-1
x2()
1
(e)
For 0 < t < 1 ,
y( t ) = -1 (1) 4 e -(t -) d + 0 (-1) 4 e -(t -) d

0
y( t ) = 4 e -t e
4 e -t e
0
-1
t
0
= 8 e -t 4 e -(t+1) 4
For t > 1 , the two functions overlap completely.

y( t ) = -1 (1) 4 e -(t- ) d + 0 (-1) 4 e -(t-) d
0
y( t ) = 4 e -t e
Therefore,
0
-1
4 e -t e 10 = 8 e -t 4 e -(t+1) 4 e -(t1)
4 1 e -(t +1) ,
-1 < t < 0
-t
-(t +1)
4,
y( t ) = 8 e 4 e
0<t<1
t
(t
+
1)
(t
1)
8 e 4 e
4e
,
t >1

f1 ( t ) = f 2 ( t ) = cos( t )
L -1 [ F1 (s) F2 (s)] = 0 cos() cos( t ) d

t
cos(A) cos(B) =
1
[ cos(A + B) + cos(A B)]
2
L -1 [ F1 (s) F2 (s)] =
1 t
[cos( t ) + cos( t 2 )] d
2 0
L -1 [ F1 (s) F2 (s)] =
1
1 sin( t 2)
cos(t ) 0t +
2
2
-2
t
0
L-1 [ F1 (s) F2 (s)] = 0.5 t cos(t ) + 0.5 sin( t )
(a)
Let G (s) =
2
2
=
s + 2s + 5 (s + 1) 2 + 2 2
2
g( t ) = e -t sin(2 t )
F(s) = G (s) G (s)
f ( t ) = L -1 [ G (s) G (s)] = 0 g () g ( t ) d
t
f ( t ) = 0 e - sin( 2) e -( t ) sin( 2( t )) d
t
sin(A) sin(B) =
f (t) =
1
[ cos(A B) cos(A + B)]
2
1 - t t -
e e [ cos(2t ) cos(2( t 2))] d
2 0
t
e -t
e -t
-2
f (t) =
cos(2 t ) 0 e d
2
2
f (t) =
e -t
e -2
cos(2 t )
2
-2
t
0
e -t
2
e -2 cos(2 t 4) d
e -2 [ cos(2 t ) cos(4) + sin( 2 t ) sin( 4)] d
t
1 -t
e -t
-2 t
f ( t ) = e cos(2 t ) (-e + 1) cos(2 t ) 0 e -2 cos(4) d
4
2
t
e -t
sin( 2 t ) 0 e -2 sin( 4) d
2
f (t) =
1 -t
e cos(2t ) (1 e -2 t )
4
e -2
e -t
(- 2cos(4) 4 sin(4)) 0t
cos(2t )
2
4 + 16
f (t) =
(b)
Let
e -2
e -t
(- 2sin(4) + 4 cos(4)) 0t
sin(2t )
2
4 + 16
e -t
e -3t
e -t
e -3t
cos( 2t )
cos( 2t )
cos( 2t ) +
cos( 2t ) cos(4t )
2
4
20
20
+
e -3t
e -t
cos( 2t ) sin( 4t ) +
sin( 2t )
10
10
e -t
e -t
sin( 2t ) sin( 4t )
sin( 2t ) cos(4t )
20
10
X(s) =
2
,
s +1
Y(s) =
x ( t ) = 2 e -t u ( t ) ,
s
s+4
y( t ) = cos(2t ) u ( t )
F(s) = X(s) Y(s)

f ( t ) = L -1 [ X(s) Y(s)] = 0 y() x ( t ) d
f ( t ) = 0 cos(2) 2 e -(t ) d
t
f ( t ) = 2 e -t
e
(cos(2) + 2 sin(2)) 0t
1+ 4
f (t) =
2 -t t
e [ e ( cos(2t ) + 2 sin(2t ) 1) ]
5
f (t) =
2
4
2
cos( 2t ) + sin( 2t ) e -t
5
5
5
Let x(t) = u(t) u(t-1) and y(t) = h(t)*x(t).

4(1 e s )
4 1 e s
y( t ) = L1 [H(s)X(s)] = L1
(
) = L1
s
s(s + 2)
s + 2 s
But
1
A
B
1 1
1
= +
=
s(s + 2) s s + 2 2 s s + 2
1
1
es es
Y(s) = 2
s
s + 2
s s + 2
y( t ) = 2[1 e 2 t ]u ( t ) 4[1 e 2( t 1) ]u ( t 1)
Take the Laplace transform of each term.
[s
V(s) s v(0) v (0)] + 2 [ s V(s) v(0)] + 10 V(s) =
s 2 V(s) s + 2 + 2s V(s) 2 + 10 V(s) =
3s
s +4
2
3s
s +4
2
3s
s 3 + 7s
(s + 2s + 10) V(s) = s + 2
=
s + 4 s2 + 4
2
V(s) =
s 3 + 7s
As + B
Cs + D
= 2
+ 2
2
2
(s + 4)(s + 2s + 10) s + 4 s + 2s + 10
s 3 + 7s = A (s 3 + 2s 2 + 10s) + B (s 2 + 2s + 10) + C (s 3 + 4s) + D (s 2 + 4)

1= A+C
C = 1 A
s3 :
2
s :
0 = 2A + B + D
1
7 = 10A + 2B + 4C = 6A + 2B + 4
s :
0 = 10B + 4D
D = -2.5 B
s0 :
Solving these equations yields

9
12
A=
,
B=
,
26
26
C=
17
,
26
D=
- 30
26
V(s) =
1 9s + 12
17s 30
+
2
2
26 s + 4 s + 2s + 10
V(s) =
s +1
47
2
1 9s
+ 6 2
+ 17
2
2
2
2
2
(s + 1) + 3
(s + 1) + 3
s +4
26 s + 4
v( t ) =
47
17
6
9
sin( 2t ) + e -t cos( 3t ) e -t sin( 3t )
cos( 2t ) +
78
26
26
26
Taking the Laplace transform of the differential equation yields
[s V(s) sv(0) v' (0)]+ 5[sV(s) v(0)]] + 6V(s) = s10+ 1

2
or s 2 + 5s + 6 V(s) 2s 4 10 =
Let V(s) =
A
B
C
,
+
+
s +1 s + 2 s + 3
10
s +1
A = 5,
V(s) =
B = 0,
Hence,
v( t ) = (5e t 3e 3t )u ( t )
2s 2 + 16s + 24
(s + 1)(s + 2)(s + 3)
C = 3

[s
I(s) s i(0) i (0)] + 3 [ s I(s) i(0)] + 2 I(s) + 1 = 0
(s 2 + 3s + 2) I(s) s 3 3 + 1 = 0
I(s) =
s+5
A
B
=
+
(s + 1)(s + 2) s + 1 s + 2
A = 4,
I(s) =
B = -3
4
3
s +1 s + 2
i( t ) = (4 e -t 3 e -2t ) u(t )
[s
Y(s) s y(0) y (0)] + 5 [ s Y(s) y(0)] + 6 V(s) =
(s 2 + 5s + 6) Y(s) s 4 5 =
(s 2 + 5s + 6) Y(s) = s + 9 +
Y(s) =
s
s +4
2
s
s +4
2
s
s + (s + 9)(s 2 + 4)
=
s2 + 4
s2 + 4
s 3 + 9s 2 + 5s + 36
A
B
Cs + D
=
+
+ 2
2
(s + 2)(s + 3)(s + 4) s + 2 s + 3 s + 4
A = (s + 2) Y(s) s= -2 =
27
,
4
B = (s + 3) Y(s) s= -3 =
- 75
13
When s = 0 ,
36
A B D
= + +
(2)(3)(4) 2 3 4
D =
5
26
When s = 1 ,
46 + 5 A B C D
= + + +
(12)(5) 3 4 5 5
Thus, Y(s) =
C =
1
52
27 4 75 13 1 52 s + 5 26
+
s+2 s+3
s2 + 4
y( t ) =
27 - 2t 75 - 3t 1
5
e e + cos( 2t ) + sin( 2t )
4
13
52
52
Taking the Laplace transform of the differential equation gives
[ s 2 V(s) s v(0) v(0)] + 3[ s V(s) v(0)] + 2 V(s) =

(s 2 + 3s + 2) V(s) =
5
2s
1 =
s+3
s+3
V(s) =
2s
2s
=
2
(s + 3)(s + 3s + 2) (s + 1)(s + 2)(s + 3)
V(s) =
A
B
C
+
+
s +1 s + 2 s + 3
A = 3 2,
V(s) =
B = -4 ,
C=5 2
32
52
4
+
s +1 s + 2 s + 3
v( t ) = (1.5 e -t 4 e -2t + 2.5 e -3t ) u(t )
5
s+3
[s
Y(s) s 2 y(0) s y(0) y(0)] + 6 [ s 2 Y(s) s y(0) y(0)]

+ 8 [ s Y(s) y(0)] =
s +1
(s + 1) 2 + 2 2
Setting the initial conditions to zero gives

(s 3 + 6 s 2 + 8s) Y(s) =
Y(s) =
A=
s +1
s + 2s + 5
2
(s + 1)
A
B
C
Ds + E
= +
+
+ 2
2
s (s + 2)(s + 4)(s + 2s + 5) s s + 2 s + 4 s + 2s + 5
1
,
40
B=
1
,
20
C=
-3
,
104
D=
-3
,
65
E=
-7
65
Y(s) =
3s + 7
1 1 1
1
3
1
1
+

40 s 20 s + 2 104 s + 4 65 (s + 1) 2 + 2 2
Y(s) =
3 (s + 1)
1 1 1
1
3
1
1
1
4
+
2
2
40 s 20 s + 2 104 s + 4 65 (s + 1) + 2
65 (s + 1) 2 + 2 2
y( t ) =
1
1
3 -4t 3 -t
2
u(t ) + e - 2t
e e cos( 2t ) e -t sin( 2t )
40
20
104
65
65
Taking the Laplace transform of each term we get:

12
4 [ s V(s) v(0)] + V(s) = 0
s
12
4 s + s V(s) = 8
V(s) =
8s
2s
= 2
4s + 12 s + 3
2
v( t ) = 2 cos
3t

[ s Y(s) y(0)] + 9 Y(s) =

s
s
s +4
2
s2 + 9
s
s2 + s + 4
Y(s) = 1 + 2
= 2
s +4
s +4
s
s 3 + s 2 + 4s
As + B Cs + D
Y(s) = 2
=
+
(s + 4)(s 2 + 9) s 2 + 4 s 2 + 9
s 3 + s 2 + 4s = A (s 3 + 9s) + B (s 2 + 9) + C (s 3 + 4s) + D (s 2 + 4)
s0 :
0 = 9B + 4D
1
s :
4 = 9 A + 4C
2
1= B+ D
s :
3
s :
1= A+C
Solving these equations gives

A = 0,
Y(s) =
B = - 4 5,
C = 1,
D=9 5
-4 5 s+9 5 -4 5
95
s
= 2
+ 2
+ 2
+ 2
2
s +4 s +9 s +4 s +9 s +9
y( t ) = - 0.4 sin( 2t ) + cos( 3t ) + 0.6 sin( 3t )
We take the Laplace transform of each term and obtain

10
6V(s) + [sV (s) v(0)] + V(s) = e 2s
s
V(s) =
(s + 3)e 2s 3e 2s
(s + 3) 2 + 1
V(s) =
se 2s
s 2 + 6s + 10
Hence,
v(t ) = e 3( t 2) cos(t 2) 3e 3( t 2) sin(t 2) u (t 2)
Take the Laplace transform of each term of the integrodifferential equation.
[ s Y(s) y(0)] + 4 Y(s) + 3 Y(s) =

s
6
s+2
(s 2 + 4s + 3) Y(s) = s
1
s + 2
Y(s) =
s ( 4 s)
( 4 s) s
=
2
(s + 2)(s + 4s + 3) (s + 1)(s + 2)(s + 3)
Y(s) =
A
B
C
+
+
s +1 s + 2 s + 3
A = 2 .5 ,
Y(s) =
B = 6,
C = -10.5
2.5
6
10.5
+
s +1 s + 2 s + 3
y( t ) = 2.5 e -t + 6 e -2t 10.5 e -3t
Take the Laplace transform of each term of the integrodifferential equation.

3
4
4
2 [ s X(s) x (0)] + 5 X(s) + X(s) + = 2
s
s s + 16
(2s 2 + 5s + 3) X(s) = 2s 4 +
4s
2s 3 4s 2 + 36s 64
=
s 2 + 16
s 2 + 16
2s 3 4s 2 + 36s 64
s 3 2s 2 + 18s 32
X(s) =
=
(2s 2 + 5s + 3)(s 2 + 16) (s + 1)(s + 1.5)(s 2 + 16)
X(s) =
A
B
Cs + D
+
+ 2
s + 1 s + 1.5 s + 16
A = (s + 1) X(s) s= -1 = -6.235
B = (s + 1.5) X(s) s = -1.5 = 7.329
When s = 0 ,
B D
- 32
= A+
+
1.5 16
(1.5)(16)
D = 0.2579
s3 2s 2 + 18s 32 = A (s3 + 1.5s 2 + 16s + 24) + B (s3 + s 2 + 16s + 16)

+ C (s3 + 2.5s 2 + 1.5s) + D (s 2 + 2.5s + 1.5)
Equating coefficients of the s3 terms,
1= A+ B+C
C = -0.0935
X(s) =
- 6.235 7.329 - 0.0935s + 0.2579

+
+
s +1
s + 1.5
s 2 + 16
x ( t ) = - 6.235 e -t + 7.329 e -1.5t 0.0935 cos(4t ) + 0.0645 sin( 4t )

Consider the s-domain form of the circuit which is shown below.
1
1/s
I(s)
1/s
s
I(s) =
i( t ) =
1s
1
1
= 2
=
1 + s + 1 s s + s + 1 (s + 1 2) 2 + ( 3 2) 2
3
e - t 2 sin
t
2
3
i( t ) = 1.155 e -0.5t sin (0.866t ) A

8/s
4
s
+
Vx
4
s + Vx 0 + Vx 0 = 0
8
s
2
4+
s
Vx
Vx (4s + 8)
(16s + 32)
+ (2s 2 + 4s)Vx + s 2 Vx = 0
s
Vx (3s 2 + 8s + 8) =
16s + 32
s
s+2
0.25
0.125
0.125
Vx = 16
+
= 16
+
s
8
4
8
4
s(3s 2 + 8s + 8)
s+ j
s+ + j
3
3
3
3
v x = (4 + 2e (1.3333 + j0.9428) t + 2e (1.3333 j0.9428) t )u ( t ) V

2 2
vx = 4u ( t ) e 4 t / 3 cos
3
6 4t / 3 2 2
t
e
sin
2

s
+
1/2
5/s
1/8
Vo
Current division leads to:

1
5
5
1 5
2
=
=
Vo =
8s1 1
10 + 16s 16(s + 0.625)
+ +s
2 8
vo(t) = 0.3125 1 e 0.625t u ( t ) V
t V
The s-domain form of the circuit is shown below.

6
1/(s + 1)
s
+
10/s
Vo(s)

1
1
10
= 2
s s + 1 s + 6s + 10 s + 1
Vo (s) =
10 s
s + 6 + 10
Vo (s) =
10
A
Bs + C
=
+ 2
(s + 1)(s + 6s + 10) s + 1 s + 6s + 10
2
10 = A (s 2 + 6s + 10) + B (s 2 + s) + C (s + 1)
s2 :
0= A+B
B = -A
s1 :
0
s :
0 = 6A + B + C = 5A + C
C = -5A
10 = 10A + C = 5A
A = 2, B = -2, C = -10
Vo (s) =
2 (s + 3)
2
2s + 10
2
4
=
2
2
2
s + 1 s + 6s + 10 s + 1 (s + 3) + 1
(s + 3) 2 + 12
v o ( t ) = 2 e -t 2 e -3t cos(t ) 4 e -3t sin( t ) V
Io
1
s+2
2
s
1
1
2s
2s
= 1
=
V=
s + 2 1 1 s s + 2 s 2 + s + 2 (s + 2)(s + 0.5 + j1.3229)(s + 0.5 j1.3229)

+ +
s 2 2
Io =
Vs
s2
=
2
(s + 2)(s + 0.5 + j1.3229)(s + 0.5 j1.3229)
(0.5 j1.3229) 2
(0.5 + j1.3229) 2
1
(1.5 j1.3229)( j2.646) (1.5 + j1.3229)(+ j2.646)
+
=
+
s+2
s + 0.5 + j1.3229
s + 0.5 j1.3229
i o ( t ) = e 2 t + 0.3779e 90 e t / 2 e j1.3229 t + 0.3779e 90 e t / 2 e j1.3229 t u ( t ) A

or
= e 2 t 0.7559 sin 1.3229 t u ( t ) A

2
Io
5
s+2
10/s
Use current division.

Io =
5
5s
5(s + 1)
5
s+2
=
=
2
2
2
10 s + 2 s + 2s + 10 (s + 1) + 3
(s + 1) 2 + 3 2
s+2+
s
5
i o ( t ) = 5e t cos 3t e t sin 3t
3
The s-domain version of the circuit is shown below.

1/s
1
Ix
2s
2
s +1
Z
1
(2s)
1
2s
2s 2 + 2s + 1
Z = 1 + // 2s = 1 + s
= 1+
=
1
s
1 + 2s 2
1 + 2s 2
+ 2s
s
V
2
1 + 2s 2
2s 2 + 1
A
Bs + C
=
=
+
Ix = =
x
2
2
2
Z s + 1 2s + 2s + 1 (s + 1)(s + s + 0.5) (s + 1) (s + s + 0.5)
2s 2 + 1 = A(s 2 + s + 0.5) + B(s 2 + s) + C(s + 1)
s2 :
2=A+B
0 = A+B+C = 2+C
s:
constant :
Ix =
1 = 0.5A + C or 0.5A = 3
C = 2
A = 6, B = -4
6
4s + 2
6
4(s + 0.5)
2
s + 1 (s + 0.5) + 0.75 s + 1 (s + 0.5) 2 + 0.866 2
i x ( t ) = 6 4e 0.5t cos 0.866 t u ( t ) A
1
1 (1 + 2s) s 2 + 1.5s + 1
=
(a) Z = + 1 //(1 + 2s) = +
s
s 2 + 2s
s(s + 1)
1 1 1
1
3s 2 + 3s + 2
= + +
=
(b)
1
Z 2 s
2s(s + 1)
1+
s
Z=
2s(s + 1)
3s 2 + 3s + 2
The s-domain form of the circuit is shown in Fig. (a).
(a)
2 (s + 1 s)
2 (s 2 + 1)
Z in = 2 || (s + 1 s) =
=
2 + s + 1 s s 2 + 2s + 1
1
s
2
1/s
(b)
2/s
1
(a)
(b)
The s-domain equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. (b).
2 || (1 + 2 s) =
2 (1 + 2 s) 2 (s + 2)
=
3+ 2 s
3s + 2
1 + 2 || (1 + 2 s) =
5s + 6
3s + 2
5s + 6
s
3s + 2
5s + 6
s (5s + 6)
=
Z in = s ||
= 2
3s + 2
5s + 6 3s + 7s + 6
s +
3s + 2
To find ZTh, consider the circuit below.
1/s
Vx
+
1V
2
-
Vo
2Vo
Applying KCL gives

1 + 2Vo =
Vx
2 + 1/ s
But Vo =
2
Vx . Hence
2 + 1/ s
1+
4Vx
Vx
=
2 + 1/ s 2 + 1/ s
ZTh =
Vx =
(2s + 1)
3s
Vx
(2s + 1)
=
1
3s
1/s
Vy
+
2
s +1
Vo
-
Applying KCL gives

2
V
+ 2Vo = o
s +1
2
Vo =
4
3(s + 1)
2Vo
1
But Vy + 2Vo + Vo = 0
s
2
4 s + 2 4(s + 2)
VTh = Vy = Vo (1 + ) =
=
s
3(s + 1) s 3s(s + 1)
The s-domain form of the circuit is shown below.

4/s
1/s
I1
I2
4/(s + 2)
Write the mesh equations.

1
4
= 2 + I1 2 I 2
s
s
(1)
-4
= -2 I1 + (s + 2) I 2
s+2
(2)
Put equations (1) and (2) into matrix form.

1 s 2 + 4 s - 2 I1
- 4 (s + 2) = - 2
s + 2 I 2

s 2 4s + 4
,
s (s + 2)
2 2
(s + 2s + 4) ,
s
I1 =
1
1 2 (s 2 4s + 4)
A
Bs + C
=
=
+ 2
2
(s + 2)(s + 2s + 4) s + 2 s + 2s + 4
1 =
2 =
-6
s
1 2 (s 2 4s + 4) = A (s 2 + 2s + 4) + B (s 2 + 2s) + C (s + 2)
s2 :
1 2= A+B
1
s :
- 2 = 2A + 2B + C
2 = 4 A + 2C
s0 :
Solving these equations leads to
A = 2,
B = -3 2,
I1 =
- 3 2s 3
2
+
s + 2 (s + 1) 2 + ( 3 ) 2
I1 =
2
-3
(s + 1)
-3
3
+
+
2
2
2
s + 2 2 (s + 1) + ( 3 )
2 3 (s + 1) + ( 3 ) 2
C = -3
i1 ( t ) = [ 2 e -2t 1.5 e -t cos(1.732t ) 0.866 sin(1.732t )] u(t ) A
I2 =
s
-3
2 - 6
=
=
2
2
s 2 (s + 2s + 4) (s + 1) + ( 3 ) 2
i 2 (t) =
-3
3
e - t sin( 3t ) = - 1.732 e -t sin(1.732t ) u(t ) A
We apply nodal analysis to the s-domain form of the circuit below.

s
10/(s + 1)
Vo
1/(2s)
10
Vo 3 V
s +1
o
+ =
+ 2sVo
s
s
4
(1 + 0.25s + s 2 ) Vo =
Vo =
10
10 + 15s + 15
+ 15 =
s +1
s +1
15s + 25
A
Bs + C
=
+ 2
2
(s + 1)(s + 0.25s + 1) s + 1 s + 0.25s + 1
3/s
A = (s + 1) Vo
s = -1
40
7
15s + 25 = A (s 2 + 0.25s + 1) + B (s 2 + s) + C (s + 1)
s2 :
0= A+B
B = -A
1
s :
15 = 0.25A + B + C = -0.75A + C
0
25 = A + C
s :
A = 40 7 ,
B = - 40 7 ,
C = 135 7
- 40 135
40
3
1
s+
+
s
155 2
40 1
40
7
7
7
2
2
+
=
Vo =
2
2
2
7
+
7
s
1
7
s +1 1
3 1
1
3
3
3
s + +
s + +
s + +
2
2
2
4
4
4
v o (t) =
3 (155)(2)
3
40 - t 40 - t 2
e e cos
t +
e - t 2 sin
t
7
7
2 (7)( 3 )
2
v o ( t ) = 5.714 e -t 5.714 e -t 2 cos(0.866t ) + 25.57 e -t 2 sin( 0.866t ) V

1/s
2s
Vo
Io
2
1/(s + 2)
Applying KCL at node o,

Vo
Vo
1
s +1
=
+
=
V
s + 2 2s + 1 2 + 1 s 2s + 1 o
Vo =
2s + 1
(s + 1)(s + 2)
Io =
Vo
1
A
B
=
=
+
2s + 1 (s + 1)(s + 2) s + 1 s + 2
A = 1,
Io =
B = -1
1
1
s +1 s + 2
i o ( t ) = ( e -t e -2t ) u(t ) A
We first find the initial conditions from the circuit in Fig. (a).
1
4
+
5V
vc(0)
io
(a)
i o (0 ) = 5 A , v c (0 ) = 0 V
We now incorporate these conditions in the s-domain circuit as shown in Fig.(b).
1
Vo
Io
15/s
2s
(b)
At node o,
Vo 15 s Vo 5 Vo 0
+
+ +
=0
1
2s s 4 + 4 s
5/s
4/s
1
s
15 5
V
= 1 + +
s s 2s 4 (s + 1) o
5s 2 + 6s + 2
10 4s 2 + 4s + 2s + 2 + s 2
Vo
Vo =
=
4s (s + 1)
s
4s (s + 1)
Vo =
40 (s + 1)
5s 2 + 6s + 2
Vo 5
4 (s + 1)
5
+
+ =
2
2s s s (s + 1.2s + 0.4) s
5 A
Bs + C
Io = + + 2
s s s + 1.2s + 0.4
Io =
4 (s + 1) = A (s 2 + 1.2s + 0.4) + B s s + C s
s0 :
4 = 0.4A
A = 10
s1 :
2
s :
4 = 1.2A + C
C = -1.2A + 4 = -8
0= A+B
B = -A = -10
Io =
5 10
10s + 8
+ 2
s s s + 1.2s + 0.4
Io =
10 (s + 0.6)
10 (0.2)
15
2
2
s (s + 0.6) + 0.2
(s + 0.6) 2 + 0.2 2
i o ( t ) = [ 15 10 e -0.6t ( cos(0.2 t ) sin( 0.2 t )) ] u(t ) A
First we need to transform the circuit into the s-domain.

s/4
10
Vo
+
3Vx
5/s
Vx
5
s+2
5
Vo
Vo 3Vx Vo 0
s+2 =0
+
+
s/4
5/s
10
5s
5s
= 0 = (2s 2 + s + 40)Vo 120Vx
40Vo 120Vx + 2s 2 Vo + sVo
s+2
s+2
5
5
Vo = Vx +
s+2
s+2
But, Vx = Vo
We can now solve for Vx.

5
5s
(2s 2 + s + 40) Vx +
=0
120Vx
s + 2
s+2
2(s 2 + 0.5s 40)Vx = 10
Vx = 5
(s 2 + 20)
s+2
(s 2 + 20)
(s + 2)(s 2 + 0.5s 40)
We first need to find the initial conditions. For t < 0 , the circuit is shown in Fig. (a).
To dc, the capacitor acts like an open circuit and the inductor acts like a short circuit.
2
1F
Vo/2
Vo
(a)
1H
io
3V
Hence,
i L (0) = i o =
-3
= -1 A ,
3
v o = -1 V
- 1
v c (0) = -(2)(-1) = 2.5 V
2
We now incorporate the initial conditions for t > 0 as shown in Fig. (b).
2
Vo
1/s
s
5/(s + 2)
I1
2.5/s
Vo/2
I2
-1 V
Io
(b)
For mesh 1,
- 5 1
1
2.5 Vo
+ 2 + I1 I 2 +
+
=0
s+2
s
s
s
2
But,
Vo = I o = I 2
1
1 1
5
2.5
2 + I1 + I 2 =
2 s
s
s+2 s
(1)
For mesh 2,
V
1
1
2.5
1 + s + I 2 I1 + 1 o
=0
s
s
2
s
1
1
1
2.5
- I1 + + s + I 2 =
1
2
s
s
s
(2)
Put (1) and (2) in matrix form.

1
5
1 1
2.5
I1
2 + s
2 s s+2 s
1
1
1
2
.
5
+ s + I 2
1
s
s
2
s
3
= 2s + 2 + ,
s
Io = I2 =
2 = -2 +
4
5
+
s s (s + 2)
2
- 2s 2 + 13
A
Bs + C
=
=
+ 2
2
(s + 2)(2s + 2s + 3) s + 2 2s + 2s + 3
- 2s 2 + 13 = A (2s 2 + 2s + 3) + B (s 2 + 2s) + C (s + 2)
s2 :
- 2 = 2A + B
1
0 = 2A + 2 B + C
s :
0
s :
13 = 3A + 2C
Solving these equations leads to
A = 0.7143 , B = -3.429 , C = 5.429
0.7143 3.429 s 5.429 0.7143 1.7145 s 2.714
s+2
2s 2 + 2s + 3
s+2
s 2 + s + 1.5
0.7143 1.7145 (s + 0.5) (3.194)( 1.25 )
Io =
+
s+2
(s + 0.5) 2 + 1.25 (s + 0.5) 2 + 1.25
Io =
i o ( t ) = 0.7143 e -2t 1.7145 e -0.5t cos(1.25t ) + 3.194 e -0.5t sin(1.25t ) u(t ) A

We apply mesh analysis to the s-domain form of the circuit as shown below.
2/(s+1)
+
I3
1/s
I1
I2
4
For mesh 3,
1
2
1
+ s + I 3 I1 s I 2 = 0
s +1 s
s
For the supermesh,

1
1
1 + I1 + (1 + s) I 2 + s I 3 = 0
s
s
But
I1 = I 2 4
Substituting (3) into (1) and (2) leads to
1
1
1
2 + s + I 2 s + I 3 = 4 1 +
s
s
s
1
1
-4
2
- s + I 2 + s + I 3 =
s
s
s s +1
Adding (4) and (5) gives
2
2 I2 = 4
s +1
I2 = 2
1
s +1
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
i o ( t ) = i 2 ( t ) = ( 2 e -t ) u(t ) A

3 e s 3
= (1 e s )
vs(t) = 3u(t) 3u(t1) or Vs =
s
s
s
Vs
+
+
1/s
Vo
V
Vo Vs
+ sVo + o = 0 (s + 1.5)Vo = Vs
2
1
Vo =
3
2
2
s
(1 e s ) =
(1 e )
s(s + 1.5)
s
s
+
1
.
5
v o ( t ) = [(2 2e 1.5t )u ( t ) (2 2e 1.5( t 1) )u ( t 1)] V
We incorporate the initial conditions in the s-domain circuit as shown below.

2
V1
2I
Vo
I
4/(s + 2)
1/s
1/s
At the supernode,
V1 1
4 (s + 2) V1
+2=
+ + sVo
s s
2
1 1
1
2
+ 2 = + V1 + + s Vo
2 s
s
s+2
But
Vo = V1 + 2 I and
Vo = V1 +
2 (V1 + 1)
s
I=
(1)
V1 + 1
s
V1 =
Vo 2 s s Vo 2
=
(s + 2) s
s+2

2
1 2s + 1 s
2
Vo
+ 2 =
+ s Vo
s+2
s s s + 2
s + 2
2
1 2 (2s + 1) 2s + 1
+s V
+2 +
=
s+2
s s (s + 2) s + 2 o
2s 2 + 9s 2s + 9 s 2 + 4s + 1
=
=
Vo
s (s + 2)
s+2
s+2
Vo =
2s + 9
A
B
=
+
s + 4s + 1 s + 0.2679 s + 3.732
2
A = 2.443 ,
Vo =
B = -0.4434
2.443
0.4434
s + 0.2679 s + 3.732
Therefore,
v o ( t ) = ( 2.443 e -0.2679t 0.4434 e -3.732t ) u(t ) V
(2)
We incorporate the initial conditions and transform the current source to a voltage source
as shown.
1
2/s
1/s
Vo
1/(s + 1)
At the main non-reference node, KCL gives

1 (s + 1) 2 s Vo Vo Vo 1
=
+
+
1+1 s
1
s s
s
s +1
2 s Vo = (s + 1)(s + 1 s) Vo +
s +1
s
s
s +1
2 = (2s + 2 + 1 s) Vo
s +1
s
Vo =
- 2s 2 4s 1
(s + 1)(2s 2 + 2s + 1)
Vo =
- s 2s 0.5
A
Bs + C
=
+ 2
2
(s + 1)(s + s + 0.5) s + 1 s + s + 0.5
A = (s + 1) Vo
s = -1
=1
- s 2 2s 0.5 = A (s 2 + s + 0.5) + B (s 2 + s) + C (s + 1)
s2 :
-1 = A + B
B = -2
s1 :
s0 :
Vo =
-2 = A+ B+C
C = -1
- 0.5 = 0.5A + C = 0.5 1 = -0.5
2 (s + 0.5)
1
2s + 1
1
=
2
s + 1 s + s + 0.5 s + 1 (s + 0.5) 2 + (0.5) 2
v o ( t ) = [ e -t 2 e -t 2 cos(t 2)] u(t ) V
1/s

1
s
V1
Vo
2/s
1/s
10/s
At node 1,
10
V1
V Vo s
s
= 1
+ Vo
1
s
2
At node 2,
V1 Vo Vo
= + sVo
s
2
10 = ( s + 1)V1 + (
s2
1)Vo
2
s
V1 = Vo ( + s 2 + 1)
2
(1)
(2)

s2
10 = ( s + 1)( s + s / 2 + 1)Vo + ( 1)Vo = s ( s 2 + 2s + 1.5)Vo
2
2
Vo =
A
Bs + C
10
= + 2
s ( s + 2s + 1.5) s s + 2s + 1.5
2
10 = A( s 2 + 2 s + 1.5) + Bs 2 + Cs
s2 :
0 = A+ B
s:
0 = 2A + C
constant :
10 = 1.5 A
Vo =
A = 20 / 3, B = -20/3, C = -40/3
0.7071
20 1
s+2
s +1
20 1
1.414
=
2

2
2
2
2
3 s s + 2 s + 1.5 3 s ( s + 1) + 0.7071
( s + 1) + 0.7071
Taking the inverse Laplace tranform finally yields

v o (t) =
20
1 e t cos 0.7071t 1.414e t sin 0.7071t u ( t ) V
3

4s
V1
12
s +1
At node 1,
V
V V2
12
= 1+ 1
s +1 1
4s
At node 2,
V1 V2 V2 s
=
+ V2
4s
2 3
V2
3/s
12
1 V
= V1 1 + 2
s +1
4s 4s
(1)
V1 = V2 s 2 + 2s + 1
3
(2)

4
12
1 1 4
7
3
= V2 s 2 + 2s + 11 + = s 2 + s + V2
s +1
3
2
4s 4s 3
3
V2 =
9
7
9
(s + 1)(s 2 + s + )
4
8
9 = A(s 2 +
A
Bs + C
+
(s + 1) (s 2 + 7 s + 9 )
4
8
7
9
s + ) + B(s 2 + s) + C(s + 1)
4
8
s2 :
0=A+B
s:
0=
7
3
A+B+C = A+C
4
4
constant :
9=
9
3
A + C= A
8
8
3
C= A
4
A = 24, B = -24, C = -18
V2 =
3
24s + 18
24
24(s + 7 / 8)
+
=
7
23
7
9
7
23
(s + 1)
(s + ) 2 +
(s 2 + s + )
(s + ) 2 +
8
64
4
8
8
64
24
(s + 1)
Taking the inverse of this produces:
v 2 ( t ) = 24e t 24e 0.875t cos(0.5995t ) + 5.004e 0.875t sin(0.5995t ) u ( t )

Similarly,
4
9 s 2 + 2s + 1
Es + F
3
= D +
V1 =
7
9
7
9
(s + 1)
(s + 1)(s 2 + s + )
(s 2 + s + )
4
8
4
8
7
9
4
9 s 2 + 2s + 1 = D(s 2 + s + ) + E(s 2 + s) + F(s + 1)

4
8
3
s2 :
s:
constant :
V1 =
Thus,
12 = D + E
18 =
9=
7
3
D + E + F or 6 = D + F
4
4
9
3
D + F or 3 = D
8
8
8
+
(s + 1)
3
F = 6 D
4
D = 8, E = 4, F = 0
4s
8
4(s + 7 / 8)
7/2
=
+
7
9
7
23
7
23
(s + 1)
(s 2 + s + )
(s + ) 2 +
(s + ) 2 +
4
8
8
64
8
64
v1 ( t ) = 8e t + 4e 0.875t cos(0.5995t ) 5.838e 0.875t sin(0.5995t ) u ( t )
The s-domain form of the circuit with the initial conditions is shown below.
V
I
4/s
sL
-2/s
1/sC
5C

4 2
V V
+ + 5C = +
+ sCV
s s
R sL
s
1
6 + 5 sC CV 2
s +
=
+
RC LC
s
s
V=
But
5s + 6 C
s + s RC + 1 LC
2
1
1
=
= 8,
RC 10 80
V=
1
1
=
= 20
LC 4 80
5s + 480
5 (s + 4)
(230)(2)
=
2
2 +
s + 8s + 20 (s + 4) + 2
(s + 4) 2 + 22
2
v( t ) = 5 e -4t cos( 2t ) + 230 e -4t sin( 2t ) V

I=
V
5s + 480
=
sL 4s (s 2 + 8s + 20)
I=
1.25s + 120
A
Bs + C
= + 2
2
s (s + 8s + 20) s s + 8s + 20
A = 6,
I=
B = -6 ,
C = -46.75
6 6s + 46.75 6
6 (s + 4)
(11.375)(2)
2
=
2
2
s s + 8s + 20 s (s + 4) + 2
(s + 4) 2 + 22
i( t ) = 6 u(t ) 6 e -4t cos( 2t ) 11.375 e -4t sin( 2t ), t > 0
At t = 0-, the circuit is equivalent to that shown below.

+
4
9A
vo
-
v o (0) = 5x
4
(9) = 20
4+5
For t > 0, we have the Laplace transform of the circuit as shown below after
transforming the current source to a voltage source.
4
16
Vo
+
36V
10A
2/s
Applying KCL gives

36 Vo
sV
V
+ 10 = o + o
20
2
5
Thus,
Vo =
3.6 + 20s A
B
= +
,
s(s + 0.5) s s + 0.5
v o ( t )= 7.2 12.8e 0.5t u ( t )
A = 7.2, B = 12.8
For t > 0 , the circuit in the s-domain is shown below.

6
I
+
9/s
(2s)/(s2 + 16)
2/s
Applying KVL,
2s
9 2
+ 6 + s + I + = 0
s s
s + 16
2
I=
4s 2 + 32
(s 2 + 6s + 9)(s 2 + 16)
V=
9
2 2
36s 2 + 288
I+ = +
s
s s s (s + 3) 2 (s 2 + 16)
=
2 A
B
C
Ds + E
+ +
+
+ 2
2
s s s + 3 (s + 3)
s + 16
36s 2 + 288 = A (s 4 + 6s 3 + 25s 2 + 96s + 144) + B (s 4 + 3s 3 + 16s 2 + 48s)

+ C (s 3 + 16s) + D (s 4 + 6s 3 + 9s 2 ) + E (s 3 + 6s 2 + 9s)
288 = 144A
s0 :
1
s :
0 = 96A + 48B + 16C + 9E
2
36 = 25A + 16B + 9D + 6E
s :
3
0 = 6A + 3B + C + 6D + E
s :
4
s :
0 = A+ B+ D
Solving equations (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5) gives
A = 2 , B = -1.7984 , C = -8.16 , D = -0.2016 ,
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
E = 2.765
V(s) =
4 1.7984
8.16
0.2016 s (0.6912)(4)
+
2
s
s + 3 (s + 3)
s 2 + 16
s 2 + 16
v( t ) = 4 u(t ) 1.7984 e -3t 8.16 t e -3t 0.2016 cos(4t ) + 0.6912 sin( 4t ) V
Consider the op-amp circuit below.

R2
1/sC
R1
Vs
At node 0,
Vs 0 0 Vo
=
+ (0 Vo ) sC
R1
R2
1
+ sC ( - Vo )
Vs = R 1
R2
Vo
-1
=
Vs sR 1C + R 1 R 2
But
R 1 20
=
= 2,
R 2 10
So,
Vo
-1
=
Vs s + 2
Vs = 3 e -5t
R 1C = (20 103 )(50 10-6 ) = 1
Vs = 3 (s + 5)
+
Vo
Vo =
-3
(s + 2)(s + 5)
- Vo =
3
A
B
=
+
(s + 2)(s + 5) s + 2 s + 5
A = 1,
Vo =
B = -1
1
1
s+5 s+2
v o ( t ) = ( e -5t e -2t ) u(t )

2s
10/(s + 3)
I1
2s
I2
For mesh 1,
10
= (1 + 2s) I1 I 2 s I 2
s+3
10
= (1 + 2s) I1 (1 + s) I 2
s+3
For mesh 2,
0 = (2 + 2s) I 2 I1 s I1
0 = -(1 + s) I1 + 2 (s + 1) I 2
(1) and (2) in matrix form,
10 (s + 3) 2s + 1 - (s + 1) I1
= - (s + 1) 2 (s + 1) I
0
2

= 3s 2 + 4s + 1
(1)
(2)
1 =
20 (s + 1)
s+3
2 =
10 (s + 1)
s+3
Thus
I1 =
20 (s + 1)
1
=
(s + 3)( 3s 2 + 4s + 1)
I2 =
10 (s + 1)
2
I
=
= 1
2
(s + 3)( 3s + 4s + 1) 2

s
1
+
+
6/s
I1
2s
I2
For mesh 1,
6
= (1 + 2s) I1 + s I 2
s
Vo
(1)
For mesh 2,
0 = s I1 + (2 + s) I 2
2
I1 = - 1 + I 2
s
2
6
- (s 2 + 5s + 2)
I2
= -(1 + 2s)1 + I 2 + s I 2 =
s
s
s
or
I2 =
-6
s + 5s + 2
2
(2)
Vo = 2 I 2 =
- 12
- 12
=
s + 5s + 2 (s + 0.438)(s + 4.561)
2
Since the roots of s 2 + 5s + 2 = 0 are -0.438 and -4.561,

Vo =
A
B
+
s + 0.438 s + 4.561
A=
- 12
= -2.91 ,
4.123
B=
- 12
= 2.91
- 4.123
- 2.91
2.91
+
s + 0.438 s + 4.561
Vo (s) =
v o ( t ) = 2.91 [ e -4.561t e 0.438t ] u(t ) V

1
10/(s + 1)
Let
Io
1:2
4/s
Z L = 8 ||
4 (8)(4 s)
8
=
=
s 8 + 4 s 2s + 1
When this is reflected to the primary side,

Zin = 1 +
ZL
, n=2
n2
Zin = 1 +
2
2s + 3
=
2s + 1 2s + 1
Io =
10 1
10 2s + 1
s + 1 Zin s + 1 2s + 3
Io =
10s + 5
A
B
=
+
(s + 1)(s + 1.5) s + 1 s + 1.5
A = -10 ,
I o (s) =
B = 20
- 10
20
+
s + 1 s + 1.5
i o ( t ) = 10 2 e -1.5t e t u(t ) A
Y(s) = H(s) X(s) ,
X(s) =
4
12
=
s + 1 3 3s + 1
Y(s) =
12 s 2
4 8s + 4 3
2 =
(3s + 1)
3 (3s + 1) 2
Y(s) =
4 8
s
4
1

2
3 9 (s + 1 3)
27 (s + 1 3) 2
Let G (s) =
-8
s
9 (s + 1 3) 2
Using the time differentiation property,
-8 d
- 8 -1
g( t ) =
( t e -t 3 ) = t e -t 3 + e -t 3
9 dt
93
g( t ) =
8 -t 3 8 -t 3
te e
27
9
y( t ) =
4
8 -t 3 8 -t 3 4 -t 3
u(t) +
te e
te
3
27
9
27
y( t ) =
4 -t 3
8
4
te
u( t ) e - t 3 +
27
9
3
Hence,
x(t) = u(t)
X(s) =
1
s
y( t ) = 10 cos(2t )
Y(s) =
H(s) =
10s
s2 + 4
Y(s) 10s 2
=
X(s) s 2 + 4
(a)
Y(s) = H(s) X(s)

=
s+3
1
s + 4s + 5 s
s+3
A
Bs + C
= + 2
s (s + 4s + 5) s s + 4s + 5
s + 3 = A (s 2 + 4s + 5) + Bs 2 + Cs
3 = 5A
A = 3 5
s0 :
s1 :
1 = 4A + C
C = 1 4A = - 7 5
s2 :
0= A+B
B = -A = - 3 5
Y(s) =
35 1
3s + 7
2
s 5 s + 4s + 5
Y(s) =
0.6 1 3 (s + 2) + 1

s 5 (s + 2) 2 + 1
y( t ) = [ 0.6 0.6 e -2t cos(t ) 0.2 e -2t sin( t )] u(t )
(b)
x ( t ) = 6 t e -2t
X(s) =
Y(s) = H(s) X(s) =
Y(s) =
6
(s + 2) 2
s+3
6
s + 4s + 5 (s + 2) 2
2
6 (s + 3)
A
B
Cs + D
=
+
2
2
2 + 2
(s + 2) (s + 4s + 5) s + 2 (s + 2) s + 4s + 5
s3 :
0= A+C
C = -A
2
0 = 6 A + B + 4C + D = 2 A + B + D
s :
1
s :
6 = 13A + 4B + 4C + 4D = 9A + 4B + 4D
0
18 = 10A + 5B + 4D = 2A + B
s :
Solving (1), (2), (3), and (4) gives
A=6,
B = 6,
C = -6 ,
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
D = -18
Y(s) =
6
6
6s + 18
+
2
s + 2 (s + 2)
(s + 2) 2 + 1
Y(s) =
6
6
6 (s + 2)
6
+
2
2
s + 2 (s + 2)
(s + 2) + 1 (s + 2) 2 + 1
y( t ) = [ 6 e -2t + 6 t e -2t 6 e -2t cos(t ) 6 e -2t sin( t )] u(t )
1
s
H(s) =
Y(s)
,
X(s)
Y(s) =
4
1
2s
(3)(4)
+
2
s 2 (s + 3) (s + 2) + 16 (s + 2) 2 + 16
H(s) = s Y(s) = 4 +
X(s) =
s
2s2
12 s
2
2
2 (s + 3) s + 4s + 20 s + 4s + 20

Vo
+
Vs
10/s
Vo(s)
Using nodal analysis,

Vs Vo Vo Vo
=
+
s+2
4 10 s
1
1 s
1
Vs = (s + 2)
+ + Vo = 1 + (s + 2) + (s 2 + 2s) Vo
4
s + 2 4 10
10
Vs =
1
( 2s 2 + 9s + 30) Vo
20
20
Vo
= 2
Vs 2s + 9s + 30

I
Vs
2/s
V1
2I
Vo
At node 1,
2I + I =
V1
,
s+3
where I =
Vs V1
2s
Vs V1
V
= 1
2s
s+3
3s
V1
3s
= Vs V1
2
s+3 2
1
3s
3s
+ V1 = Vs
s + 3 2
2
V1 =
3s (s + 3)
V
3s 2 + 9s + 2 s
Vo =
9s
3
V
V1 = 2
3s + 9s + 2 s
s+3
H(s) =
9s
Vo
= 2
Vs 3s + 9s + 2

From the previous problem,
3I =
I=
But
V1
3s
V
= 2
s + 3 3s + 9s + 2 s
s
V
3s + 9s + 2 s
Vs =
3s 2 + 9s + 2
Vo
9s
V
s
3s 2 + 9 s + 2
I= 2
Vo = o
3s + 9 s + 2
9s
9
H(s) =
Vo
=9
I

(a)

3
Vs
2s
+
I1
Vx
2/s
I2
4Vx
For loop 1,
2
2
Vs = 3 + I1 I 2
s
s
(1)
For loop 2,
2
2
4Vx + 2s + I 2 I1 = 0
s
s
But,
2
Vx = (I1 I 2 )
s
So,
2
2
8
(I1 I 2 ) + 2s + I 2 I1 = 0
s
s
s
0=
6
-6
I1 + 2s I 2
s
s
(2)
In matrix form, (1) and (2) become

Vs 3 + 2 s
- 2 s I1
0 = - 6 s 6 s 2s I
2

6 2
2 6
= 3 + 2s
s s
s s
=
18
6s 4
s
1 = 2s Vs ,
s
2 =
6
V
s s
I1 =
1
(6 s 2s)
=
V
18 s 4 6s s
I1
3 ss
s2 3
=
= 2
Vs 9 s 2 3 3s + 2s 9
(b)
I2 =
Vx =
2
2 1 2
( I1 I 2 ) =
s
s
Vx =
2 s Vs (6 s 2s 6 s) - 4Vs
=
6 s Vs - 3
I2
=
=
Vx
- 4Vs
2s

(a)
Is
V1
Vo
Io
+
Vs
1/s
1/s
Vo
At node 1,
Vs V1
V1 Vo
= s V1 +
1
s
1
1
Vs = 1 + s + V1 Vo
s
s
(1)
At node o,
V1 Vo
= s Vo + Vo = (s + 1) Vo
s
V1 = (s 2 + s + 1) Vo
(2)

Vs = (s + 1 + 1 s)(s 2 + s + 1)Vo 1 s Vo
Vs = (s 3 + 2s 2 + 3s + 2)Vo
H 1 (s) =
(b)
Vo
1
= 3
2
Vs s + 2s + 3s + 2
I s = Vs V1 = (s 3 + 2s 2 + 3s + 2)Vo (s 2 + s + 1)Vo
I s = (s 3 + s 2 + 2s + 1)Vo
H 2 (s) =
(c)
(d).
Io =
Vo
1
= 3
2
Is
s + s + 2s + 1
Vo
1
H 3 (s) =
I o Vo
1
=
= H 2 (s) = 3
2
Is
Is
s + s + 2s + 1
H 4 (s) =
I o Vo
1
=
= H 1 (s) = 3
2
Vs Vs
s + 2s + 3s + 2

Va
Vb
Vs
1/sC
R
Io
Vo
Since no current enters the op amp, I o flows through both R and C.
1
Vo = -I o R +
sC
Va = Vb = Vs =
H(s) =
- Io
sC
Vo R + 1 sC
=
= sRC + 1
Vs
1 sC
(a)
(b)
H(s) =
Vo
R
R L
=
=
Vs R + sL s + R L
h(t) =
R - Rt L
e
u( t )
L
v s (t) = u(t)
Vs (s) = 1 s
Vo =
R L
R L
A
B
Vs =
= +
s+R L
s (s + R L) s s + R L
A = 1,
B = -1
1
1
Vo =
s s+R L
v o ( t ) = u ( t ) e -Rt L u ( t ) = (1 e -Rt L ) u(t )
Y(s) = H(s) X(s)

h ( t ) = 2 e -t u ( t )
H(s) =
2
s +1
v i (t) = 5 u(t)
Vi (s) = X(s) = 5 s
Y(s) =
10
A
B
= +
s (s + 1) s s + 1
A = 10 ,
Y(s) =
B = -10
10 10
s s +1
y( t ) = 10 (1 e -t ) u(t )
2s Y(s) + Y(s) = X(s)

(2s + 1) Y(s) = X(s)
H(s) =
Y(s)
1
1
=
=
X(s) 2s + 1 2 (s + 1 2)
h ( t ) = 0.5 e -t 2 u(t )

1
u(t)
i(t)
1F
1H
First select the inductor current iL and the capacitor voltage vC to be the state
variables.
Applying KVL we get:
u ( t ) + i + v C + i' = 0; i = v 'C
Thus,
v 'C = i
i ' = v C i + u(t)
Finally we get,
v 0 1 v C 0
v
+ u ( t ) ; i( t ) = [0 1] C + [0]u ( t )
C =
i
i 1 1 i 1

1/8 F
1H
4u ( t )
+
vx
First select the inductor current iL and the capacitor voltage vC to be the state
variables.
Applying KCL we get:
v
iL + x +
2
v 'C
= 0; or v 'C = 8i L 4v x
8
i 'L = 4u ( t ) v x
v 'C
v 'C
v x = vC + 4
= vC +
= v C + 4i L 2v x ; or v x = 0.3333v C + 1.3333i L
8
2
v 'C = 8i L 1.3333v C 5.333i L = 1.3333v C + 2.666i L
i 'L = 4u ( t ) 0.3333v C 1.3333i L
Now we can write the state equations.

v 'C 1.3333
2.666 v C 0
0.3333 v C
+ u ( t ); v x =
' =

1.3333 i L
i L 0.3333 1.3333 i L 4
First select the inductor current iL (current flowing left to right) and the capacitor voltage
vC (voltage positive on the left and negative on the right) to be the state variables.
Applying KCL we get:
v 'C v o
+
+ i L = 0 or v 'C = 4i L + 2 v o
4
2
i 'L = v o v 2
v o = v C + v1
v 'C = 4i L 2 v C + 2 v1
i 'L = v C + v1 v 2
i 0 1 i L 1 1 v1 ( t )
i
v (t)
+
; v o ( t ) = [0 1] L + [1 0] 1
L =
v 2 ( t )
v C
v C 4 2 v C 2 0 v 2 ( t )
First select the inductor current iL (left to right) and the capacitor voltage vC to be
the state variables.
Letting vo = vC and applying KCL we get:
v
i L + v 'C + C i s = 0 or v 'C = 0.25v C + i L + i s
4
i 'L = v C + v s
Thus,
v ' 0.25 1 v ' 0 1 v s
1 v C 0 0 v s
C +
=
;
v
(
t
)
'C =
o
0 i + 0 0 i
0 i 'L 1 0 i s
L
s
i L 1
First select the inductor current iL (left to right) and the capacitor voltage vC (+ on the
left) to be the state variables.
Letting i1 =
v 'C
and i2 = iL and applying KVL we get:
4
Loop 1:
v'
v1 + v C + 2 C i L = 0 or v 'C = 4i L 2 v C + 2 v1
4
Loop 2:
v 'C '
2 iL
+ i + v 2 = 0 or
L
4i 2v C + 2v1
v 2 = v C + v1 v 2
i 'L = 2i L + L
2
i1 =
i
L =
v C
4i L 2 v C + 2 v1
= i L 0.5v C + 0.5v1
4
0 1 i L 1 1 v1 ( t )
4 2 v + 2 0 v ( t ) ;
C
2
i1 ( t ) 1 0.5 i L 0.5 0 v1 ( t )
+
i ( t ) = 1
0 v C 0 0 v 2 ( t )
2
Let x1 = y(t). Thus, x1' = y ' = x 2 and x '2 = y = 3x1 4 x 2 + z( t )

This gives our state equations.
x1' 0
1 x 1 0
x
+ z( t ); y( t ) = [1 0] 1 + [0]z( t )
' =
x 2
x 2 3 4 x 2 1
Let x1 = y( t ) and x 2 = x1' z = y ' z or y ' = x 2 + z

Thus,
x '2 = y z ' = 6x1 5( x 2 + z) + z ' + 2z z ' = 6x1 5x 2 3z
This now leads to our state equations,
x1' 0
1 x1 1
x
+ z( t ); y( t ) = [1 0] 1 + [0]z( t )
' =
x 2 6 5 x 2 3
x 2
Let x1 = y(t), x2 = x1' , and x 3 = x '2 .

Thus,
x "3 = 6x1 11x 2 6x 3 + z( t )
We can now write our state equations.
x1' 0
1
0 x 1 0
x1
'
0
1 x 2 + 0 z( t ); y( t ) = [1 0 0] x 2 + [0]z( t )
x 2 = 0
x ' 6 11 6 x 1
x 3
3
3

We transform the state equations into the s-domain and solve using Laplace
transforms.
1
sX(s) x (0) = AX(s) + B
s
Assume the initial conditions are zero.
1
(sI A)X(s) = B
s
s + 4 4
X(s) =
s
2
4 0
0 1
s
1
2 s = 2
2 s + 4 ( 2 / s )
s + 4s + 8
1
s4
= +
s(s 2 + 4s + 8) s s 2 + 4s + 8
1
1
2
(s + 2)
s4
+
= +
= +
2
2
2
2
s (s + 2) + 2
s (s + 2) + 2
(s + 2) 2 + 2 2
8
Y(s) = X1 (s) =
y(t) = 1 e 2 t (cos 2t + sin 2t ) u ( t )
Assume that the initial conditions are zero. Using Laplace transforms we get,
1
s + 2
X(s) =
2 s + 4
X1 =
3s + 8
2
s((s + 3) + 1 )
s + 4 1 3 / s
1 1 1 / s
1
4 0 2 / s = 2
s + 2 4 / s
s + 6s + 10 2
0.8 0.8s 1.8
+
s
(s + 3) 2 + 12
0.8
s+3
1
0.8
+ .6
s
(s + 3) 2 + 12
(s + 3) 2 + 12
x1 ( t ) = (0.8 0.8e 3t cos t + 0.6e 3t sin t )u ( t )
X2 =
4s + 14
s((s + 3) 2 + 12
1.4 1.4s 4.4

+
s
(s + 3) 2 + 12
1.4
s+3
1
1.4
0.2
2
2
s
(s + 3) + 1
(s + 3) 2 + 12
x 2 ( t ) = (1.4 1.4e 3t cos t 0.2e 3t sin t )u ( t )

y1 ( t ) = 2x1 ( t ) 2x 2 ( t ) + 2u ( t )
= (2.4 + 4.4e 3t cos t 0.8e 3t sin t )u ( t )
y 2 ( t ) = x1 ( t ) 2u ( t ) = (1.2 0.8e 3t cos t + 0.6e 3t sin t )u ( t )
If Vo is the voltage across R, applying KCL at the non-reference node gives

Is =
Vo
V 1
1
+ sC Vo + o = + sC + Vo
R
sL R
sL
Is
Vo =
Io =
1
1
+ sC +
R
sL
sRL Is
sL + R + s 2 RLC
Vo
sL Is
= 2
R s RLC + sL + R
H(s) =
Io
sL
s RC
= 2
= 2
Is s RLC + sL + R s + s RC + 1 LC
The roots
s1, 2 =
-1
1
1
2
2RC
(2RC)
LC
both lie in the left half plane since R, L, and C are positive quantities.
Thus, the circuit is stable.
(a)
H1 (s) =
3
,
s +1
H(s) = H1 (s) H 2 (s) =
H 2 (s) =
1
s+4
3
(s + 1)(s + 4)
A
B
+
h ( t ) = L-1 [ H(s)] = L-1
s + 1 s + 4
A = 1,
B = -1
-t
-4t
h ( t ) = ( e e ) u( t )
(b)
Since the poles of H(s) all lie in the left half s-plane, the system is stable.
Let
Vo1 be the voltage at the output of the first op amp.

Vo1 1 sC 1
=
=
,
Vs
R
sRC
H(s) =
Vo
1
= 2 2 2
Vs s R C
h(t) =
t
R C2
Vo
1
=
Vo1 sRC
lim h ( t ) = , i.e. the output is unbounded.

t
Hence, the circuit is unstable.
1
sL
1
sC = sL
sL ||
=
1 1 + s 2 LC
sC
sL +
sC
sL
2
V2
sL
= 1 + s LC = 2
sL
V1
s RLC + sL + R
R+
2
1 + s LC
V2
=
V1
1
RC
1
1
s2 + s
+
RC LC
s
Comparing this with the given transfer function,

1
1
2=
,
6=
RC
LC
If R = 1 k ,
C=
1
= 500 F
2R
L=
1
= 333.3 H
6C
The circuit in the s-domain is shown below.

R1
Vi
V1
R2
Vx
Z=
(1 sC) (R 2 + sL)
R 2 + sL
1
|| (R 2 + sL) =
=
sC
R 2 + sL + 1 sC
1 + s 2 LC + sR 2 C
V1 =
Z
V
R1 + Z i
Vo =
R2
R2
Z
V1 =
V
R 2 + sL
R 2 + sL R 1 + Z i
R 2 + sL
Vo
R2
R2
1 + s 2 LC + sR 2 C
Z
=
R 2 + sL
Vi R 2 + sL R 1 + Z R 2 + sL
R1 +
1 + s 2 LC + sR 2 C
Vo
R2
= 2
Vi s R 1 LC + sR 1 R 2 C + R 1 + R 2 + sL
R2
Vo
R 1 LC
=
R2
Vi
1 R1 + R 2
+
s 2 + s
+
L R 1C R 1 LC

R2
R2
R1 + R 2
1
5=
6=
25 =
+
R 1 LC
L R 1C
R 1 LC
Since R 1 = 4 and R 2 = 1 ,
1
1
5=
LC =
4 LC
20
6=
1
1
+
L 4C
25 =
5
4 LC
(2)
LC =
1
20

1
6 = 20 C +
80 C 2 24 C + 1 = 0
4C
Thus, C =
1
,
4
1
20
(1)
When C =
1
,
4
L=
1
1
= .
20 C 5
When C =
1
,
20
L=
1
= 1.
20 C
Therefore, there are two possible solutions.

C = 0.25 F
L = 0.2 H
or
C = 0.05 F
L = 1H
We apply KCL at the noninverting terminal at the op amp.

(Vs 0) Y3 = (0 Vo )(Y1 Y2 )
Y3 Vs = - (Y1 + Y2 )Vo
Vo
- Y3
=
Vs Y1 + Y2
Let
Y1 = sC1 ,
Y2 = 1 R 1 ,
Y3 = sC 2
Vo
- sC 2
- sC 2 C1
=
=
Vs sC1 + 1 R 1 s + 1 R 1C1

C2
1
= 1,
= 10
R 1 C1
C1
If R 1 = 1 k ,
C1 = C 2 =
1
= 100 F
10 4
Consider the circuit shown below. We notice that V3 = Vo and V2 = V3 = Vo .

Y4
Y1
Vin
Y2
V2
V1
Vo
Y3
At node 1,
(Vin V1 ) Y1 = (V1 Vo ) Y2 + (V1 Vo ) Y4
Vin Y1 = V1 (Y1 + Y2 + Y4 ) Vo (Y2 + Y4 )
At node 2,
(V1 Vo ) Y2 = (Vo 0) Y3
V1 Y2 = (Y2 + Y3 ) Vo
V1 =
(1)
Y2 + Y3
Vo
Y2
(2)

Y2 + Y3
Vin Y1 =
(Y1 + Y2 + Y4 ) Vo Vo (Y2 + Y4 )
Y2
Vin Y1 Y2 = Vo (Y1 Y2 + Y22 + Y2 Y4 + Y1 Y3 + Y2 Y3 + Y3 Y4 Y22 Y2 Y4 )
Vo
Y1 Y2
=
Vin Y1 Y2 + Y1 Y3 + Y2 Y3 + Y3 Y4
Y1 and Y2 must be resistive, while Y3 and Y4 must be capacitive.
Let
Y1 =
1
,
R1
Y2 =
1
,
R2
Y3 = sC1 ,
Y4 = sC 2
1
Vo
R 1R 2
=
sC1 sC1
1
Vin
+
+
+ s 2 C1 C 2
R 1R 2 R 1 R 2
1
Vo
R 1 R 2 C1C 2
=
R1 + R 2
Vin
1
+
s2 + s
R 1 R 2 C 2 R 1 R 2 C1 C 2
Choose R 1 = 1 k , then
1
= 10 6
R 1 R 2 C1 C 2
and
R1 + R 2
= 100
R 1R 2 C 2
We have three equations and four unknowns. Thus, there is a family of solutions. One
such solution is
R 2 = 1 k , C1 = 50 nF , C 2 = 20 F

With the following MATLAB codes, the Bode plots are generated as shown below.
num=[1 1];
den= [1 5 6];
bode(num,den);

We use the following codes to obtain the Bode plots below.
num=[1 4];
den= [1 6 11 6];
bode(num,den);

The following codes are used to obtain the Bode plots below.
num=[1 1];
den= [1 0.5 1];
bode(num,den);

We use the following commands to obtain the unit step as shown below.
num=[1 2];
den= [1 4 3];
step(num,den);

With the following commands, we obtain the response as shown below.
t=0:0.01:5;
x=10*exp(-t);
num=4;
den= [1 5 6];
y=lsim(num,den,x,t);
plot(t,y)

We obtain the response below using the following commands.
t=0:0.01:5;
x=1 + 3*exp(-2*t);
num=[1 0];
den= [1 6 11 6];
plot(t,y)

We obtain the response below using the following MATLAB commands.
t=0:0.01:5;
x=5*exp(-3*t);
num=1;
den= [1 1 4];
plot(t,y)

Using the result of Practice Problem 16.14,
Vo
- Y1 Y2
=
Vi Y2 Y3 + Y4 (Y1 + Y2 + Y3 )
When Y1 = sC1 ,
C1 = 0.5 F
1
,
R1
R 1 = 10 k
Y2 =
Y3 = Y2 ,
Y4 = sC 2 ,
C 2 = 1 F
Vo
- sC1 R 1
- sC1 R 1
=
=
2
Vi 1 R 1 + sC 2 (sC1 + 2 R 1 ) 1 + sC 2 R 1 (2 + sC1 R 1 )
Vo
- sC1 R 1
= 2
Vi s C1C 2 R 12 + s 2C 2 R 1 + 1
Vo
- s (0.5 10 -6 )(10 10 3 )
=
Vi s 2 (0.5 10 -6 )(1 10 -6 )(10 10 3 ) 2 + s (2)(1 10 -6 )(10 10 3 ) + 1
Vo
- 100 s
= 2
Vi s + 400 s + 2 10 4
Therefore,
a = - 100 ,
b = 400 ,
c = 2 10 4
(a)
Let
Y(s) =
K (s + 1)
s+3
K (s + 1)
K (1 + 1 s)
= lim
=K
s
s 1 + 3 s
s+3
Y() = lim
i.e.
0.25 = K .
Hence, Y(s) =
(b)
s+1
4 (s + 3)

t=0
Vs = 8 V
YS
Vs = 8 u ( t )
Vs = 8 s
I=
Vs
8 s + 1 2 (s + 1)
= Y(s) Vs (s) =
=
Z
4s s + 3 s (s + 3)
I=
A
B
+
s s+3
A = 2 3,
i( t ) =
B= -4 3
1
[ 2 4 e -3t ] u(t ) A
3
The gyrator is equivalent to two cascaded inverting amplifiers. Let V1 be the

voltage at the output of the first op amp.
V1 =
-R
V = -Vi
R i
Vo =
- 1 sC
1
V1 =
V
R
sCR i
Io =
Vo
Vo
=
R sR 2 C
Vo
= sR 2 C
Io
Vo
= sL, when L = R 2 C
Io

(a)
This is periodic with = which leads to T = 2/ = 2.
(b)
y(t) is not periodic although sin t and 4 cos 2t are independently
periodic.
(c)
Since sin A cos B = 0.5[sin(A + B) + sin(A B)],

g(t) = sin 3t cos 4t = 0.5[sin 7t + sin(t)] = 0.5 sin t + 0.5 sin7t
which is harmonic or periodic with the fundamental frequency
= 1 or T = 2/ = 2.
(d)
h(t) = cos 2 t = 0.5(1 + cos 2t). Since the sum of a periodic function and
a constant is also periodic, h(t) is periodic. = 2 or T = 2/ = .
(e)
The frequency ratio 0.6|0.4 = 1.5 makes z(t) periodic.

= 0.2 or T = 2/ = 10.
(f)
p(t) = 10 is not periodic.
(g)
g(t) is not periodic.

(a)
The frequency ratio is 6/5 = 1.2. The highest common factor is 1.

= 1 = 2/T or T = 2.
(b)
= 2 or T = 2/ = .
(c)
f3(t) = 4 sin2 600 t = (4/2)(1 cos 1200 t)

= 1200 or T = 2/ = 2/(1200) = 1/600.
(d)
f4(t) = ej10t = cos 10t + jsin 10t. = 10 or T = 2/ = 0.2.

T = 4, o = 2/T = /2
g(t) = 5,
10,
0,
0<t<1
1<t<2
2<t<4
ao = (1/T) g( t )dt = 0.25[ 5dt + 10dt ] = 3.75

an = (2/T)
g( t ) cos(no t )dt = (2/4)[

0
5 cos(
0
2
n
n
t )dt + 10 cos( t )dt ]
1
2
2
n
2
2
n
t + 10
sin
t ] = (1/(n))5 sin(n/2)
= 0.5[ 5
sin
2 0
n
n
2 1
an =
bn = (2/T)
(5/(n))(1)(n+1)/2,
0,
g( t ) sin(n t )dt =
o
(2/4)[
= 0.5[
5 sin( 2
n = odd
n = even
2
t )dt + 10 sin(
1
n
t )dt ]
2
n
n
2x5
2 x10
t
t ] = (5/(n))[3 2 cos n + cos(n/2)]
cos
cos
2 0
2 1
n
n
f(t) = 10 5t, 0 < t < 2, T = 2, o = 2/T =

ao = (1/T)
an = (2/T)
=
2
f ( t )dt = (1/2) (10 5t )dt = 0.5[10t (5t / 2)] = 5
T
f ( t ) cos(no t )dt = (2/2)

0
(10) cos(nt )dt

0
(10 5t ) cos(nt )dt

0
(5t ) cos(nt )dt

0
5
5t
sin nt = [5/(n22)](cos 2n 1) = 0
= 2 2 cos nt +
n
n
0
0
bn = (2/2)
(10 5t ) sin(nt )dt

0
(10) sin(nt )dt (5t ) sin(nt )dt
5
5t
cos nt = 0 + [10/(n)](cos 2n) = 10/(n)
= 2 2 sin nt +
n
n
0
0
f(t) = 5 +
Hence
10 1
sin(nt )
n =1 n

T = 2,
= 2 / T = 1
T
1
1
a o = z( t )dt = [1x 2 x] = 0.5
T
2
0
an =
2
1
1
z( t ) cos no dt = 1 cos ntdt
2
1
1
b n = z( t ) cos no dt = 1sin ntdt
T
Thus,
z( t ) = 0.5 +
6
sin nt
n =1 n
n =odd
2 cos ntdt = n sin ..nt
sin nt = 0
0 n
6
1
2
2
, n = odd
2 sin ntdt = n cos nt 0 + n cos nt = n
0, n = even
T = 2, o =
ao =
2
=
2
1 2
1
6
y( t )dt = (4 x1 + 2 x1) = = 3
2 0
2
2
Since this is an odd function, a n = 0.

bn =
1
2
2 2
y( t ) sin( no t )dt = 4 sin( nt )dt + 2 sin( nt )dt
0
1
2 0
4
4
2
2
1
2
(cos(2n) cos(n))
(cos(n) 1)
cos(nt ) 1 =
cos(nt ) 0
n
n
n
n
2
2
4
0,
n = even
(1 cos(n)) = 4
(1 cos(n)) =
(1 cos(n))
n
n
n
, n = odd
n
4 1
y( t ) = 3 +
sin(nt )
n =1 n
n = odd
T = 12,
= 2 / T =
,
6
a0 = 0
10
1
2
a n = f ( t ) cos no dt = [ 10 cos nt / 6dt + (10) cos nt / 6dt ]
6
T
10
10
4
10 10
[2 sin 2n / 3 + sin n / 3 sin 5n / 3]
sin nt / 6 2
sin nt / 6 4 =
n
n
n
T
10
1
2
b n = f ( t ) sin no dt = [ 10 sin nt / 6dt + (10) sin nt / 6dt ]
6
T
10
10
4
10 10
[cos 5n / 3 + cos n / 3 2 sin 2n / 3]
cos nt / 6 2 +
cos nnt / 6 4 =
n
n
n
f (t) =
(a n cos nt / 6 + b n sin nt / 6)
n =1
where an and bn are defined above.

f ( t ) = 2(1 + t ), - 1 < t < 1,
T
T = 2,
o = 2 / T =
1
1
a o = f ( t )dt = 2( t + 1)dt = t 2 + t
T
2
1
=2
1
1
an =
2
2
t
1
f ( t ) cos no dt = 2( t + 1) cos ntdt = 2
cos nt +
sin nt +
sin nt = 0
T
2
n
n
n 22
1
1
0
bn =
t
1
4
2
2
1
sin nt cos nt cos nt = cos n
f ( t ) sin no dt = 2( t + 1) sin ntdt = 2
2
2
n
n
n
T
2
n
1
f (t) = 2
4 (1) n
cos nt
n =1 n
f(t) is an even function, bn=0.

T = 8,
ao =
= 2 / T = / 4
2
T
10 4
1
2
(
)
f
t
dt
=
10 cos t / 4dt + 0 = ( ) sin t / 4
8 0
T 0
4
2
0
10
= 3.183
an =
4
T
T /2
f (t ) cos n o dt =
40
[ 10 cos t / 4 cos nt / 4dt +0] = 5 [cos t (n + 1) / 4 + cos t (n 1) / 4]dt
8 0
0
For n = 1,
2
a1 = 5 [cos t / 2 + 1]dt = 5 sin t / 2dt + t = 10
0
0
For n>1,
2
20
20
20
20
(n + 1)t
(n 1)
(n + 1)
(n 1)
an =
sin
sin
sin
sin
+
=
+
(n + 1)
(n 1)
(n + 1)
(n 1)
4
4
2
2
0
a2 =
10
sin +
20
sin / 2 = 6.3662,
a3 =
20
10
sin 2 + sin = 0
4
Thus,
a 0 = 3.183,
a1 = 10,
a 2 = 6.362,
a3 = 0,
b1 = 0 = b2 = b3

T = 2,
o = 2 / T =
cn =
T
jnt 1 2e jnt 2
2
1
1 1 jnt
jno t
jnt 1 4e
h
(
t
)
e
dt
4
e
dt
(
2
)
e
dt
=
=
+
1
2 jn 0 jn 1
T
2 0
cn =
6j
j
j
, n = odd
4e jn 4 2e j2n + 2e jn =
[6 cos n 6] = n
,
2n
2n
0, n = even
Thus,
f (t ) =
j6 jnt
e
n = n
n =odd

T = 4,
o = 2 / T = / 2
T
1
1
1 0
c n = y( t )e jno t dt = ( t + 1)e jnt / 2 dt + (1)e jnt / 2 dt
0
T
4 1
cn =
1 e jnt / 2
2 jnt / 2 0
2 jnt / 2 1
e
e
2 2 ( jnt / 2 1)
1 jn
0
4 n / 4
jn
1 4
2
4
2 jn / 2
2 jn / 2
2
e jn / 2 ( jn / 2 1) +
e
e
4 n 2 2 jn n 2 2
jn
jn
jn
But
e jn / 2 = cos n / 2 + j sin n / 2 = j sin n / 2,
cn =
1
n 22
e jn / 2 = cos n / 2 j sin n / 2 = j sin n / 2
[1 + j( jn / 2 1) sin n / 2 + n sin n / 2]
y( t ) =
n =
1
2 2
[1 + j( jn / 2 1) sin n / 2 + n sin n / 2]e jnt / 2
A voltage source has a periodic waveform defined over its period as

v(t) = t(2 - t) V,
for all 0 < t < 2
Find the Fourier series for this voltage.
v(t) = 2 t t2, 0 < t < 2, T = 2, o = 2/T = 1
ao =
T
(1/T) f ( t )dt =
0
1 2
1
(t 2 t 3 / 3)
(2t t 2 )dt =
0
2
2
2
0
4 3
2 2
(1 2 / 3) =
2
3
2 T
1 2
2t
an = (2t t 2 ) cos(nt )dt = 2 cos(nt ) +

sin(nt )
0
T
n
n
0
bn =
=
1
2nt cos(nt ) 2 sin(nt ) + n 2 t 2 sin( nt )
3
n
4
2
1
(1 1) 3 4n cos(2n ) = 2
2
n
n
n
2
0
2 T
1
(2nt t 2 ) sin( nt )dt = (2nt t 2 ) sin(nt )dt
T 0
2
2n 1
1
(sin(nt ) nt cos(nt )) 0 3 (2nt sin(nt ) + 2 cos(nt ) n 2 t 2 cos(nt ))

2
0
n
n
Hence,
f(t) =
4 4
+
=0
n
n
2 2 4
2 cos(nt )
3
n =1 n
T = 2, o = 1
T
ao = (1/T) h( t )dt =
0
=
an = (2/T)
2
1
[ 10 sin t dt + 20 sin( t ) dt ]
2 0
1
30
2
10 cos t 0 20 cos( t ) =
2
h( t ) cos(n t )dt
0
= [2/(2)] 10 sin t cos( nt )dt +

0
20 sin( t ) cos( nt )dt
Since sin A cos B = 0.5[sin(A + B) + sin(A B)]

sin t cos nt = 0.5[sin((n + 1)t) + sin((1 n))t]
sin(t ) = sin t cos cost sin = sin t
sin(t )cos(nt) = sin(t)cos(nt)
an =
2
1
10 [sin([1 + n ]t ) + sin([1 n ]t )]dt 20 [sin([1 + n ]t ) + sin([1 n ]t )]dt
2 0
5
=
cos([1 + n ]t ) cos([1 n ]t ) 2 cos([1 + n ]t ) 2 cos([1 n ]t ) 2
+

+

1+ n
1 n
1+ n
1 n
0

But,
3
3 cos([1 + n ]) 3 cos([1 n ])
3
1 + n + 1 n
1+ n
1 n
an =
[1/(1+n)] + [1/(1-n)] = 1/(1n2)
cos([n1]) = cos([n+1]) = cos cos n sin sin n = cos n

an = (5/)[(6/(1n2)) + (6 cos(n)/(1n2))]
= [30/((1n2))](1 + cos n) = [60/((n1))], n = even
= 0,
n = odd
T
bn = (2/T) h ( t ) sin no t dt
0
= [2/(2)][ 10 sin t sin nt dt + 20( sin t ) sin nt dt

But,
sin A sin B = 0.5[cos(AB) cos(A+B)]

sin t sin nt = 0.5[cos([1n]t) cos([1+n]t)]
bn = (5/){[(sin([1n]t)/(1n)) (sin([1+n]t)/ (1 + n )] 0
2
+ [(2sin([1-n]t)/(1-n)) (2sin([1+n]t)/ (1 + n )] }
=
Thus,
sin([1 n ]) sin([1 + n ])
+

= 0
1 n
1+ n
h(t) =
30 60 cos( 2kt )
k = 1 ( 4k 2 1)
Since cos(A + B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B.
10
10
cos(n / 4) cos( 2nt ) 3
sin(n / 4) sin( 2nt )
f(t) = 2 + 3
n +1
n =1 n + 1
(a)
Dcos t + Esin t = A cos(t - )

where
f(t) = 10 +
A =
D 2 + E 2 , = tan-1(E/D)
A =
16
1
+ 6 , = tan-1((n2+1)/(4n3))
2
( n + 1)
n
n =1
(b)
16
1
1 n + 1
cos 10nt tan

+
( n 2 + 1) 2 n 6
4n 3
Dcos t + Esin t = A sin(t + )

where
D 2 + E 2 , = tan-1(D/E)
A =
f(t) = 10 +
n =1
16
1
4n 3
1
sin 10nt + tan

+
( n 2 + 1) 2 n 6
n 2 + 1
If v2(t) is shifted by 1 along the vertical axis, we obtain v2*(t) shown below, i.e.
v2*(t) = v2(t) + 1.
v2*(t)
2
1
-2 -1
Comparing v2*(t) with v1(t) shows that

v2*(t) = 2v1((t + to)/2)
where (t + to)/2 = 0 at t = -1 or to = 1
Hence
v2*(t) = 2v1((t + 1)/2)
But
v2*(t) = v2(t) + 1
v2(t) + 1 = 2v1((t+1)/2)
v2(t) = -1 + 2v1((t+1)/2)
= -1 + 1
v2(t) =
8
2
8
2
t + 1
t + 1 1
t + 1 1
cos 2 + 9 cos 3 2 + 25 cos 5 2 + "
t 1
5t 5
3t 3 1
cos 2 + 2 + 9 cos 2 + 2 + 25 cos 2 + 2 + "
v2(t) =
8
2
t 1 3 t
1
5 t
sin 2 + 9 sin 2 + 25 sin 2 + "
We replace t by t in each case and see if the function remains unchanged.

(a)
1 t,
neither odd nor even.
(b)
t2 1,
even
(c)
cos n(-t) sin n(-t) = - cos nt sin nt,
odd
(d)
sin2 n(-t) = (-sin t)2 = sin2 t,
even
(e)
e t,
neither odd nor even.
(a)
T = 2 leads to o = 2/T =
f1(-t) = -f1(t), showing that f1(t) is odd and half-wave symmetric.
(b)
T = 3 leads to o = 2/3
f2(t) = f2(-t), showing that f2(t) is even.
(c)
T = 4 leads to o = /2
f3(t) is even and half-wave symmetric.
This is a half-wave even symmetric function.

ao = 0 = bn, o = 2/T /2
an =
4
T
T/2
4t
1 T cos(no t )dt
= [4/(n)2](1 cos n)
f (t) =
8
2
n = odd
= 8/(n22),
=
0,
1
nt
cos
2
n
2

This is an even function.
bn = 0, T = 6, = 2/6 = /3
ao =
2
T
T/2
f ( t )dt =
3
2 2
(
4
t
4
)
dt
4 dt
1
2
6
n = odd
n = even
2
1 2
( 2 t 4 t ) + 4(3 2) = 2
1
4
T
an =
T/4
f ( t ) cos( nt / 3)dt
2
= (4/6)[ ( 4 t 4) cos( nt / 3)dt +

1
4 cos( nt / 3)dt ]
2
16 3
3
16 9
nt
nt
nt
nt 3t
=
sin
sin
sin
cos
+
2 2
6 n 3 2
6 n
3 n 3 n 3 1
= [24/(n22)][cos(2n/3) cos(n/3)]
f(t) = 2 +
Thus
24 1
2 n =1 n2
2n
nt
n
cos 3 cos 3 cos 3
At t = 2,
f(2) = 2 + (24/2)[(cos(2/3) cos(/3))cos(2/3)
+ (1/4)(cos(4/3) cos(2/3))cos(4/3)
+ (1/9)(cos(2) cos())cos(2) + -----]
= 2 + 2.432(0.5 + 0 + 0.2222 + -----)
f(2) = 3.756

bn = 0, T = 4, o = 2/T = /2.
f(t) = 2 2t,
= 0,
0<t<1
1<t<2
1
t2
2 1
ao =
2(1 t )dt = t = 0.5
2 0
4 0
an =
4
T
T/2
f ( t ) cos( no t )dt =
4 1
nt
2(1 t ) cos
dt
4 0
2
= [8/(2n2)][1 cos(n/2)]
1
+
2
f(t) =
n
n=1
nt
n
1 cos 2 cos 2

Calculate the Fourier coefficients for the function in Fig. 16.54.
f(t)
4
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
Figure 17.61
For Prob. 17.22
This is an even function, therefore bn = 0. In addition, T=4 and o = /2.

ao =
an =
2
T
4
T
T2
f ( t )dt =
T2
1
2 1
4 tdt = t 2 = 1
0
0
4
f ( t ) cos(o nt )dt =
4 1
4 t cos( nt / 2)dt
4 0
1
2t
4
sin( nt / 2)
= 4 2 2 cos( nt / 2) +
n
n
0
an =
16
8
sin( n / 2)
(cos( n / 2) 1) +
2 2
n
n
f(t) is an odd function.

f(t) = t, 1< t < 1
ao = 0 = an, T = 2, o = 2/T =
bn =
4
T
T/2
f ( t ) sin( no t )dt =
4 1
t sin( nt )dt
2 0
2
[sin(nt ) nt cos(nt )] 10
2
n
2
= [2/(n)]cos(n) = 2(1)n+1/(n)
f(t) =
( 1) n + 1
sin( nt )
n
n =1
(a)
This is an odd function.

ao = 0 = an, T = 2, o = 2/T = 1
bn =
4
T
T/2
f ( t ) sin(o nt )dt
f(t) = 1 + t/,
bn =
4
2
0<t<
(1 + t / ) sin( nt )dt
2 1
1
t
cos( nt ) + 2 sin( nt )
cos( nt )
n
n
n
0
= [2/(n)][1 2cos(n)] = [2/(n)][1 + 2(1)n+1]

a2 = 0, b2 = [2/(2)][1 + 2(1)] = 1/ = 0.3183
(b)
n = no = 10 or n = 10
a10 = 0, b10 = [2/(10)][1 cos(10)] = 1/(5)
Thus the magnitude is A10 =
and the phase is
2
a 210 + b10
= 1/(5) = 0.06366
10 = tan1(bn/an) = 90
(c)
f(t) =
n [1 2 cos(n)] sin(nt )
n =1
f(/2) =
n [1 2 cos(n)] sin(n / 2)
n =1
For n = 1,
f1 = (2/)(1 + 2) = 6/
For n = 2,
f2 = 0
For n = 3,
f3 = [2/(3)][1 2cos(3)]sin(3/2) = 6/(3)
For n = 4,
f4 = 0
For n = 5,
f5 = 6/(5), ----
Thus, f(/2) = 6/ 6/(3) + 6/(5) 6/(7) --------= (6/)[1 1/3 + 1/5 1/7 + --------]
f(/2) 1.3824
which is within 8% of the exact value of 1.5.
(d)
From part (c)

f(/2) = 1.5 = (6/)[1 1/3 + 1/5 1/7 + - - -]
(3/2)(/6) = [1 1/3 + 1/5 1/7 + - - -]
or /4 = 1 1/3 + 1/5 1/7 + - - -
This is an odd function since f(t) = f(t).

ao = 0 = an, T = 3, o = 2/3.
bn =
4
T
T/2
f ( t ) sin( no t )dt =
4 1
t sin(2nt / 3)dt
3 0
3t
4 9
2nt
2nt
=
cos
sin
2 2
3 4 n
3 2n
3 0
=
f(t) =
3
4 9
2 n
2 n
cos
sin
2 2
3 4 n
3
3 2n
n
n =1
2
2 n
2 n 2 t
cos
sin
sin
3 n
3 3
T = 4, o = 2/T = /2
ao =
1 1
1 T
1 dt +
=
f
(
t
)
dt
4 0
T 0
an =
2 T
f ( t ) cos( no t )dt
T 0
an =
2 2
1 cos( nt / 2)dt +
4 1
2 dt + 1 dt = 1
3
4
2 cos( nt / 2)dt + 1 cos( nt / 2)dt
3
4
2
3
4
2
nt
nt
2
nt
4
sin
+
= 2 sin
sin
+
2 3
2 2 n
2 1 n
n
4
n
n
3n
sin 2 sin 2
bn =
2 T
f ( t ) sin( no t )dt
T 0
nt
2 2
dt +
1 sin
1
2
4
2 sin
nt
dt +
2
1 sin
nt
dt
2
2
3
4
2
nt
nt
2
nt
4
cos
cos
cos
= 2
2 3
2 2 n
2 1 n
n
4
[cos(n) 1]
n
Hence
f(t) =
1+
n [(sin( 3n / 2) sin(n / 2)) cos( nt / 2) + (cos( n) 1) sin(nt / 2)]

n =1
(a)
(b)
odd symmetry.
ao = 0 = an, T = 4, o = 2/T = /2
f(t)
= t, 0 < t < 1
= 0,
1<t<2
1
nt
nt 2 t
nt
4 1
4
bn =
cos
dt = 2 2 sin
t sin
2 0
2
n
2
4 0
n
=
n
n
2
4
0
cos
sin
2
2
2
n
n
2
= 4(1)(n1)/2/(n22),
n = odd
2(1)n/2/(n),
n = even
a3 = 0, b3 = 4(1)/(92) = 0.045
(c)
b1 = 4/2, b2 = 1/, b3 = 4/(92), b4 = 1/(2), b5 = (252)

Frms =
a 2o +
1
(a 2n + b 2n )
2
Frms2 = 0.5bn2 = [1/(22)][(16/2) + 1 + (16/(82)) + (1/4) + (16/(6252))]

= (1/19.729)(2.6211 + 0.27 + 0.00259)
Frms =
0.14659 = 0.3829
Compare this with the exact value of Frms =
2
T
t dt
0
= 1 / 6 = 0.4082

This is half-wave symmetric since f(t T/2) = f(t).
ao = 0, T = 2, o = 2/2 =
an =
4
T
T/2
f ( t ) cos( no t )dt =
4 1
( 2 2 t ) cos( nt )dt
2 0
1
t
1
1
= 4 sin( nt ) 2 2 cos( nt )
sin( nt )
n
n
n
0
= [4/(n22)][1 cos(n)] =
8/(n22),
0,
n = odd
n = even
bn = 4 (1 t ) sin( nt )dt
0
t
1
1
= 4
cos( nt )
cos( nt ) 2 2 sin( nt ) +
n
n
n
0
= 4/(n), n = odd
f(t) =
n
k =1
8
4
cos( nt ) +
sin(nt ) , n = 2k 1
2
n
This function is half-wave symmetric.

T = 2, o = 2/T = 1, f(t) = t, 0 < t <
For odd n,
an =
2
T
bn =
( t ) cos( nt )dt =
( t ) sin( nt )dt =
2
[cos(nt ) + nt sin(nt )] 0 = 4/(n2)
2
n
2
[sin(nt ) nt cos(nt )] 0 = 2/n
2
n
Thus,
1
2
f(t) = 2 2 cos( nt ) sin(nt ) ,

n
k =1 n
n = 2k 1
1
cn =
T
(a)
T/2
f ( t )e jno t dt =
T / 2
T/2
1 T/2
f ( t ) cos n o tdt j
f ( t ) sin n o tdt
T / 2
T T / 2
The second term on the right hand side vanishes if f(t) is even. Hence
cn =
(b)
(1)
2
T
T/2
f (t ) cos no tdt
The first term on the right hand side of (1) vanishes if f(t) is odd. Hence,
j2
cn =
T
T/2
f (t ) sin no tdt
If h ( t ) = f (t ),
T' = T /
an '=
Let t = , ,
2
2
= o
=
T' T /
T'
T'
T ' = T
2
f () cos no d / = a n
T
0
Similarly,
o ' =
2
2
h ( t ) cos no ' tdt = f (t ) cos no ' tdt
T'
T'
d t = d / ,
an '=
bn ' = bn

When is = 1 (DC component)
i = 1/(1 + 2) = 1/3
n = 3n, Is = 1/n20
For n 1,
I = [1/(1 + 2 + jn2)]Is = Is/(3 + j6n)

1
0
2
1
n
=
tan(2n )
=
3 1 + 4n 2 tan 1 (6n / 3) 3n 2 1 + 4n 2
Thus,
i(t) =
1
+
3
n =1
1
3n
1 + 4n
cos( 3n tan 1 ( 2n ))

For the DC case, the inductor acts like a short, Vo = 0.
For the AC case, we obtain the following:
Vo Vs
V
jnVo
=0
+ o +
10
j2n
4
1 + j 2.5n Vo = Vs
n
Vo =
Vs
5
1 + j 2.5n
n
A n n =
An =
4
n
1
5
1 + j 2.5n
n
4
n + j(2.5n 2 2 5)
2.5n 2 2 5
; n = tan 1
2 2
2 2
2
n
n + (2.5n 5)
v o (t) =
A n sin(nt + n ) V
n =1

For any n, V = [10/n2](n/4), = n.
1 H becomes jnL = jn and 0.5 F becomes 1/(jnC) = j2/n
2
jn
+
j2/n
Vo
Vo = {j(2/n)/[2 + jn j(2/n)]}V = {j2/[2n + j(n2 2)]}[(10/n2)(n/4)]

=
=
20((n / 4) / 2)
n
4n + (n 2 2) 2 tan 1 ((n 2 2) / 2n )
2
20
n
n +4
2
vo(t) =
[(n / 4) ( / 2) tan 1 ((n 2 2) / 2n )]
n =1
n
n2
cos nt +
tan 1
4
2
2n
n2 + 4
20
n2

If vs in the circuit of Fig. 17.72 is the same as function f2(t) in Fig. 17.57(b),
determine the dc component and the first three nonzero harmonics of vo(t).
1
1H
+
vS
1F
vo
Figure 17.72
For Prob. 17.35
f2(t)
2
1
-2 -1
Figure 17.57(b)
For Prob. 17.35
The signal is even, hence, bn = 0. In addition, T = 3, o = 2/3.

vs(t)
ao =
an =
= 1 for all 0 < t < 1

= 2 for all 1 < t < 1.5
2 1
1dt +
3 0
4
2dt =
3
1.5
4 1
cos(2nt / 3)dt +
3 0
1.5
2 cos(2nt / 3)dt
4 3
6
2
1
1.5
sin(
2
n
t
/
3
)
sin(
2
n
t
/
3
)
=
sin(2n / 3)
0
1
3 2n
2n
n
4 2 1
vs(t) =
sin(2n / 3) cos(2nt / 3)
3 n =1 n
Now consider this circuit,

1
j2n/3
+
vS
-j3/(2n)
vo
Let Z = [-j3/(2n)](1)/(1 j3/(2n)) = -j3/(2n - j3)

Therefore, vo = Zvs/(Z + 1 + j2n/3). Simplifying, we get
vo =
j9 v s
12n + j( 4n 2 2 18)
For the dc case, n = 0 and vs = V and vo = vs/2 = 3/8 V.

We can now solve for vo(t)
3
2nt
vo(t) = + A n cos
+ n volts
3
8 n =1
where A n =
6
sin( 2n / 3)
n
3
n
and n = 90 o tan 1
2
3
2
n
2 2
4n
6
16n 2 2 +
where we can further simplify An to this, A n =
9 sin( 2n / 3)
n 4n 4 4 + 81
vs(t) =
n =1
n = odd
cos( nt n )
where n = tan1[(3/(n))/(1/(n))] = tan1(3) = 100.5

An =
n
n
1
9
1
+ 2 2 sin 2
=
9 + sin 2
2
2
2
n
n
n
2
n = n and 2 H becomes jnL = j2n

Let
Z = 1||j2n = j2n/(1 + j2n)
If Vo is the voltage at the non-reference node or across the 2-H inductor.

Vo = ZVs/(1 + Z) = [j2n/(1 + j2n)]Vs/{1 + [j2n/(1 + j2n)]}
= j2nVs/(1 + j4n)
But
Vs = Ann
Vo = j2n Ann/(1 + j4n)
Io = Vo/j = [2n Ann]/ 1 + 16n 2 tan14n

1
n
9 + sin 2
2n
n
2
100.5 tan14n
=
2
1 + 16n
Since sin(n/2) = (1)(n1)/2 for n = odd, sin2(n/2) = 1

2 10
100.5 tan 1 4n
Io =
1 + 16n 2
io(t) =
2 10
n =1
n = odd
1
1 + 16n
cos(nt 100.5 tan 1 4n )
From Example 15.1,

vs(t) = 5 +
20 1
sin(nt ),
k =1 n
n = 2k 1
For the DC component, the capacitor acts like an open circuit.

Vo = 5
For the nth harmonic,
Vs = [20/(n)]0
10 mF becomes 1/(jnC) = j/(nx10x103) = j100/(n)
100
5
Vs
100 90 + tan 1
j
100
20
n
n
=
=
vo =
2
2
100
n 25 + n
j
+ 20 20n j100 n
n
j
vo(t) =
100
1
n 25 + n 2 2
sin(nt 90 + tan 1
5
)
n

1 2 1
v s ( t ) = + sin nt ,
2 k =1n
Vo =
j n
Vs ,
1 + j n
For dc, n = 0,
Vo =
n = n
Vs = 0.5,
For nth harmonic, Vs =
n = 2k + 1
Vo = 0
2
90 o
n
2
2 tan 1 n
90 o =
1 + n 2 2 tan 1 n n
1 + n 22
n90 o
v o (t) =
k =1
2
2 2
1+ n
cos(nt tan 1 n),
n = 2k 1

Comparing vs(t) with f(t) in Figure 15.1, vs is shifted by 2.5 and the magnitude is
5 times that of f(t).
Hence
10 1
vs(t) = 5 +
n = 2k 1
sin(nt ),
k =1 n
T = 2, o = 2//T = , n = no = n
For the DC component,
For the kth harmonic,
io = 5/(20 + 40) = 1/12

Vs = (10/(n))0
100 mH becomes jnL = jnx0.1 = j0.1n

50 mF becomes 1/(jnC) = j20/(n)
I 20
VS
40
Io
j20/(n)
j0.1n
j20
( 40 + j0.1n)
n
Let Z = j20/(n)||(40 + j0.1n) =

j20
+ 40 + j0.1n
n
j20( 40 + j0.1n
2n j800
=
2 2
j20 + 40n + j0.1n
40n + j(0.1n 2 2 20)
Zin = 20 + Z =
I =
802n + j( 2n 2 2 1200)
40n + j(0.1n 2 2 20)
Vs
400n + j( n 2 2 200)
=
Z in
n[802n + j( 2n 2 2 1200)]
j20
I
n
Io =
j20
+ ( 40 + j0.1n)
n
j20I
40n + j(0.1n 2 2 20)
j200
n[802n + j( 2n 2 2 1200)]
200 90 tan 1{(2n 2 2 1200) /(802n)}
n (802) 2 + ( 2n 2 2 1200) 2
Thus
io(t) =
where
1
200
+
20
I
k =1
n = 90 + tan 1
In =
sin(nt n ) ,
2n 2 2 1200
802n
1
n (804n) + (2n 2 2 1200)
2
n = 2k 1

T = 2, o = 2/T =
1
ao =
T
an =
2
T
1 1
t2
v
(
t
)
dt
(
2
2
t
)
dt
t
= 1/ 2
=
0
2 0
2 0
v( t ) cos(nt )dt =
0
2(1 t ) cos(nt )dt

0
1
t
1
sin( nt )
= 2 sin( nt ) 2 2 cos( nt )
n
n
n
0
2
= 2 2 (1 cos n) =
n
bn =
n = even
0,
4
4
, n = odd = 2
2
n
( 2n 1) 2
2
1
2 T
v ( t ) sin( nt )dt = 2 (1 t ) sin( nt )dt
0
T 0
1
1
t
2
1
cos( nt ) 2 2 sin( nt ) +
cos( nt ) =
= 2
n
n
n
0 n
vs(t) =
1
+
2
where n = tan 1
cos( nt n )
( 2n 1) 2
, An =
2n
4
16
+ 4
2
n
( 2n 1) 4
2
For the DC component, vs = 1/2. As shown in Figure (a), the capacitor acts
like an open circuit.
1
0.5V
Vx
i
2Vx
+
Vx
(a)
Vo
+
Vo
Vx
2Vx
Vo
+
VS
Vo
(1/4)F
(b)
Applying KVL to the circuit in Figure (a) gives
But
Adding (1) and (2),
0.5 2Vx + 4i = 0
(1)
0.5 + i + Vx = 0 or 1 + 2Vx + 2i = 0
(2)
1.5 + 6i = 0 or i = 0.25
Vo = 3i = 0.75
For the nth harmonic, we consider the circuit in Figure (b).

n = n, Vs = An, 1/(jnC) = j4/(n)
At the supernode,
(Vs Vx)/1 = [n/(j4)]Vx + Vo/3
Vs = [1 + jn/4]Vx + Vo/3
But
(3)
Vx 2Vx + Vo = 0 or Vo = 3Vx

Vs = [1 + jn/4]Vx + Vx = [2 + jn/4]Vx
= (1/3)[2 + jn/4]Vo = (1/12)[8 + jn]Vo
Vo = 12Vs/(8 + jn) =
Vo =
12
64 + n
2
12A n
64 + n 2 2 tan 1 (n / 8)
4
16
+ 4
[tan 1 (n / 8) tan 1 ((2n 1) /(2n ))]
2
4
n
(2n 1)
2
Thus
vo(t) =
where
Vn =
3
+
4
V
n =1
cos( nt + n )
12
64 + n 2 2
4
16
+ 4
2
n
( 2n 1) 4
2
n = tan1(n/8) tan1((2n 1)/(2n))

For the full wave rectifier,

T = , o = 2/T = 2, n = no = 2n
Hence
vin(t) =
2 4
1
2
cos (2nt )
n =1 4n 1
For the DC component,

Vin = 2/
The inductor acts like a short-circuit, while the capacitor acts like an open circuit.
Vo = Vin = 2/
Vin = [4/((4n2 1))]0
2 H becomes jnL = j4n
0.1 F becomes 1/(jnC) = j5/n
Z = 10||(j5/n) = j10/(2n j)
Vo = [Z/(Z + j4n)]Vin = j10Vin/(4 + j(8n 10))
=
j10
40

4 + j(8n 10) (4n 2 1)
40{90 tan 1 (2n 2.5)}

(4n 2 1) 16 + (8n 10) 2
Hence
vo(t) =
2
+
A
n =1
cos( 2nt + n )
where
An =
20
( 4n 2 1) 16n 2 40n + 29
n = 90 tan1(2n 2.5)
20 1
vs = 5 +
sin nt, n = 2k - 1
k =1n
Vs 0
= j n C(0 Vo )
R
Vo =
j
Vs , n = n o = n
n RC
For n = 0 (dc component), Vo=0.

190 o 20
20
10 5
o
Vo =
90 =
=
nRC n
n 2 2 x10 4 x 40 x10 9 2n 2 2
Hence,
v o (t) =
10 5 1
2 2 k =1 n 2
cos nt , n = 2k - 1
Alternatively, we notice that this is an integrator so that

v o (t) =
1
10 5 1
v
dt
=
cos nt, n = 2k - 1
s
RC
2 2 k =1n 2
a 02 +
(a)
Vrms =
(b)
Irms =
(c)
P = VdcIdc +
1 2
1
(a n + b 2n ) = 30 2 + (20 2 + 10 2 ) = 33.91 V
2 n =1
2
1
6 2 + (4 2 + 2 2 ) = 6.782 A
2
1
Vn I n cos( n n )
2
= 30x6 + 0.5[20x4cos(45o-10o) 10x2cos(-45o+60o)]

= 180 + 32.76 9.659 = 203.1 W
1
60 cos 25 o + 10 cos 45 o + 0 = 27.19 + 3.535 + 0 = 30.73 W
2
(a)
p = vi =
(b)
The power spectrum is shown below.

p
27.19
3.535
0
n = 1000n
jnL = j1000nx2x103 = j2n

1/(jnC) = j/(1000nx40x106) = j25/n
Z = R + jnL + 1/(jnC) = 10 + j2n j25/n

I = V/Z
For n = 1, V1 = 100, Z = 10 + j2 j25 = 10 j23
I1 = 100/(10 j23) = 3.98773.89
For n = 2, V2 = 50, Z = 10 + j4 j12.5 = 10 j8.5
I2 = 50/(10 j8.5) = 3.8140.36
For n = 3, V3 = 25, Z = 10 + j6 j25/3 = 10 j2.333
I3 = 25/(10 j2.333) = 2.43513.13
Irms = 0.5 3.987 2 + 3.812 + 2.435 2 = 3.014 A
1 3
p = VDCIDC + Vn I n cos( n n )
2 n =1
= 0 + 0.5[100x3.987cos(73.89) + 50x3.81cos(40.36)
+ 25x2.435cos(13.13)]
= 0.5[110.632 + 145.16 + 59.28] = 157.54 watts
(a)
This is an even function

Irms =
f(t) =
1 T 2
f ( t )dt =
T 0
2 2t,
0,
2 T/2 2
f ( t )dt
T 0
0 < t <1
1< t < 2
T = 4, o = 2/T = /2
Irms2 =
1
2 1
4(1 t ) 2 dt = 2( t t 2 + t 3 / 3)
0
4 0
= 2(1 1 + 1/3) = 2/3 or

Irms
(b)
= 0.8165 A
From Problem 16.14,

an = [8/(n22)][1 cos(n/2)], ao = 0.5
a1 = 8/2, a2 = 4/2, a3 = 8/(92), a4 = 0, a5 = 9/(252), a6 = 4/(92)
Irms =
ao +
1 2
An
2 n =1
64 64 16
1
1
+ 4 64 + 16 +
+
+ = 0.66623
81 625 81
4 2
Irms = 0.8162 A
Let I = IDC + I1 + I2
For the DC component
IDC = [5/(5 + 10)](3) = 1 A
I
j8
10
Is
For AC, = 100
For Is = 0.560
jL = j100x80x103 = j8
In = 5Is/(5 + 10 + j8)
I1 = 1060/(15 + j8) or |I1| = 10/ 15 2 + 8 2

For Is = 0.5120
I2 = 2.5120/(15 + j8) or |I2| = 2.5/ 15 2 + 8 2
p10 = (IDC2 + |I1|2/2 + |I2|2/2)10 = (1 + [100/(2x289)] + [6.25/(2x289)])x10
p10 = 11.838 watts

(a) For the DC component, i(t) = 20 mA. The capacitor acts like an open circuit so that
v = Ri(t) = 2x103x20x103 = 40
For the AC component,
n = 10n, n = 1,2
1/(jnC) = j/(10nx100x106) = (j/n) k
Z = 2||(j/n) = 2(j/n)/(2 j/n) = j2/(2n j)
V = ZI = [j2/(2n j)]I
For n = 1,
V1 = [j2/(2 j)]1645 = 14.31118.43 mV
For n = 2,
V2 = [j2/(4 j)]1260 = 5.821135.96 mV
v(t) = 40 + 0.014311cos(10t 18.43) + 0.005821cos(20t 135.96) V

(b)
p = VDCIDC +
1
Vn I n cos( n n )
2 n =1
= 20x40 + 0.5x10x0.014311cos(45 + 18.43)

+0.5x12x0.005821cos(60 + 135.96)
= 800.1 mW
(a)
T
2
1 2
1
1
1dt + 4dt =
Z rms = z ( t )dt =
(5) = 2.5
T
2
2
0
2
Z rms = 1.581
(b)
Z 2 rms = a 2 o +
1 2
1 1 36
1
1
2
(
a
b
)
+
=
+
= +
n
n
2 n =1
4 2 n =1n 2 2 4 18 2
Z rms = 1.7086
(c )
1.7086
%error =
1 x100 = 8.071
1.581
1 1 1
+ ... = 2.9193
1 + + + +
4 9 16 25
cn =
1
T
f ( t )e jo nt dt,
o =
2n
=
1
1 1 jnt
te
dt
2
Using integration by parts,

u = t and du = dt
dv = ejntdt which leads to v = [1/(2jn)]ejnt
t
e jnt
cn =
2 jn
+
1
1 1 jnt
e
dt
2 jn 1
j jn
1
e
e jnt
=
+ e jnt +
2 2
2
n
2n ( j)
= [j/(n)]cos(n) + [1/(2n22)](ejn ejn)

j( 1) n
2j
j( 1) n
cn =
sin( n) =
+
n
2n 2 2
n
Thus
f(t) =
c n e jnot =
n =
( 1)
n =
j jnt
e
n

T = 2,
o = 2 / T =
T
cn =
cn =
1
1 2 jnt
1 e jnt
2
jno t
f
(
t
)
e
dt
=
t
e
dt
=
n 2 2 t 2 + 2 jnt + 2 0
T
2
2 ( jn) 3
0
0
1
j2n 3 3
f (t) =
(4n 2 2 + j4n) =
n = n
2
2 2
2
n 22
(1 + jn)e jnt
(1 + jn)

cn =
1
T
f ( t )e jo nt dt,
o =
2n
=
1
1 1 jnt
te
dt
2
Using integration by parts,

u = t and du = dt
dv = ejntdt which leads to v = [1/(2jn)]ejnt
t
cn =
e jnt
2 jn
1 1 jnt
e
dt
2 jn 1
+
1
j jn
1
=
+ e jnt +
e
e jnt
2 2
2
n
2n ( j)
= [j/(n)]cos(n) + [1/(2n22)](ejn ejn)

cn =
j( 1) n
2j
j( 1) n
+
sin(
n
)
=
n
2n 2 2
n
Thus
f(t) =
c e
n
jno t
n =
( 1)
n =
j jnt
e
n

o = 2/T = 2
cn =
e t e jno t dt = e (1+ jno ) t dt

0
1
e (1 + j2 n ) t
=
1 + j2n
=
0
= [1/(j2n)][1 e1(cos(2n) jsin(2n))]

= (1 e1)/(1 + j2n) = 0.6321/(1 + j2n
0.6321e j2 nt
f(t) =
n = 1 + j2n
1
e (1 + j 2 n ) 1
1 + j2n

T = 4, o = 2/T = /2
cn =
1
T
f ( t )e jo nt dt
1 1 jnt / 2
2e
dt +
4 0
j
2e jn / 2 2 + e jn e jn / 2 e j2 n + e jn
2n
j
3e jn / 2 3 + 2e jn
2n
f(t) =
1e jnt / 2 dt
1e jnt / 2 dt
[
[
c e
n
jno t
n =

T = 2, o = 2/T = 1
1
T
cn =
But
i(t) =
cn =
1
2
i( t )e jno t dt
sin( t ),
0,
0<t<
< t < 2
sin( t )e jnt dt =
1
2
1 jt
(e e jt )e jnt dt
2j
1 e jt (1 n )
e jt (1 + n )
=
+
4j j(1 n ) j(1 + n ) 0
1 e j (1 n ) 1 e j ( n + 1) 1
+
4 1 n
1 + n
1
e j (1 n ) 1 + ne j (1 n ) n + e j (1 + n ) 1 ne j (1+ n ) + n
2
4( n 1)
But ej = cos() + jsin() = 1 = ej

1 + e jn
1
jn
jn
jn
jn
cn =
e
e
ne
+ ne
2 =
2 (1 n 2 )
4 ( n 2 1)
Thus
i(t) =
1 + e jn
2(1 n
n =
e jnt

co = ao = 10, o =
co = (an jbn)/2 = (1 jn)/[2(n2 + 1)]
f(t) = 10 +
(1 jn) jnt
e
2
+ 1)
2(n
n =
n0

ao = (6/2) = 3 = co
cn = 0.5(an jbn) = an/2 = 3/(n3 2)
f(t) = 3 +
n =
n0
3
e j50nt
2

cn = (an jbn)/2, (1) = cos(n), o = 2/T = 1
cn = [(cos(n) 1)/(2n2)] j cos(n)/(2n)
Thus
f(t) =
cos(n ) jnt
cos(n ) 1
j
+
e
2
4
2n
2n

For f(t), T = 2, o = 2/T = 1.
ao = DC component = (1x + 0)/2 = 0.5
For
h(t), T = 2, o = 2/T = .
ao = (3x1 2x1)/2 = 0.5
Thus by replacing o = 1 with o = and multiplying the magnitude by five,

we obtain
1
j5e j( 2n +1) t
h(t) =

2 n = ( 2n + 1)
n0

From Problem 16.17,
ao = 0 = an, bn = [2/(n)][1 2 cos(n)], co = 0
cn = (an jbn)/2 = [j/(n)][2 cos(n) 1], n 0.
o = 1.
(a)
f(t) = ao +
cos(n o t n )
= 6 + 4cos(t + 50) + 2cos(2t + 35)

+ cos(3t + 25) + 0.5cos(4t + 20)
= 6 + 4cos(t)cos(50) 4sin(t)sin(50) + 2cos(2t)cos(35)
2sin(2t)sin(35) + cos(3t)cos(25) sin(3t)sin(25)
+ 0.5cos(4t)cos(20) 0.5sin(4t)sin(20)
= 6 + 2.571cos(t) 3.73sin(t) + 1.635cos(2t)
1.147sin(2t) + 0.906cos(3t) 0.423sin(3t)
+ 0.47cos(4t) 0.171sin(4t)
(b)
frms =
1 2
An
2 n =1
a o2 +
frms2 = 62 + 0.5[42 + 22 + 12 + (0.5)2] = 46.625

frms = 6.828
(a) o = 20 = 2 / T
(b) f ( t ) = a o +
T=
2
= 0.3141s
20
A n cos(no t + n ) = 3 + 4 cos(20t + 90 o ) +5.1cos(40t + 90 o ) + ...
n =1
f ( t ) = 3 4 sin 20 t 5.1sin 40t 2.7 sin 60 t 1.8 sin 80t ....

T = 3, o = 2/3, bn = 0.
f(t) =
ao =
an =
1, 0 < t < 1
2, 1 < t < 1.5
1.5
2 T/2
2 1
f ( t )dt = 1dt + 2 dt = (2/3)[1 + 1] = 4/3
1
T 0
3 0
1.5
4 T/2
4 1
f ( t ) cos(no t )dt = 1cos(2nt / 3)dt + 2 cos(2nt / 3)dt
1
T 0
3 0
4 3
6
2nt
2nt
=
sin
sin
+
3 2n 3 0 2n 3 1
1
= [2/(n)]sin(2n/3)
1.5
4 2 1 3n 2nt
f2(t) = sin
cos
3 n =1 n 3 3
ao = 4/3 = 1.3333, o = 2/3, an = [2/(n)]sin(2nt/3)
An =
a 2n + b 2n =
2
2n
sin
n 3
A1 = 0.5513, A2 = 0.2757, A3 = 0, A4 = 0.1375, A5 = 0.1103

The amplitude spectra are shown below.
1.333
An
0.551
0.275
0.1378 0.1103
0

The amplitude and phase spectra are shown below.
An
3.183
2.122
1.591
0.4244
0
-180o

an = 20/(n22), bn = 3/(n), n = 2n
An = a 2n + b 2n =
400
9
+ 2 2
4 4
n
n
3
44.44
1 + 2 2 , n = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, etc.
n
n
n
1
3
5
7
9
An
2.24
0.39
0.208
0.143
0.109
n = tan1(bn/an) = tan1{[3/(n)][n22/20]} = tan1(nx0.4712)

n
1
3
5
7
9
n
25.23
54.73
67
73.14
76.74
90
2.24
10
14
18
n
30
25.23
An
0.39
0.208
10
60
54.73
0.0.143 0.109
14
18
90
67
73.14
76.74

The schematic is shown below. The waveform is inputted using the attributes of
VPULSE. In the Transient dialog box, we enter Print Step = 0.05, Final Time = 12,
Center Frequency = 0.5, Output Vars = V(1) and click enable Fourier. After simulation,
the output plot is shown below. The output file includes the following Fourier
components.
FOURIER COMPONENTS OF TRANSIENT RESPONSE V(1)

DC COMPONENT = 5.099510E+00
HARMONIC
NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
FREQUENCY FOURIER
NORMALIZED
(HZ)
COMPONENT COMPONENT
5.000E-01
1.000E+00
1.500E+00
2.000E+00
2.500E+00
3.000E+00
3.500E+00
4.000E+00
4.500E+00
3.184E+00
1.593E+00
1.063E+00
7.978E-01
6.392E-01
5.336E-01
4.583E-01
4.020E-01
3.583E-01
1.000E+00
5.002E-01
3.338E-01
2.506E-01
2.008E-01
1.676E-01
1.440E-01
1.263E-01
1.126E-01
PHASE
(DEG)
1.782E+00
3.564E+00
5.347E+00
7.129E+00
8.911E+00
1.069E+01
1.248E+01
1.426E+01
1.604E+01
NORMALIZED
PHASE (DEG)
0.000E+00
1.782E+00
3.564E+00
5.347E+00
7.129E+00
8.911E+00
1.069E+01
1.248E+01
1.426E+01
TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION = 7.363360E+01 PERCENT

The Schematic is shown below. In the Transient dialog box, we type Print step = 0.01s,
Final time = 36s, Center frequency = 0.1667, Output vars = v(1), and click Enable
Fourier. After simulation, the output file includes the following Fourier components,

DC COMPONENT = 2.000396E+00
HARMONIC FREQUENCY FOURIER NORMALIZED
NO
(HZ) COMPONENT COMPONENT (DEG)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1.667E-01
3.334E-01
5.001E-01
6.668E-01
8.335E-01
1.000E+00
1.167E+00
1.334E+00
1.500E+00
2.432E+00
6.576E-04
5.403E-01
3.343E-04
9.716E-02
7.481E-06
4.968E-02
1.613E-04
6.002E-02
1.000E+00
2.705E-04
2.222E-01
1.375E-04
3.996E-02
3.076E-06
2.043E-02
6.634E-05
2.468E-02
PHASE
NORMALIZED
PHASE (DEG)
-8.996E+01
-8.932E+01
9.011E+01
9.134E+01
-8.982E+01
-9.000E+01
-8.975E+01
-8.722E+01
9.032E+01
0.000E+00
6.467E-01
1.801E+02
1.813E+02
1.433E-01
-3.581E-02
2.173E-01
2.748E+00
1.803E+02

The schematic is shown below. We set the final time = 6T=12s and the center frequency
= 1/T = 0.5. When the schematic is saved and run, we obtain the Fourier series from the
output file as shown below.

DC COMPONENT =
HARMONIC
NORMALIZED
NO
(DEG)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1.990000E+00
FREQUENCY
FOURIER
NORMALIZED
PHASE
(HZ)
COMPONENT
COMPONENT
(DEG)
1.273E+00
6.367E-01
4.246E-01
3.185E-01
2.549E-01
2.125E-01
1.823E-01
1.596E-01
1.419E-01
1.000E+00
5.001E-01
3.334E-01
2.502E-01
2.002E-01
1.669E-01
1.431E-01
1.253E-01
1.115E-01
5.000E-01
1.000E+00
1.500E+00
2.000E+00
2.500E+00
3.000E+00
3.500E+00
4.000E+00
4.500E+00
9.000E-01
-1.782E+02
2.700E+00
-1.764E+02
4.500E+00
-1.746E+0
6.300E+00
-1.728E+02
8.100E+00
PHASE
0.000E+00
1.791E+02
1.800E+00
-1.773E+02
3.600E+00
-1.755E+02
5.400E+00
-1.737E+02
7.200E+00
The schematic is shown below. In the Transient dialog box, set Print Step = 0.05 s, Final
Time = 120, Center Frequency = 0.5, Output Vars = V(1) and click enable Fourier. After
simulation, we obtain V(1) as shown below. We also obtain an output file which
includes the following Fourier components.

DC COMPONENT = 5.048510E-01
NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
PHASE
NORMALIZED
PHASE (DEG)
5.000E-01 4.056E-01 1.000E+00 -9.090E+01 0.000E+00

1.000E+00 2.977E-04 7.341E-04 -8.707E+01 3.833E+00
1.500E+00 4.531E-02 1.117E-01 -9.266E+01 -1.761E+00
2.000E+00 2.969E-04 7.320E-04 -8.414E+01 6.757E+00
2.500E+00 1.648E-02 4.064E-02 -9.432E+01 -3.417E+00
3.000E+00 2.955E-04 7.285E-04 -8.124E+01 9.659E+00
3.500E+00 8.535E-03 2.104E-02 -9.581E+01 -4.911E+00
4.000E+00 2.935E-04 7.238E-04 -7.836E+01 1.254E+01
4.500E+00 5.258E-03 1.296E-02 -9.710E+01 -6.197E+00

The schematic is shown below. In the Transient dialog box, we set Print Step = 0.02 s,
Final Step = 12 s, Center Frequency = 0.5, Output Vars = V(1) and V(2), and click
enable Fourier. After simulation, we compare the output and output waveforms as
shown. The output includes the following Fourier components.

NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
5.000E-01 1.070E+00
1.000E+00 3.758E-01
1.500E+00 2.111E-01
2.000E+00 1.247E-01
2.500E+00 8.538E-02
3.000E+00 6.139E-02
3.500E+00 4.743E-02
4.000E+00 3.711E-02
4.500E+00 2.997E-02
1.000E+00
3.512E-01
1.973E-01
1.166E-01
7.980E-02
5.738E-02
4.433E-02
3.469E-02
2.802E-02
1.004E+01
-3.924E+01
-3.985E+01
-5.870E+01
-5.680E+01
-6.563E+01
-6.520E+01
-7.222E+01
-7.088E+01
PHASE
NORMALIZED
PHASE (DEG)
0.000E+00
-4.928E+01
-4.990E+01
-6.874E+01
-6.685E+01
-7.567E+01
-7.524E+01
-8.226E+01
-8.092E+01

The schematic is shown below. We set Print Step = 0.05, Final Time = 12 s, Center
Frequency = 0.5, Output Vars = I(1), and click enable Fourier in the Transient dialog box.
After simulation, the output waveform is as shown. The output file includes the
following Fourier components.
FOURIER COMPONENTS OF TRANSIENT RESPONSE I(L_L1)

NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
PHASE
NORMALIZED
PHASE (DEG)
5.000E-01 2.287E-02 1.000E+00 -6.749E+01 0.000E+00

1.000E+00 1.891E-04 8.268E-03 8.174E+00 7.566E+01
1.500E+00 2.748E-03 1.201E-01 -8.770E+01 -2.021E+01
2.000E+00 9.583E-05 4.190E-03 -1.844E+00 6.565E+01
2.500E+00 1.017E-03 4.446E-02 -9.455E+01 -2.706E+01
3.000E+00 6.366E-05 2.783E-03 -7.308E+00 6.018E+01
3.500E+00 5.937E-04 2.596E-02 -9.572E+01 -2.823E+01
4.000E+00 6.059E-05 2.649E-03 -2.808E+01 3.941E+01
4.500E+00 2.113E-04 9.240E-03 -1.214E+02 -5.387E+01

T = 5, o = 2/T = 2/5
f(t) is an odd function. ao = 0 = an
4 T/2
4 10
f ( t ) sin(no t )dt = 10 sin(0.4nt )dt
T 0
5 0
bn =
20
8x 5
[1 cos(0.4n)]
=
cos(0.4nt ) =
2 n
n
0
f(t) =
20 1
[1 cos(0.4n)]sin(0.4nt )
n =1 n
p =
2
VDC
1 V2
+ n
R
2
R
= 0 + 0.5[(22 + 12 + 12)/10] = 300 mW
(a)
An =
a 2n + b 2n ,
= tan1(bn/an)
A1 =
6 2 + 8 2 = 10,
1 = tan1(6/8) = 36.87
A2 =
3 2 + 4 2 = 5,
2 = tan1(3/4) = 36.87
i(t) = {4 + 10cos(100t 36.87) 5cos(200t 36.87)} A

(b)
p = I 2DC R + 0.5 I 2n R
= 2[42 +0.5(102 + 52)] = 157 W
The lowpass filter is shown below.

R
+
+
C
vs
-
vs =
vo
-
A 2A 1
n
+
sin
cos no t
T
T n =1n
T
1
j n C
1
Vs =
Vs ,
Vo =
1
1 + j n RC
R+
j n C
For n=0, (dc component), Vo = Vs =
A
T
n = no = 2n / T
(1)

2A
n
sin
90 o
2
2 2
1
nT
T
1 + n R C tan n RC
1
Vo =
When n=1, | Vo |=
2A
n
sin
T
T
1
1+
(2)
4
R 2C 2
T
From (1) and (2),

A
2A
sin
= 50 x
T
T
10
1+
1
1+
4 2 2 2
R C
T
4 2 2 2
R C = 1010
T
C=
1+
4 2 2 2 30.9
R C =
= 3.09 x10 4
T
T
10 2 x 3.09 x10 4
10 5 =
= 24.59 mF
2R
4x10 3
vs(t) is the same as f(t) in Figure 16.1 except that the magnitude is multiplied by
10. Hence
20 1
vo(t) = 5 + sin( nt ) , n = 2k 1
k =1 n
T = 2, o = 2/T = 2, n = no = 2n
jnL = j2n; Z = R||10 = 10R/(10 + R)
Vo = ZVs/(Z + j2n) = [10R/(10R + j2n(10 + R))]Vs
Vo =
10R tan 1{(n / 5R )(10 + R )}

100R 2 + 4n 2 2 (10 + R ) 2
Vs
Vs = [20/(n)]0
The source current Is is
20
(10 + R )
Vs
Vs
n
Is =
=
=
10R
Z + j2n
10R + j2n(10 + R )
+ j2n
10 + R
20
tan 1{( n / 3)(10 + R )}
n
100R 2 + 4n 2 2 (10 + R ) 2
(10 + R )
1
Vsn I sn cos( n n )
2
ps = VDCIDC +
For the DC case, L acts like a short-circuit.

Is =
5(10 + R )
5
, Vs = 5 = Vo
=
10R
10R
10 + R
tan (10 + R )
2 (10 + R ) cos
25(10 + R ) 1 20
5
+
ps =
10R
2
100R 2 + 4 2 (10 + R ) 2
(10 + R ) 2 cos tan 1 (10 + R )
10
+
+ "
2
2
2

100R + 16 (10 + R )
ps =
VDC 1 Von
+
R
2 n =1 R
25 1
100R
100R
+
+
+ "
2
2
2
2
2
2
R 2 100R + 4 (10 + R )
100R + 10 (10 + R )
We want po = (70/100)ps = 0.7ps. Due to the complexity of the terms, we

consider only the DC component as an approximation. In fact the DC component
has the latgest share of the power for both input and output signals.
25 7 25(10 + R )
= x
R 10
10R
100 = 70 + 7R which leads to R = 30/7 = 4.286
(a) For the first two AC terms, the frequency ratio is 6/4 = 1.5 so that the highest
common factor is 2. Hence o = 2.
T = 2/o = 2/2 =
(b) The average value is the DC component = 2
Vrms =
(c)
ao +
1 2
(a n + b 2n )
2 n =1
1
2
Vrms
= (2) 2 + (10 2 + 8 2 + 6 2 + 3 2 + 12 ) = 121.5
2
Vrms = 11.02 V
2
(a)
2
2
Vn ,rms
VDC
Vn2 VDC
1
p =
+
=
+
R
2
R
R
R
= 0 + (402/5) + (202/5) + (102/5) = 420 W

(b)
5% increase = (5/100)420 = 21
pDC = 21 W =
2
VDC
2
which leads to VDC
= 21R = 105
R
VDC = 10.25 V
From Table 17.3, it is evident that an = 0,

bn = 4A/[(2n 1)], A = 10.
A Fortran program to calculate bn is shown below. The result is also shown.
FOR PROBLEM 17.79

DIMENSION B(20)
10
A = 10
PIE = 3.142
C = 4.*A/PIE
DO 10 N = 1, 10
B(N) = C/(2.*FLOAT(N) 1.)
PRINT *, N, B(N)
CONTINUE
STOP
END
n
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
bn
12.731
4.243
2.546
1.8187
1.414
1.1573
0.9793
0.8487
0.7498
0.67
From Problem 17.55,

cn = [1 + ejn]/[2(1 n2)]
This is calculated using the Fortran program shown below. The results are also
shown.
C
FOR PROBLEM 17.80
COMPLEX X, C(0:20)
10
PIE = 3.1415927
A = 2.0*PIE
DO 10 N = 0, 10
IF(N.EQ.1) GO TO 10
X = CMPLX(0, PIE*FLOAT(N))
C(N) = (1.0 + CEXP(X))/(A*(1 FLOAT(N*N)))
PRINT *, N, C(N)
CONTINUE
STOP
END
n
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
cn
0.3188 + j0
0
0.1061 + j0
0
0.2121x101 + j0
0
0.9095x102 + j0
0
0.5052x102 + j0
0
0.3215x102 + j0
(a)
A
f(t) =
2A 4A
1
cos(no t )
n =1 4n 1
The total average power is
pavg = Frms2R = Frms2 since R = 1 ohm.
Pavg = Frms2 =
(b)
2T
1 T 2
f ( t )dt = 0.5A2
0
T
From the Fourier series above

|co| = 2A/2, |cn| = 4A/[(4n2 1)]
3T
n
0
1
2
3
4
o
0
2o
4o
6o
8o
|cn|
2A/
2A/(3)
2A/(15)
2A/(35)
2A/(63)
(c)
81.1%
(d)
0.72%
2|cn|2
4A2/(2)
8A2/(92)
2A2/(2252)
8A2/(12252)
8A2/(39692)

2
VDC
1 Vn2
P =
+
R
2 n =1 R
Assuming V is an amplitude-phase form of Fourier series. But

|An| = 2|Cn|, co = ao
|An|2 = 4|Cn|2
Hence,
c o2
c 2n
+ 2
P =
R
n =1 R
Alternatively,
2
Vrms
P =
R
where
2
Vrms
= a o2 +
1 2
2
2
A
=
c
+
2
c
=
c 2n
n
o
n
2 n =1
n =1
n =
= 102 + 2(8.52 + 4.22 + 2.12 + 0.52 + 0.22)

= 100 + 2x94.57 = 289.14
P = 289.14/4 = 72.3 W
% power
81.1%
18.01%
0.72%
0.13%
0.04%
f ' ( t ) = ( t + 2) ( t + 1) ( t 1) + ( t 2)
jF() = e j2 e j e j + e j2
= 2 cos 2 2 cos
F() =
2[cos 2 cos ]
j

t,
f (t) =
0,
0 < t <1
otherwise
f (t)
f (t)
1
(t)
(t-1)
-(t-1)
-(t-1)
f"(t) = (t) - (t - 1) - '(t - 1)

Taking the Fourier transform gives
-2F() = 1 - e-j - je-j
F() =
(1 + j)e j 1
2
or F() = t e jt dt
0
eax
But x e dx = 2 (ax 1) + c
a
ax
F() =
e j
( j)
( jt 1) 10 =
1
(1 + j)e j 1
2
f (t) =
1
t , 2 < t < 2,
2
1
f ' (t) = , 2 < t < 2
2
1 jt
e jt
t e dt =
( jt 1) 2 2
2
2 2
2( j)
F() =
F() =
1
e j2 ( j2 1) e j2 ( j2 1)
2
2
1
j2(e j2 + e j2 ) + e j2 e j2
2
2
1
( j4 cos 2 + j2 sin 2)
2 2
j
(sin 2 2 cos 2)
2

2(t+1)
g
2
1
0
2
2(t1)
4(t)
2(t+1)
g
1
0
2(t+1)
2
2(t1)
2(t1)
g = 2( t + 1) + 2( t + 1) + 4( t ) 2( t 1) 2( t 1)
( j) 2 G () = 2e j + 2 je j + 4 2e j 2 je j
= 4 cos 4 sin + 4
G () =
4
2
(cos + sin 1)

h(t)
1
2(t)
h(t)
1
(t+1)
1
1
2(t)
(t1)
h ( t ) = ( t + 1) ( t 1) 2( t )
( j) 2 H() = e j e j 2 j = 2 j sin 2 j
H() =
2j 2j
sin
2

0
F() = (1)e
jt
dt + te jt dt
0
Re F() = cos tdt + t cos tdt

=
1
1
1
t
1
0
sin t 1 +
cos t + sin t 0 =
(cos 1)
2

(a)
f1 is similar to the function f(t) in Fig. 17.6.
f 1 ( t ) = f ( t 1)
Since F() =
2(cos 1)
j
2e j (cos 1)
F1 () = e F() =
j
j
Alternatively,
f 1' ( t ) = ( t ) 2( t 1) + ( t 2)
jF1 () = 1 2e j + e j2 = e j (e j 2 + e j )
= e j (2 cos 2)
F1() =
(b)
2e j (cos 1)
j
f2 is similar to f(t) in Fig. 17.14.

f2(t) = 2f(t)
F2() =
4(1 cos )
2

1
(a)
F() = 2e
dt + (4 2 t )e jt dt
2 jt 1
4 jt 2
2 jt
2
e
+
e
e
( jt 1) 1
1
0
2
j
j
F() =
(b)
jt
2 j 2
4 j2 2
e
+
(1 + j2)e j2
2
j
j j
g(t) = 2[ u(t+2) u(t-2) ] - [ u(t+1) u(t-1) ]

G () =
4 sin 2 2 sin

(a)
y(t) = u(t+2) u(t-2) + 2[ u(t+1) u(t-1) ]

Y() =
2
4
sin 2 + sin
(b) Z() = (2 t )e jt dt =
0
2e jt
2
2 2e j
1
( jt 1) 0 =
(1 + j)
2
2

(a)
x(t) = e2tu(t)
X() = 1/(2 + j)
(b)
e t , t > 0
e ( t ) = t
e , t < 0
1
Y() = y( t )e jt dt = e t e jt dt + e t e jt dt
e (1 j) t
1 j
cos + jsin cos jsin

2
+
e 1
2
1 j
1 + j
1+
Y() =
0
1
e (1+ j) t
(1 + j)
1
0
2
1 e 1 (cos sin )
2
1+

f(t) = sin t [u(t) - u(t - 2)]
2
F() = sin t e jt dt =
0
1 2 j t
e e j t e jt dt
0
2j
1 2 + j( + ) t
+ e j( + ) t )dt
(e
2 j 0
1
1
e j( + ) t 2
e j( ) t 02 +
0
j( + )
2 j j( )
1 1 e j2 1 e j2
+
2
+
1
2 + 2e j2
2
2( )
F() =
e j 2 1
2

2

(a)
F() = e t e jt dt = e (1 j) t dt
1
e (1 j) t
1 j
2
0
e 2 j 2 1
1 j
(b)
H() = e jt dt + (1)e jt dt
1
1 j
1
1 e j +
e 1 =
(2 + 2 cos )
j
j
j
4 sin 2 / 2
sin / 2
= j
j
/ 2
(a) We know that F[cos at ] = [( a ) + ( + a )] .

Using the time shifting property,
F[cos a ( t / 3a )] = e j / 3a [( a ) + ( + a )] = e j / 3( a ) + e j / 3( + a )
(b) sin ( t + 1) = sin t cos + cos t sin = sin t

g(t) = -u(t+1) sin (t+1)
Let x(t) = u(t)sin t, then X() =
1
( j) 2 + 1
1
1 2
Using the time shifting property,
G () =
1
1 2
e j =
e j
2 1
(c ) Let y(t) = 1 + Asin at, then Y() = 2() + jA[( + a ) ( a )]

h(t) = y(t) cos bt
Using the modulation property,
1
H() = [Y( + b) + Y( b)]
2
H() = [( + b) + ( b)] +
jA
[( + a + b) ( a + b) + ( + a b) ( a b)]
2
(d) I() = (1 t )e jt dt =
0
e j t e j t
1
e j4 e j4
4
( jt 1) 0 =
( j4 + 1)
j 2
j
2
2
(a)
cos(3t + ) = cos 3t cos sin 3t sin = cos 3t (1) sin 3t (0) = cos(3t )
f ( t ) = e t cos 3t u ( t )
F() =
(1 + j )
(1 + j)2 + 9
(b)
g(t)
1
-1
1
-1
g(t)
-1
1
t
-
g ' ( t ) = cos t[u ( t 1) u ( t 1)]
g" ( t ) = 2 g( t ) ( t + 1) + ( t 1)
2 G () = 2 G () e j + e j
( 2 2 )G() = (e j e j ) = 2 j sin
G() =
2 j sin
2 2
Alternatively, we compare this with Prob. 17.7

f(t) = g(t - 1)
F() = G()e-j
G () = F()e j =
j2 sin
2 2
G() =
(c)
(e j e j )
2

2
2 j sin
2 2
cos ( t 1) = cos t cos + sin t sin = cos t (1) + sin t (0) = cos t
Let x ( t ) = e 2( t 1) cos ( t 1)u ( t 1) = e 2 h ( t )
and
y( t ) = e 2 t cos(t )u ( t )
Y() =
2 + j
(2 + j) 2 + 2
y( t ) = x ( t 1)
Y() = X()e j
X() =
(2 + j)e j
(2 + j)2 + 2
X() = e 2 H()
H() = e 2 X()
=
(d)
(2 + j)e j 2
(2 + j)2 + 2
Let x ( t ) = e 2 t sin( 4t )u ( t ) = y( t )
p( t ) = x ( t )
where y( t ) = e 2 t sin 4t u ( t )
Y () =
2 + j
(2 + j)2 + 4 2
X() = Y() =
2 j
(2 j)2 + 16
p() = X() =
(e)
Q() =
j 2
(j 2 )2 + 16
8 j 2
1
e
+ 3 2 () + e j2
j
j
6 j 2
e + 3 2()e j 2
j
Q() =

(a)
F() = e j3 e j3 = 2 j sin 3
(b)
Let g( t ) = 2( t 1), G () = 2e j
t
F() = F g ( t ) dt

G ()
+ F(0)()
j
2e j
=
+ 2(1)()
j
(c)
F [(2t )] =
F() =
2e j
j
1
1
2
1
1
1 j
1 j =
3
2
3 2

(a) Using duality properly
2
2
2
2
t2
4
4
t2
or
4
F() = F 2 = 4
t
(b)
at
2a
a + 2
2
2a
a + t2
2 e
8
a + t2
2
4 e
8
2
= 4 e
G() = F
2
4+t
(a)
Since H() = F (cos 0 t f ( t ) ) =

where F() = F [u (t )] = () +
H() =
1
[F( + 0 ) + F( 0 )]
2
1
, 0 = 2
j
1
1
1
+ ( 2) +
( + 2) + (
2
j + 2)
j ( 2)
[( + 2) + ( 2)] j + 2 + 2
2
2 ( + 2)( 2)
H() =
(b)
[( + 2) + ( 2 )] 2j
2
4
G() = F [sin 0 t f ( t )] =
j
[F( + 0 ) F( 0 )]
2
where F() = F [u (t )] = () +
G () =
1
j
j
1
1
( + 10) +
( 10)
2
j( + 10)
j( 10 )
j
[( + 10) ( 10)] + j j j
2
2 10 + 10
j
[( + 10) ( 10 )] 2 10
2
100
Let f (t ) = e t u (t )
f (t ) cos t
Hence Y() =
F() =
1
j + j
1
[F( 1) + F( + 1)]
2
1
1
1
+
2 1 + j ( 1) 1 + j ( + 1)
1 1 + j + j + 1 + j j
2 [1 + j( 1)][1 + j ( + 1)]
1 + j
1 + j + j + j j 2 + 1
=
1 + j
2 j 2 + 2
F() = f ( t )e jt dt =
F() =
1 1 j2 t
(
e + e j2 t )e jt dt
0
2
1 1 j( + 2 ) t
e
+ e j( 2 )t dt
0
2
1
1
1
1
e j( 2 ) t
e j( + 2 ) t +
=
2 j ( + 2 )
j( 2 )
0
1 e j( + 2 ) 1 e j( 2 ) 1
=
+
2 j ( + 2)
j( 2 )
But
e j2 = cos 2 + j sin 2 = 1 = e j2
1 e j 1 1
1
+
F() =
2
j + 2 2
j
e j 1
2
4
2

(a)
F (cn) = cn()
F c n e jno t = c n ( no )
(b)
F c n e jno t =
n =
n =
T = 2
o =
cn =
c ( n )
n
2
=1
T
1
1 T
jnt
f (t ) e jno t dt =
0 1 e dt + 0
2
T
1 1 jnt
e
2 jn
j
=
(
e jn 1)
2n
But e jn = cos n + j sin n = cos n = (1) n

cn =
j
( 1)n 1 = 0,j ,
2n
n
n = even
n = odd , n 0
for n = 0
cn =
1
1
1 dt =
0
2
2
Hence
f (t) =
1
j jnt

e
2 n = n
n 0
n = odd
F() =
1
j

( n )
2
n = n
n0
n = odd

Using Parsevals theorem,
( t )dt =
1
| F() | 2 d
If f(t) = u(t+a) u(t+a), then
f 2 ( t )dt = (1) 2 dt = 2a =
a
or
2
4a
sin a
a d = 4a 2 = a as required.
1
sin a
4a 2
d
2
a
F [f ( t ) sin o t ] = f ( t )
(e
j o t
e j o t j t
e dt
2j
1
f ( t )e j( o )t dt e j(+ o )t dt
2j
1
[F( o ) F( + o )]
2j
(a) f(3t) leads to

F [f ( 3t )] =
1
10
30
=
3 (2 + j / 3)(5 + j / 3) (6 + j)(15 + j)
30
(6 j)(15 j)
(b) f(2t)
1
10
20
=
2 (2 + j / 2)(15 + j / 2) (4 + j)(10 + j)
20e j / 2
(4 + j)(10 + j)
f(2t-1) = f [2(t-1/2)]
1
1
F( + 2) + F( + 2 )
2
2
(c) f(t) cos 2t
[2 + j( + 2)][5 + j( + 2)]
(d) F [f ' (t )] = j F() =
(e)
f (t ) dt
t
5
[2 + j( 2 )[5 + j( 2)]]
j10
(2 + j)(5 + j)
F()
+ F(0 )()
j()
10
x10
+ ()
j(2 + j)(5 + j)
2x5
10
+ ()
j(2 + j)(5 + j)
(a) X () = F() + F [3]

= 6() +
j j
e 1
(b) y(t ) = f (t 2 )
Y() = e j2 F() =
je j2 j
e 1
(c) If h(t) = f '(t)

H() = jF() = j
j j
e 1 = 1 e j
3 3
3 3
2
5
(d) g(t ) = 4f t + 10f t , G () = 4 x F + 10x F
2 2
5 5
3
3
= 6
j
3
(e
j3 / 2
1 +
6 j j3 / 5
e
1
3
j4 j3 / 2
j10 j3 / 5
e
1 +
e
1
(a) F(s ) =
A=
10
A
B
= +
, s = j
s(s + 2) s s + 2
10
10
= 5, B =
= 5
2
2
F() =
5
5
j j + 2
f(t) =
5
sgn(t ) 5e 2 t u(t )
2
j 4
A
B
=
+
( j + 1)( j + 2) j + 1 j + 2
(b) F() =
F(s ) =
s4
A
B
=
+
, s = j
(s + 1)(s + 2) s + 1 s + 2
A = 5, B = 6
F() =
6
5
+
1 + j 2 + j
f(t) = 5e t + 6e 2 t u(t )

(a) f ( t ) = e ( t 2) u ( t )
(b) h ( t ) = te 4 t u ( t )
(c) If x ( t ) = u ( t + 1) u ( t 1)
By using duality property,
X() = 2
sin
G () = 2u ( + 1) 2u ( 1)
g( t ) =
2 sin t
t
(a) Let F(s ) =
100
A
B
= +
, s = j
s (s + 10) s s + 10
A=
100
100
= 10, B =
= 10
10
10
F() =
10
10
j j + 10
f(t) = 5 sgn(t ) 10e 10 t u(t )

(b) G (s ) =
A=
10s
A
B
=
+
, s = j
(2 s )(3 + s ) 2 s s + 3
20
30
= 4, B =
= 6
5
5
G () =
4
6
= j + 2 j + 3
g(t) = 4e 2 t u( t ) 6e 3 t u(t )
(c) H () =
( j )
60
2
+ j40 + 1300
60
( j + 20)2 + 900
h(t) = 2e 20 t sin( 30t ) u(t )

1 ()e jt d
1 1 1
y (t ) =
= =
(2 + j)( j + 1) 2 2 4
2
(a)
f (t) =
(b)
(c)
1 10( + 2) jt
10
e j2 t
e
d
=
2 j( j + 1)
2 ( j2)( j2 + 1)
j5 e j2 t
( 2 + j)e j2 t
=
2
2 1 j2
1 20( 1)e jt
20
e jt
f (t) =
d =
2 (2 + j)(3 + 5)
2 (2 + j)(3 + j)
=
(d)
1 1
1
=
= 0.05
2 (5)(2) 20
f (t) =
() e jt
1
1
j t
F
(
)
e
d
=
d
2
2 (5 + j)(2 + j)
20e jt
(1 j)e jt
=
2(5 + 5 j)
Let
F() =
5()
5
+
= F1 () + F2 ()
(5 + j) j(5 + j)
f1 ( t ) =
1 5() jt
5 1
e d =
= 0.5
2
5 + j
2 5
F2 (s) =
5
A
B
= +
, A = 1, B = 1
s(5 + s) s s + 5
F2 () =
f 2 (t) =
1
1
j j + 5
1
1
sgn( t ) e 5 t = + u ( t ) e 5 t
2
2
f ( t ) = f 1 ( t ) + f 2 ( t ) = u( t ) e 5 t
(a)
f(t) = F -1 [()] + F -1 [4( + 3) + 4( 3)]

=
(b)
1 4 cos 3t
1
(1 + 8 cos 3t )
+
=
2
2
If h ( t ) = u ( t + 2) u ( t 2)
H() =
2 sin 2
g( t ) =
G () = 4H()
g(t) =
(c)
1 8 sin 2 t
2
t
4 sin 2t
t
Since
cos(at) ( + a ) + ( a )
Using the reversal property,
2 cos 2 ( t + 2) + ( t 2)
or F -1 [6 cos 2] = 3(t + 2) + 3(t 2)
(a)
y( t ) = sgn( t )
H() =
(b) X() =
Y() =
2
,
j
Y() 2(a + j)
2a
=
= 2+
X()
j
j
1
,
1 + j
H() =
Y() =
X() =
1
a + j
h ( t ) = 2( t ) + a[u ( t ) u ( t )]
1
2 + j
1 + j
1
= 1
2 + j
2 + j
(c ) In this case, by definition, h ( t ) =
h ( t ) = ( t ) e 2 t u ( t )
y( t ) = e at sin bt u ( t )
Y() =
(a)
X() =
1
(a + j)
H() =
Y()
1
=
H() a + j
1
a + j
x ( t ) = e at u ( t )
(b)
By definition, x ( t ) = y( t ) = u ( t + 1) u ( t 1)
(c )
Y() =
X() =
Y()
j
1
a
=
=
H() 2(a + j) 2 2(a + j)
H() =
(a + j)
2
j
x(t) =
(a)
e j
j + 1
and F( )
e ( t 1) u ( t 1)
Since
F1 () =
f(-t)
e j
j + 1
f 1 (t ) = e ( t 1) u ( t 1)
f1(t) = e (t +1 )u( t 1)
(b)
From Section 17.3,

2
t +1
2e
If F2 () = 2e
f2(t) =
, then
2
t +1
a
1
( t ) e at u ( t )
2
2
(b)
By partial fractions
F3 () =
( j + 1)2 ( j 1)2
Hence f 3 (t ) =
(d)
1
1
1
1
4
4
=
+ 4 +
4
2
2
( j + 1) ( j + 1) ( j 1) j 1
1 t
te + e t + te t e t u (t )
4
1
(t + 1)e t u(t ) + 1 (t 1)e t u(t )
4
4
f 4 (t ) =
1
1
1 ()e jt
jt
(
)
F
e
d
=
=
1
2
2 1 + j2
2

(a)
Let x (t ) = 2 sin t[u (t + 1) u (t 1)]

From Problem 17.9(b),
4 j sin
2 2
Applying duality property,
X() =
f (t ) =
(b)
1
2 j sin ( t )
X( t ) = 2 2
2
t
f(t) =
2 j sin t
t 2 2
F() =
j
(cos 2 j sin 2) j (cos j sin )
j j2
e j e j 2
j
= (e e ) =
j
j
f (t ) =
1
1
sgn (t 1) sgn (t 2)
2
2
But sgn( t ) = 2u ( t ) 1
f (t ) = u (t 1)
1
1
u (t 2 ) +
2
2
= u(t 1) u(t 2 )

First, we find G() for g(t) shown below.
g (t ) = 10[u (t + 2 ) u (t 2 )] + 10[u (t + 1) u (t 1)]
g ' (t ) = 10[(t + 2 ) (t 2 )] + 10[(t + 1) (t 1)]
The Fourier transform of each term gives

g(t)
20
10
g (t)
10(t+2)
10(t+1)
10(t-1)
10(t-2)
jG () = 10(e j2 e j2 ) + 10(e j e j )
= 20 j sin 2 + 20 j sin
G () =
20 sin 2 20 sin
+
= 40 sinc(2) + 20 sinc()
Note that G() = G(-).
F() = 2G ( )
f (t ) =
1
G (t )
2
= (20/)sinc(2t) + (10/)sinc(t)

(a)
x(t) = f[3(t-1/3)]. Using the scaling and time shifting properties,

X() =
(b)
1
1
e j / 3
e j / 3 =
3 2 + j / 3
(6 + j)
Using the modulation property,

1 1
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
Y() = [F( + 5) + F( 5)] =
+
2
2 2 + j( + 5) 2 + j( 5) 2 j + 7 j 3
j
2 + j
(c )
Z() = jF() =
(d)
H() = F()F() =
(e)
I() = j
1
(2 + j) 2
d
(0 j)
1
F() = j
=
d
(2 + j) 2 (2 + j) 2
H() =
Vo ()
Vi ()
Vo () = H()Vi () =
10Vi ()
2 + j
(a)
vi = 4(t)
Vo () =
Vi() = 4
40
2 + j
v o ( t ) = 40e 2 t u (t )
vo(2) = 40e4 = 0.7326 V
(b)
v i = 6e t u (t )
Vi () =
6
1 + j
Vo () =
60
(2 + j)(1 + j)
Vo (s ) =
60
A
B
=
+
, s = j
(s + 2)(s + 1) s + 1 s + 2
A=
60
60
= 60, B =
= 60
1
1
Vo () =
60
60
1 + j 2 + j
[
(2) = 60[e
]
] = 60 (0.13533 0.01831)
v o ( t ) = 60 e t e 2 t u ( t )
vo
= 7.021 V
(c)
e 4
vi(t) = 3 cos 2t
Vi() = [( + 2) + (- 2)]
Vo =
10[( + 2) + ( 2 )]
2 + j
v o (t) =
1
Vo ()e jt d
2
jt
( 2 )e
( + 2 ) jt
e d + 5
= 5
d
2 + j
2 + j
5e j2 t 5e + j2 t
5
+
=
e j(2 t 45 ) + e j(2 t 45 )
2 j2 2 + j2 2 2
5
cos(2 t 45)
2
v o (2 ) =
5
5
cos(229.18 45)
cos(4 45) =
2
2
vo(2) = 3.526 V
2 j =
j2
2 + j
j2
I ()
j2
2 + j
H() = o
=
=
j2
I s ()
j2 + 8 + j4
4+
2 + j
H() =
j
4 + j3
Vi () = () +
Vo () =
1
j
5
1
10
() +
Vi () =
5 + j
j
10 + j2
Let Vo () = V1 () + V2 () =
5()
5
+
5 + j j(5 + j)
V2 () =
5
A
B
= +
s(s + 5) s s + 5
V2 () =
1
1
j 5 + j
V1 =
5()
5 + j
A = 1, B = -1, s = j
1
v 2 (t ) = sgn( t ) e 5 t
2
v 1 (t ) =
1 5 () jt
e d
2 5 + j
5 1
= 0.5
2 5
v1(t) =
v 0 (t ) = v1 (t ) + v 2 (t ) = 0.5 + 0.5 sgn (t ) e 5 t

sgn (t ) = 1 + 2u (t )
But
v o (t ) = +0.5 0.5 + u (t ) e 5 t u (t ) = u(t ) e 5t u(t )
Vs () =
(1 t )e
jt
dt =
I() =
Vs ()
3
10 + jx10
1
1
1 j
+
e
2
j
2
10 3
1
1
1 j
+
2
10 + j j
2

v( t ) = ( t ) 2( t 1) + ( t 2)
2 V() = 1 2e j + e j2
V() =
Now
1 2e j + e j2
2
Z() = 2 +
1 1 + j2
=
j
j
I=
V() 2e j e j2 1
j
=
2
Z()
1 + j2
1
(
0.5 + 0.5e j2 e j )
j(0.5 + j)
1
A
B
= +
s(s + 0.5) s s + 0.5
But
I() =
i(t) =
A = 2, B = -2
2
2
(
(0.5 + 0.5e j2 e j )
0.5 + 0.5e j2 e j )
j
0.5 + j
1
1
sgn( t ) + sgn(t 2) sgn( t 1) e 0.5t u(t ) e 0.5( t 2 ) u(t 2) 2e 0.5( t 1) u(t 1)
2
2
2
+
1
2 + j
1/s
0.5s
1
2V
2 + j
+ j V +
2=0
2
j
j
4 2 + j9
j 2 + 4 V = j4 +
=
2 + j
2 + j
V() =
2 j(4.5 + j2)
(2 + j)(4 2 2 + j)
By current division, I o =
(a)
2
I()
2 + j
For i(t) = 5 sgn (t),

10
j
2
10
20
Io =
=
2 + j j j(2 + j)
I() =
Let I o =
20
A
B
= +
, A = 10, B = 10
s(s + 2) s s + 2
I o () =
10
10
j 2 + j
io(t) = 5 sgn( t ) 10e 2 t u(t )A

i(t)
(b)
i(t)
4(t)
1
1
i' ( t ) = 4( t ) 4( t 1)
j I() = 4 4e j
4 1 e j
I() =
j
Io =
1
8(1 e j )
1
(1 e j )
= 4
j(2 + j)
j
2
j
4
4
4e j 4e j
+
j 2 + j
j
2 + j
t
4(t1)
io(t) = 2 sgn( t ) 2 sgn( t 1) 4e 2 t u(t ) + 4e 2( t 1) u(t 1)A
20 mF
1
1
50
=
=
,
3
jC j20x10 j
Vo =
Vo =
50
50
40
=
Is
,
50
j (s + 1.25)(s + 5)
40 +
j
i s = 5e t
Is =
1
5 + j
s = j
A
B
40
1
1
+
=
s + 1.25 s + 5 3 j + 1.25 j + 5
v o (t) =
40 1.25t
(e
e 5 t ) u ( t )
3
1H
We transform the voltage source to a current source as shown in Fig. (a) and then
combine the two parallel 2 resistors, as shown in Fig. (b).
Io
+
Vs/2
2
2 Vo
Io
+
Vs/2
1 Vo
(a)
2 2 = 1, I o =
Vo = j I o =
V
1
s
1 + j 2
j Vs
2(1 + j)
(b)
v s ( t ) = 10(t ) 10( t 2)
j Vs () = 10 10e j2
Vs () =
10 1 e j2
j
5 1 e j2
5
5
Hence Vo =
=
e j2
1 + j
1 + j 1 + j
v o ( t ) = 5e t u ( t ) 5e ( t 2) u ( t 2)
v o (1) = 5e 1 1 0 = 1.839 V
Vo =
1
j
1
2 + j +
j
(2) =
2
( j + 1)
v o ( t ) = 2te t u ( t )
1
F
4
1
j
2H
3( t )
1
4
j4
j2
3
1
1 + j
e t u(t)
The circuit in the frequency domain is shown below:

2
Vo
Io()
j4/
1/(1+j)
j2
At node Vo, KCL gives

1
Vo
3 Vo
V
1 + j
+
= o
j4
2
j2
2
j2Vo
2Vo + j3 jVo =
1 + j
2
+ j3
1 + j
Vo =
j2
2 + j
2 + j3 3 2
V
1 + j
I o () = o =
j2
j2
j2 2 + j
Io() =
2 + j 2 3 2
4 6 2 + j(8 2 3 )
Transferring the current source to a voltage source gives the circuit below:
1/(j)
2
+
8V
Vo
j/2
j
4 + j3
j
Let Z in = 2 + 1
= 2+ 2 =
j 2 + j
2
1+
2
1
8
8
j
Vo () =
8 =
=
1
j(4 + j3)
1 + jZ in
+ Z in
1+
j
2 + j
=
8(2 + j)
2 + j + j4 3 2
8(2 + j)
2 + j5 3 2
0.2F
1
j5
=
jC
As an integrator,
RC = 20 x 10 3 x 20 x 10 6 = 0.4
vo =
1 t
v i dt
RC o
Vo =
1 Vi
+ Vi (0)()
RC j
Io =
1
2
+ ()
(
0 .4 j 2 + j )
Vo
2
mA = 0.125
+ ()
20
j (2 + j)
0.125 0.125
+
0.125 ()
j
2 + j
i o ( t ) = 0.125 sgn( t ) + 0.125e 2 t u (t )
0.125
()e jt dt
= 0.125 + 0.25u ( t ) + 0.125e 2 t u ( t )
0.125
2
io(t) = 0.625 0.25u(t ) + 0.125e 2t u(t ) mA

Consider the circuit shown below:
j
j2
j
+
VS
i1
i2
2
1 vo
Vs = [ ( + 1) + ( 2)]
For mesh 1, Vs + (2 + j2)I1 2I 2 jI 2 = 0
Vs = 2 (1 + j) I1 (2 + j)I 2
0 = (3 + j)I 2 2I1 jI1
For mesh 2,
I1 =
(3 + )I 2
(2 + )
(2)

Vs = 2
(1)
2 (1 + j)(3 + j)I 2
(2 + j)I 2
2 + j
[(
) (
)]
Vs (2 + ) = 2 3 + j4 2 4 + j4 2 I 2
= I 2 (2 + j4
I2 =
(s + 2)Vs
s 2 + 4s + 2
Vo = I 2 =
( j + 2) [ ( + 1) + ( 1)]
( j)2 + j4 + 2
1
v o ()e jt d
v o (t) =
, s = j
1
( j + 2) e jt ( + 1)d 1 ( j + 2)e jt ( 1)d
2
+2
2
( j) + j4 + 2
( j)2 + j4 + 2
1
( j + 2)e jt 1 ( j + 2)e jt
= 2
+ 2
1 j4 + 2 1 + j4 + 2
1
1
(2 j)(1 + j4)
(2 j)(1 j4)e jt
v o (t) = 2
e jt + 2
17
17
=
1
(6 + j7 )e jt + 1 (6 j7 )e jt
34
34
= 0.271e j ( t 13.64 ) + 0.271e j ( t 13.64 )

vo(t) = 0.542 cos(t 13.64)V

Consider the circuit shown below:
j0.5
1
VS
i1
i2
j
+
1
vo
For loop 1,
For loop 2,
2 + (1 + j)I1 + j0.5I 2 = 0
(1)
(1 + j)I 2 + j0.5I1 = 0
(2)
From (2),
I1 =
(1 + j)I 2
j0.5
= 2
(1 + j)I 2
j

2(1 + j)I 2 j
2=
+
I2
j
2
3
2 j = 4 + j4 2 I 2
2
I2 =
2 j
4 + j4 1.5 2
Vo = I 2 =
2 j
4 + j4 + 1.5( j)
4
j
3
Vo =
8
8
2
+j
+ ( j )
3
3
4
4 + j
3
8
4
+ j +
3
3
2
16
3
2
8
4
+ j +
3
3
8
8
t u(t ) + 5.657e 4t / 3 sin
t u(t ) V
Vo ( t ) = 4e 4t / 3 cos
3
3
1
1
1
j
Z = 1 //
=
=
1
j 1 +
1 + j
j
1
Z
2
1
2
1 + j
=
Vo =
Vo =
1
Z+2
1 + j 3 + 2 j 1 + j
2+
1 + j
1
=
, s = j
(s + 1)(s + 1.5)
Vo =
A
B
2
2
+
=
s + 1 s + 1.5 s + 1 s + 1.5
W=
v o ( t ) = 2(e t e 1.5t )u ( t )
f 2 ( t )dt = 4 (e t e 1.5t ) 2 dt
= 4 (e
2t
2e
2.5 t
+e
3t
e 2t
e 2.5t e 3t
+2
)dt = 4
2
2
.
5
3
1 2 1
W = 4(
+ ) = 0.1332 J
2 2.5 3
J = 2 f 2 ( t ) dt =
0
1
2
F() d
1
1
1
1
d =
tan 1 ( / 3) =
= (1/6)
=
2
2
0
9 +
3
3 2
0
J =
F() d = 2 f 2 ( t ) dt
2
f(t) =
e 2t ,
t<0
e 2 t ,
t>0
e 4t
0
J = 2 e 4 t dt + e 4 t dt = 2

0
4
e 4 t
+
4
= 2[(1/4) + (1/4)] =
0
W1 =
f 2 ( t ) dt = 16 e 2 t dt = 8e 2 t
= 8J
f(t) = 5e2etu(t)
F() = 5e2/(1 + j), |F()|2 = 25e4/(1 + 2)
W1
1
25e 4
2
=
F
(
)
d
=
0
= 12.5e4 = 682.5 J
or
W1 =
f 2 ( t ) dt = 25e 4 e 2 t dt = 12.5e4 = 682.5 J

0
W1 =
But,
f 2 ( t ) dt = e 2 t sin 2 (2 t ) dt
0
sin2(A) = 0.5(1 cos(2A))
1
25e 4
d
=
tan 1 ()
2
1+
0
W1 =
2 t
1 e 2 t
0.5[1 cos(4 t )]dt =
2 2
e 2 t
[2 cos(4 t ) + 4 sin(4t )]
4 + 16
0
= (1/4) + (1/20)(2) = 0.15 J

W1 =
or
i 2 ( t ) dt = 4e 2 t dt = 2e 2 t
= 2J
I() = 2/(1 j), |I()|2 = 4/(1 + 2)
W1 =
4
4
1
4
1
2
= 2J
d = tan 1 () =
=
I
(
)
d
2
2
2
(1 + )
0
In the frequency range, 5 < < 5,

5
4
4
4
W =
tan 1 = tan 1 (5) = (1.373) = 1.7487
W/ W1 = 1.7487/2 = 0.8743 or 87.43%

m = 200 = 2fm which leads to fm = 100 Hz

(a)
c = x104 = 2fc which leads to fc = 104/2 = 5 kHz
(b)
lsb = fc fm = 5,000 100 = 4,900 Hz
(c)
usb = fc + fm = 5,000 + 100 = 5,100 Hz
10
6
V () 2 + j 4 + j
5
3
H() = o
=
=
Vi ()
2
2 + j 4 + j
5
3 4
Vo () = H()Vi () =
2 + j 4 + j 1 + j
20
12
=
, s = j
(s + 1)(s + 2) (s + 1)(s + 4)
Using partial fraction,
A
B
C
D
16
20
4
+
+
+
=
+
s + 1 s + 2 s + 1 s + 4 1 + j 2 + j 4 + j
Vo () =
Thus,
v o ( t ) = 16e t 20e 2 t + 4e 4 t u ( t ) V

2
+
Is
1/j
V = jI s
1
j
1
+ 2 + j
j
jI s
1 2 + j2
Since the voltage appears across the inductor, there is no DC component.

V1 =
2908
1 4 2 + j4
V2 =
50.2790
= 1.2418 71.92
38.48 + j12.566
4905
2
1 16 + j8
62.8390
= 0.3954 80.9
156.91 + j25.13
v( t ) = 1.2418 cos( 2t 41.92) + 0.3954 cos( 4t + 129.1) mV

lsb = 8,000,000 5,000 = 7,995,000 Hz
usb = 8,000,000 + 5,000 = 8,005,000 Hz
For the lower sideband, the frequencies range from
10,000 3,500 Hz = 6,500 Hz to 10,000 400 Hz = 9,600 Hz
For the upper sideband, the frequencies range from
10,000 + 400 Hz = 10,400 Hz to 10,000 + 3,500 Hz = 13,500 Hz
Since fn = 5 kHz, 2fn = 10 kHz
i.e. the stations must be spaced 10 kHz apart to avoid interference.
f = 1600 540 = 1060 kHz
The number of stations = f /10 kHz = 106 stations
f = 108 88 MHz = 20 MHz
The number of stations = 20 MHz/0.2 MHz = 100 stations
= 3.4 kHz
fs = 2 = 6.8 kHz

= 4.5 MHz
fc = 2 = 9 MHz
Ts = 1/fc = 1/(9x106) = 1.11x107 = 111 ns
We first find the Fourier transform of g(t). We use the results of Example 17.2 in
conjunction with the duality property. Let Arect(t) be a rectangular pulse of height A and
width T as shown below.
Arect(t) transforms to Atsinc(2/2)
f(t)
F()
t
T/2
T/2
G()
m/2
According to the duality property,
Asinc(t/2)
becomes 2Arect()
g(t) = sinc(200t) becomes 2Arect()

where A = 1 and /2 = 200 or T = 400
i.e. the upper frequency u = 400 = 2fu or fu = 200 Hz
The Nyquist rate = fs = 200 Hz
The Nyquist interval = 1/fs = 1/200 = 5 ms
m/2

The total energy is
WT =
v 2 ( t ) dt
Since v(t) is an even function,

WT =
2500e
4 t
e 4 t
dt = 5000
4
= 1250 J
0
V() = 50x4/(4 + 2)
1 5
1 5 (200) 2
2
|
V
(
)
|
d
=
d
2 1
2 1 (4 + 2 ) 2
W =
But
(a
1 x
1
1
+ tan 1 ( x / a ) + C
dx = 2 2
2 2
2
a
+x )
2a x + a
2x10 4 1
1
W =
+
tan 1 ( / 2)
2
8 4 +
2
1
= (2500/)[(5/29) + 0.5tan-1(5/2) (1/5) 0.5tan1(1/2) = 267.19

W/WT = 267.19/1250 = 0.2137 or 21.37%
The total energy is

WT =
W =
1
1 400
2
F() d =
d
2
2 4 2 + 2
400
(1 / 4) tan 1 ( / 4)
100
= 50
2
1 2
400
2
F() d =
(1 / 4) tan 1 ( / 4)
0
2
2
2
0
= [100/(2)]tan1(2) = (50/)(1.107) = 17.6187

W/WT = 17.6187/50 = 0.3524 or 35.24%

To get z 11 and z 21 , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
I2 = 0
+
I1
V1
Io
V2
(a)
z 11 =
V1
= 1 + 6 || (4 + 2) = 4
I1
Io =
1
I ,
2 1
z 21 =
V2 = 2 I o = I 1
V2
= 1
I1
To get z 22 and z 12 , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

I1 = 0
4
Io '
V1
V2
(b)
z 22 =
V2
= 2 || (4 + 6) = 1.667
I2
Io' =
2
1
I2 = I2 ,
2 + 10
6
z 12 =
V1
= 1
I2
V1 = 6 I o ' = I 2
I2
Hence,
4
1
[z ] =
1 1.667
Consider the circuit in Fig. (a) to get z 11 and z 21 .

1
Io '
+
I1
V1
1
Io
V2
1
(a)
z 11 =
V1
= 2 + 1 || [ 2 + 1 || (2 + 1) ]
I1
(1)(11 4)
11
3
= 2 + = 2.733
z 11 = 2 + 1 || 2 + = 2 +
15
4
1 + 11 4
Io =
1
1
Io' = Io'
1+ 3
4
Io' =
1
4
I1 = I1
1 + 11 4
15
Io =
1 4
1
I1 = I1
4 15
15
V2 = I o =
z 21 =
I2 = 0
1
I
15 1
V2
1
=
= z 12 = 0.06667
I 1 15
To get z 22 , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

I1 = 0
+
1
V1
V2
(b)
z 22 =
V2
= 2 + 1 || (2 + 1 || 3) = z 11 = 2.733
I2
Thus,
2.733 0.06667
[z ] =
0.06667 2.733

(a)
To find z 11 and z 21 , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

-j
Io
+
I1
V1
I2 = 0
V1
j (1 j)
= j || (1 j) =
= 1+ j
I1
j +1 j
j
Io =
I = j I1
j +1 j 1
V2
(a)
z 11 =
I2
V2 = I o = jI 1
z 21 =
V2
=j
I1

-j
I1 = 0
+
j
V1
I2
V2
(b)
z 22 =
V2
= 1 || ( j j) = 0
I2
V1 = j I 2
z 12 =
V1
=j
I2
Thus,
1+ j j
[z ] =
0
j
(b)
To find z 11 and z 21 , consider the circuit in Fig. (c).

j
-j
+
I1
V1
I2 = 0
V2
-j
1
(c)
z 11 =
V1
-j
= j + 1 + 1 || (-j) = 1 + j +
= 1.5 + j0.5
1 j
I1
V2 = (1.5 j0.5) I 1
z 21 =
V2
= 1.5 j0.5
I1
To get z 22 and z 12 , consider the circuit in Fig. (d).
I1 = 0
-j
V1
V2
-j
1
(d)
z 22 =
V2
= -j + 1 + 1 || (-j) = 1.5 - j1.5
I2
V1 = (1.5 j0.5) I 2
z 12 =
V1
= 1.5 j0.5
I2
Thus,
1.5 + j0.5 1.5 j0.5

[z ] =
1.5 j0.5 1.5 j1.5

Transform the network to a T network.
Z1
Z3
Z2
I2
Z1 =
(12)( j10)
j120
=
12 + j10 j5 12 + j5
Z2 =
- j60
12 + j5
Z3 =
50
12 + j5
The z parameters are
z 12 = z 21 = Z 2 =
(-j60)(12 - j5)
= -1.775 - j4.26
144 + 25
z 11 = Z1 + z 12 =
( j120)(12 j5)
+ z 12 = 1.775 + j4.26
169
z 22 = Z 3 + z 21 =
(50)(12 j5)
+ z 21 = 1.7758 j5.739
169
Thus,
1.775 + j4.26 - 1.775 j4.26

[z ] =
- 1.775 j4.26 1.775 j5.739

I2 = 0
Io
+
I1
V1
1/s
1/s
+
V2
(a)
1
1
1 + s +
1
1
1 s + 1
s
z 11 = 1 || || 1 + s + =
|| 1 + s + =
1
1
s
s
s 1
1+
+1+ s +
s
s + 1
s
1
s
s2 + s +1
s 3 + 2s 2 + 3s + 1
z 11 =
Io =
Io =
1 ||
1
s
1
1
1 || + 1 + s +
s
s
I1 =
s
s + 2s + 3s + 1
3
1
s +1
1
1
+1+ s +
s +1
s
I1 =
s
s +1
s
+ s2 + s +1
s +1
I1
I1
I1
1
V2 = I o = 3
s
s + 2s 2 + 3s + 1
z 21 =
V2
1
= 3
2
I 1 s + 2s + 3s + 1
Consider the circuit in Fig. (b).
I1 = 0
+
+
1
V1
1/s
1/s
(b)
z 22 =
z 22
V2 1
1 1
1
= || 1 + s + 1 || = || 1 + s +
s s
s + 1
I2 s
1
1
1
1 + s +
1
s
+
+
s
s + 1
s +1
=
=
s
1
1
1+ s + s2 +
+1+ s +
s +1
s
s +1
z 22 =
s 2 + 2s + 2
s 3 + 2s 2 + 3s + 1
z 12 = z 21
Hence,
V2
I2
s2 + s + 1
1
s 3 + 2s 2 + 3s + 1 s 3 + 2s 2 + 3s + 1
[z ] =
1
s 2 + 2s + 2
s 3 + 2s 2 + 3s + 1 s 3 + 2s 2 + 3s + 1

To find z 11 and z 21 , connect a voltage source V1 to the input and leave the output
open as in Fig. (a).
I1
10
Vo
20
+
V1
30
0.5 V2
V2
(a)
V1 Vo
Vo
,
= 0.5 V2 +
10
50
where V2 =
30
3
Vo = Vo
20 + 30
5
3 V
V1 = Vo + 5 Vo + o = 4.2 Vo
5 5
I1 =
V1 Vo 3.2
=
V = 0.32 Vo
10
10 o
z 11 =
4.2 Vo
V1
=
= 13.125
I 1 0.32 Vo
z 21 =
0.6 Vo
V2
=
= 1.875
I 1 0.32 Vo
To obtain z 22 and z 12 , use the circuit in Fig. (b).
10
20
I2
+
V1
0.5 V2
(b)
30
V2
V2
= 0.5333 V2
30
V2
1
=
=
= 1.875
I 2 0.5333
I 2 = 0.5 V2 +
z 22
V1 = V2 (20)(0.5 V2 ) = -9 V2
z 12 =
- 9 V2
V1
=
= -16.875
I 2 0.5333 V2
Thus,
13.125 - 16.875
[z ] =
1.875
1.875

To get z11 and z21, we consider the circuit below.
I1
20
I2=0
100
+
+
V1
vx
50
60
12vx
+
V1 Vx Vx Vx + 12Vx
=
+
20
50
160
V Vx
81 V1
I1 = 1
( )
=
20
121 20
Vx =
z11 =
40
V1
121
V1
= 29.88
I1
+
V2
-
13Vx
57
57 40
57 40 20x121
) 12Vx = Vx = (
)V1 = (
)
I1
160
8
8 121
8 121
81
V
= 70.37 I1
z 21 = 2 = 70.37
I1
V2 = 60(
To get z12 and z22, we consider the circuit below.

I1=0
20
I2
100
+
+
V1
50
vx
60
12vx
+
V2
-
+
Vx =
50
1
V2 = V2 ,
100 + 50
3
z 22 =
V2
= 1 / 0.09 = 11.11
I2
I2 =
V2 V2 + 12Vx
+
= 0.09V2
150
60
11.11
1
I 2 = 3.704I 2
V1 = Vx = V2 =
3
3
Thus,
29.88 3.704
[z] =
70.37 11.11
V
z12 = 1 = 3.704
I2
To get z11 and z21, consider the circuit below.

j4
I1 -j2
I2 =0
j6
j8
+
V2
V1
10
V1 = (10 j2 + j6)I1
V2 = 10I1 j4I1
V
z11 = 1 = 10 + j4
I1
z 21 =
V2
= (10 + j4)
I1

j4
I1=0 -j2
j6
j8
I2
+
V2
V1
10
-
V2 = (5 + 10 + j8)I 2
V1 = (10 + j4)I 2
z 22 =
V2
= 15 + j8
I2
V
z12 = 1 = (10 + j4)
I2
Thus,
(10 + j4) (10 + j4)
[z] =
(10 + j4) (15 + j8)

It is evident from Fig. 19.5 that a T network is appropriate for realizing the z
parameters.
R2
R1
R3
R 1 = z 11 z 12 = 10 4 = 6
R 2 = z 22 z 12 = 6 4 = 2
R 3 = z 12 = z 21 = 4

(a)
This is a non-reciprocal circuit so that the two-port looks like the one
shown in Figs. (a) and (b).
I1
z11
z22
+
V1
I2
z12 I2
z21 I1
V2
(a)
(b)
This is a reciprocal network and the two-port look like the one shown in
Figs. (c) and (d).
z11 z12
I1
z22 z12
I2
+
+
z12
V1
V2
(c)
25
I1
10
I2
+
+
+
20 I2
V1
5 I1
V2
(b)
z 11 z 12 = 1 +
2
1
= 1+
s
0.5 s
z 22 z 12 = 2s
z 12 =
I1
1
s
0.5 F
2H
I2
+
1F
V1
V2
(d)

This is a reciprocal network, as shown below.
1+j5
3+j
j5
j1
5-j2
-j2

This is a reciprocal two-port so that it can be represented by the circuit in Figs. (a)
and (b).
I1
z11 z12
z22 z12
I2
+
z12
V1
V2
(a)
I1
+
V1
+
4
(b)
V1 = (8 + 4 || 4) I 1 = 10 I 1
V2
From Fig. (b),
I2
Io
2
Io =
1
I ,
2 1
V2 = 2 I o = I 1
V2
I1
=
= 0 .1
V1 10 I 1

This is a reciprocal two-port so that the circuit can be represented by the circuit below.
40
1200 V
rms
I1
50
10 I2
20
30 I1

For mesh 1,
- 120 + 90 I 1 + 10 I 2 = 0
12 = 9 I 1 + I 2
For mesh 2,
30 I 1 + 120 I 2 = 0
I 1 = -4 I 2
- 12
12 = -36 I 2 + I 2 = -35 I 2
I 2 =
35
2
1
1 12
2
P = I 2 R = (100) = 5.877 W
2
2 35
I2
100
(1)
(2)

To find Z Th , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
I2
I1
+
ZS
V1
Vo = 1
(a)
V1 = z 11 I 1 + z 12 I 2
V2 = z 21 I 1 + z 22 I 2
(1)
(2)
But
V1 = - Z s I 1
V2 = 1 ,
0 = (z 11 + Z s ) I 1 + z 12 I 2
Hence,
I 1 =
- z 12
I
z 11 + Z s 2
- z 21 z 12
1=
+ z 22 I 2
z 11 + Z s
Z Th =
V2
z z
1
=
= z 22 21 12
z 11 + Z s
I2 I2
To find VTh , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

ZS
VS
I1
I2 = 0
V1
V2 = VTh
(b)
I2 = 0 ,
V1 = Vs I 1 Z s
Substituting these into (1) and (2),

Vs I 1 Z s = z 11 I 1
V2 = z 21 I 1 =
VTh = V2 =
I 1 =
Vs
z 11 + Z s
z 21 Vs
z 11 + Z s
z 21 Vs
z 11 + Z s

(a) From Prob. 18.12,
ZTh = z 22
z12z 21
80x 60
= 120
= 24
z11 + Zs
40 + 10
ZL = ZTh = 24
(b) VTh =
z 21
80
Vs =
(120) = 192
z11 + Zs
40 + 10
Pmax =
V 2Th 192 2
=
= 192 W
8R Th 8x 24

As a reciprocal two-port, the given circuit can be represented as shown in Fig. (a).
150 V
10 j6
4 j6
j6
(a)
j4
b
At terminals a-b,
Z Th = (4 j6) + j6 || (5 + 10 j6)
Z Th = 4 j6 +
j6 (15 j6)
= 4 j6 + 2.4 + j6
15
Z Th = 6.4
VTh =
j6
(150) = j6 = 690 V
j6 + 5 + 10 j6
The Thevenin equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. (b).
6.4
+
690 V
Vo
j4
(b)
From this,
Vo =
j4
( j6) = 3.18148
6.4 + j4
v o ( t ) = 3.18 cos( 2t + 148) V

To obtain z 11 and z 21 , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
4
+
I1
V1
Io '
Io
I2 = 0
+
V2
6
(a)
In this case, the 4- and 8- resistors are in series, since the same current, I o , passes
through them. Similarly, the 2- and 6- resistors are in series, since the same current,
I o ' , passes through them.
V1
(12)(8)
= (4 + 8) || (2 + 6) = 12 || 8 =
= 4 .8
I1
20
z 11 =
Io =
But
8
2
I1 = I1
8 + 12
5
Io' =
3
I
5 1
- V2 4 I o + 2 I o ' = 0
V2 = -4 I o + 2 I o ' =
z 21 =
-8
6
-2
I1 + I1 =
I
5
5
5 1
V2 - 2
=
= -0.4
I1
5

4
I1 = 0
+
V1
+
V2
6
(b)
z 22 =
V2
(6)(14)
= (4 + 2) || (8 + 6) = 6 || 14 =
= 4 .2
I2
20
z12 = z 21 = -0.4
Thus,
4.8 - 0.4
[z ] =
- 0.4 4.2
We may take advantage of Table 18.1 to get [y] from [z].

z = (4.8)(4.2) (0.4) 2 = 20
I2
y 11 =
z 22 4.2
=
= 0.21
20
z
y 12 =
- z 12 0.4
=
= 0.02
20
z
y 21 =
- z 21 0.4
=
= 0.02
20
z
y 22 =
z 11 4.8
=
= 0.24
20
z
Thus,
0.21 0.02
[y ] =
S
0.02 0.24
To get y 11 and y 21 , consider the circuit in Fig.(a).

6
I1
I2
+
V1
V2 = 0
(a)
V1 = (6 + 6 || 3) I 1 = 8 I 1
I1 1
=
V1 8
y 11 =
I2 =
-6
- 2 V1 - V1
I1 =
=
6+3
3 8
12
y 21 =
I 2 -1
=
V1 12
To get y 22 and y 12 , consider the circuit in Fig.(b).

I1
Io
I2
+
V1 = 0
(b)
V2
I2
1
1
1
=
=
=
V2 3 || (3 + 6 || 6) 3 || 6 2
y 22 =
I1 =
- Io
,
2
I1 =
- I 2 - 1 1 - V2
= V2 =
6 2 12
6
y 12 =
Io =
3
1
I2 = I2
3+ 6
3
I1
-1
=
= y 21
V2 12
Thus,
1 -1
8 12
[y ] =
S
-1 1
12 2
Consider the circuit in Fig.(a) for calculating y 11 and y 21 .

1
I1
I2
+
V1
1/s
s
1
(a)
2s
1
2
V1 = || 2 I 1 =
I1 =
I
s
2 + (1 s)
2s + 1 1
y 11 =
I2 =
I 1 2s + 1
=
= s + 0 .5
V1
2
- I1
- V1
(- 1 s )
I1 =
=
(1 s) + 2
2s + 1
2
V2 = 0
y 21 =
I2
= -0.5
V1
To get y 22 and y 12 , refer to the circuit in Fig.(b).

1
I1
I2
+
V1 = 0
1/s
s
1
(b)
V2 = (s || 2) I 2 =
y 22 =
I1 =
2s
I
s+2 2
I2 s + 2
1
=
= 0 .5 +
V2
s
2s
- V2
-s
-s s+ 2
I2 =
V2 =
s+2
s + 2 2s
2
y 12 =
I1
= -0.5
V2
Thus,
s + 0.5
- 0.5
[y ] =
S
- 0.5 0.5 + 1 s
To get y11 and y21, consider the circuit below.
V2
3ix
I1
I2
+
V1
I1
ix
4
V2 =0
-
Since 6-ohm resistor is short-circuited, ix = 0

V1 = I1(4 // 2) =
I2 =
8
I1
6
I
y11 = 1 = 0.75
V1
4
2 6
1
I1 = ( V1) = V1
4+2
3 8
2
I
y 21 = 2 = 0.5
V1
To get y22 and y12, consider the circuit below.

3ix
I1
+
V1=0
ix
4
-
6 V2
-
I2
ix =
V2
,
6
V
V
I 2 = i x 3i x + 2 = 2
2
6
V
I1 = 3i x 2 = 0
2
I
1
y 22 = 2 = = 0.1667
V2 6
I
y12 = 1 = 0
V2
Thus,
0
0.75
[ y] =
S
0.5 0.1667
To get y 11 and y 21 , refer to Fig. (a).

I1
0.2 V1
V1
I2
+
V1
10
V2 = 0
(a)
At node 1,
I1 =
V1
+ 0.2 V1 = 0.4 V1
5
I 2 = -0.2 V1
y 11 =
I1
= 0 .4
V1
I2
= -0.2
V1
y 21 =
To get y 22 and y 12 , refer to the circuit in Fig. (b).

I1
0.2 V1
V1
I2
+
V1 = 0
10
V2
(b)
Since V1 = 0 , the dependent current source can be replaced with an open circuit.
V2 = 10 I 2
y 12 =
y 22 =
I2
1
=
= 0 .1
V2 10
I1
=0
V2
Thus,
0.4
0
[y ] =
S
- 0.2 0.1
Consequently, the y parameter equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. (c).
I1
I2
+
0.2 V1
0.4 S
V1
0.1 S
V2
(c)
(a)
To get y 11 and y 21 refer to the circuit in Fig. (a).

I1
V1
Vo
+
V1
Vx
I2
Vx/2
V2 = 0
(a)
At node 1,
I1 =
V1 V1 Vo
+
1
2
At node 2,
V1 Vo V1 Vo
+
=
2
2
3
I 1 = 1.5 V1 0.5 Vo
1.2 V1 = Vo
(1)
(2)
I 1 = 1.5 V1 0.6 V1 = 0.9 V1
I2 =
- Vo
= -0.4 V1
3
y 11 =
y 21 =
I1
= 0 .9
V1
I2
= -0.4
V1
To get y 22 and y 12 refer to the circuit in Fig. (b).

I1
V1
V1 = 0
Vx
Vx/2
I2
V2
(b)
Vx = V1 = 0 so that the dependent current source can be replaced by an
open circuit.
I2 1
V2 = (3 + 2 + 0) I 2 = 5 I 2
y 22 =
= = 0 .2
V2 5
I1
I 1 = - I 2 = -0.2 V2
y 12 =
= -0.2
V2
Thus,
0.9 - 0.2
[y ] =
S
- 0.4 0.2
(b)
To get y 11 and y 21 refer to Fig. (c).

j
Io '
I1
Io
Io''
I2
+
V1
-j
V2 = 0
Zin
(c)
-j
= j || (1.5 j0.5)
Z in = j || (1 + 1 || -j) = j || 1 +
1 j
j (1.5 j0.5)
= 0.6 + j0.8
1.5 + j0.5
V1 = Z in I 1
Io =
y 11 =
I1
1
1
=
=
= 0.6 j0.8
V1 Z in 0.6 + j0.8
j
I ,
1.5 + j0.5 1
I o '' =
Io' =
1.5 j0.5
I
1.5 + j0.5 1
I1
I
-j
Io =
= 1
1 j
(1 j)(1.5 + j0.5) 2 j
- I2 = Io + Io
'
''
(1.5 j0.5) 2
2+ j
=
I1 +
I = (1.2 j0.4) I 1
2 .5
5 1
- I 2 = (1.2 j0.4)(0.6 j0.8) V1 = (0.4 j1.2) V1

y 21 =
I2
= -0.4 + j1.2 = y 12
V1
To get y 22 refer to the circuit in Fig.(d).

j
I1
I2
+
+
-j
V1 = 0
(d)
Z out = j || (1 + 1 || - j) = 0.6 + j0.8
y 22 =
1
= 0.6 j0.8
Z out
Thus,
0.6 j0.8 - 0.4 + j1.2
[y ] =
S
- 0.4 + j1.2 0.6 j0.8
Zout
V2

(a)
1
1
y12 = 1 // =
s s +1
y11 + y12 = 1
y 22 + y12 = s
y12 =
1
s +1
y11 = 1 y12 = 1 +
1
s+2
=
s +1 s +1
y 22 = s y12 = s +
s + 2
s +1
[ y] =
1
s + 1
1
s2 + s +1
=
s +1
s +1
1
s +1
s 2 + s + 1
s + 1
(b) Consider the network below.

I1
1
+
Vs
-
V1
-
I2
+
[y]
V2
-
Vs = I1 + V1
(1)
V2 = 2I 2
(2)
I1 = y11V1 + y12 V2
(3)
I 2 = y 21V1 + y 22 V2
(4)
From (1) and (3)
Vs V1 = y11V1 + y12 V2
Vs = (1 + y11 )V1 + y12 V2
(5)
From (2) and (4),

0.5V2 = y 21V1 + y 22 V2
V1 =
1
(0.5 + y 22 )V2
y 21
(6)

Vs =
=
2
s
(1 + y11)(0.5 + y 22 )
V2 + y12V2
y 21
V2 =
2/s
1
(1 + y11)(0.5 + y 22 )
y12
y 21
2/s
V2 =
2
1
2s + 3 1 s + s + 1
+ (s + 1)
+
s +1
s + 1
s + 1 2
2(s + 1)
s(2s3 + 6s 2 + 7.5s + 3.5)
Since this is a reciprocal network, a network is appropriate, as shown below.

Y2
Y1
Y3
(a)
4
1/4 S
1/4 S
1/8 S
(b)
8
(c)
Y1 = y 11 + y 12 =
Y2 = - y 12 =
1 1 1
= S,
2 4 4
Z1 = 4
1
S,
4
Y3 = y 22 + y 21 =
Z2 = 4
3 1 1
= S,
8 4 8
Z3 = 8

This is a reciprocal network and is shown below.
0.5 S
0.5S
1S

To get y 11 and y 21 , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
4
2
V1
+
Vx
2 Vx
I2
+
V2 = 0
(a)
At node 1,
V1 Vx
V
V
+ 2 Vx = x + x
2
1
4
2 V1 = -Vx
But
I1 =
V1 Vx V1 + 2 V1
=
= 1.5 V1
2
2
Also,
I2 +
Vx
= 2 Vx
4
y 21 =
(1)
y 11 =
I1
= 1 .5
V1
I 2 = 1.75 Vx = -3.5 V1
I2
= -3.5
V1
To get y 22 and y 12 , consider the circuit in Fig.(b).
4
2
I1
Vx
2 Vx
I2
V2
(b)
At node 2,
I 2 = 2 Vx +
V2 Vx
4
(2)
At node 1,
2 Vx +
V2 Vx Vx Vx 3
=
+
= Vx
4
2
1
2
V2 = -Vx

1
I 2 = 2 Vx Vx = 1.5 Vx = -1.5 V2
2
y 22 =
I1 =
I2
= -1.5
V2
- Vx V2
=
2
2
y 12 =
I1
= 0 .5
V2
(3)
Thus,
1.5 0.5
[y ] =
S
- 3.5 - 1.5

4
I1
I2
+
V1
0.1 V2
10
20 I1
V2 = 0
(a)
V1 = 4 I 1
y 11 =
I 2 = 20 I 1 = 5 V1
I1
I1
=
= 0.25
V1 4 I 1
y 21 =
I2
=5
V1
Consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

I1
I2
+
V1 = 0
0.1 V2
10
20 I1
V2
(b)
4 I 1 = 0.1 V2
I 2 = 20 I 1 +
y 12 =
I 1 0 .1
=
= 0.025
4
V2
V2
= 0.5 V2 + 0.1 V2 = 0.6 V2
10
y 22 =
I2
= 0 .6
V2
Thus,
0.25 0.025
[y ] =
S
0.6
5
Alternatively, from the given circuit,

V1 = 4 I 1 0.1 V2
I 2 = 20 I 1 + 0.1 V2
Comparing these with the equations for the h parameters show that
h 11 = 4 ,
h 12 = -0.1,
h 21 = 20 ,
h 22 = 0.1
Using Table 18.1,
y 11 =
1
1
= = 0.25 ,
h11 4
y 12 =
- h 12 0.1
=
= 0.025
4
h 11
y 21 =
h 21 20
=
= 5,
4
h 11
y 22 =
h 0 .4 + 2
=
= 0 .6
4
h 11
as above.
We obtain y 11 and y 21 by considering the circuit in Fig.(a).
1
I2
+
I1
V1
+
6
(a)
Z in = 1 + 6 || 4 = 3.4
I2 =
V2 = 0
y 11 =
I1
1
=
= 0.2941
V1 Z in
- 6 V1 - 6
-6
I 1 = =
V
10 3.4 34 1
10
y 21 =
I2 - 6
=
= -0.1765
V1 34
To get y 22 and y 12 , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

1
I1
Io
+
6
V1 = 0
V2
I2
(b)
1
6 (2)(34 7) 34 V2
= 2 || (4 + 6 || 1) = 2 || 4 + =
=
=
y 22
7 2 + (34 7) 24 I 2
y 22 =
24
= 0.7059
34
I1 =
-6
I
7 o
Io =
I1 =
-6
V
34 2
y 12 =
2
14
7
I2 =
I2 =
V
2 + (34 7)
48
34 2
I1 - 6
=
= -0.1765
V2 34
Thus,
0.2941 - 0.1765
[y ] =
S
- 0.1765 0.7059
The equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. (c). After transforming the current source to a
voltage source, we have the circuit in Fig. (d).
6/34 S
1A
4/34 S
(c)
18/34 S
8.5
5.667
+
8.5 V
1.889
(d)
V=
(2 || 1.889)(8.5)
(0.9714)(8.5)
=
= 0.5454
2 || 1.889 + 8.5 + 5.667 0.9714 + 14.167
P=
V 2 (0.5454) 2
=
= 0.1487 W
R
2

(a)
Transforming the subnetwork to Y gives the circuit in Fig. (a).
Vo
+
10 A
+
2
V1
-4 A
V2
(a)
It is easy to get the z parameters

z 12 = z 21 = 2 , z 11 = 1 + 2 = 3 ,
z 22 = 3
z = z 11 z 22 z 12 z 21 = 9 4 = 5
y 11 =
z 22 3
= = y 22 ,
z 5
y 12 = y 21 =
- z 12 - 2
=
z
5
Thus, the equivalent circuit is as shown in Fig. (b).
2/5 S
I1
I2
+
+
10 A
V1
1/5 S
1/5 S
V2
(b)
-4 A
I 1 = 10 =
3
2
V1 V2
5
5
I 2 = -4 =
-2
3
V1 + V2
5
5
10 = V1 1.5 V2
50 = 3 V1 2 V2
- 20 = -2 V1 + 3 V2
V1 = 10 + 1.5 V2

50 = 30 + 4.5 V2 2 V2
(1)
(2)
V2 = 8 V
V1 = 10 + 1.5 V2 = 22 V
(b)
For direct circuit analysis, consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

For the main non-reference node,
Vo
10 4 =
Vo = 12
2
10 =
V1 Vo
1
V1 = 10 + Vo = 22 V
-4=
V2 Vo
1
V2 = Vo 4 = 8 V

(a)
Convert to z parameters; then, convert to h parameters using Table 18.1.

z 11 = z 12 = z 21 = 60 ,
z 22 = 100
z = z 11 z 22 z 12 z 21 = 6000 3600 = 2400
h 11 =
z 2400
=
= 24 ,
100
z 22
h 12 =
z 12
60
=
= 0 .6
z 22 100
h 21 =
- z 21
= -0.6 ,
z 22
h 22 =
1
= 0.01
z 22
Thus,
24
0.6
[h] =
- 0.6 0.01 S
(b)
Similarly,
z 11 = 30
z 12 = z 21 = z 22 = 20
z = 600 400 = 200
h11 =
200
= 10
20
h 21 = -1
h12 =
20
=1
20
h 22 =
1
= 0.05
20
Thus,
10
1
[h] =
- 1 0.05 S

We get h11 and h 21 by considering the circuit in Fig. (a).
1
V3
V4
I2
+
I1
V1
4 I1
(a)
At node 1,
I1 =
V3 V3 V4
+
2
2
2 I 1 = 2 V3 V4
(1)
16 I 1 = -2 V3 + 6 V4
(2)
At node 2,
V3 V4
V
+ 4 I1 = 4
2
1
8 I 1 = -V3 + 3 V4
Adding (1) and (2),

18 I 1 = 5 V4
V4 = 3.6 I 1
V3 = 3 V4 8 I 1 = 2.8 I 1
V1 = V3 + I 1 = 3.8 I 1
h11 =
V1
= 3 .8
I1
I2 =
- V4
= -3.6 I 1
1
h 21 =
I2
= -3.6
I1
To get h 22 and h12 , refer to the circuit in Fig. (b). The dependent current source can be
replaced by an open circuit since 4 I 1 = 0 .
I1
I2
+
2
V1
4 I1 = 0
V2
(b)
V1 =
2
2
V2 = V2
2 + 2 +1
5
I2 =
V2
V2
=
2 + 2 +1 5
h12 =
h 22 =
V1
= 0 .4
V2
I2 1
= = 0 .2 S
V2 5
Thus,
38 0.4
[h] =
- 3.6 0.2 S

(a)
We obtain h11 and h 21 by referring to the circuit in Fig. (a).
+
I1
I2
+
1/s
V1
V2 = 0
(a)
s
1
I
V1 = 1 + s + s || I 1 = 1 + s + 2
s + 1 1
s
h11 =
V1
s
= s +1+ 2
I1
s +1
- I1
I2
-1 s
-1
I2 =
I1 =
h 21 =
= 2
s +1 s
s +1
I1 s + 1
To get h 22 and h12 , refer to Fig. (b).
I1 = 0
I2
+
+
1/s
V1
V2
(b)
V1 =
V2
V1
1s
1
V2 = 2
h12 =
= 2
s +1 s
s +1
V2 s + 1
1
V2 = s + I 2
s
h 22 =
I2
1
s
=
= 2
V2 s + 1 s s + 1
Thus,
s
s + 1 + s2 + 1
[h] =
-1
2
s +1
(b)
1
s +1
s
s2 + 1
2
To get g11 and g 21 , refer to Fig. (c).
I1
I2 = 0
+
V1
1/s
V2
(c)

1
V1 = 1 + s + I 1
s
V2 =
g 11 =
I1
1
s
=
= 2
V1 1 + s + 1 s s + s + 1
V1
V2
1s
1
V1 = 2
g 21 =
= 2
1+ s +1 s
s + s +1
V1 s + s + 1
To get g 22 and g 12 , refer to Fig. (d).
I1
I2
+
1/s
V1 = 0
V2
I2
(d)
(s + 1) s
1
I2
V2 = s + || (s + 1) I 2 = s +
s
1+ s +1 s
g 22 =
I1 =
V2
s +1
=s+ 2
s + s +1
I2
- I2
I1
-1 s
-1
I2 = 2
g 12 =
= 2
1+ s +1 s
s + s +1
I2 s + s +1
Thus,
2
[g ] = s
2
s
s
-1
2
+s+1
s +s+1
s+1
1
s+ 2
+s+1
s +s+1
To get h11 and h21, consider the circuit below.
j6
+
I1
V1 = 5 //( 4 + j6)I1 =
Also, I 2 =
-j3
V1
-
5
I1
9 + j6
I2
5(4 + j6)I1
9 + j6
+
V2=0
-
V
h11 = 1 = 3.0769 + j1.2821
I1
I
h 21 = 2 = 0.3846 + j0.2564
I1
To get h22 and h12, consider the circuit below.

4
j6
I2
I1
+
V1 =
-j3
V1
5
V2
9 + j6
V2 = j3 //(9 + j6)I 2
h12 =
+
V2
V1
5
=
= 0.3846 j0.2564
V2 9 + j6
I
1
9 + j3
h 22 = 2 =
=
V2 j3 //(9 + j6) j3(9 + j6)
= 0.0769 + j0.2821
Thus,
3.0769 + j1.2821 0.3846 j0.2564
[h ] =
0.3846 + j0.2564 0.0769 + j0.2821

Refer to Fig. (a) to get h11 and h 21 .
300
10
50
1
+
I1
V1
100
Vx
I2
10 Vx
V2 = 0
(a)
At node 1,
I1 =
Vx Vx 0
+
100
300
300 I 1 = 4 Vx
300
I = 75 I 1
4 1
Vx =
V1 = 10 I 1 + Vx = 85 I 1
But
(1)
h11 =
V1
= 85
I1
At node 2,
I2 =
0 + 10 Vx Vx
Vx Vx
75
75
=
I1
I = 14.75 I 1
50
300
5 300 5
300 1
h 21 =
I2
= 14.75
I1
To get h 22 and h 12 , refer to Fig. (b).

300
I1 = 0 10
50
1
+
V1
+
Vx
100
(b)
10 Vx
I2
V2
At node 2,
I2 =
V2 V2 + 10 Vx
+
400
50
But
Vx =
V2
100
V2 =
400
4
Hence,
400 I 2 = 9 V2 + 20 V2 = 29 V2
h 22 =
400 I 2 = 9 V2 + 80 Vx
I2
29
=
= 0.0725 S
V2 400
V1 = Vx =
V2
4
h 12 =
V1 1
= = 0.25
V2 4
85
0.25
[h] =
14.75 0.0725 S
To get g 11 and g 21 , refer to Fig. (c).

300
I1
10
50
1
V1
Vx
I2 = 0
+
100
10 Vx
V2
(c)
At node 1,
I1 =
Vx Vx + 10 Vx
+
100
350
But
I1 =
V1 Vx
10
or
Vx = V1 10 I 1
350 I 1 = 14.5 Vx
(2)
10 I 1 = V1 Vx
(3)

350 I 1 = 14.5 V1 145 I 1
g 11 =
495 I 1 = 14.5 V1
I 1 14.5
=
= 0.02929 S
V1 495
At node 2,
11
V2 = (50)
Vx 10 Vx = -8.4286 Vx
350
14.5
= -8.4286 V1 + 84.286 I 1 = -8.4286 V1 + (84.286)
V1
495
V2 = -5.96 V1
g 21 =
V2
= -5.96
V1
To get g 22 and g 12 , refer to Fig. (d).

300
I1
Io
10
+
V1 = 0
+
Vx
Io
50
100
10 Vx
I2
V2
(d)
10 || 100 = 9.091
I2 =
But
V2 + 10 Vx
V2
+
50
300 + 9.091
309.091 I 2 = 7.1818 V2 + 61.818 Vx
(4)
9.091
V = 0.02941 V2
309.091 2
(5)
Vx =

309.091 I 2 = 9 V2
g 22 =
V2
= 34.34
I2
Io =
34.34 I 2
V2
=
309.091 309.091
I1 =
- 34.34 I 2
- 100
Io =
110
(1.1)(309.091)
g 12 =
I1
= -0.101
I2
Thus,
0.02929 S - 0.101
[g ] =
34.34
- 5.96
To get h11 and h 21 consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

1
I1
1:2
V1
V2 = 0
(a)
ZR =
I2
4
4
=1
2 =
n
4
V1 = (1 + 1) I 1 = 2 I 1
h 11 =
V1
= 2
I1
I1 - N 2
I 2 -1
=
= -2
h 21 =
=
= -0.5
I2
N1
I1
2
To get h 22 and h 12 , refer to Fig. (b).

1
I1 = 0
1:2
I2
V1
V2
(b)
Since I 1 = 0 , I 2 = 0 .
Hence,
h 22 = 0 .
At the terminals of the transformer, we have V1 and V2 which are related as
V2 N 2
V1 1
=
=n=2
h12 =
= = 0 .5
V1 N 1
V2 2
Thus,
2 0.5
[h] =
- 0.5 0
We replace the two-port by its equivalent circuit as shown below.

4
I1
16
2 I1
+
10 V
V1
I2
+
3 V2
-2 I1
100 V2
100 || 25 = 20
V2 = (20)(2 I 1 ) = 40 I 1
- 10 + 20 I 1 + 3 V2 = 0
10 = 20 I 1 + (3)(40 I 1 ) = 140 I 1
(1)
25
I1 =
1
,
14
V2 =
V1 = 16 I 1 + 3 V2 =
40
14
136
14
-8
100
I2 =
(2 I 1 ) =
70
125
(a)
V2
40
=
= 0.2941
V1 136
(b)
I2
= - 1.6
I1
(c)
I1
1
=
= 7.353 10 -3 S
V1 136
(d)
V2 40
=
= 40
1
I1

(a)
We first obtain the h parameters. To get h11 and h 21 refer to Fig. (a).
6
I2
+
I1
V1
+
6
(a)
3 || 6 = 2
V1 = (6 + 2) I 1 = 8 I 1
V2 = 0
h11 =
V1
=8
I1
I2 =
-6
-2
I1 =
I
3+ 6
3 1
h 21 =
I2 - 2
=
I1
3
To get h 22 and h12 , refer to the circuit in Fig. (b).

6
I1 = 0
I2
+
6
V1
V2
(b)
3 || 9 =
9
4
V2 =
9
I
4 2
V1 =
6
2
V2 = V2
6+3
3
h 22 =
I2 4
=
V2 9
h12 =
V1 2
=
V2 3
2
8 3
[h] = - 2 4
S
3 9
The equivalent circuit of the given circuit is shown in Fig. (c).

I1
I2
+
10 V
2/3 V2
-2/3 I1
9/4 V2
(c)
2
8 I 1 + V2 = 10
3
(1)
V2 =
I1 =
2 9 2 45 30
I 5 || = I =
I
3 1 4 3 1 29 29 1
29
V
30 2
(2)

29
2
(8) V2 + V2 = 10
30
3
V2 =
(b)
300
= 1.19 V
252
By direct analysis, refer to Fig.(d).

6
3
+
10 V
V2
(d)
10
-A current source. Since
6
6 || 6 = 3 , we combine the two 6- resistors in parallel and transform
10
3 = 5 V voltage source shown in Fig. (e).
the current source back to
6
Transform the 10-V voltage source to a
3
+
5V
V2
(e)
3 || 5 =
(3)(5) 15
=
8
8
3 || 5
V2 =
15 8
75
(5) =
= 1.19 V
6 + 15 8
63

We replace the two-port by its equivalent circuit as shown below.
200
I1 800
I2
+
10 V
V1
+
10-4 V2
50 I1
200 k V2
Z in =
Vs
,
I1
200 || 50 = 40 k
V2 = -50 I 1 (40 10 3 ) = (-2 10 6 ) I 1

For the left loop,
Vs 10 -4 V2
= I1
1000
Vs 10 -4 (-2 10 6 I 1 ) = 1000 I 1
Vs = 1000 I 1 200 I 1 = 800I 1
Z in =
Vs
= 800
I1
Alternatively,
Z in = Z s + h11
h12 h 21 Z L
1 + h 22 Z L
(10 -4 )(50)(50 10 3 )
Z in = 200 + 800
= 800
1 + (0.5 10 -5 )(50 10 3 )
50 k

To get g11 and g21, consider the circuit below which is partly obtained by converting the
delta to wye subnetwork.
I1
R1
R2
I2
+
+
R3
V2
V1
10
-
8x8
= 3.2
20
R1 =
4 x8
= 1.6 = R 2 ,
8+8+ 4
V2 =
13.2
V1 = 0.8919V1
13.2 + 1.6
V1 = I1(1.6 + 3.2 + 10) = 14.8I1
R3 =
g 21 =
V2
= 0.8919
V1
I
1
= 0.06757
g11 = 1 =
V1 14.8
To get g22 and g12, consider the circuit below.

1.6
1.6
I1
+
V1=0
V2
13.2
-
I2
I1 =
13.2
I2 = 0.8919I 2
13.2 + 1.6
V2 = I 2 (1.6 + 13.2 // 1.6) = 3.027I 2
I
g12 = 1 = 0.8919
I2
g 22 =
V2
= 3.027
I2
0.06757 0.8919
[g ] =
3.027
0.8919

To get g 11 and g 21 , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
-j6
I1
j10
I2 = 0
+
V1
12
V2
(a)
V1 = (12 j6) I 1
g 21 =
g 11 =
I1
1
=
= 0.0667 + j0.0333 S
V1 12 j6
12 I 1
V2
2
=
=
= 0.8 + j0.4
V1 (12 j6) I 1 2 j
To get g 12 and g 22 , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

I1
-j6
j10
I2
+
V1 = 0
12
(b)
I2
I1 =
- 12
I
12 - j6 2
g 12 =
I1
- 12
=
= - g 21 = -0.8 j0.4
I 2 12 - j6
V2 = ( j10 + 12 || -j6) I 2
g 22 =
V2
(12)(-j6)
= j10 +
= 2.4 + j5.2
12 - j6
I2
0.0667 + j0.0333 S - 0.8 j0.4

[g ] =
0.8 + j0.4
2.4 + j5.2

For the g parameters
I 1 = g 11 V1 + g 12 I 2
V2 = g 21 V1 + g 22 I 2
V1 = Vs I 1 Z s
and
But
V2 = - I 2 Z L = g 21 V1 + g 22 I 2
0 = g 21 V1 + (g 22 + Z L ) I 2
or
V1 =
- (g 22 + Z L )
I2
g 21

(g 22 g 11 + Z L g 11 g 21 g 12 )
I1 =
I2
- g 21
or
I2
- g 21
=
I 1 g 11 Z L + g
Also,
V2 = g 21 (Vs I 1 Z s ) + g 22 I 2
= g 21 Vs g 21 Z s I 1 + g 22 I 2
= g 21 Vs + Z s (g 11 Z L + g ) I 2 + g 22 I 2
But
I2 =
- V2
ZL
(1)
(2)
V2
V2 = g 21 Vs [ g 11 Z s Z L + g Z s + g 22 ]
ZL
V2 [ Z L + g 11 Z s Z L + g Z s + g 22 ]
ZL
= g 21 Vs
V2
g 21 Z L
=
Vs Z L + g 11 Z s Z L + g Z s + g 22
V2
g 21 Z L
=
Vs Z L + g 11 Z s Z L + g 11 g 22 Z s g 21 g 12 Z s + g 22
V2
g 21 Z L
=
Vs (1 + g 11 Z s )(g 22 + Z L ) g 12 g 21 Z s

(a)
The network is shown in Fig. (a).

20
I1
I2
+
100
V1
-0.5 I2
0.5 I1
V2
(a)
(b)
The network is shown in Fig. (b).

2
I1
+
V1
I2
+
10
12 V1
V2
(b)

(a)
To find A and C , consider the network in Fig. (a).
I1
I2
+
V1
V2
(a)
V1 = V2
A =
I1 = 0
C =
V1
=1
V2
I1
=0
V2
To get B and D , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).
I1
I2
+
V1
V2 = 0
(b)
V1 = Z I 1 ,
B=
- V1 - Z I 1
=
=Z
I2
- I1
D=
- I1
=1
I2
Hence,
1 Z
[T] =
0 1
I 2 = - I1
(b)
To find A and C , consider the circuit in Fig. (c).
I1
I2
+
V1
V2
(c)
V1 = V2
A =
V1 = Z I 1 = V2
V1
=1
V2
C =
I1
1
= =Y
V2 Z
To get B and D , refer to the circuit in Fig.(d).
I2
+
I1
+
Y
V1
(d)
V1 = V2 = 0
B=
- V1
= 0,
I2
V2 = 0
I 2 = - I1
D=
- I1
=1
I2
Thus,
1 0
[T] =
Y 1

To determine A and C , consider the circuit in Fig.(a).
j15
Io
-j10
I1
-j20
Io '
V1
I2 = 0
Io
20
+
V2
(a)
V1 = [ 20 + (- j10) || ( j15 j20) ] I 1
(-j10)(-j5)
10
V1 = 20 +
I 1 = 20 j I 1
- j15
3
'
I o = I1
- j10
2
I 1 = I 1
I o =
3
- j10 j5
V2 = (-j20) I o + 20 I o ' = j
A=
C=
40
40
I1 + 20I1 = 20 j I1
3
3
V1 (20 j10 3) I 1
=
= 0.7692 + j0.3461
40
V2
20 j I1
3
I1
=
V2
1
40
20 j
3
= 0.03461 + j0.023
To find B and D , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

j15
I1
-j10
-j20
I2
+
V1
20
V2 = 0
(b)
We may transform the subnetwork to a T as shown in Fig. (c).
Z1 =
( j15)(-j10)
= j10
j15 j10 j20
Z2 =
40
(-j10)(-j20)
= -j
3
- j15
Z3 =
( j15)(-j20)
= j20
- j15
I1
j10
j20
I2
+
V1
20 j40/3
V2 = 0
(c)
- I2 =
D=
20 j40 3
3 j2
I1 =
I
20 j40 3 + j20
3+ j 1
- I1
3+ j
= 0.5385 + j0.6923
=
3 j2
I2
( j20)(20 j40 3)
V1 = j10 +
I
20 j40 3 + j20 1
V1 = [ j10 + 2 (9 + j7) ] I 1 = j I 1 (24 j18)
B=
- V1 - j I 1 (24 j18) 6
=
= (-15 + j55)
- (3 - j2)
I2
13
I1
3+ j
B = -6.923 + j25.385
0.7692 + j0.3461 - 6.923 + j25.385
[T] =
0.03461 + j0.023 S 0.5385 + j0.6923

To obtain A and C, consider the circuit below.
I1
sL
1/sC
I2 =0
+
+
V1
R1
V2
R2
V2 =
R1
V1
R1 + R 2 + sL
V2 = I1R1
I
1
C= 1 =
V2 R1
To obtain B and D, consider the circuit below.
A=
V1 R1 + R 2 + sL
=
V2
R1
I1
sL
1/sC
I2
+
+
V1
R1
V2=0
R2
I2 =
R1
R1 +
1
sC
I1 =
sR1C
I1
1 + sR1C
I
1 + sR1C
D= 1 =
I2
sR1C
R1
sC
I1 = [(1 + sR1C)(R 2 + sL) + R1 ] (1 + sR1C) I 2

V1 = R 2 + sL +
1
1 + sR1C
sR1C
R1 +
sC
V
1
[R1 + (1 + sR1C)(R 2 + sL)]
B= 1 =
I 2 sR1C

To get A and C , refer to the circuit in Fig.(a).
I1
V1
1
+
Vo
I2 = 0
Ix
2
+
4 Ix
V2
(a)
At node 1,
I1 =
Vo Vo V2
+
2
1
2 I 1 = 3 Vo 2 V2
(1)
At node 2,
Vo V2
4 Vo
= 4Ix =
= 2 Vo
1
2
Vo = -V2
(2)
From (1) and (2),

2 I 1 = -5 V2
But
I1 =
C =
V1 Vo
= V1 + V2
1
- 2.5 V2 = V1 + V2
A=
I1 - 5
=
= -2.5 S
V2
2
V1 = -3.5 V2
V1
= -3.5
V2
I1
V1
1
+
Vo
I2
Ix
2
+
4 Ix
V2 = 0
(b)
At node 1,
I1 =
Vo Vo
+
2
1
I2 +
Vo
+ 4Ix = 0
1
2 I 1 = 3 Vo
(3)
At node 2,
I 2 = -3 Vo
I 2 = Vo + 2 Vo = 0
Adding (3) and (4),

2 I1 + I 2 = 0
I 1 = -0.5 I 2
D=
- I1
= 0 .5
I2
(4)
(5)
But
I1 =
V1 Vo
1
V1 = I 1 + Vo
(6)

-1
-1
-5
V1 = I 2 + I 2 =
I
2
3
6 2
B=
- V1 5
= = 0.8333
I2
6
Thus,
- 3.5 0.8333
[T] =
- 0.5
- 2.5 S
To get A and C, consider the circuit below.

6
I1
+
V1
-
V1 Vx Vx Vx 5Vx
=
+
1
2
10
4
+
Vx
V2 = 4(0.4Vx ) + 5Vx = 3.4Vx

V Vx
I1 = 1
= 1.1Vx Vx = 0.1Vx
1
I2=0
+
5Vx
+
V2
V1 = 1.1Vx
A=
V1
= 1.1 / 3.4 = 0.3235
V2
I
C = 1 = 0.1 / 3.4 = 0.02941
V2
(a)
Refer to the circuit below.

I2
I1
+
V1
[T]
V2
ZL
V1 = 4 V2 30 I 2
I 1 = 0.1 V2 I 2
(1)
(2)
When the output terminals are shorted, V2 = 0 .

So, (1) and (2) become
V1 = -30 I 2
and
I1 = - I 2
Hence,
V1
= 30
Z in =
I1
(b)
When the output terminals are open-circuited, I 2 = 0 .

V1 = 4 V2
I 1 = 0.1 V2
or
V2 = 10 I 1
V1 = 40 I 1
Z in =
(c)
V1
= 40
I1
When the output port is terminated by a 10- load, V2 = -10 I 2 .

V1 = -40 I 2 30 I 2 = -70 I 2
I 1 = - I 2 I 2 = -2 I 2
V1 = 35 I 1
Z in =
V1
= 35
I1
Alternatively, we may use Z in =
A ZL + B
CZL + D
To get A and C , refer to the circuit in Fig.(a).

1/s
I1
I2 = 0
+
V1
1/s
1/s
V2
(a)
1s
1
1
1 || =
=
s 1+1 s s +1
V2 =
1 || 1 s
V
1 s + 1 || 1 s 1
1
V2
s
s +1
A=
=
=
1
V1 1
2s + 1
+
s s +1
1 1
1 2s + 1
1
|| +
= I1
||
V1 = I 1
s + 1 s s + 1
s + 1 s (s + 1)
1 2s + 1
V1 s + 1 s (s + 1)
2s + 1
=
=
1
2s + 1
(s + 1)(3s + 1)
I1
+
s + 1 s (s + 1)
But
V1 = V2
2s + 1
s
V2 2s + 1
2s + 1
=
s
(s + 1)(3s + 1)
I1
Hence,
C=
V2 (s + 1)(3s + 1)
=
I1
s

1/s
I1
I2
+
V1
1/s
1/s
V2 = 0
(b)
I
1 1
1
V1 = I 1 1 || || = I 1 1 || = 1
s s
2s 2s + 1
-1
I
-s
s +1 1
I2 =
=
I
1
1 2s + 1 1
+
s +1 s
D=
- I 1 2s + 1
1
=
= 2+
I2
s
s
I
1 2s + 1
I2 = 2
V1 =
2s + 1 - s
-s
Thus,
2s + 1
[T] =
(s + 1)( 3s + 1)
1
2+
s
1
s

To get a and c, consider the circuit below.
B =
- V1 1
=
I2
s
I1=0
I2
+
4/s
V1
V2
V1 =
4/s
4
V2 =
V2
2
s + 4/s
s +4
a = V2
V1
= 1 + 0.25s 2
V2 = (s + 4 / s)I 2 or
V2
(1 + 0.25s 2 )V1
I2 =
=
s + 4/s
s + 4/s
I 2 s + 0.25s3
c=
=
V1
s2 + 4
To get b and d, consider the circuit below.

I1
I2
V1=0
4/s
V2
I1 =
4/s
2I
I2 = 2
2 + 4/s
s+2
I
d = 2 = 1 + 0.5s
I1
4
(s 2 + 2s + 4)
V2 = (s + 2 // )I2 =
I2
s
s+2
=
(s 2 + 2s + 4)( s + 2)
I1
s+2
2
V
b = 2 = 0.5s 2 + s + 2
I1
0.25s 2 + 1 0.5s 2 + s + 2
[ t ] = 0.25s 2 + s
0.5s + 1
s2 + 4

To get a and c , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
j
I1 = 0
-j3
I2
+
j2
V1
V2
(a)
V2 = I 2 ( j j3) = -j2 I 2
V1 = -jI 2
a=
V2 - j2 I 2
=
=2
V1
- jI 2
c=
I2
1
=
=j
V1 - j
To get b and d , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).
j
I1
-j3
I2
+
V1 = 0
j2
(b)
For mesh 1,
0 = (1 + j2) I1 j I 2
or
I 2 1 + j2
=
= 2 j
I1
j
V2
d=
- I2
= -2 + j
I1
For mesh 2,
V2 = I 2 ( j j3) j I 1
V2 = I 1 (2 j)(- j2) j I 1 = (-2 j5) I 1
b=
- V2
= 2 + j5
I1
Thus,
2 2 + j5
[t ] =
j -2+ j
It is easy to find the z parameters and then transform these to h parameters and T
parameters.
R1 + R 2
[z ] =
R2
R 2 + R 3
R2
z = (R 1 + R 2 )(R 2 + R 3 ) R 22
= R 1R 2 + R 2 R 3 + R 3 R 1
(a)
z
z
[h] = 22
-z
21
z 22
z 12 R 1 R 2 + R 2 R 3 + R 3 R 1
z 22
R2 + R3
=
- R2
1

z 22
R2 + R3
R2
R2 + R3
R2 + R3
Thus,
h 11 = R 1 +
R 2R 3
,
R2 + R3
h 12 =
R2
= - h 21 ,
R2 + R3
as required.
(b)
z 11
z
[T] = 21
1
z 21
z R1 + R 2
z 21 R 2

z 22 =
1

z 21 R 2
R 1R 2 + R 2 R 3 + R 3 R 1
R2
R2 + R3
R2
h 22 =
1
R2 + R3
Hence,
A = 1+
R3
R1
R1
1
, B = R3 +
(R 2 + R 3 ) , C =
, D = 1+
R2
R2
R2
R2
as required.
For the z parameters,

V1 = z11 I1 + z12 I 2
V2 = z12 I1 + z 22 I 2
(1)
(2)
For ABCD parameters,

V1 = A V2 B I 2
I1 = C V2 D I 2
From (4),
I
D
V2 = 1 + I 2
C C
Comparing (2) and (5),
1
z 21 = ,
C
(3)
(4)
(5)
z 22 =
D
C

AD
A
V1 = I1 +
B I 2
C
C
=
A
AD BC
I1 +
I2
C
C

A
z11 =
C
Thus,
A
[Z] = C
1
(6)
z 12 =
T
C
D
AD BC T
=
C
C

For the y parameters
I 1 = y 11 V1 + y 12 V2
I 2 = y 21 V1 + y 22 V2
From (2),
I 2 y 22
V1 =
V
y 21 y 21 2
or
V1 =
(1)
(2)
- y 22
1
V2 +
I
y 12
y 21 2
(3)

- y 11 y 22
y 11
I1 =
V2 + y 12 V2 +
I
y 21
y 21 2
or
I1 =
- y
y 21
V2 +
y 11
I
y 21 2
(4)
Comparing (3) and (4) with the following equations

V1 = A V2 B I 2
I 1 = C V2 D I 2
clearly shows that
A=
- y 22
,
y 21
B=
-1
,
y 21
C=
- y
y 21
D=
- y 11
y 21
as required.
For the z parameters
V1 = z11 I1 + z12 I 2
V2 = z 21 I1 + z 22 I 2
From (1),
z
1
I1 =
V1 12 I 2
z11
z11
(1)
(2)
(3)
or
V2 =
z z
z 21
V1 + z 22 21 12 I 2
z11
z11
V2 =
z 21
V1 + z I 2
z11
z11

I1 = g11 V1 + g12 I 2
V2 = g 21 V1 + g 22 I 2
indicates that
-z
z
1
, g 12 = 12 , g 21 = 21 ,
g 11 =
z 11
z 11
z 11
(4)
g 22 =
z
z 11
as required.
(a) y = (2 + j)(3 j) + j4 = 7 + j5
y 22 / y
[z] =
y 21 / y
y12 / y 0.2162 j0.2973 0.2703 j0.3784

=
y11 / y 0.0946 j0.0676 0.2568 j0.0405
y12 / y11 0.4 j0.2 0.8 j1.6

1 / y11
(b) [h ] =
=
y 21 / y11 y / y11 0.4 + j0.2 3.8 + j0.6

y11 / y12
(c ) [ t ] =
y / y12
1 / y12 0.25 + j0.5

j0.25
=
y 22 / y12 1.25 + j1.75 0.25 + j0.75

T = (3)(7) (20)(1) = 1
[z ] = C
1
T
C = 3 1
D 1 7
[y ] = B
-1
- T
B =
A

B
[h] = -D1
1
T 20
D = 7
7
C -1
1
S

D
7
7
[g ] = A
1
- T
A =
B
[t ] = CT
7
20
-1
20
-1
20
3
20
1
3S
1
-1
3
20
B
T 7 20
A = 1 S
3

The given set of equations is for the h parameters.
1
2
h = (1)(0.4) (2)(-2) = 4.4
[h] =
- 2 0.4 S
(a)
1
h
[y ] = 11
h
21
h11
(b)
[T] =
- h
h 21
- h 22
h 21
- h12
h11
h
h11
1 -2
=
S
- 2 4.4
- h11
h 21
-1
h 21
2.2 0.5
=
0.2 S 0.5

g = (0.06)(2) (-0.4)(2) = 0.12 + 0.08 = 0.2
(a)
[z] =
1
g 11
g 21
g 11
g
(b)
[y ] =
(c)
g 22

g
[h] = - g
21
g
- g 12
2
g 10
=
g 11 - 1 0.3 S
g
(d)
[T] =
g 22
10
g 21 5
=
g
1
0.3 S
g 21
g 22
- g 21
g 22
1
g 21
g 11
g 21
- g 12
g 11 16.667 6.667
g = 3.333 3.333
g 11
g 12
g 22
1
g 22
0.1 - 0.2
=
S
- 0.1 0.5

y = y 11 y 22 y 12 y 21 = 0.3 0.02 = 0.28
(a)
[z ] =
y 22
y
- y 21
y
- y 12
y
y 11
y
1.786 0.7143
=
0.3571 2.143
- y 12
y 11 1.667 0.3333
y = - 0.1667 0.4667 S
y 11
(b)
[h] =
1
y 11
y 21
y 11
(c)
[t ] =
- y 11
y 12
- y
y 12
-1
5
y 12 3
=
- y 22 1.4 S 2.5
y 12

(a)
To obtain z 11 and z 21 , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
Io
1
+
I1
+
1
V1
2 5
V1 = I 1 [1 + 1 || (1 + 1) ] = I 1 1 + = I 1
3 3
Io =
V1 5
=
I1 3
1
1
I1 = I1
1+ 2
3
- V2 + I o + I 1 = 0
1
4
V2 = I 1 + I 1 = I 1
3
3
V2
(a)
z 11 =
I2 = 0
z 21 =
V2 4
=
I1
3
To obtain z 22 and z 12 , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).
1
1
I1
+
1
V1
V2
I2
(b)
Due to symmetry, this is similar to the circuit in Fig. (a).
5
4
z 22 = z 11 = ,
z 21 = z 12 =
3
3
[z ] =
5
3
4
3
4
3
5
3
(b)
[h] =
z
z 22
- z 21
z 22
z 12
z 22
1
z 22
(c)
[T] =
z 11
z 21
1
z 21
z
z 21
z 22
z 21

3
4
5
5
-4 3
S
5
5
5
4
3
S
4
4
5
I1
10 k
40 k
I2
+
50 k
b
30 k
V1
Ib
20 k
Since no current enters the input terminals of the op amp,

V1 = (10 + 30) 10 3 I 1
But
Va = Vb =
V2
(1)
30
3
V1 = V1
40
4
Vb
3
V
3 =
20 10
80 10 3 1
which is the same current that flows through the 50-k resistor.
Ib =
Thus,
V2 = 40 10 3 I 2 + (50 + 20) 10 3 I b
V2 = 40 10 3 I 2 + 70 10 3
V2 =
3
V
80 10 3 1
21
V + 40 10 3 I 2
8 1
V2 = 105 10 3 I 1 + 40 10 3 I 2
From (1) and (2),
40 0
[z ] =
k
105 40
z = z 11 z 22 z 12 z 21 = 16 10 8
(2)

A B
[T] =
=
C D
z
z 21
z 22
z 21
z 11
z 21
1
z 21
0.381 15.24 k
=
0.381
9.52 S

1:3
I1
+
4
V1
I2=0
+
V1
V2
+
9
V2
-
ZR =
9
n2
= 1,
V1 = (4 // ZR )I1 =
n = 3
4
I1
5
V2 = V2 ' = nV1' = nV1 = 3(4 / 5)I1
V
z11 = 1 = 0.8
I1
z 21 =
V2
= 2.4
I1

I1=0
1:3
+
V1
+
V1
V2
Z R ' = n 2 ( 4 ) = 36 ,
I2
+
9
V2
-
n =3
V2 = (9 // ZR ' )I 2 =
V1 =
9x36
I2
45
V2 V2
=
= 2.4I 2
n
3
z 22 =
V2
= 7.2
I2
V
z 21 = 1 = 2.4
I2
Thus,
0.8 2.4
[z] =
2.4 7.2
1
-j
=
= - j k
3
jC (10 )(10 -6 )
1 F
Consider the op amp circuit below.

40 k
I1
20 k
Vx
10 k
2
-j k
V1
I2
+
V2
At node 1,
V1 Vx Vx Vx 0
=
+
20
-j
10
V1 = (3 + j20) Vx
(1)
At node 2,
Vx 0 0 V2
=
10
40
But
I1 =
V1 Vx
20 10 3
Vx =
-1
V
4 2
(2)
(3)
I1 =
V1 + 0.25 V2
= 50 10 -6 V1 + 12.5 10 -6 V2
20 10 3
(4)

-1
V1 = (3 + j20) V2
4
or
0 = V1 + (0.75 + j5) V2
(5)

I 1 = y 11 V1 + y 12 V2
I 2 = y 21 V1 + y 22 V2
indicates that I 2 = 0 and that
50 10 -6
[y ] =
1
12.5 10 -6
S
0.75 + j5
y = (77.5 + j25. 12.5) 10 -6 = (65 + j250) 10 -6
[h] =
1
y 11
y 21
y 11
- y 12
- 0.25
y 11 2 10 4
y = 2 10 4 1.3 + j5 S
y 11
The network consists of two two-ports in series. It is better to work with z parameters
and then convert to y parameters.
4 2
For N a ,
[z a ] =
2 2
For N b ,
2 1
[z b ] =
1 1
6 3
[z ] = [z a ] + [z b ] =
3 3
z = 18 9 = 9
z 22

[y ] = z
-z
21
z
- z 12
z
=
z 11

z
1
3
-1
3
-1
3 S
2

Since we have two two-ports in series, it is better to convert the given y parameters to z
parameters.
y = y 11 y 22 y 12 y 21 = (2 10 -3 )(10 10 -3 ) 0 = 20 10 -6
[z a ] =
y 22
y
- y 21
y
- y 12
y
y 11
y
500
0
=
100
0
500 0 100 100 600 100

[z ] =
+
=
0 100 100 100 100 200

i.e.
V1 = z 11 I 1 + z 12 I 2
V2 = z 21 I 1 + z 22 I 2
or
V1 = 600 I 1 + 100 I 2
V2 = 100 I 1 + 200 I 2
(1)
(2)
But, at the input port,

Vs = V1 + 60 I 1
(3)
and at the output port,

V2 = Vo = -300 I 2
(4)
From (2) and (4),

100 I 1 + 200 I 2 = -300 I 2
I 1 = -5I 2
(5)

Vs = 600 I 1 + 100 I 2 + 60 I 1
= (660)(-5) I 2 + 100 I 2
= -3200I 2
(6)
From (4) and (6),

Vo
- 300 I 2
=
= 0.09375
V2 - 3200 I 2

The y parameters for the upper network is
2 -1
[y ] =
,
-1 2
[z a ] =
- y 12
y
y 11
y
y 22
y
- y 21
y
2

= 3
1
3
y = 4 1 = 3
1
3
2
3
1 1
[z b ] =
1 1
5 3 4 3
[z ] = [z a ] + [z b ] =
4 3 5 3
z =
25 16
=1
9
9
[T] =
z 11
z 21
1
z 21
z
z 21
z 22
z 21
1.25 0.75
=
0.75 S 1.25
4 -2
For the upper network N a , [y a ] =
-2 4
2 -1
and for the lower network N b , [y b ] =
1 2
For the overall network,
6 -3
[y ] = [y a ] + [y b ] =
-3 6
y = 36 9 = 27
[h] =
1
y 11
y 21
y 11
- y 12 1
-1
y 11 6 2
y = -1 9

S
2
y 11 2

We first determine the y parameters for the upper network N a .
To get y 11 and y 21 , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
n=
1
,
2
ZR =
1s 4
=
n2 s
2s + 4
4
I
V1 = (2 + Z R ) I 1 = 2 + I 1 =
s 1
s
I1
s
=
V1 2 (s + 2)
y 11 =
I2 =
- s V1
- I1
= -2 I 1 =
s+2
n
y 21 =
I2
-s
=
V1 s + 2
To get y 22 and y 12 , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).
I1
1/s
2:1
I2
V1 =0
V2
I2
(b)
1
1
Z R ' = (n 2 )(2) = (2) =
4
2
s + 2
1
1 1
I
V2 = + Z R ' I 2 = + I 2 =
2s 2
s
s 2
y 22 =
I2
2s
=
V2 s + 2
- 1 2s
-s
V2 =
V
I 1 = - n I 2 =
2 s + 2
s + 2 2
y 12 =
I1
-s
=
V2 s + 2
s
2 (s + 2)
[y a ] =
-s
s+2
-s
s+2
2s
s+2
For the lower network N b , we obtain y 11 and y 21 by referring to the network in Fig. (c).
I1
I2
+
V1
V2 = 0
(c)
V1 = 2 I 1
y 11 =
I1 1
=
V1 2
I 2 = - I1 =
- V1
2
I 2 -1
=
V1 2
y 21 =
To get y 22 and y 12 , refer to the circuit in Fig. (d).
I1
I2
+
s
V1 = 0
I2
V2
(d)
V2 = (s || 2) I 2 =
I1 = - I 2
y 12 =
2s
I
s+2 2
y 22 =
I2 s + 2
=
2s
V2
- V2
- s s + 2
-s
V2 =
=
s + 2 s + 2 2s
2
I1 - 1
=
2
V2
12
-1 2
[y b ] =
- 1 2 (s + 2) 2s
s+1
s+2
[y ] = [y a ] + [y b ] =
- (3s + 2)
2 (s + 2)
- (3s + 2)
2 (s + 2)
5s 2 + 4s + 4
2s (s + 2)

We may obtain the g parameters from the given z parameters.
25 20
[z a ] =
z a = 250 100 = 150
,
5 10
50 25
[z b ] =
,
25 30
z b = 1500 625 = 875
[g ] =
1
z 11
z 21
z 11
- z 12
z 11
z
z 11
0.04 - 0.8
[g a ] =
,
6
0.2
0.02 - 0.5
[g b ] =
0.5 17.5
0.06 S - 1.3
[g ] = [g a ] + [ g b ] =
23.5
0.7

This is a parallel-series connection of two two-ports. We need to add their g parameters
together and obtain z parameters from there.
For the transformer,
V1 =
1
V2 , I1 = 2I 2
2
Comparing this with

V1 = AV2 BI2 ,
I1 = CV2 DI 2
shows that
0.5 0
[Tb1] =
0 2
To get A and C for Tb2 , consider the circuit below.
I1
+
V1
-
I2 =0
5
2
+
V2
-
V1 = 9I1,
A=
V2 = 5I1
V1
= 9 / 5 = 1.8,
V2
I
C = 1 = 1 / 5 = 0.2
V2

I1
Ia1
+
Va1
V1
Ia2
Na
Ib1
+
Vb1
+
Va2
V2
Ib2
Nb
Va1 = 25 I a1 + 4 Va 2
I a 2 = - 4 I a1 + Va 2
Vb1 = 16 I b1 + Vb 2
I b 2 = - I b1 + 0.5 Vb 2
V1 = Va1 + Vb1
V2 = Va 2 = Vb 2
I 2 = I a 2 + I b2
I 1 = I a1
Now, rewrite (1) to (4) in terms of I 1 and V2
Va1 = 25 I 1 + 4 V2
I a 2 = - 4 I 1 + V2
Vb1 = 16 I b1 + V2
I b 2 = - I b1 + 0.5 V2
Adding (5) and (7),
I2
+
Vb2
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
V1 = 25 I 1 + 16 I b1 + 5 V2
(9)
Adding (6) and (8),

I 2 = - 4 I 1 I b1 + 1.5 V2
(10)
I b1 = I a1 = I 1
(11)
Because the two networks N a and N b are independent,

I 2 = - 5 I 1 + 1.5 V2
V2 = 3.333 I 1 + 0.6667 I 2
or
(12)

25
5
V1 = 41I 1 +
I1 +
I
1.5
1.5 2
V1 = 57.67 I 1 + 3.333 I 2
(13)

V1 = z 11 I 1 + z 12 I 2
V2 = z 21 I 1 + z 22 I 2
indicates that
57.67 3.333
[z ] =
3.333 0.6667
Alternatively,
25 4
[h a ] =
,
-4 1
16 1
[h b ] =
- 1 0.5
41 5
[h] = [h a ] + [h b ] =
- 5 1.5
h
h
[z ] = 22
-h
21
h 22
as obtained previously.
h12
h 22
1
h 22
h = 61.5 + 25 = 86.5
57.67 3.333
=
3
.
333
0
.
6667

From Example 18.14 and the cascade two-ports,
2 3
[Ta ] = [Tb ] =
1 2
2 3 2 3 7 12
[T] = [Ta ][Tb ] =
=
7
1 2 1 2 4 S
When the output is short-circuited, V2 = 0 and by definition
V1 = - B I 2 ,
I1 = - D I 2
Hence,
V1 B 12
Z in =
= =
I1 D 7
From Prob. 18.35, the transmission parameters for the circuit in Figs. (a) and (b) are
1 Z
[Ta ] =
,
0 1
1 0
[Tb ] =
1 Z 1
Z
(a)
(b)
We partition the given circuit into six subcircuits similar to those in Figs. (a) and (b) as
shown in Fig. (c) and obtain [T] for each.
s
1/s
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
1/s
T6
1 0
[T1 ] =
,
1 1
1 s
[T2 ] =
,
0 1
1 0
[T3 ] =
s 1
[T4 ] = [T2 ] ,
[T5 ] = [T1 ] ,
[T6 ] = [T3 ]
1 0 1 0
[T] = [T1 ][T2 ][T3 ][T4 ][T5 ][T6 ] = [T1 ][T2 ][T3 ][T4 ]
1 1 s 1
0
0
1 s 1
1
= [T1 ][T2 ][T3 ]
= [T1 ][T2 ][T3 ][T4 ]
0 1 s +1 1
s +1 1
1 0 s2 + s +1 s
= [T1 ][T2 ]
1
s 1 s +1
s
1 s s2 + s +1
= [T1 ]
3
2
2
0 1 s + s + 2s + 1 s + 1
1 0 s 4 + s 3 + 3s 2 + 2s + 1 s 3 + 2s
=
3
2
s2 +1
1 1 s + s + 2s + 1
s 4 + s 3 + 3s 2 + 2s + 1
s 3 + 2s
[T] = 4
3
2
3
2
s + 2s + 4s + 4s + 2 s + s + 2s + 1
Note that AB CD = 1 as expected.

(a) We convert [za] and [zb] to T-parameters. For Na, z = 40 24 = 16 .
z / z 21 2
4
z / z
=
[Ta ] = 11 21
1 / z 21 z 22 / z 21 0.25 1.25
For Nb, y = 80 + 8 = 88 .
y 22 / y 21 1 / y 21 5 0.5
[Tb ] =
=
y / y 21 y11 / y 21 44 4
17
186
[T] = [Ta ][Tb ] =
56.25 5.125
We convert this to y-parameters. T = AD BC = 3.
D / B T / B 0.3015 0.1765
=
[ y] =
A / B 0.0588 10.94
1 / B
(b)
The equivalent z-parameters are

A / C T / C 3.3067 0.0533
[z] =
=
1 / C D / C 0.0178 0.0911
Consider the equivalent circuit below.

I1
z11
z22
I2
+
+
Vi
z12 I2
z21 I1
ZL
Vo
-
Vi = z11I1 + z12 I 2
(1)
Vo = z 21I1 + z 22 I 2
(2)
But Vo = I 2 ZL
I 2 = Vo / ZL
(3)
From (2) and (3) ,

V
Vo = z 21I1 z 22 o
ZL
1
z
I1 = Vo
+ 22
z 21 ZL z 21
(4)

Vi z11 z11z 22 z12
=
+
= 194.3
Vo z 21 z 21ZL ZL
Vo.
= 0.0051
Vi

To get z11 and z21, we open circuit the output port and let I1 = 1A so that
V
V
z11 = 1 = V1, z 21 = 2 = V2
I1
I1
The schematic is shown below. After it is saved and run, we obtain
z11 = V1 = 3.849,
z 21 = V2 = 1.122
Similarly, to get z22 and z12, we open circuit the input port and let I2 = 1A so that
V
z12 = 1 = V1,
I2
z 22 =
V2
= V2
I2

z12 = V1 = 1.122,
z 22 = V2 = 3.849
Thus,
3.949 1.122
[z] =
1.122 3.849

We follow Example 19.15 except that this is an AC circuit.
(a)
We set V2 = 0 and I1 = 1 A. The schematic is shown below. In the AC Sweep
Box, set Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq = 0.1592. After simulation,
the output file includes
FREQ
IM(V_PRINT2)
IP(V_PRINT2)
1.592 E01
3.163 E.01
1.616 E+02
FREQ
VM($N_0001)
VP($N_0001)
1.592 E01
9.488 E01
1.616 E+02
From this we obtain

h11 = V1/1 = 0.9488161.6
h21 = I2/1 = 0.3163161.6.
(b)
In this case, we set I1 = 0 and V2 = 1V. The schematic is shown below. In the
AC Sweep box, we set Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq = 0.1592.
After simulation, we obtain an output file which includes
FREQ
VM($N_0001)
VP($N_0001)
1.592 E01
3.163 E.01
1.842 E+01
FREQ
IM(V_PRINT2)
IP(V_PRINT2)
1.592 E01
9.488 E01
1.616 E+02
From this,
h12 = V1/1 = 0.316318.42
h21 = I2/1 = 0.9488161.6.
Thus,
0.9488 161.6 0.316318.42

[h] =
0.3163 161.6 0.9488 161.6

For h11 and h21, short-circuit the output port and let I1 = 1A. f = / 2 = 0.6366 . The
schematic is shown below. When it is saved and run, the output file contains the
following:
FREQ
6.366E-01
FREQ
1.202E+00
1.463E+02
VM($N_0003) VP($N_0003)
6.366E-01
3.771E+00
-1.350E+02
From the output file, we obtain

I 2 = 1.202146.3o ,
V1 = 3.771 135o
so that
V
h11 = 1 = 3.771 135o ,
1
I
h 21 = 2 = 1.202146.3o
1
For h12 and h22, open-circuit the input port and let V2 = 1V. The schematic is shown
below. When it is saved and run, the output file includes:
FREQ
VM($N_0003) VP($N_0003)
6.366E-01
FREQ
1.202E+00
-3.369E+01
6.366E-01
3.727E-01
-1.534E+02
From the output file, we obtain

I 2 = 0.3727 153.4o ,
V1 = 1.202 33.69o
so that
V
h12 = 1 = 1.202 33.69o ,
1
I
h 22 = 2 = 0.3727 153.4o
1
Thus,
3.771 135o
[h ] =
1.202146.3
1.202 33.69o
0.3727 153.4o

We follow Example 19.16.
(a)
We set I1 = 1 A and open-circuit the output-port so that I2 = 0. The schematic
is shown below with two VPRINT1s to measure V1 and V2. In the AC Sweep box, we
enter Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.3183, and End Freq = 0.3183. After simulation, the
output file includes
FREQ
VM(1)
VP(1)
3.183 E01
4.669 E+00
1.367 E+02
FREQ
VM(4)
VP(4)
3.183 E01
2.530 E+00
1.084 E+02
From this,
z11 = V1/I1 = 4.669136.7/1 = 4.669136.7
z21 = V2/I1 = 2.53108.4/1 = 2.53108.4.
(b)
In this case, we let I2 = 1 A and open-circuit the input port. The schematic is
shown below. In the AC Sweep box, we type Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.3183, and
End Freq = 0.3183. After simulation, the output file includes
FREQ
VM(1)
VP(1)
3.183 E01
2.530 E+00
1.084 E+02
FREQ
VM(2)
VP(2)
3.183 E01
1.789 E+00
1.534 E+02
From this,
z12 = V1/I2 = 2.53108.4/1 = 2.53108..4
Thus,
z22 = V2/I2 = 1.789153.4/1 = 1.789153.4.

4.669 136.7 2.53 108.4
[z] =
2.53 108.4 1.789 153.4

To get z11 and z21, we open circuit the output port and let I1 = 1A so that
V
z11 = 1 = V1,
I1
z 21 =
V2
= V2
I1

z11 = V1 = 29.88,
z 21 = V2 = 70.37
Similarly, to get z22 and z12, we open circuit the input port and let I2 = 1A so that
V
z12 = 1 = V1,
I2
z 22 =
V2
= V2
I2

z12 = V1 = 3.704,
z 22 = V2 = 11.11
Thus,
29.88 3.704
[z] =
70.37 11.11

(a)
We set V1 = 1 and short circuit the output port. The schematic is shown below.
After simulation we obtain
y11 = I1 = 1.5, y21 = I2 = 3.5
(b)
We set V2 = 1 and short-circuit the input port. The schematic is shown below.
Upon simulating the circuit, we obtain
y12 = I1 = 0.5, y22 = I2 = 1.5
1.5 0.5
[Y] =
3.5 1.5

We follow Example 19.15.
(a)
Set V2 = 0 and I1 = 1A. The schematic is shown below. After simulation, we
obtain
h11 = V1/1 = 3.8, h21 = I2/1 = 3.6
(b)
Set V1 = 1 V and I1 = 0. The schematic is shown below. After simulation, we
obtain
h12 = V1/1 = 0.4, h22 = I2/1 = 0.25
Hence,
3.8 0.4
[h] =
3.6 0.25

To get A and C, we open-circuit the output and let I1 = 1A. The schematic is shown
below. When the circuit is saved and simulated, we obtain V1 = 11 and V2 = 34.
A=
V1
= 0.3235,
V2
I
1
C= 1 =
= 0.02941
V2 34
Similarly, to get B and D, we open-circuit the output and let I1 = 1A. The schematic
is shown below. When the circuit is saved and simulated, we obtain V1 = 2.5 and I2
= -2.125.
V
2.5
= 1.1765,
B= 1 =
I 2 2.125
I
1
= 0.4706
D= 1 =
I 2 2.125
Thus,
0.3235 1.1765
[T ] =
0.02941 0.4706
(a)
Since A =
V1
V2
and C =
I 2 =0
I1
V2
, we open-circuit the output port and let V1

I 2 =0
= 1 V. The schematic is as shown below. After simulation, we obtain

A = 1/V2 = 1/0.7143 = 1.4
C = I2/V2 = 1.0/0.7143 = 1.4
(b)
To get B and D, we short-circuit the output port and let V1 = 1. The schematic is
shown below. After simulating the circuit, we obtain
B = V1/I2 = 1/1.25 = 0.8
D = I1/I2 = 2.25/1.25 = 1.8
A B
1.4 0.8
C D = 1.4 1.8
Thus
(a)
Since A =
V1
V2
and C =
I 2 =0
I1
V2
, we let V1 = 1 V and openI 2 =0
circuit the output port. The schematic is shown below. In the AC Sweep box, we set
Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq = 0.1592. After simulation, we obtain
an output file which includes
FREQ
1.592 E01
IM(V_PRINT1)
6.325 E01
IP(V_PRINT1)
1.843 E+01
FREQ
1.592 E01
VM($N_0002)
6.325 E01
VP($N_0002)
7.159 E+01
From this, we obtain

A =
1
1
=
= 1.58171.59
V2 0.6325 71.59
C =
(b)
I1
0.632518.43
= 190 = j
=
V2 0.6325 71.59
Similarly, since B =
V1
I2
and D =
V2 = 0
I1
I2
, we let V1 = 1 V and shortV2 = 0
circuit the output port. The schematic is shown below. Again, we set Total Pts = 1, Start
Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq = 0.1592 in the AC Sweep box. After simulation, we get
an output file which includes the following results:
FREQ
1.592 E01
IM(V_PRINT1)
5.661 E04
IP(V_PRINT1)
8.997 E+01
FREQ
1.592 E01
IM(V_PRINT3)
9.997 E01
IP(V_PRINT3)
9.003 E+01
From this,
B =
1
1
=
= 190 = j
I2
0.9997 90
D =
I1
5.661x10 4 89.97
=
= 5.561x104
I2
0.9997 90
j
A B
1.58171.59
C D =
4
j
5.661x10
(a)
By definition, g11 =
I1
V1
, g21 =
I 2 =0
V1
V2
.
I 2 =0
We let V1 = 1 V and open-circuit the output port. The schematic is shown below. After
simulation, we obtain
g11 = I1 = 2.7
g21 = V2 = 0.0
(b)
Similarly,
g12 =
I1
I2
, g22 =
V1 = 0
V2
I2
V1 = 0
We let I2 = 1 A and short-circuit the input port. The schematic is shown below. After
simulation,
g12 = I1 = 0
g22 = V2 = 0
2.727S 0
[g] =
0
0
Thus
(a)
Since
a =
V2
V1
and c =
I1 = 0
I2
V1
,
I1 = 0
we open-circuit the input port and let V2 = 1 V. The schematic is shown below. In the
AC Sweep box, set Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq = 0.1592. After
simulation, we obtain an output file which includes
FREQ
1.592 E01
IM(V_PRINT2)
5.000 E01
IP(V_PRINT2)
1.800 E+02
FREQ
1.592 E01
VM($N_0001)
5.664 E04
VP($N_0001)
8.997 E+01
From this,
a =
1
= 1765 89.97
5.664x10 4 89.97
c =
0.5180
= 882.28 89.97
5.664x10 4 89.97
(b)
Similarly,
b =
V2
I1
and d =
V1 = 0
I2
I1
V1 = 0
We short-circuit the input port and let V2 = 1 V. The schematic is shown below. After
simulation, we obtain an output file which includes
FREQ
1.592 E01
IM(V_PRINT2)
5.000 E01
IP(V_PRINT2)
1.800 E+02
FREQ
1.592 E01
IM(V_PRINT3)
5.664 E04
IP(V_PRINT3)
9.010 E+01
From this, we get

b =
d =
Thus
1
4
5.664x10 90.1
= j1765
0.5180
= j888.28
5.664x10 4 90.1
j1765 j1765
[t] =
j888.2 j888.2
To get Z in , consider the network in Fig. (a).
Rs
I1
I2
+
Vs
+
Two-Port
V1
RL
V2
Zin
(a)
I 1 = y 11 V1 + y 12 V2
I 2 = y 21 V1 + y 22 V2
But
I2 =
- V2
= y 21 V1 + y 22 V2
RL
V2 =
- y 21 V1
y 22 + 1 R L
(1)
(2)
(3)

- y 21 V1
,
I 1 = y 11 V1 + y 12
y 22 + 1 R L
y + y 11 YL
V1 ,
I1 =
y 22 + YL
or
YL =
y = y 11 y 22 y 12 y 21
Z in =
y 22 + YL
V1
=
I 1 y + y 11 YL
Ai =
y
I2
y V + y 22 V2
= 21 1
= y 21 Z in + 22
I1
I1
I1
= y 21 Z in
y 22 y 21 Z in y 22 + YL
=
+y Y
y 22 + YL
11
L
y
Ai =
y 21 YL
y + y 11 YL
Av =
V2
- y 21
=
V1 y 22 + YL
From (3),
1
RL
- y 21 V1

y 22 + YL
y 21 y 22 y 21
y 22 + YL
To get Z out , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

I1
I2
+
Rs
V1
Two-Port
V2
(b)
Z out =
But
V2
V2
=
I 2 y 21 V1 + y 22 V2
V1 = - R s I 1
Substituting this into (1) yields

I 1 = - y 11 R s I 1 + y 12 V2
(1 + y 11 R s ) I 1 = y 12 V2
I1 =
or
- V1
y 12 V2
=
1 + y 11 R s
Rs
- y 12 R s
V1
=
V2 1 + y 11 R s
Substituting this into (4) gives

1
Z out =
y 12 y 21 R s
y 22
1 + y 11 R s
=
Z out =
y 22
1 + y 11 R s
+ y 11 y 22 R s y 21 y 22 R s
y 11 + Ys
y + y 22 Ys
Zout
(4)
Av =
- h fe R L
h ie + (h ie h oe h re h fe ) R L
Av =
- 72 10 5
2640 + (2640 16 10 -6 2.6 10 -4 72) 10 5
Av =
- 72 10 5
= - 1613
2640 + 1824
dc gain = 20 log A v = 20 log (1613) = 64.15
(a)
Z in = h ie
h re h fe R L
1 + h oe R L
10 -4 120 R L
1500 = 2000
1 + 20 10 -6 R L
500 =
12 10 -3
1 + 2 10 -5 R L
500 + 10 -2 R L = 12 10 -3 R L
500 10 2 = 0.2 R L
R L = 250 k
(b)
Av =
- h fe R L
- 120 250 10 3
Av =
2000 + (2000 20 10 -6 120 10 -4 ) 250 10 3
- 30 10 6
= - 3333
Av =
2 10 3 + 7 10 3
Ai =
(c)
h fe
120
=
= 20
1 + h oe R L 1 + 20 10 -6 250 10 3
Z out =
R s + h ie
600 + 2000
=
(R s + h ie ) h oe h re h fe (600 + 2000) 20 10 -6 10 -4 120
Z out =
2600
k = 65 k
40
Vc Vc
=
Vb Vs
Av =
Vc = A v Vs = -3333 4 10 -3 = - 13.33 V
R s = 1.2 k ,
R L = 4 k
Av =
- h fe R L
Av =
- 80 4 10 3
1200 + (1200 20 10 -6 1.5 10 -4 80) 4 10 3
Av =
- 32000
= - 25.64
1248
(b)
Ai =
h fe
80
=
= 74.074
1 + h oe R L 1 + 20 10 -6 4 10 3
(c)
Z in = h ie h re A i
(a)
Z in = 1200 1.5 10 -4 74.074 1.2 k

(d)
Z out =
R s + h ie
(R s + h ie ) h oe h re h fe
Z out =
1200 + 1200
2400
=
= 51.282 k
-6
-4
2400 20 10 1.5 10 80 0.0468

Due to the resistor R E = 240 , we cannot use the formulas in section 18.9.1. We will
need to derive our own. Consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
Rs
Ib
hie
Ic
+
hre Vc
Vs
hfe Ib
Vb
Vc
IE
RE
(a)
Zin
IE = Ib + Ic
(1)
Vb = h ie I b + h re Vc + (I b + I c ) R E
(2)
Vc
RE + 1
(3)
I c = h fe I b +
But
hoe
h oe
Vc = - I c R L
(4)
I c = h fe I b
or
Ai =
RL
RE + 1
Ic
h oe
I c h fe (1 + R E h oe )
=
Ib
1 + h oe (R L
100(1 + 240x30 x10 6 )

Ai =
1 + 30 10 -6 (4,000 + 240)
A i = 79.18
From (3) and (5),
(5)
RL
Ic =
h fe (1 + R E )h oe
Vc
I b = h fe I b +
1 + h oe (R L + R E )
RE + 1
(6)
h oe

Vb = (h ie + R E ) I b + h re Vc + I c R E
Vb =
Vc (h ie + R E )
V
+ h re Vc c R E
RL
1 h fe (1 + R E h oe )

R E +
h fe
h oe 1 + h oe (R L + R E )
V
(h ie + R E )
R
1
+ h re E
= b =
A v Vc
RL
1 h fe (1 + R E h oe )

R E +
h fe
h oe 1 + h oe (R L + R E )
1
=
Av
1
240 +
30 x10 6
(7)
(4000 + 240)
240
+ 10 -4
6
4000
100(1 + 240 x 30 x10 )

100
-6
1 + 30 10 4240
1
= 6.06x10 3 + 10 -4 0.06 = -0.066
Av
A v = 15.15
From (5),
Ic =
h fe
I
1 + h oe R L b
We substitute this with (4) into (2) to get

Vb = (h ie + R E ) I b + (R E h re R L ) I c
h (1 + R E h oe )
Vb = (h ie + R E ) I b + (R E h re R L ) fe
I b
1 + h oe (R L + R E )
Z in =
Vb
h (R h re R L )(1 + R E h oe )
= h ie + R E + fe E
Ib
1 + h oe (R L + R E )
(100)(240 10 -4 4 10 3 )(1 + 240x30x10 6 )

Z in = 4000 + 240 +
1 + 30 10 -6 4240
Z in = 12.818 k
(8)
To obtain Z out , which is the same as the Thevenin impedance at the output, we introduce
a 1-V source as shown in Fig. (b).
Rs
hie
Ib
Ic
+
+
hre Vc
Vb
hfe Ib
hoe
IE
RE
Vc
1V
(b)
Zout
From the input loop,

I b (R s + h ie ) + h re Vc + R E (I b + I c ) = 0
But
So,
Vc = 1
I b (R s + h ie + R E ) + h re + R E I c = 0
(9)
From the output loop,

Ic =
or
Vc
RE +
1
h oe
+ h fe I b =
h oe
+ h fe I b
R E h oe + 1
h oe
h fe
Ic
Ib =
h fe 1 + R E h oe
(10)

I
(R s + R E + h ie ) c
h fe
+ h re + R E I c
(R s + R E + h ie ) oe
h fe
=0
1 + R E h oe
R s + R E + h ie
R + R E + h ie
Ic + R E Ic = s
h fe
1 + R E h oe
h oe
h fe
h re
R + R E + h ie
(h oe h fe ) s
h re
1 + R E h oe
Ic =
R E + (R s + R E + h ie ) h fe
Z out =
Z out =
Z out =
R E h fe + R s + R E + h ie
1
=
I c R s + R E + h ie
h oe h re h fe
1 + R E h oe
240 100 + (1200 + 240 + 4000)
1200 + 240 + 4000
-6
-4
1 + 240 x 30 x10 6 30 10 10 100
24000 + 5440
= 193.7 k
0.152
We apply the same formulas derived in the previous problem.

(h ie + R E )
R
1
=
+ h re E
Av
RL
1 h fe (1 + R E h oe )
R E +

h fe
h oe 1 + h oe (R L + R E )
1
=
Av
200
(2000 + 200)
+ 2.5 10 -4
3800
150(1 + 0.002)
150
(200 + 10 5 )
1 + 0.04
1
= 0.004 + 2.5 10- 4 0.05263 = -0.05638
Av
A v = 17.74
h fe (1 + R E h oe )
150(1 + 200x10 5 )
Ai =
=
= 144.5
1 + h oe (R L + R E ) 1 + 10 -5 (200 + 3800)
Z in = h ie + R E +
h fe (R E h re R L )(1 + R E h oe )
1 + h oe (R L + R E )
Z in = 2000 + 200 +
(150)(200 2.5 10 -4 3.8 10 3 )(1.002)

1.04
Z in = 2200 + 28966
Z in = 31.17 k
Z out =
Z out =
R E h fe + R s + R E + h ie
R s + R E + h ie
h oe h re h fe
1 + R E h oe
33200
200 150 + 1000 + 200 + 2000
=
-5
- 0.0055
3200 10
-4
2.5 10 150
1.002
Z out = 6.148 M
We first obtain the ABCD parameters.

200 0
[h] =
Given
,
100 10 -6
[T] =
h
h 21
- h 22
h 21
- h11
h 21
-1
h 21
h = h11 h 22 h12 h 21 = 2 10 -4
- 2 10 -6
=
-8
- 10
-2
- 10 -2
The overall ABCD parameters for the amplifier are

- 2 10 -6
- 2 - 2 10 -6
-2
[T] =
-8
-2
-8
- 10 - 10
- 10 -2
- 10
T = 2 10 -12 2 10 -12 = 0
B
[h] = D
-1
T
D
C
D
0
200
= - 10 -4 10 -6
2 10 -8
10 -10
2 10 -2
10 -4
Thus,
h ie = 200 ,
Av =
h re = 0 ,
h fe = -10 -4 ,
h oe = 10 -6
(10 4 )(4 10 3 )
= 2 10 5
200 + (2 10 -4 0) 4 10 3
Z in = h ie
h re h fe R L
= 200 0 = 200
1 + h oe R L
Let Z A =
1
s 4 + 10s 2 + 8
=
s 3 + 5s
y 22
Using long division,

5s 2 + 8
ZA = s + 3
= s L1 + Z B
s + 5s
i.e.
L1 = 1 H
and
ZB =
5s 2 + 8
s 3 + 5s
as shown in Fig (a).

L1
ZB
y22 = 1/ZA
(a)
1
s 3 + 5s
YB =
=
Z B 5s 2 + 8
Using long division,

YB = 0.2s +
where
C 2 = 0 .2 F
3.4s
= sC 2 + YC
5s 2 + 8
and
YC =
3.4s
5s 2 + 8
as shown in Fig. (b).

L1
C2
Yc = 1/ZC
(b)
ZC =
1
5s 2 + 8 5s
8
1
=
=
+
= s L3 +
YC
3.4s
3.4 3.4s
s C4
i.e. an inductor in series with a capacitor

5
L3 =
= 1.471 H and
3.4
C4 =
3.4
= 0.425 F
8
Thus, the LC network is shown in Fig. (c).

0.425 F
1.471 H
1H
0.2 F
(c)
This is a fourth order network which can be realized with the network shown in Fig. (a).
L1
L3
C2
C4
(a)
(s) = (s 4 + 3.414s 2 + 1) + (2.613s 3 + 2.613s)
1
2.613s + 2.613s
H(s) =
s 4 + 3.414s 2 + 1
1+
2.613s 3 + 2.613s
3
which indicates that

-1
2.613s + 2.613s
s 4 + 3.414s + 1
=
2.613s 3 + 2.613s
y 21 =
y 22
We seek to realize y 22 . By long division,

2.414s 2 + 1
y 22 = 0.383s +
= s C 4 + YA
2.613s 3 + 2.613s
i.e.
C 4 = 0.383 F
YA =
and
2.414s 2 + 1
2.613s 3 + 2.613s
as shown in Fig. (b).

L1
YA
L3
C2
C4
y22
(b)
1
2.613s 3 + 2.613s
=
ZA =
YA
2.414s 2 + 1
By long division,
Z A = 1.082s +
i.e.
L 3 = 1.082 H
1.531s
= s L3 + Z B
2.414s 2 + 1
and
ZB =
1.531s
2.414s 2 + 1
as shown in Fig.(c).
L1
ZB
L3
C2
C4
(c)
YB =
i.e.
1
1
1
= 1.577s +
= s C2 +
1.531s
ZB
s L1
C 2 = 1.577 F
and
L1 = 1.531 H
Thus, the network is shown in Fig. (d).

1.531 H
1.577 F
1.082 H
0.383 F
(d)
Hence,
s3
s3
s 3 + 12s
H(s) = 3
=
6s 2 + 24
(s + 12s) + (6s 2 + 24)
1+ 3
s + 12s
y 22 =
6s 2 + 24
1
=
+ ZA
3
s + 12s s C 3
where Z A is shown in the figure below.
(1)
C1
C3
L2
ZA
y22
We now obtain C 3 and Z A using partial fraction expansion.

Let
6s 2 + 24
A Bs + C
=
+
s (s 2 + 12) s s 2 + 12
6s 2 + 24 = A (s 2 + 12) + Bs 2 + Cs
s0 :
24 = 12A
A = 2
1
s :
0=C
2
s :
6= A+B
B = 4
Thus,
6s 2 + 24
2
4s
= + 2
2
s (s + 12) s s + 12
(2)

1 1
C3 = = F
A 2
But
1
s 2 + 12 1
3
=
= s+
4s
4
ZA
s
(3)
1
1
= sC1 +
ZA
s L2
(4)

1
1
C1 = F
and
L2 = H
4
3
Therefore,
C1 = 0.25 F ,
L 2 = 0.3333 H ,
C 3 = 0.5 F

h = 1 0 .8 = 0 .2
h / h 21 h11 / h 21 0.001
[Ta ] = [Tb ] =
=
6
h 22 / h 21 1 / h 21 2.5x10
10
0.005
2.6x105
0.06
[T] = [Ta ][Tb ] =
8
5x105
1.5x10
We now convert this to z-parameters
A / C T / C 1.733x103
[z] =
=
7
1 / C D / C 6.667 x10
1000
I1
0.0267
3.33x103
z11
z22
+
I2
+
+
Vs
z12 I2
z21 I1
Vo
ZL
-
Vs = (1000 + z11)I1 + z12 I 2
(1)
Vo = z 22 I 2 + z 21I1
(2)
But Vo = I 2 ZL
I 2 = Vo / ZL
(3)
1
z
I1 = Vo
+ 22
z 21 z 21ZL
We substitute (3) and (4) into (1)
(4)

1
z
z
Vs = (1000 + z11)
+ 22 Vo 12 Vo
ZL
z11 z 21ZL
= 7.653x10 4 2.136 x105 = 744V

Z ab = Z1 + Z 3 = Z c || (Z b + Z a )
Z1 + Z 3 =
Z c (Z a + Z b )
Za + Zb + Zc
(1)
Z cd = Z 2 + Z 3 = Z a || (Z b + Z c )
Z2 + Z3 =
Z a (Z b + Z c )
Za + Zb + Zc
(2)
Z ac = Z1 + Z 2 = Z b || (Z a + Z c )
Z1 + Z 2 =
Z b (Z a + Z c )
Za + Zb + Zc
(3)
Z b (Z c Z a )
Za + Zb + Zc
(4)

Z1 Z 2 =
Adding (3) and (4),

Z1 =
ZbZc
Za + Zb + Zc
(5)

Z2 =
ZaZb
Za + Zb + Zc
(6)
Z3 =
ZcZa
Za + Zb + Zc
(7)
Using (5) to (7)

Z1Z 2 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 3 Z1 =
Z a Z b Z c (Z a + Z b + Z c )
(Z a + Z b + Z c ) 2
Z1Z 2 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 3 Z1 =
Za ZbZc
Za + Zb + Zc
(8)
Dividing (8) by each of (5), (6), and (7),

Z1Z 2 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 3 Z1
Za =
Z1
Zb =
Z1Z 2 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 3 Z1
Z3
Zc =
Z1Z 2 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 3 Z1
Z2
as required. Note that the formulas above are not exactly the same as those in Chapter 9
because the locations of Z b and Z c are interchanged in Fig. 18.122.

Solution Sadiku 3 Edição

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Solution Sadiku 3 Edição

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Chapter 1, Solution 1

(a) q = 6.482x1017 x [-1.602x10-19 C] = -0.10384 C

(c) q(t) = 20 cos (10t + / 6 ) + q(0) = (2sin(10t + / 6) + 1) C

q(t) = 10e -30t sin 40t + q(0) =

which is sketched below:

q = ixt = 8 x10 3 x15 x10 6 = 120 C

For 0 < t < 6s, assuming q(0) = 0,

q (t ) = idt + q (0 ) = 3tdt + 0 = 1.5t 2

At t=6, q(6) = 1.5(6)2 = 54

At t=10, q(10) = 180 54 = 126

q (t ) = idt + q (10 ) = ( 12)dt + 126 = 12t + 246

At t=15, q(15) = -12x15 + 246 = 66

1.5t 2 C, 0 < t < 6s

18 t 54 C, 6 < t < 10s

66 C, 15 < t < 20s

The plot of the charge is shown below.

w = vidt = 1200 cos 2 4 t dt

= 1200 ( 2 cos 8t - 1)dt (since, cos 2 x = 2 cos 2x - 1)

= 1200 sin 8t t = 1200 sin 16 2

q = idt = 10(1 - e -0.5t )dt = 10(t + 2e -0.5t )

(c) w = pdt = -90 e -4t dt =

40 - 10t V 3 < t < 4

w = v(t)i(t)dt = 10 + (25t)dt + 10( 25t)dt + 10(100 25t)dt + ( 40 10t)(100 - 25t)mJ

It should be noted that these are only typical answers.

(b) w = pt = 1. 5 103 45 60 J = 1.5

q = idt = 3dt = 3T = 3 4 3600 = 43.2 kC

= 3[40 3600 + 0. 25 16 3600]

W = 475.2 kWs, (J = Ws)

( b) W = pt = 30 365 24 Wh = 262.8 kWh

Energy = (52.75 5.23)/0.11 = 432 kWh

Total energy consumed = 365(4 +8) W

= 200 x 6 + 800 x 2 + 200 x 10 + 1200 x 4 + 200 x 2

( a) W = p( t ) dt = 400 6 + 1000 2 + 200 12 1200 2 + 400 2

i = v/R = (16/5) mA = 3.2 mA

R = v2/p = 14400/60 = 240 ohms

-20 -25 +10 + v1 = 0

Applying KVL around loop 1,

Applying KVL around loop 2,

Applying KVL to loop 1,

Power dissipated by the resistor:

-45 + 10i - 3V0 + 5i = 0

At the node, KCL requires that

The current through the controlled source is

Applying current division,

Using current division,

We first combine the two resistors in parallel

We now apply voltage division,

The series combination of 6 and 3 resistors is shorted. Hence

The 5 resistor is in series with the combination of 10 (4 + 6) = 5 .

We first combine resistors in parallel.

Using current division principle,

Combining the conductance leads to the equivalent circuit below

We now work backward to get i2 and v2.

p2 = i2R = (0.24)2 (2) = 0.1152 W

Combining the versions in parallel,

Hence v0 = 8 V and I0 = 0.2A

The 8- resistor is shorted. No current flows through the 1- resistor. Hence v0

The total current through the 4 resistor = 1 + 2 = 3 A.

Let R0 = combination of three 12 resistors in parallel

Rab = 5 (8 + 20 30) = 5 (8 + 12) =

Rab = 2 + 4 (5 + 3) 8 + 5 10 (6 + 4) = 2 + 4 4 + 5 5 = 2 + 2 + 2.5 = 6.5

(a) Convert T to Y and obtain

The circuit becomes that shown below.