Draft Chemistry Practical Book Sinhala

Draft
Chemistry Practical Book

(Sinhala)
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01
04
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05
Ba2+(aq) Nd;fhka
jdhqjl ujq,sl mudj mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu
07
ue.akSishj, idfmalaIl mrudKql ialkaOh mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu 09
w,hl$Niauhl WodiSklrK tka;e,amsh mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu 11
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12
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14
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15
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16
12' i,a*j, nyqrEmS wdldr ms<sfh< lsu
17
13' i,a*vfhdlaihs ms<sfh< lsu iy tys .=K mlaId lsu
18
14' laf,daka ms<sfh< lsu iy ye,ckj, .=K mlaId lsu
20
15' fya,hsv ykd .ekSu
22
16' Tlai,sla w, djKhla Nd; lr fmdgEish uex.fka ^VII& djKhl
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22
17' wd,sl fmdgEish uex.fka ^VII& djKhla N; lr f*ria whk jKhl
idkaKh ksKh lsu
25
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26
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27
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21'â& mykais mlaIdj
31
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32
22' f;dard.;a wekdhk i|yd mlaId lsu
34
23' we,alSk iy we,alhskj, m%;sl%shd kslaIKh lsu
38
24' we,afldfyd,j, .=K mlaId lsu
40
25' *Sfkda,j, .=K mlaId lsu
42
26' we,ayhsv iy lSfgdak i|yd mlaId
43
27' ldfndlais,sla w,j, iuyr .=K mlaId lsu
44
28' ue.akSish iy w, w;r m%;sl%shdj flfrys idkaKfha n,mE
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45
29' fidah ;fhdai,af*a iy khs%la w,h w;r m%;sl%shdj flfrys
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47
4'
5'
6'
7'
8'
9'
10'
11'
vii
30' whkaÎII& whk iy fmdgEish whvhs w;r m%;sl%shdj flfrys

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31' Fe3+iy
mlaIKd;aul j wOHhkh lsu
32' c,fhys yd hqgfkda,ays t;fkdhsla w,fha jHdma;sh i|yd jHdma;s
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33' NO2/N2O4 iu;=,s; moaO;sh flfrys WIaK;ajfha n,mEu
34' le,aish yhsfrdlaihs ys djH;d .=Ks;h mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu
35' imhk ,o u,a j.hlska oYlhla ms<sfh< lsu iy tys pH mrdih
36' pH w.h mlaId lsfuka ,jK djKj, wd,sl$Ndial$WodiSk
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37' pH oYl Nd; lrka fok ,o djKhl o< pH w.h ksKh lsu
38' iu; Ag/ AgCl bf,lafg%davhla ksudKh lsu
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44' kala, l%uh u.ska d; Tlaiscka ugu ksKh lsu
49
51
52
54
55
57
59
60
62
64
65
66
67
69
71
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mlaIKh III (
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u 50'00 cm3 la 400 cm3 lrhlg msfmgqjla wOdrfhka tla lrkak' fuhg idka HCl
djKfhka 0'5 cm3 la tla lrkak' miq j djKh 250 cm3 la olajd wdi%e; c,h tlalr
;kql lrkak' djKh keug wdikak jk f;la r;a lrkak' kuq;a keug bv fkdfokak'
oeka fuu djKhg fmr idod .;a 5% BaCl2 djKh msfmgqjla wdOdrfhka x jYfhka
tla lrkak' fufia tla lrk w;r;=r djKh fyd|ska l,;kak' fh laf,darhs
djKh tljr fyda f.fhka tla lsu fkdl< hq;h
= ' fufia l<fyd;a ,efnk wjlafIamj,
wjlafIamh
iaMl b;d l=vd jk w;r fmrd .ekSug wmyiq fjhs' djKfha iEk
lrh m;=f,a ;ekam;a ug ks;a;= 5 la muK bv ykak' by< we;s meyeos,s djKhg
BaCl2 x m%fYfuka tla lr ;jrg;a
wjlafIam jkafkaoehs mlaId lrkak'
wjlafIamh iEfokjd k ;j;a BaCl2 3 cm3 la muK tla lr kej; mlaId lrkak'
fufia kej;
wjlafIamh fkd,efnk ;=re BaCl2 tla lr wjlafIamh i|yd
mlaId lrkak' wjlafIamh iEoSu imQK jQ miq yd ;j;a
2 cm3 la muK tla lr
idkaKhla mj;ajd .kak' djKh Trf,daiq rejlska jid keug

djKfha jemqr
bv fkdoS ks;a;= 30la muK r;a lrkak'
wjlafIamh ;ekam;a ug bv yer kej; by< we;s meyeos,s u djKh wjlafIamh i|yd
mlaId lrkak' kej; wjlafIamh fkdiEfokafka k djKh fmu i|yd iQodk h'
msis h<s fmryka lvodishla f.k tys ialkaOh uek .kak' tu fmryka m;%h fhdod
f.k wjlafIamh fmrd fjka lr .kak'
,enqK fmrkh bj; oud fmrkh tl;= lr .;a lrh fyd|ska fidaod kej; mqkS,h hka
;nd WKq c,h 2-5 cm3 muK fhdod f.k wjlafIamh fidaokak' ,efnk fmrkh
djKfhka jla fhdod f.k laf,darhs whk i|yd mlaId lrkak' laf,darhs whk
wef;d;a fmrkh bj; oud lrh fyd|ska fidaod kej; by; wdldrhg u wjlafIamh
fidaokak' fmrkfha laf,darhs whk ke;s jk ;=re fiaoSu kej; kej; is lrkak'
fiaoSu wjika jQ miq wjlafIamh iys; fmryka m;%h m%fYfuka /f.k wjlafIamh
mj;sk Wkl Ôven& ;nkak' wjlafIamfha ialkaOh ksh;
fkdbysfrk mos
jk ;=re r;a lrkak' ,enqK ksh; ialkaOh jd;d lrkak'
,enqK
ialkaOh wkqidrfhka djKfha we;s
djK
1' idka HCL w,h ^5 cm3 muK&
2' 5%
3'
4'
djKh ^100 cm3 muK&

djKh ^10 cm3 muK&
djKh ^100 cm3 muK&
idkaKh kSKh lrkak'
mlaIK wxlh ( 05
ksmqK;d ugu 4'2
jdhqjl ujq,sl mudj mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu

1' jdhq mud uekSf l%u ms<sn| oekqu;a" jdhq /ialsf l=i,;dj;a" ,nd .kshs'
2' mlaIKd.dr ;;a;aj hgf;a oS Tlaiscka jdhq ujq,hla iska w;a lr .kakd
mudj ksKh lrhs'
jH yd WmlrK (
>k fmdgEish m'uex.fka
lmq mq`Mka
kq irdjla ^500 cm3&
WIaK;ajudkhla
rEm igyfka olajd we;s WmlrK
Wmfoia (
uòla r;a lrk ,o >k fmdgEish m'uex.fka iaj,amhla ^r;a lrkafka wehs@&
he<s lelEre k<hlg f.k tys lg wi,g lmq mq`Mka .=,shla we;=`M lrkak'
^lmq mq`Mka wjYH wehs@& bka miq wvx.= jH iu`. k<fha ialkaOh lsrd .kak'
WmlrK rEm igyk 4 â& fyda 4 ^b& ys olajd we;s mos ilia fldg lelEre k<h
fika r;a lrkak'
fuys Tlaiscka jdhq mudj 350 - 400 cm3 muK /ia lr .ekSug iEfya' WmlrK
wegjqu rEmh 4 â& wdldrhg ieliqf k tu WmlrKh ;=< iEfok Tlaiscka
mudjg iudk c, mudjla kq irdf tl;= jk neka c, mudj 350 - 400
cm3 jk g lelEre k<h r;a lsu kj;kak' lelEre k<h ldur WIaK;ajhg
isis,a ug ykak' ^ta wehs@&
miqj c, ug iudk lr B rn k<h .,jd tys we;s c, mudj kq
is,skavrhg hefjk fia rn k<h bj;a lrkak' ia:dmkh jQ c, mudj uek
.kak' rEmh 4 (b) wkqj WmlrK ilia lr we;a k" ia:dmkh jQ jdhq mudj
uek .kak' mlaIKd.drfha WIaK;ajh iy mSvkh igyka lr .kak' wvx.= jH
iu`. lelEre k<fha ialkaOh kej; uek .kak'
Wla; mdGdxl W; m fhdod .kska ldur WIaK;ajfha yd mSvkfha ;a" iu;
WIaK;ajfha yd mSvkfha ;a" Tlaiscka jdhqf ujq,sl mud .Kkh lrkak'
ie'hq'
lmq mq`Mka k<fha m;=,g wdikak j ;snqK fyd;a th oykh ug bv we;'
rEmh 4 (b) wkqj WmlrK ilia lrkafka k" icl k<fha fl<jr jdhq
irdf by< fl<jrg <x jk fia ^rEmfha oelafjk wkaoug& ;sh hq;= nj
i,lkak'
rEmh 5 (a)
rEmh 5 (b)
igyk (
mlaIKfha fodaI" tajd wju l< yels wdldr yd .Kkfha is lrkq ,nk
Wml,amk ms<sn| idlPd lrkak'
mlaIK wxlh ( 06
ksmqK;d uglu 4'2
ue.akSishj, idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaOh

1' ldur WIaKa;jfha yd mSvkfha okakd M g ialkaOhlska uqla; l< yhsrcka
jdhq mudj ksKh lrhs'
2' uqla; jQ yhsrcka jdhq ujq, m%udKh weiqfrka Mg j, idfmalaI mrudKql
ialkaOh .Kkh lrhs'
jH yd
WmlrK (
0'02-0'04 g ue.akSish m ^3'5 cm muK&
hqfrgqjla
;kql ^2 moldm-3) HCl
c,h
lrhla
mq`Mka
ue.aki
S h
s mh
hqfrgqj
;kql yhsrlaf,dala w,h
hqfrgqj
lrh
ue.aki
S h
s mh
c,h
rEmh 6 (a)
ue.akSish m ^3'5 cm muK& lene,a,la f.k je,s lvodishlska ueo" msis lr
.kak' miq j tys ialkaOh ksje/ j uek .kak' ;kql yhsfrdlaf,dala 25 cm3
hqfrgqjlg mqrjd .kak' hqfrgqf ;a;sh f.a my<g hk fia fifuka
c,h tl;= lrka hqfrgqj imQKfhka u c,fhka mqrjkak' Mg lene,a,
mq`Mka iaj,amhl ,sys,aj r|jd th .=,shla fia ilia lr" th hqfrgqf by<
fl<jfrys isr lr r|jd .kak'
250 cm3 lrhla f.k thg wvla muK c,h mqrjd .kak' hqfrgqf by<
fl<jr we`.s,af,ka jid laIKsl j hqfrgqj hl=re lr c,fhys .s,ajkak'
hqfrgqj isria j r|jd .ekSug wdOdrlhl i lrkak' jdhq nqnq by<g taug
fmr hqfrgqf lrduh laIKsl j jD; lr" c, ugu mudKfha ,l=Kq
lr we;s ugug f.k tkak' laIKsl j k<h jid" tu c, ugu wdrNl
ugu f,i igyka lr .kak' ue.akSish mh m%;sl%shd lr wjidk jk f;la
kslaIKh lrkak' hqfrgqf kj j ugu igyka lr .kak' wdrNl yd
wjidk j ugj, fjki weiqfrka uqla; jQ yhsrcka jdhq mudj ,nd .kak'
igyk (
mlaIKh is l< ldur WIaK;ajfha yd mSvkfha mlaIKh i|yd fhdod .;a
M g ialkaOh wdY%s; j ksmojqKq yhsrcka jdhq ujq, m%udKh .Kkh lrkak'
W; .Kkh is lr M g ys idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaOh fidhkak'
mlaIKfha fodaI" tajd wju lr .; yels wdldr iy .Kkfha is l<
Wml,amk idlPd lrkak'
10
mlaIK wxlh ( 07
ksmqK;d ugu 5'2
w,hl$Niauhl WodiSklrK tka;e,amsh mlaIKd;aul j

ksKh lsu
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M,(
1' ridhksl m%;sl%shd is f we;s jk WIaK;aj mhdi uekSf l=i,;dj ,nd
.ksh's
2 w,-NiAu WodiSklrK m%;l
s h
s% dj, tka;e,ams mhdih mlaIKd;aul j ksKh
lrhs'
jH yd
WmlrK (
2.0 mol dm-3 fidah yhsfrdlaihs 50 cm3
2.0 mol dm-3 fmdgEish yhsfrdlaihs 50 cm3
2.0 mol dm-3 khsla w,h 50 cm3
2.0 mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h 50 cm3
100 cm3 lr lsysmhla
250 cm3 lrhla fyda 100 cm3 lrh nyd,sh yels mjdrl nkla
100 cm3 kq ird
WIaK;ajudkhla
mjdrl jH
re l+rla $uka:hla

lrhg 2 mol dm-3 NaOH 50 cm3 uek f.k tu djKfha WIaK;ajh igyka
lr .kak' fjk;a lrhlg 2 mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h 50 cm3 uek
f.k tys WIaK;ajh igyka lrkak' ^Niau djKfha WIaK;ajh uekSfuka miq
w, djKfha WIaK;ajh uekSug fmr WIaK;ajudkh fidaod .kak'& tla lrhl
we;s djKh wfklg tl jr tl;= lr Y%Kh <`.d jk Wmu WIaK;ajh igyka
lrkak' Q= mct ilrKh weiqka WodiSklrKhg wod< tka;e,ams mhdih
.Kkh lrkak'
K O H yd H N O3 fhdod .kska mlaIKh kej; lrkak'
11
mlaIK wxlh ( 08
ksmqK;d ugu 5'2
fyia kshuh mlaIKd;aul j ;yjqre lsu

1' tlsfklg fjkia ud. follska" tla moaO;shla fjk;a moaO;shlg mj;kh
lrhs'
2' ridhksl m%;sl%shd is f oS we;s jk WIaK;aj mhdi uekSf l=i,;dj ,nd
.ksh's
3' is jQ tka;e,ams mhdih tka;e,ams rEm igykla u`.ska olajhs'
4' tka;e,ams rEm igykla u`.ska ud. folla Tiafia is jk tka;e,ams mhdi
iudk nj fmkafuka fyia kshuh ;yjqre lrhs'
jH yd WmlrK (
2 mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h 250 cm3 la
fidah yhsfrdlaihs 20 g la
400 cm3 lr 4 la
250 cm3 kq irdjla
WIaK;ajudkhla ^0 - 200 0C mrdih we;s&
fuu mlaIKfha oS fidah yhsfrdlaihs okakd ialkaOhla Bg wkqrEm c,Sh
fidah laf,darhs njg ud. folla Tiafia mj;kh flf'
I l%uh
2 mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h 125 cm3 la lrhg uek f.k tys WIaK;ajh
igyka lr .kak' c,h 125 cm3 la uek f.k tys o WIaK;ajh igyka lr .kak'
w,h 125 cm3 la c,hg tl;= lr fyd|ska l,;d kej; WIaK;ajh igyka lr
.kak' ^fuu ;kqllrKfha oS we;s jk WIaK;aj fjki fkd .sKh
s yels ;r nj
Tng fmfkkq we;'&
1 mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h 250 cm3 ys WIaK;ajh ^T1& igyka lr .kak'
>k fidah yhsfrdlaihs 10'0 g la fjk;a lrhlg blaukska lsrd f.k 1
mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h fuu lrhg oud" osh u blauka jk fia
fyd|ska l,;kak' djKh <d jk Wmu WIaK;ajh ^T2& igyka lr .kak'
II l%uh
c,h 125 cm3 lrhlg uek f.k tu c,fha WIaK;ajh ^T3& igyka lr .kak'
fidah yhsfrdlaihs le;s 10'0 g la lrhlg lsrd f.k" fuhg c,h 125
cm3 la tl;= lr oshe u blauka jk fia djKh l,;kak' djKh <d jk
Wmu WIaK;ajh ^T4& igyka lr .kak'
12
lrhg 2 mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h 125 cm3 la uek f.k tys
WIaK;ajh ^T5& igyka lr .kak'
by; oS idod .;a fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKfha WIaK;ajh ^T6& kej; igyka
lr f.k jyd u thg yhsfrdlaf,dala w, djKh tl jr u tla lrkak'
djKh fyd|ska l,;ka tys Wmu WIaK;ajh ^T7& ,nd .kak'
I l%ufha oS iy I l%ufha oS is jk m%;sl%shd my; oelaf'
fuys is jk tka;e,ams
mhdi b;d u l=vd h'
wdrNl jH
1 mol dm-3 HCl

250 cm3
H 1
Il%uh
2 mol dm-3 HCl 125 cm3

c,h 125 cm3
NaOH 10 g
H 2
>k NaOH
10 g
wjidk jH
1 mol dm-3 NaCl
250 cm3
II l%uh
2 mol dm-3 NaOH

125 cm3
H 3
2 mol dm-3 HCl

125 cm3
rEmh 8 (a)
W; .Kkh ls u`.ska m%;sl%shdj wdY%s; tka;e,ams mhdi ksKh lrkak'

wod< tka;e,ams mhdi tka;e,ams igyklska olajd fyia kshuh ;yjqre lrkak'
NaOH 10 g .Kkhg we;=<;a fkdlrkafka ukaoehs idlPd lrkak'
igyk (
mlaIKfha fodaI yd .Kkfha is l< Wml,amk idlPd lrkak'
13
mlaIK wxlh ( 09
ksmqK;d ugu 6'1
c,h iy w, iu`. f,day is lrk m%;sl%shd ieieu

1' s yd p f.dkqj, f,day
^w& jd;h ^wd& c,h ^we& ;kql w, iu`. olajk m%;sl%shd kslaIKh lrhs'
2' wdj; Tiafia bhg hEf oS;"a ldKav Tiafia my<g hdf ;a" f,day uQ,jHj,
m%;sl%shdYS,s;df p,kh ykd .kshs'
jH yd WmlrK (
mlaIKd.drfha we;s sf.dkqf uQ,jH iy Al
;kql yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h fyda ;kql i,a*shqla w,h
msfkd,ama;e,ska oYlh
c,fdaKsldjla
mlaId k<
s f.dkqf f,day uQ,jH yd weksh mlaIKd.drfha .nvd lr we;s wdldrh
n,kak'
fidah lene,a,la f.k folg lemSfuka ,o w;a mDIaGh jd;hg ksrdjrKh
lr ks;a;= myla muK kslaIKh lrkak'
5 cm muK os. ue.aki
S h
s mhla f.k" thska fldgila muKla je,s lvodishlska
ueo msis lrkak' th jd;hg ksrdjrKh lr ks;a;= myf<djl muK ld,hla
;=< kslaIKh lrkak'
ue.akSish m lene,a,la jd;fha r;a lrkak' l=ula kslaIKh l< yels o@
fdaKsldj nd.hla muK c,fhka mqrjkak' thg msfkd,ama;e,ska oYlfhka
iaj,amhla o tl;= lrkak' uqx weghla muK fidah lene,a,la fmryka
lvodishlska msi oud c, fdaKsldjg oukak' ^fidah f,dayh c,h iu`.
f.fhka m%;sl%shd lrk ksid fuh m%fifuka l< hq;= h'& Tng l=ula kslaIKh
l< yels o@ fdaKsldf wvx.= c,fha is jk jK mhdih l=ula o@
je,s lvodishlska ueo msis lr .;a ue.akSish m lene,a,la c,h wvx.=
mlaId k<hlg oukak' thg msfkd,ama;e,ska iaj,amhla o tl;= lrkak' Tf
kslaIK fudkjd o@
c,h wvx.= fjk;a mlaId k<hlg msis ue.akSish m lene,a,la iy
msfkda,ama;e,Ska iaj,amhla tl;= lr r;a lr kslaIKh lrkak'
msis lrk ,o ue.akSish m lene,a,la mlaId k<hlg oud thg ;kql
yhsfrdlaf,dala w, iaj,amhla tl;= lrkak' Tf kslaIK fudkjd o@
^m%;sl%shdj b;d f.j;a neka wk;=rla is h yels ksid lsis fgl;a fidah
f,dayh ;kql w,j,g fkd oukak'&
idlcdj (
Cu, Zn, Fe, Al jeks f,day c,h yd w, olajk m%;sl%shd o f iu`. wdoYk
l< yelsh'
14
mlaIK wxlh ( 10
ksmqK;d ugu 6'2
s yd p f.dkqj,
uQ,jH idok ,jKj, c,fha djH;dj mlaId lsu
Al3+
Ba2+
Sr2+
Ca2+
Mg2+
K+
0.1 mol dm-3

djKh$
1 cm3
1 mol dm-3 1 mol dm-3 1 mol dm-3 1 mol dm-3

1 mol dm-3
NaCl
NaBr
NaI
NaOH
Na2CO3
3
3
3
/1 cm
/1 cm
/1 cm
/1 cm3
/1 cm3
1 mol dm-3 1 mol dm-3 1 mol dm-3 1 mol dm-3

1 mol dm-3
NaHCO3
NaNO2
NaNO3
Na2SO 3
Na2SO 4
3
3
/1 cm
/1 cm
/1 cm3
/1 cm3
/1 cm3
1' s yd p f.dkqj, ,jKj, c,fha djH;dj mlaId lr ii|hs'
jH yd WmlrK (
Mg, Ca, Sr,Ba yd Al idok c,fha djH ,jK
I ldKavfha uQ,jH idok j.=f i|yka Na ,jK ^K ,jK jqj o fhdod .; yels h'&
mlaId k<
Wmfoia (
wod< ,jK djK ms<sfh< lrkak'
II ldKavfha ,jK djKj,g Na ,jK mudj xj ne.ska l%udkql+, j tl;=
lrka kslaIKh lrkak'
j.= j 10 ^â&&
igyk - Pb , Sn jeks ,jK oHd.drfha ;sf k tajdfha ,jKj, djH;dj o by;

wdldrhg mlaId l< yelsh'
2+
2+
15
mlaIK wxlh ( 11
ksmqK;d ugu 6'2
s f.dkqf uQ,jH idok khsfg" nhsldnfkag yd ldnfkagj,

;dm ia:dhS;dj mlaId lsu
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M,(
1' sf.dkqf uQ,jHj, khsfg" nhsldnfkag iy ldnfkagj, ;dmia:dhS;df
rgd wkdjrKh lrhs'
jH yd WmlrK (
my; i|yka f,dayj, khsfg" nhsldnfkag Î jk ldKavfha tajd muKs& iy
ldnfkag
mlaId k< w~q
fidah
fmdgEish
icl k<hla
mlaId k<
ue.akSish
nkaika odylh
le,aish
iafg%dkah
fh
yqkq oshr
,suia
mhsfrlaia mlaId k<
ldnfkag yd nhsldnfkag ( mhsfrlaia k<fha 1cm muK Wig >k ldnfkagh$
nhsldnfkag f.k thg wenhla iys; icl k<hla i lrkak' icl
k<fha ksoyia fl<jr yqkq oshr iaj,amhla ^2 cm muK Wig& wvx.= mlaId
k<hl .s,ajkak' mhsfrlaia k<h r;a lrkak'
mlaId k<fha wvx.= yqkq oshrj, fjkila is f o@
f wdldrhg by; i|yka ish ldnfkag$nhsldnfka f.k mlaIKh fjk
fjk u lrkak' tla tla ldnfkagfhka $nhsldnfkagfhka yqkq oshrfhys fjkila
is lsug .; jk ld,h ii|kak'
khsfg ( tla tla khsfgh mhsfrlaia k<hlg f.k r;a lrkak'
mq<s`.= lSrla mlaId k<fha lg <`.g w,a,kak'
jKj;a jdhqjla msg f k" th msg u we/ug .; jQ ld,h ii|kak'
igyk ldKavfha my< we;s uQ,jH idok
fhdackhg ,lalsu Ialr h yelsh'
16
yd
nkaika odylh Nd; lr
mlaIK wxlh ( 12
ksmqK;d ug 6'3
i,a*j, nyqrEmS wdldr ms<sfh< lsu

1 i,a*j, frdniSh" taldk;s iy iqldh hk nyqrEmS iajrEm ms<sfh< lsf
l=i,;d ,nd .kshs'
2 tl u uQ,jHfha nyqrEmS wdldrj, O;ajhla mj;sk nj fmkajhs'
jH yd
WmlrK (
l=vq lr.;a i,a*
jdIamSlrK oSis ;=kla ûOHu m%udKfha&
ldnka vhsi,a*hs

frdniSh i,a* ms<sfh< lsu
jdIamSlrK oSishlg l=vq lr .;a i,a* iaj,amhla oukak' i,a* ish,a, u
jKh lsug m%udKj;a ldnka vhsi,a*hs tl;= lrkak' bka miq jdIamSlrK
ish mfilska ;nd tys we;s ldnka vhsi,a*hs fika jdIam ug bv ykak'
iEfok frdniSh i,a* iaMl kslaIKh lrkak'
taldk;s i,a* ms<sfh< lsu
jdIamSlrK oSishlg l=vq lr .;a i,am 5 g muK oud j jk ;=re r;a lrkak'
fika ksfjkakg bv ykak' jh u;=msg iEfok lfnd, isre lr" Bg hka
we;s jh bj;a lrkak' lfndf,a h me;af;a iEoS we;s b|s lgq ;=vq fuka os.e;s
taldk;s i,a* iaMl kslaIKh lrkak'
iqldh i,a* ms<sfh< lsu
keug wdikak jk ;=re r;a l< i,a* we,a c,hg tl;= lrkak' iEfok"
wefokiq iqldh i,a* kslaIKh lrkak'
igyk (
fuu mlaIKhg jdIamSlrK oSis fjkqjg lelEre k< o Nd; l< yels h'
frdniSh i,a* iy taldk;s i,a* hkq i,a*j, iaMlrEmS nyqrEmS wjia:d f'
iqldh i,a* fuka u fndfyda mlaIKj, oS ls meye;s wjlafIam f,i ,efnk
i,a* wiaMlrEmS nyqrEmS wjia:d i|yd ksoiqka f'
17
mlaIK wxlh ( 13
ksmqK;d ugu 6'3
i,a* vfhdlaihs ms<sfh< lsu iy tys .=K mlaId lsu

1' i,a* vfhdlaihs jdhqj ridhkd.drfha ms<sfh< lsf yelshdj ,nd .kshs'
2' i,a* vfhdlaihsj, Tlaisldrl yd Tlaisydrl .=K mCIKd;aul j fmkajd
fohs'
3' i,a*hs whk i|yd mlaId lsf l=i,;dj ,nd .kshs'
jH yd WmlrK (
;U iqreKavq
idka i,a*shqla w,h
,suia lvodis
fmdgEish m'uex.fka
;kql khsla w,h
;kql i,a*shqla w,h
jKj;a u,a fm;s
fmdgEish vhslafrdaf
fidah i,a*hs
lelEre
k,h
;dmh
rEmh 13 (a)
lelEre k<hla f.k 0'5 cm muK Wig ;U iqreKavq oud" k<h ;=< 1 cm muK
Wig isk f;la idka i,a*shqla w,h tl;= lrkak' thg icl k<hla
iys; wenhla i lr" fika r;a lrkak' tg i,* vfhdlaihs jdhqj msg
f'
18
i,a*hsg ;kql w, iu`. m%;sl%shdfjka o i,a*vfhdlaihs jdhqj ,ef' f

ksid i,a* vfhdlaihs jdhqj ridhkd.drfha ms<sfh< lr .ekSug fuu l%uh
jqj o fhdod .; yels h'
ie'hq'(
ms,siaiS we;s h yels neka idka i,amshqla w,h iamY fkd lrkak' ;U
iy idka i,a*shqla w,h jemqr Nd; lf<a k" r;a lsf oS lelEre k<h
;=< we;s jH W;=rd hdug bv we;' t neka ;U iy idka i,a*shqla w,h oS
we;s m%udKj,g jvd fkd .ekSug ie,els,su;a jkak'
mlaIKh wjika jQ jyd u WmlrK wegjqu .,jd lelEre k<fha wvx.= jH
c, fiug oud c, lrduh jD; lrkak'
wl f,i .kaOh we;s u je<elau i|yd mlaIK blaukska lrkak'
i,a* vfhdlaihs jdhqj i|yd my; oelafjk mlaId lrkak'
1. msg jk jdhqf .kaOh kslaIKh lrkak'
2. (a) u,a fm;s iu`. i,a* vfhdlaihs jdhqj .efgkakg i,iajkak'
u,a fm;sj, jKhg l=ula f o@
(b)r;= iy ks,a f;; ,suia lvodis u;g i,a* vfhdlaihs jdhqj hjkak'
,suiaj, jKhg l=ula f o@
3. (a) ;kql i,a*shqla w,fhka wd,sl lrk ,o fmdgEish vhslafrdaf$
lafrdaf djKhg i,a* vfhdlaihs jdhqj hjkak' fuys oS Tng ,efnk
kslaIK fudkjd o@
(b);kql i,a*shqla w,fhka wd,sl lrk ,o fmdgEish vhslafrdaf$
lafrdafj,ska fmd`.jk ,o fmryka lvodis lene,a,la u;g i,a*vfhdlaihs
jdhqj hjkak' fmryka lvodish u; olakg ,efnk jK mhdih l=ula o@
(c) ;kql i,a*shqla w,fhka wd,sl l< fmdgEish mZuex.fka djKhla
;=<ska i,am vfhdlaihs jdhqj hjkak' fuys oS Tng l< yels kslaIK
fudkjd o@
3â&" 3^b& iy 3^c& wjia:dj, wd,SlrKh i|yd ;kql i,a*shqla w,h
fjkqjg ;kql yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h Nd; fkd lrkafka wehs@
4. i,a* vfhdlaihs djKhla ;=<ska yhsrcka i,a*hs jdhqj hjkak' ,efnk
wjlafIamfha jKh l=ula o@
igyk (
i,a* vfhdlaihsj, Tlaisldrl$Tlaisydrl .=K W; m fhdod .kska by;
kslaIK ms<sn| meye,s ls bm;a lrkak'
19
mlaIK wxlh (14
ksmqK;d ugu 6'3
laf,daka ms<sfh< lsu iy ye,ckj, .=K mlaId lsu

1' ir, WmlrK Nd;fhka laf,daka jdhqj ms<sfh< lr /ia lrhs'
2' ye,ck olajk m%;sl%shd kslaIKh lrhs'
jH yd
WmlrK (
>k fmdgEish m'uex.fka
idka yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h
fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKh
wefudakshd djKh
fldm f,day iqreKavq fyda oe,la
hlv fl|s fyda l=vq
,suia
lelEre k<
icl k<
nkaika odylh
jdhq ird ^jeiq iys;&

lelEre k<hlg >k fmdgEish m'uex.fka iaj,amhla ^ 2 g muK& .kak'
thg idka yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h tl;= lr" ick k<hla i lr msg jk
jdhqj jd;fha Wvql=re ia:dmkh u`.ska jdhq ird lSmhl ^fyda lelEre k<
lSmhl& tl;= lr .kak' jdhq ird jeiqj,ska jid ;nkak'
msg jk jdhqf jKh yd .kaOh l=ula o@
ie'hq'
fmdgEish m'uex.fkaj,g idka yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h tl;= lr r;a
fkd l< hq;= hs' laf,daka jdhqj wdYajdi lsu ys;lr fkd f' l+vqjla
;sf k jdhqj ksmou th ;=< oS lrkak'
ye,ck olajk m%;sl%shd (
icl k<fha fl<jka msg jk laf,daka jdhqjg f;;a ,suia iy f;;a
jKj;a u,a fm;s w,a,kak'
laf,daka ms jdhq irdjla ^fyda lelEre k<hla& c, Ndckhl hl=re lr
;nkak' c, ugu kslaIKh lrkak' jdhq irdj ;=< we;s djKh jKj;a
jHhl ;jrd n,kak'
20
;kql fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKh iaj,amhla we;s k<hlg laf,daka

jdhqj hjkak' fuu djKfhka iaj,amhla jKj;a u,a fm;a;l ;jrd
n,kak'
fldm oe,la iy hlv fl|s fjk fjk u r;a lr" laf,daka wvx.= jdhq
irdj,g we;=`M lrkak' tla tla wjia:df oS kslaIK igyka lr .kak'
M,hg c, x lSmhla oud fidf,djd kslaIKh lrkak'
laf,daka ms jdhq irdjlg wefudakshd djKh x fol ;=kla tl;= lrkak'
k<h ;=< is jk foa kslaIKh lrkak'
rEmh 14 (a)
21
mlaIK wxlh (15
ksmqK;d ugu 6'3
fya,hsv ykd .ekSu

1' laf,darhsv" frdauhsv" whvhsv hk whk fjk fjk u djK.; j we;s g
ykd .ekSf l=i,;dj ,nd .kshs'
jH yd
WmlrK (
>k fidah laf,darhs
>k fidah fn%dauhs
>k fidah whvhs
^fuu fya,hs whk wvx.= kE u
,jKhla Nd; l< yels h'&
is,aj khsf djKh
idka i,a*shqla w,h
f, weisf fyda f, khsf djKh
laf,dafrdf*da fyda ldnka fgrdlaf,darhs
wefudakshd djKh
;kql khsla w,h
msIaG djKh
laf,daka oshr
lelEre k<
mlaId k<
re l+rla
nkaika odylhla

laf,darhsv" fn%dauhs iy whvhs i|yd my; i|yka mlaIK fjk fjk u
lrkak' kslaIK ixikaokh lrkak'
mlaIKh I
>k fya,hsvfhka iaj,amhla f.k idka i,a*shqla w,fhka iaj,amhla tl;=
lrkak' mlaId k<h r;a lrkak'
msg jk jdhqf jKh kslaIKh lrkak'
fuu jdhqj f;; ks,a ,suia yd f;; r;= ,suia lvodisj,ska mlaId lrkak'
jdhq ish,a, u msIaGfhka fm`.ejQ fmryka lvodishlska mlaId lrkak'
jdhq ish,a, u wefudakshd djKh ;ejerE re l+rla u`.ska mlaId lrkak'
fya,hsvj, c,Sh djK f.k my; i|yka whqre mlaId lrkak'
mlaIKh II
fya,hsv ;=fka c,Sh djK fjk fjk u mlaId k< ;=klg .kak' fjd ;kql
khsla w,fhka wd,sl lr" is,aj khsf djKh iaj,amh ne.ska tl;=
lr kslaIKh lrkak' wjlafIam iEfoa o@ t fia k tajdfha jK fudkjd o@
tu wjlafIamj,g c,Sh wefudakshd tl;= lrkak' kslaIK igyka lrkak'
mlaIKh III
fya,hsv ;=fka c,Sh djKj,g" f, weisf djKh tl;= lrkak' t g
,efnk wjlafIamfha jKh kslaIKh lrkak' tu wjlafIamh c,fhka ;kql
lr r;a lrkak' kej; isis,a lrkak' kslaIK igyka lrkak'
mlaIKh IV
fya,hsv djK ;=kg fjk fjk u laf,daka oshr iaj,amh ne.ska tl;= lr
laf,dafrdf*da x lsysmhla oud k< fyd|ska fidf,djd mlaId lrkak'
laf,dafrdf*da ia;rfha l=uk jKhla oelsh yels o@
tla tla mlaIKhg wod< kslaIK meye,s lrkak'
22
mlaIK wxlh (16
ksmqK;d ugu 6'4
Tlai,sla w, djKhla Nd; lr fmdgEish uex.fka(VII)

djKhl idkaKh kSKh lsu'
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M,(
1' m%d:l iu; hkq l=ulaoehs ia;r lrhs'
2' m%d:l iu;hla f,i fidah Tlaif,a fyda Tlai,sla w,h fhdod .kska
m%d:l m%dudKsl djKhla ^Primary standard solution& ms<sfh, lrhs'
djKhl idkaKh Tlai,sla w, djKh weiqka ksKh
3' fok ,o
lrhs'
jH yd WmlrK (
fidah Tlaif,a djKh fyda Tlai,

s l
s a w, djKh
o< jYfhka
;kql i,a*shqla w,h
mud;sl ma,dial=
wkqudmk ma,dial=
hqfrgqj
msfmgqj
djKh

wod< djKh ms<sfh, lsug wjYH fidah Tlaif,a fyda Tlai,sla w,
ialkaOh .Kkh lrkak'
msis h<s Trf,daiq ;ehlg wod< ialkaOh ksjeros j lsrd .kak'
f;;a udre lsf l%uh ^wet transfer method& Nd; lr fidah Tlaif,a fyda
Tlai,sla w, iaMl mud;sl ma,dial=jg imQKfhka u tl;= lrkak'
m%udKj;a ;r wdi%e; c,h tl;= lr fidah Tlaif,a fyda Tlai,sla w,
i,l=K f;la c,h tl;= lr fyd|ska
iaMl osh lsfuka wk;=re j

Y% lrkak'
ms<sfh, l< fidah Tlaif,a fyda Tlai,sla w, djKfhka

msfmgqj wdOdrfhka wkqudmk ma,dial=jg tl;= lrkak'
ma,dial=jg ;kql
imhk ,o
w,h
la
la muK tl;= lrkak'
djKh hqfrgqjg f.k ia:djr frdai meyehla ,efnk
wjia:dj t<fUk f;la wkqudmkh lrkak'

wkqudmkh ;j;a jdr folla is lrkak'
23
igyk
Wla; wkqudmkh i|yd m%d:l m%dudKsl djKh ms<sfh, lr .ekSug Nd; l<
hq;af;a
ksfoaY flf'
ixfhda.hhs' kuq;a
fhdod .kska wkqudmkh lsu
yd
w;r m%;sl%shdj ldur WIaK;ajfha oS is jkafka fiks'
tneka wkqudmk ma,dial=jg oeuQ djK Y%Kh uola WKqiq lr wkqudmkh is
lsu jvd;a W; f'
flfia fj;;a
whk udOHfha we;s u;a iu tajd m%;sl%shdj i|yd iajhx
W;afma%rl f,i ls%hd lrkq ,ef' tneka wkqudmkh lrf.k hdf oS m%;sls%hd
YS>%;dj l%ufhka je f'
24
mlaIK wxlh (17
ksmqK;d ugu 6'5
wd,sl fmdgEish muex.fka djKhla Nd; lr f*ria whk

djKhl idkaKh ksKh lsu'
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M,(
1' iajhx oYl wkqudmkhla ms<sn| w;aoelS ,nd .kshs'
2' mud;sl ma,dial=j Nd; lr
whk djKh ksYa; mudjla ms<sfh,
lrhs'
3'
whk djKhl idkaKh TlaislrK - TlaisyrK wkqudmkhla weiqka

ksKh lrhs'
jH yd
WmlrK (
f*ria i,af*a
0'02 mol dm-3 KMnO4 djKh
2 mol dm-3 i,a*shqla w,h
Wl= f*diamla w,h
100 cm3 mud;sl ma,dia;=j

wkqudmk ma,dia;=
hqfrgqj
msfmgqj

FeSO4 3.5 g muK 100 cm3 mud;sl ma,dial=jg oukak' thg 2 mol dm-3
i,a*shqla w,h 50 cm3 muK tl;= lr fifuka l,;ka ^Swirl) ,jK h
lr .kak' 100.00 cm3 i,l=K f;la wdi%e; c,h tl;= lr fydka Y% lr
.kak'
250 cm3 wkqudmk ma,dial= follg 25.00 cm3 ne.ska ,jK djKh tl;= lrkak'
tajdg 2 mol dm-3 i,a*shqla w,h 25 cm3 ne.ska yd Wl= f*diamla w,h 5 cm3
ne.ska tl;= lrkak'
djKfha frdai meyeh fkdfjkiaj ;;a;m
a r 30 la muK mj;sk wjia:dj t<fUk
-3
f;la 0.02 mol dm iu; K M n O4 djKh iu. wkqudmkh lrkak' wkqudmk
mdGxl fol w;r fjki 0.1 cm3 muK mrdihl mej;sh hq;= f' tfia fkdf
k ;j;a idm,hla wkqudkh lr jvd;a ksjer mdGdxlhla ,nd .; hq;= f'
idlPdj (
wd,sl udOHfha K M n O4 Tlaisydrlhla f,i ls%hd lrka my; m%;sls%hdjg
nka f'
K M n O4 u.ska Fe2+ whk TlaislrKhg nka f'
fuys f*diamla w,h u.ska djKfha jKh jK lrkq ,nk w;r wka;
,laIHfha jvd;a ;sj% jK fjkila we;slsug Wmld f'
25
mlaIK wxlh ( 18
ksmqK;d ugu 6'6
fldfnda,a(II)" ksl,a(II) yd fldm(II) ,jK yhsfv%dlaf,dala w,h

iy wefudakshd iu`. olajk m%;sl%shd kslaIKh lsu
wfmalaIs; bf.kq M,(
1' d f.dkqf uQ,jH ixlSK whk idok nj m%ldY lrhs'
2' ixlSK ixfhda. lsysmhla iEoSf l=i,;dj ,nd .kshs'
3' tu ixlSK ixfhda.j, ic, whk jKj;a nj m%ldY lrhs'
jH yd WmlrK (
;kql fldm i,af*a djKhla
ksl,a Î
I& whk wvx.= djKhla
fldfnda,aÎ
I& whk wvx.= djKhla
idka yhsfv%dlaf,dala w, djKhla
yhsv%cka f*frdlaihs djKhla
;kql iy idka wefudakshd djK
mlaIKhg wod< ia;r yd ls%hdmmdh (
my; j.=j, oelafjk wdldrhg tla tla whk djKj,g m%;sldrl tl;= fldg
is jk mhdi kslaIKh lrkak'
idka
djKfha ;kql
H 2O2 x idka HCl
wefuda
k
s
h
d
wefuda
k
s
h
d
jKh
jYfhka
x jYfhka
djKhla x djKhla x
tl;= lsu' tl;= lsu'
jYfhka tl;= jYfhka tl;=
lsu'
lsu'
Co2+ (aq)
Ni2+ (aq)
Cu2+ (aq)
j.=j 18
by; tla tla wjia:djg wod< jK ,nd fok Co2+" Ni2+ yd Cu2+ idok ixlSK
whkj, iQ;% bm;a lrkak'
26
mlaIK wxlh ( 19
ksmqK;d ugu 6'6
TlaislrK wxl +2, +4, +6 yd +7g

wod< uex.kSia whkj, jK kslaIKh lsu
1' O TlaislrK wjia:dj, we;s uex.kSia whkj, jK ksCIKh lrhs'
2' h TlaislrK wjia:djl mj;sk uex.kSia whk fjk;a TlaislrK wjia:djlg
mj;kh lsf l=i,;dj ,nd .kshs'
jH yd
WmlrK (
;kql c,Sh fmdgEish uex.fka^VII& djKhla
;kql i,a*shqla w, djKhla
idka fmdgEish yhsfrdlaihs fyda idka fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKhla
yhsrcka fmfrdlaihs djKhla
idka yhsfrdlaf,dala w, djKhla
mlaIKhg wod< ia;r yd ls%hdmmdh (

;kql c,Sh fmdgEish uex.fka^VII& djKfhka 2 cm3 muK lelEre k<hlg
f.k th hka; wd,sl lr jK fjkila we;s jk ;=re idka fmdgEish
yhsfrdlaihs xj ne.ska tl;= lrkak' is jk jK mhdi kslaIKh
lr" tu djKhg yhsrcka fmfrdlaihs x folla muK tl;= lrkak' is
jk mhdi kslaIKh lr" tu djKhg idka yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h tl;=
lrka is jk jK mhdi kslaIKh lrkak'
igyk (
K M n O4 c,Sh djKfha wvx.= M n ys TlaislrK wxl +7 wjia:dj o meyefhka
hqla; h' idka K O H u`.ska +7 TlaislrK wjia:dj +6 TlaislrK wjia:djg m;a
f' t g th fld< meyefhka hqla; h'
2KMnO4(aq) + 2KOH(aq) 2K2MnO4(aq) + H2O(l)
H2 O2 u`.ska K 2MnO4" M n O2 njg TlaisyrKh lrhs' t k +4 wjia:djg m;a
lrhs' th Uqre meye;s h' M n O2j,g idka HCl tl;= l< g M n2+ wjia:djg
m;a f' th wjK h'
M n O2(s)+ 4HCl(aq)
MnCl2(aq)+ 2H2O(l) + Cl2(g)
f wkqj M n O TlaislrK wjia:dj, oS O jK ,nd fok nj ;yjqre f'
27
mlaIK wxlh ( 20
ksmqK;d ugu 6'6
whkaÎII& whk iu`. ie,sis,sla w,fha m%;sl%shdj

^jK;sh- oDYH l%uh&
1' ixlSKfhys jKfha ;Sj%;dj whkaÎII& idkaKhg iudkqmd; jk nj m%ldY
lrhs'
2' ixlSKfhys jKfha Wmu ;Sj%;dj u; m%;sl%shdf iafgdhslsfhda;sh ksKh
lrhs'
3' t u`.ska wod< ixlSKfha iQ;%h ,nd .kshs'
4' kE u jKj;a ixfhda.hl c,Sh djKhl oS idkaKh jK;sl WmlrK
Nd; fldg myiqfjka fih yels nj m%ldY lrhs'
jH yd WmlrK (
,jKh
wefudaksh f*la i,afma
^0.001 mol dm-3 Fe3+djKhlska 250 cm3&

0.001 mol dm-3 ie,sis,sla w,h 250 cm3
fu;fkda,a 50 cm3
mqkS," hqfrgq" kq ird" mud;sl ma,dial=
yrialv fCIa;%M, iudk mlaId k< kjhla
mlaIKhg wod< ia;r iy ls%hdmmdh (

hqfrgqj Nd;fhka" j.=j 1 yd 2 ys oelafjk m" k<j,g wod< djK tl;=
lrkak'
1
1'0
2'0
3'0
4'0
5'0
6'0
7'0
8'0
9'0
0.001 mol dm-3

ie,sis,sla w,
djK mudj$ cm3
5'0
5'0
5'0
5'0
5'0
5'0
5'0
5'0
5'0
c, mudj$ cm3
9'0
8'0
7'0
6'0
5'0
4'0
3'0
2'0
1'0
mlaId k< wxl

0.001 mol dm-3
Fe3+ whk
djK mudj$ cm3
j.=j 1
28
mlaId k< wxl

0.001 mol dm-3
Fe3+
5'0
5'0
5'0
5'0
5'0
5'0
5'0
5'0
5'0
1'0
2'0
3'0
4'0
5'0
6'0
7'0
8'0
9'0
9'0
8'0
7'0
6'0
5'0
4'0
3'0
2'0
1'0
djK mudj$ cm
0.001 mol dm-3

ie,sis,sla w,
djK mudj$ cm3
c, mudj/ cm3
j.=j 2
j.=j 1 yd 2 wkqj djK Y% l< miq ta ta mlaId k<j, wvx.= Y%Kj, jK
;Sj%;dj msfh weiska kslaIKh fldg" iudk jK ;Sj%;dj we;af;a l=uk
k<j, oe hs igyka lrkak'
igyk (
j.=j 1 yd 2 wkqj ,enqKq kslaIKj,ska mlaId k< wxl 5 yd bka miq j we;s
ish k<j, jK ;Sj%;dj iudk nj meyeos,s fjhs'
wxl 5 ork k<fha we;s djKj, ujq, m%udKh .Kkh lrkak' tu ujq, w;r
wkqmd;h u`.ska Fe3+ whk yd ie,sis,sla w,h w;r m%;sl%shdf iafgdhslsfhda;sh
,ef' t u`.ska whkaÎII& ie,sisf,a whkfha iQ;%h o my; oelafjk wdldrhg
oelah yels h'
OH
OH
COOH
2+
Fe
+ Fe3+
+ H+
O
C
o
fuys oS Wmu jKh iys; k<h f;dard .kafka msfh weiska jK ieie|Sfuks'
tfy;a jK ;S%j%;dj uekSu i|yd jK;sl WmlrK Nd; l< g jvd ksrjoH
mdGdxl myiqfjka ,nd .; yels h'
29
mlaIKhg wod< djK ms<sfh< lsu (

wefudakshf*la i,af*a ^f*la we,& ,jKh 12 g la ksjeros j lsrd f.k
;kql H 2SO4 10 cm3 muK fhdod yels ;dla osh lr .kak' bka miq thg tu
w,fhka u 150 cm3 muK tl;= lr kgjkak' ^f i|yd lrhla fhdod
.kak'& djKh isis,a ug yer th 250 cm3 mud;sl ma,dial=jlg oukak'
lrhg c,h iaj,amhla oud fyd|ska l,;d th mud;sl ma,dial=jg oukak'
bka miq 250 cm3 ,l=K f;la c,h oukak' fuys oS ,efnkafka 0.01 mol dm-3
djKhls' msfmgqjla Nd; lr" fuhska 25.00 cm3 la bj;g f.k" th 250 cm3
jQ mud;sl ma,dialj
= lg oud" 250.00 cm3 ,l=K f;la c,h mqrjd ;j;a djKhla
idod .kak' t g ,efnkafka 0.001 mol dm-3 jQ Fe3+ whk djKhls'
ie,sis,sla w,h 3'45 g la ksje/os j lsrd" thg fu;fkda,a 50 cm3 muK fhdod
fyd|ska osh lr .kak' bka miq thg 150 cm3 muK c,h oud" 250 cm3 jk ;=re
kej; fu;fkda,a oud djKh idod .kak' t g ,efnk 0.1 mol dm-3 djKfhka
1.0 cm3 f.k" 100 cm3 olajd c,fhka ;kql lsfuka 0.001 mol dm-3 jQ
ie,sis,sla w, djKhla ,ef'
ie'hq ( f*la we, Nd; lr idok whkaÎII& djKh osklg fmr idod ;eu" jvd
fhda.H fjhs' ta" wd,sl f*la we, c,fha h u fika is jk ksid hs'
ie,sis,sla w, djKh iEosh hq;af;a mlaIKh wdrN lrk wjia:df oS h'
fuhg fya;=j fu;fkda,a jdIam u;a iu`. u ie,sis,sla w,h kej; wjlafIam
uhs'
30
mlaIK wxlh ( 21 â&
ksmqK;d ugu 6'8
myka is mlaIdj
1' ksjeros l%u Ys,am Nd; lr O f,day ,jK myka is mlaIdjg fhduq lrhs'
2' myka is mlaIdf f,day ,jK oe,a,g ,nd fok jKh whk Yaf,aIKh
i|yd fhdod .; yels nj ms<s.kshs'
jH yd WmlrK (
,s;sh" fidah" fmdgEish" ue.akSish" le,aish" fh" iafrdkah"
weksh" fldm" ksl,a" hlv jeks uQ,jH idok ixfhda. lsysmhla'
w`.,a 1 la muK . ma,ek fyda ksfl%da lhla fyda weiafniafgdaia mqka
fyda mekai,a ;=vla'
Co rejla
mlaIKhg wod, ia;r (
ksfl%da lh idka yhsfrdlaf,dala w,fha .s,ajd th nkaika odylfha
oe,a,g w,ajd oe,a,g lsisu jKhla fkd,efnk f;la r;a lrkak'
fuf,i msis lr.;a ksfl%da lh f.k fidah ,jKhla ^Wod - fidah
i,af*a& tys ;jrd idka yhsfrdlaf,dala w,fhka f;ud nkaika odylfha
ks,a oe,a,g w,ajkak' oe,a,g ,jKh u.ska ,ndfok jKh igyka lr .kak'
^ksfl%da lfha ,jKh ;ejrE miq th idka yhsfrdlaf,dala w,fhka
f;fukafka wehs @&
fjk;a fidah ,jKhla i|yd by; oelajQ m myka is mlaIdj is lrkak'
îEu wjia:djlu ksfl%da lh idka yhsfrdlaf,dala w,fhys .s,ajd
oe,a,g w,ajd msis lr .; hq;= hs'& wjia:d fofla oe,a,g ,efnkafka tlu
jKh o @
Tng we;s fjk;a ,jK i|yd fuu mlaIKh lr tajd u.ska oe,a,g jK ,nd
fokjd k tu jK igyka lr.kak'
idlPdj
kslafrda lh idka yhsfrdlaf,dla w,fhka f;ukafka f,dayj, fjk;a
,jKj,g idfmalaIj tajdfha laf,darhs jdIamYS,S ksid h'
Tng we;s ,jKj,ska ue.akSish yer s- f.dkqf wfkl=;a ishu uQ,jHj,
,jK o fldm ,jK o nkaika odylfha oe,a,g jK ,nd fohs'
31
mlaIK wxlh ( 21 ^b&
ksmqK;d ugu 6'8
wjlafIamk l%ufhka f;dard .;a legdhk i|yd mlaId lsu

1' c,Sh udOHfha M g2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Al3+, Pb2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ whk ykd
.ekSug ir, mlaId is lrhs'
2' whk ykd .ekSf oS tajdfha we;e ixfhda.j, djH;d ixikaokh lsu fhdod
.; yels nj m%ldY lrhs'
3' we;e legdhkj,ska djH ixlSK iEfok nj m%ldY lrhs'
4' d- f.dkqf legdhkj, jK ksCIKh lr tajd k lrhs'
jH yd WmlrK (
ue.aki
S h
s " le,aih
s " fh" weksh" f," whkaÎI&" whkaÎII&" ksl,a" fldm
yd iskala hk f,dayj, c,fha djH ,jK ^fuu ,jK wdiQ; c,fha osh lr 0.1
mol dm-3 muK idkaKhlska hq;a djK idod .kak'&
H 2SO4 c,Sh djKh ^2 mol dm-3 muK jk&
N H4OH c,Sh djKh ^4 mol dm-3 muK jk&
NaOH c,Sh djKh ^4 mol dm-3 muK jk&
mlaId k< lsysmhla
ie'hq' whkaÎI& iy whkaÎII& djK ms<sfh< lrk g wdrNfha u tajd wd,sl
lrkak'
mlaIdj I
w'
M g2+, Ca2+ yd Ba2+ ,jK djKj,ska 1 cm3 ne.ska mlaId k<j,g fjka fjka
j f.k 2 mol dm-3 H2SO4 djKfhka iaj,amh ne.ska ^1 cm3 muK& tajdg tl;=
lr Y% lrkak' kslaIK jd;d lrkak'
mlaIdj II
w'
Al3+ yd Pb2+ ,jK djKj,ska 1 cm3 ne.ska mlaId k<j,g fjk fjk u f.k
tajdg 2 mol dm-3 H2SO4 djKfhka 1 cm3 muK tl;= lr Y% lrkak' kslaIK
igyka lrkak'
wd' Al3+ yd Pb2+ ,jK djKj,ska 1 cm3 muK ne.ska mlaId k<j,g fjk fjk u
f.k 4 mol dm-3 NaOH djKh x jYfhka tl;= lrkak' wjlafIamhla ,enqKq
miq j o jemqr m%;sldrlh tl;= lrkak' kslaIK igyka lr .kak'
mlaIdj III
w'
Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Cu2+ yd Zn2+ c,Sh djKj,ska 1 cm3 ne.ska mlaId k<j,g fjk
fjk u f.k" 4 mol dm-3 NaOH djKh x jYfhka tl;= lr Y% lrkak'
wjlafIamhla ,enqKq miq j o m%;sldrlh jemqr tl;= lrkak' kslaIK igyka
lr .kak' ,efnk wjlafIam iys; k< r;a lrkak' kslaIK igyka lrkak'
32
wd'
Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Cu2+ yd Zn2+ c,Sh djKj,ska 1 cm3 ne.ska mlaId k< fjk
fjk u f.k" 4 mol dm-3 NH4OH djKh x jYfhka tl;= lrkak'
wjlafIamhla ,enqKq miq j o m%;sldrlh jemqr tl;= lrkak' kslaIK igyka
lrkak'
igyk (
mlaIdj I ^w& ys oS M g2+ djKfhka wjlafIamhla fkd ,ef' Ca2+djKfhka" ;=kS
j<duh iq wjlafIamhla ^w,;djla& ,ef' Ba2+ djKfhka >k iq wjlafIamhla
,ef' ^CaSO4 ys Ksp = 9.0 10-4 mol2 dm-6 jk w;r BaSO4 ys Ksp =1.0 10-10 mol2
dm-6 f' f w.hka weiqka by; kslaIK meyeos,s lrkak'&
mlaIdj I ^w& ys oS c,Sh Al3+ u.ska wjlafIamhla fkd ,efnk w;r c,Sh Pb2+ u.ska
iq wjlafIamhla ,ef' ^PbSO4 ys Ksp 2.0 10-8 mol2 dm-6&
mlaIdj I ^wd& ys oS c,Sh Al3+ iy Pb2+ hk foflka u iq wjlafIam ,ef' Al3+
idok wjlafIamh" jemqr NaOHj, osh meyeos,s djKhla fohs' by; mlaIKj,g
wod< ;=,s; ilrK ,shkak'
mlaIdj III ^w& ys oS c,Sh Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+ yd Ni2+ u.ska jemqr fidah
yhsfrdlaihsj, wdjH îar& wjlafIam ,ef' tajdfha jK fudkjd o@ wod<
m%;sl%shd meyeos,s lr oSug ;=,s; ilrK ,shkak'
r;a lrk g Fe (OH)2 iy Cu (OH)2 wjlafIamj, jK fjkia f' fuu jK
fjkial fudkjd o@ fuu jK mhdi meyeos,s lr oSug ;=,s; ilrK
,shkak'
c,Sh Zn2+j,ska ,efnk iq wjlafIamh jemqr Na OH ys osh meyeos,s djKhla
,ef' fuhg fya;=j ;=,s; ilrK u`.ska myod fokak'
mlaIdj III ^wd& ys oS ish whk djK wjlafIam fohs' wefudakshd djKh jemqr
tl;= lsf oS my; oelafjk kslaIK ,ef'
Fe(OH)2(s) jKh fkd f'
Fe (OH)3(s) jKh fkd f'
Cu (OH)2(s) jKh ;o ks,a djKhla ,ef'
Ni(OH)2(s) jKh ks,a meye;s djKhla ,ef'
Zn(OH)2(s) jKh wjK djKhla ,ef'
^wod< m%;sl%shd meyeos,s flfrk ;=,s; ilrK ,shkak'&
33
mlaIK wxlh ( 22
ksmqK;d ugu 6'9
f;dard .;a wekdhk i|yd mlaId lsu

1' c,Sh djKfha fya,hsv whkj, m%;sl%shd wkdjrKh lr .kshs'
2' is,aj fya,hsv u; ;kql khsla w,fha l%shdj ia;r lrhs'
3' ;kql c,Sh wefudakshdys is,aj fya,hsvj, djH;dj mlaId lrhs'
,S2- yd
4' c,Sh djKfha we;s

5'
6'
7'
8'
whk wkdjrKh lr .kshs'
yd
whk wkdjrKh lr .kshs'
c,Sh udOHfha we;s
uqla; jk ldnka vfhdlaihs jdhqj ykd .kshs'
icl k< Nd;fha l=i,;dj ,nd .kshs'
wjlafIamKh u`.ska f*diaf*a whk wkdjrKh lr .kshs'
fya,hsv whk ykd .ekSu

jH yd WmlrK (
c,Sh Cl-, Br- yd I- whkj, 0.10 mol dm-3 djK ^wkqrEm fidah" fmdgEish
fyda wefudaksh ,jK jKh lsfuka ms<sfh< lrk ,o&
0.10 mol dm-3 is,aj khsf djKh
;kql khsla w,h
1.0 mol dm-3 c,Sh wefudakshd djKh
mlaId k<
fya,hsv djKj,ska 1 cm3 muK jk fjk u mlaId k<j,g f.k my;
oelafjk mlaIK is lrkak'
djKhg ;kql khsla w,fhka x lsysmhla tl;= lr" is,aj khsf
djKfhka 1 cm3 la muK tl;= lrkak'
by; wjlafIamhg x jYfhka wefudakshd djKh tla lrkak'
igyk (
by; o;a; mok lr .kska AgCl, AgBr yd AgI wjlafIamj, wefudakshdys

djH;dj meye,s lrkak'
is,aj fya,hsv ;kql khsla w,fha wdjH h' ta uka o@
34
yd S2- whk ykd .ekSu

wjYH jH yd WmlrK (
Na2SO4, Na2SO3, Na2S2O3 yd Na2S ^fyda wkqrEm fmdgEish ,jK&
;kql c,Sh NaOH djKh
;kql yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h
;kql khsla w,h
is,aj khsf% djKh
0.01 mol dm -3 Ba2+(aq) djKh
0.01 mol dm -3 Ni2+(aq) yd Cu2+(aq) djK
mlaId k<
Wmfoia(
tla tla whk djKfhka 1 cm3 muK mlaId k<j,g f.k my; oelafjk
mlaId is lr kslaIK jd;d lrkak'
djKh
mlaIdj
kslaIKh
Ba2+ djKfhka 1 cm3 la muK tl;= lrkak'

wk;=re j ;kql khsla w,h tla lrkak'
Ba2+ djKfhka 1 cm3 la muK tl;= lrkak'
wk;=re j ;kql khsla w,h tla lrkak'
(i) ;kql yhsrlaf,dala w,h tl;= lrkak'
wk;=re j Cu2+ djKh tla lrkak'
(ii) ;kq l yhs frdla f ,da la w,h tl;=
lrkak'
wk;=re j Ni2+ djKh tla lrkak'
(i) ;kql yhsrlaf,dala w,h tl;= lrkak'
(ii) is,aj khsf% djKh tl;= lrkak'
(iii) f, khsf% djKh tl;= lr ,efnk
wjlafIamh iys; djKh r;a lrkak'
j.=j 42 (a)
igyk (
BaSO3 ;kql khsla w,fha jKh jk uq;a" BaSO4 ;kql khsla w,fha
wdjH h' ta uka o@
35
Ni2+ whk tys i,a*hsvh f,i wjlafIam jkafka Ndial udOHfha muKs' tfy;a
Cu2+ whk Ndial fuka u wd,sl udOHfha o i,a*hsvh f,i wjlafIam f'
by; o;a; mok lr .kska fuh meye,s lrkak'
c,Sh djKfha wvx.=
yd
whk ykd .ekSu
jH yd WmlrK (
yd
wdikak f,i 1.0 mol dm-3
idka i,a*shqla w,h
;kql khsla w,h
1.0 mol dm-3 Fe2+ c,Sh djKhla
weksh l=vq
idka fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKh
idka yhsv%laf,dala w,h
r;= ,suia lvodis
whsia leg
fla;= ma,dial=jla
WIaK;ajudkhla
whk djK
whk
khsg%hsg whk djKhg ;kql yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h tl;= lrkak' Uqre

meye;s jdhqjla msg f'
whk
c,Sh khsf djKfha 1 cm3 la f.k w; ms<sfh, l< Fe2+ (aq) whk
djKhlska 4 cm3 la muK tl;= lr" idka i,a*shqla w,h 3-4 cm3 la mlaId
k<fha ;a;sh f.a fifuka tl;= lrkak' Ûqre j,h mlaIdj&
yd
whk
fyda
fyda
yd
whk Y%Khl c,Sh djKhlska 1 cm3
muK f.k thg weksh l=vq$iskala l=vq$fvjvd Y% f,dayh iaj,amhla yd
idka fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKh tl;= lrkak' wjYH k djKh u|la
WKqiq lrkak' msg jk jdhqj" fkia, m%;sldrlfhka fm`.ejQ lvodishlska
36
fyda f;;a r;= ,suia m;%hlska mlaId lrkak'

wod< m%;sl%shd idlPd lrkak'
whk ykd .ekSu

jH yd WmlrK (
c, djH >k ldnfkaghla ^Wod( Na2CO3&
yqkq hr
c,Sh fh laf,darhs fyda le,aish laf,darhs djK
icl k<hla
mlaId k<hla
mlaId k<hlg >k ldnfkagh 0'5 g la muK f.k ;kql yhsfrdlaf,dala
w,h tl;= lrkak' icl k<h Nd; lr" msg jk jdhqj blaukska yqkq
hrg hjkak' jemqr jdhqj yqKq hrg heu wLKav j is lrkak'
ldnfkag whk djKhg BaCl2$CaCl2 tl;= lrkak'
by; ,efnk M,hg ;kql khsla w,h tl;= lrkak'
kslaIK jd;d lrkak'
by; m%;sl%shd i|yd ;=,s; ilrK ,shd kslaIK i|yd fya;= meye,s lrkak'
whk ykd .ekSu

jH yd WmlrK (
fidah fmdiafma djKhla
idka khs%la w,h
wefudaksh fud,sf djKh
fh laf,darhs djKh
Wmfoia (
f*diaf*a djKhlg idka khsla w,h iaj,amhla yd jemqr wefudaksh
fud,sf djKh tl;= lr WKqiq flf' ly meye;s wjlafIamhla ,ef'
f*diaf*a whk djKfhka 1 cm3 muK f.k" fh laf,darhs djKfhka
1 cm3 la muK tl;= lrkak'
by; ,efnk M,hg ;kql khsla w,h tl;= lrkak'
kslaIK jd;d lrkak'
37
mlaIK wxlh ( 23
ksmqK;d ugu 8'3
we,alSk iy we,alhskj, m%;sl%shd kslaIKh lsu

wfmalaIs; bf.kq M,(
1' ridhkd.drfha t;Ska ^t;s,Ska& iy t;hska ^weis,Ska& ms<sfh< lr .ekSf
l=i,;dj ,nd .kshs'
2' t;Ska iy t;hska ys m%;sl%shd kslaIKh lrhs'
3' t;Ska iy t;hska hk yhsfrdldnk foflys .=K ixikaokh lrhs'
jH yd
WmlrK (
t;fkda,a
wekd
le,aish ldnhs
laIdh fmdgEish m'uex.fka
wd,sl fmdgEish m'uex.fka

wefudakSsh lsHqmaria laf,darhs
mq`Mka
mlaIKhg wod< ia;r iy ls%hdmmdh(

t;Ska ms<sfh< lsug Nd; l< yels WmlrK wegjqu
wekd
t;S k a
t;fkda,aj,ska
fm`.jQ mqka
rEmh 23 (a)
lelEre k<hlg 2 cm muK Wig t;fkda,a .kak' re l+rla wdOdrfhka"
jh Wrd .ekSug ;r iEfyk mq`Mka m%udKhla k<h ;=<g we;=`M lrkak'
wekd 1 g muK la k<fha ueo fldgig we;=`M lrkak' k<h wdOdrlhl i
lr" rEm igyfka oelafjk wkaoug WmlrK ilia lr" wekd we;s fldgi r;a
lrkak' t g msg jk jdhqj c, ia:dmk l%ufhka lelEre k< lsysmhlg
tl;= lrkak' tajd ;=< t;Ska jdhqj wvx.= f'
1' jdhqj wvx.= mlaIK k<hl" lg wi,g oe,afjk mq,s`.= lSrla we,a,Sfuka jdhqj
o,ajkak' oe,af,a jKh l=ula o@ oe,a, ks .sh .i tu k<hg yqkq hr x
lSmhla oud k<fha lg jid fydka fid,jkak'
2' ^w&
fn%daka hr x lSmhla tla lrkak'
^wd&
laIdh fmdgEish m'uex.fka x lSmhla tla lrkak'
^we&
wd,sl fmdgEish m'uex.fka x lSmhla tla lrkak'
38
3' ^w& wefudakSh is,aj khsf djKh tla lrkak'

^wd& wefudakSh lshqm%ia laf,darhs djKh tla lrkak'
ie'hq'
2 iy 3 ys oelajQ mlaIK is l< yels ;j;a l%uhla k" tu m%;sldrl 1 cm3
muK mlaId k<hlg f.k th ;=<g t;Ska jdhqj fjk fjk u heu hs'
t;hska jdhqj ms<sfh< lsug Nd; l< yels WmlrK wegejq
rEmh 23 (b)
le,aish ldnhs l=vd leg 5la muK lelEre k<hlg .kak' rEm igyfka
oelafjk wkaoug WmlrK ilia lrkak' jrlg c,h x lsysmh ne.ska tl;=
lrkak'
1' mlaId k<hl 2'5 cm muK Wig" my; oelafjk m%;sldrl f.k" by;
rEm igyfka oelafjk m" t;hska jdhqj ta tla tla k<h ;=<g hjkak'
wefudakSh lshqm%ia laf,darhs
wefudakSh is,aj khsf

tla tla wjia:df oS ,efnk kslaIK igyka lr .kak' by; 4 jk iy 5 jk
mlaId lsfuka miq tu mlaId k< fyd|ska c,fhka fidaod ;nkak'
^wd&
t;hska jdhqj msg jk icl k<fha fl<jrg oe,a,la we,a,Sfuka" msg
jk jdhqj oykh ug i,iajkak'
ie'hq - wefudakSh CuCl idod.ekSu'
;kql CuSO4 djKhlg jemqr N H3 yd N H4Cl iaMl oud lelEre k,hlg
oud.kak' th ;=,g ;U o`.rhla we;=,alr wenh jid fkdlvjd fid,jkak' ks,a
djKh wjK CuCl ng m;af'
39
mlaIK wxlh ( 24
ksmqK;d ugu 10'1
we,afldfyd,j, .=K mlaId lsu

1 O m%;sldrl iu`. m%;sl%shd lrfuka we,afldfyd,hl we;s - O H ldKavfha
l%shdld;ajh wkdjrKh lr .kshs'
2 fok ,o m%;sldrl iu`. we,afldfyd, is l< m%;sl%shd wdY%s; kslaIK meye,s
lrhs'
jH yd WmlrK (
t;fkda,a
fu;fkda,a
fnkais,a we,afldfyd, iy Tf mlaIKd.drfha we;s fjk;a we,afldfyd,
weisla w,h
fidah ie,sisf,a fyda ie,sis,sla w,h
wd,sl fmdgEish vhslafrdaf
fidah ldnfka
,suia lvodis
Wmfoia (
uoHidr ;=fkka 1cm3 muK fjk fjk u mlaId k<j,g f.k my;
i|yka l%shdldrl lrkak' ,efnk m%;sM, ii|kak'
we,afldfyd,j, c,Sh djKj,g fjka fjka j r;= yd ks,a ,suia oukak'
we,afldfyd, djKj,g fidah ldnfka l=vq iaj,amhla tla lr n,kak'
w;ska lmk ,o l=vd fidah lene,a,la tl;= lr kslaikak' oe,afjk
lSrla k<fha lg <`.g w,a,kak' msg jk jdhqj l=ula o@
fuu mlaId i|yd ksc,Sh we,afldfyd,h Nd; lsu w;jYH f' ta wehs@
fidah lene,a, osh wjika jQ miq"
M,h ^rEm igyfka fmfkk mos &
jdIamSlrKh lrkak' >k wjfYaIhg
c,h x lSmhla oud fid,jkak' tu
djKhg fjk fjk u r;= yd ks,a ,suia
lvodis oud n,kak'
thg u
*s f kd,a m a ; e,S k a xjla tla lrka k '
,efnk meyeh l=ula o@
rEmh 24 (a)
40
^w& we,afldfyd, 1cm3 muK f.k Bg ffyu^glacial& weisla w,h 1cm3 muK
tl;= lrkak' idka i,a*shqla w, x myla muK tla lr WKqiq lrkak'
,efnk M,h isis,a c,h iys; k<hlg j;a lr iqj| n,kak'
^wd& we,afldfyd, 1cm3 muK f.k Bg fidah ie,sisf,a fyda ie,sis,sla
w,h 0'5 g muK tla lrkak' Bg idka i,a*shqla w,h x myla muK tla
lr WKqiq lrkak' M,h isis,a c,h we;s lelEre k<hlg fyda lrhlg fyda
j;a lr iqj| n,kak'
wd,sl fmdgEish vhslafrdaf" wd,sl fmdgEish m'uex.fka" laIdh
fmdgEish m'uex.fka hk djK ;=fkka 1cm3 ne.ska mlaId k< ;=klg
fjk fjk u .kak' tla we,afldfyd,hlska x folla muK ne.ska k< ;=kg
u tla lrkak' fufia wfkla we,afldfyd, iu`. o tu mlaIdj kej;;a
lrkak'
djKj, jKj, l=uk fjkila kslaIKh l< yels f o@ tu jK mhdi
is u myod osh yelafla flfia o@ M,fha iqj| n,kak'
ie'hq'( we,afldfyd, myiqfjka .sks wef<kiq neka tu jH we;s fnda;, odyl
wdikakfha fkd ;eh hq;= h'
41
mlaIK wxlh ( 25
ksmqK;d ugu 10'2
*Sfkd,aj, .=K mlaId lsu

wfmalaIs; bf.kq M,(
1' *Sfkd,aj, wd,sl .=K ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd .kshs'
2' *Sfkd, ykd .ekSu i|yd jQ fYaI mlaId is lr kslaIK jd;d lrhs'
jH yd
WmlrK (
*Sfkd,a
fidah ldnfka djKh
fn%daka oshr
f*la laf,darhs ;kql djKh
;kql wefudakshd djKh

,suia
mlaIKhg wod< ia;r iy ls%hdmmdh ((

*Sfkd,a iaj,amh ne.ska fjk fjk u mlaId k<j,g f.k my; oelafjk
mlaId is lrkak'
c,h 1cm3 muK tl;= lr fyd|ska fid,jkak' tu Y%Khg r;= iy ks,a
,suia oukak'
fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKh 1cm3 muK tl;= lr fyd|ska fid,jkak'
djKhg u ;kql yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h 1cm3 muK tl;= lrkak'
fidah ldnfka djKfhka 1cm3 tl;= lrkak' kslaIK igyka lr
.kak'
*Sfkd
kd,a ykd .ekSug Nd; l< yels fYaI mlaId (
1. fn%daka oshr 1cm3 muK mlaId k<hlg .kak' thg *Sfkd,a iaMlhla ^fyda
x folla& tl;= lrkak'
2. ;kql f*la laf,darhs jKh 1 cm3 la mlaId k,hlg f.k thg ;kql
wefudakshd djKfhka xjla tl;= lrkak' fuu WodiSk f*la laf,darhs
djKhg *Sfkda,a iaMl ^fyda x folla& tl;= lrkak'
ie'hq'
*Sfkd,a iu u;=msg jegqfKd;a ms,siaiq we;s lrhs' tuksid m%fifuka
myrKh l< hq;= h'
*Sfkd,a iu u;=msg ;ejerefKd;a b;d ;kql fn%daka oshrfhka fidaokak' tfia
lrkafka th *Sfkd,a iu`. laIKsl j m%;sl%shd lsfuka *Sfkd,a bj;a lrk
neks'
iuyr ldnksl ixfhda. WodiSk udOHfha oS f*la whk iu`. jKj;a ixlSK
whk idohs' *Sfkd,aj,ska fug omdgla ,ef' p - khsfrd *Sfkd,aj,ska r;=
mdgla ,ef' o - khsfrd *Sfkd,aj,ska tfia fYaI jKhla fkd ,ef'
42
mlaIK wxlh ( 26
ksmqK;d ugu 10'4
we,ayhsv yd lSfgdak i|yd mlaId

wfmalaIs; bf.kq M,(
1' we,ayhsv yd lSfgdak iq,n Tlaisldrl iu`. m%;sl%shd lrjd kslaIK ,nd .kshs'
2' idudkH Tlaisldrlj,ska we,ayhsv myiqfjka" ldfndlais,sla w,h njg
TlaislrKh l< yels kuq;a lSfgdak tfia TlaislrKh lsu wmyiq nj wjfndaO
lr .kshs'
jH yd WmlrK (
fu;ke,a
t;ke,a
fnkaie,ayhs
2- fm%dmfkdaka
weisfgd*Sfkdka
2" 4 - vhskhsfrd*Skhs,ayhsriSka

wd,sl fmdgEish vhslafrdaf
wefudakSh is,aj khsf djKh
f*a,sx djKh ^ A iy B &
^2" 4 - DNP&

fu;ke,a" t;ke,a yd fnkaie,ayhs hk we,ayhsv iy 2 - fm%dmfkdaka yd
weisfgd*Sfkdka hk lSfgdak fhdoka my; oelafjk mlaId lrkak' fuu
ixfhda.j,ska 1cm3 muK fldgia Nd; lrkak' kslaIK j.= .; lrkak'
1.
2.
c,h iaj,amhla iu`. Y% lrkak' ia;r fjka jkafka oe hs mlaId lrkak'

^w&
wd,sl fmdgEish m'uex.fka djKh x 2 la muK tl;= lrkak'
^wd& wd,sl fmdgEish vhslafrdaf djKh x 2la muK tl;= lrkak'
f tla tla wjia:df oS we;s jk jK mhdih kslaIKh lrkak'
f*a,sx A iy B iu mud Y% lr idod .;a djKfhka 3 cm3 la muK tl;=

lr Y%Kh r;a lrkak' .fvd,a r;= wjlafIamhla ,efnkafka l=uk ixfhda.
u`.ska o@
4. wefudakSh is,aj khsf ^fgd,ka m%;sldrlh& 5 cm3 muK tl;= lr djKh
c, ;dmlhl r;a lrkak' kslaIK igyka lrkak'
5. 2" 4 - DNP m%;sldrlfhka x lSmhla tl;= lrkak' kslaIK igyka lrkak'
3.
ie'hq'
c,fha djH ldfndks,a ixfhda.j,g c,Sh djKhl we;s 2"4 - DNP m%;l
s drlh;a"
c,fha wdjH ldnks,a ixfhda.j,g fu;fkda,Sh djKfha we;s 2"4-DNP
m%;sldrlh;a" Nd; lrkak'
43
mlaIK wxlh ( 27
ksmqK;d ugu 10'6
ldfndlais,sla w,j, iuyr .=K mlaId lsu

1' ldfndlais,a ldKavh wvx.= ixfhda.j, wd,sl .=K ir, mlaId weiqfrka
fmkajd fohs'
2' ldfndlais,sla w, iu`. we,afldfyd, m%;sl%shd lrjd tiagr ms<sfh< lrhs'
3' fu;fkdhsla w,fha Tlaisydrl .=K wdoYkh lrhs'
jH yd
WmlrK (
fu;fkdhsla w,h
t;fkdhsla w,h
u'lshqla laf,darhs djKh
fnkafidhsla w,h
idka i,a*shqla w,h
fidah f,dayh
wefudaksh yhsfrdlaihs djKh
fidah ldnfka djKh
WodiSk f*la laf,darhs djKh
wefudakSh is,aj khsf djKh ^fgd,ka m%;sldrlh&

fu;fkdhsla w,h" t;fkdhsla w,h iy fnkafidhsla w,h fhdod my; i|yka
mlaId is lrkak' mlaIdj i|yd .kakd w,h jhla k" 1 cm3 muK o >khla
k 0'5 g muK o fhdod .kak' kslaIK j.= .; lrkak'
c,h 1cm3 iu`. fyd|ska Y%lr osh f oe hs mlaId lrkak'
;kql fidah yhsfrdlaihs djK 1cm3 muK iu`. fyd|ska Y% lrkak'
w, tys osh f oe hs mlaId lrkak'
fidah f,day lene,a,la tl;= lr msg jk jdhqj oe,afjk mq,`s .= lSrla wdOdrfhka
mlaId lrkak' ^fuu m%;sl%shdj i|yd w,h ksc,Sh u w;HdjYH h'&
fidah ldnfka djKhlg tl;= lr jdhq nqnq`M msg f oehs mlaId lrkak'
t;fkda,a 1cm3 muK f.k ldfndlais,sla w,h ^fyda tys fidah ,jKh& tl;=
lr" thg idka i,a*shqla w,h x lsysmhla oud kdhla muK fika r;a
lrkak' fuu Y%Kh isis,a c,h wvx.= lrhlg j;a lrkak' m%ikak iqj|la
,ef oe hs kslaikak'
u'lshqla laf,darhs 0.5 g lg c,h 3 cm3 muK Y% lr djKhla idod .kak'
fuu djKfhka x lsym
s hla iu`. w,h r;a lrkak' iq wjlafIamhla ,efnkafka
lsk w,fhka o@ fuhg ;kql yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h x lsysmhla oeuQ g
wjlafIamh osh f oe hs kslaIKh lrkak'
wd,sl fmdgEish m'uex.fka djKhla iu`. Y% lr jK mhdihla f oe
hs kslaIKh lrkak'
wefudakSh is,aj khsf ^fgd,ka m%;sldrlh& 3 cm3 muK tl;= lr c,
;dmlhl r;a lrkak' oS levm;la iEfoa oehs kslaIKh lrkak'
w,am jYfhka Ndial jk f;la wfudakshd djKh iaj,amhla tla lrkak' r;=
,suia lvdodishla uska Ndial iajNdjh mlaId lrkak' djKfha wefudakshd
.kaOh ke;s jk f;la djKh r;a lrkak' fufia WodiSk l< djKj,g WodiSk
f*la laf,darhs x lsym
s hla tl;= lrkak' we;s jk jK mhdih kslaIKh
lrkak'
44
mlaIK wxlh ( 28
ksmqK;dj 12'2
ue.akSish iy w, w;r m%;sl%shdj flfrys idkaKfha n,mE

1' lsish m%;sl%shlhl idkaKhg idfmalaI j m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj p,kh jk rgdj
ykd .ekSug wod< mlaIKd;aul f;dr;=re ,nd .kshs'
2' ue.akSish iy w, w;r m%;sl%shdf yhsrcka whk idkaKhg idfmalaI j
fm< ksKh lrhs'
jH yd
WmlrK (
msis lrk ,o 3'0 cm muK os. ue.akSish m lene,s
lelEre k<hla iy thg i l< yels isrla iys; rn wenhla
1'0 mol dm-3 ^wdikak jYfhka& yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h 400 cm3 muK
rn wenfha isrg i,k 5 cm muK os. re k<hla
rdu >ldjla
lrhla
mlaIKhg wod< ia;r iy l%shdmmdh (

lelEre k<fha m;=f<a isg 2 cm muK by<ska k<h jgd kQ,a lene,a,la fyda
isyska rn mhla fyda .eg .id i,l=Kla ;nd .kak'
rEmh 2822^â
a&&
45
rEmh rEmh 22 (a) ys oelafjk mos re ngfha tla fl<jrla wenfha we;=`M
ugug isk mos re ngh wenhg i lrkak' ^re ngh wenhg ;oska i
;sh hq;= h'& we;=`M fl<jfrys wenh udmg we`.s,af,ka ;ud foig weo re
ngh iu`. we;s jk ysveig ue.akSish lene,af,a fl<jrla we;=`M lrkak'
îEu wjia:djl oS u wenfhka msg;g we;s ue.akSish mfha os. iudk h hq;=
h'&
1'0 mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w, djKfhka 0'8 mol dm-3" 0'6 mol dm-3" 0'4 mol
dm-3 iy 0'2 mol dm-3 jk yhsfrdlaf,dala w, djK 100 cm3 ne.ska ms<sfh<
lr .kak' ^ 1'0 mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w, 80 cm3 f.k 100 cm3 f;la c,h
tl;= lsfuka 0'8 mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w, djKhla ms<f
s h< l< yels h'&
-3
i,l=Kq lr .;a lelEre k<h 1'0 mol dm yhsfrdlaf,dala w,fhka
imQKfhka mqrjd" rn wenfhka ^Mg mh ilrk ,o& blaukska jikak' ta
iu`. u rdu >ldj l%shd;aul lr lelEre k<h hl=re lrkak' lelEre
k<fha i,l=K olajd j ugu meKSug .; jk ld,h uek .kak' ^fuu
ld,h ;;a;amr 8-10 muK jk mos mlaId k<fha i,l=K ilia lr .ekSu jvd
fhda.H h'&
by; wdldrhg u w;a ue.akSish m yd O idkaK we;s w, djK fhdod
.kska lelEre k<fha i,l=K f;la jdhqj tl;= ug .; jk ld,h ukskak'
îEu wjia:djl oS u tl u lelEre k<h yd tl u i,l=K fhdod .kak'&
O idkaK yuqf ksYa; yhsrcka jdhq mudjla /iaug .; jQ ld, fhdod
.kska m%;sl%shdf fm< w, jKhg idfmalaIj ksKh lrkak'
46
mlaIK wxlh ( 29
ksmqK;d ugu 12'2
fidah ;fhdai,af*a iy khs%la w, w;r m%;sl%shdj flfrys

1' tla tla m%;sl%shlhg idfmalaI j m%;sl%shd iS>%;dj p,kh jk rgdj ykd
.ekSug wod< mlaIKd;aul f;dr;=re /ia lrhs'
2' tla tla m%;sl%shlhg idfmalaI j m%;sl%shdf fm< ksKh lrhs'
jH yd WmlrK (
fidah ;fhdai,af*a djKhla ^ 40 g dm-3 muK&
3'0 mol dm-3 ^wdikak jYfhka& ;kql khsl
% a w, djKh (HCl/H2SO4 jqj o iqiq
h')
50 cm3 lrhla
rdu >ldjla
lelEre k<
kq irdjla
iq mdg lvodishl l;srhla we| tu ,l=K u; lrh ;nkak' c,h iy w,h
tla lelEre k<hlg;a" wjYH fidah ;fhdai,af*a djKh fjk;a lelEre
k<hlg;a uek .kak' bka miq k< foflys u we;s j tla jr u lrhg oukak'
tu fudfydf;a oS u rdu >ldj l%shd;aul lrkak' lrfha isg ksh; Wilska
wei ;nd f.k l;sr ,l=K fkd fmkS hdug .; jk ld,h uek .kak'
^w& m%;sl%shdf iS>%;dj iy ;fhdai,af*a whk idkaK w;r inkaOh fiu
by; ia;r lrk ,o ms<sfj<g my; j.=f mos djK Y% lr l;sr ,l=K
fkd fmkS hdug .; jk ld,h uek .kak'
;fhdai,af*a
mudj$ cm3
w,
mudj$ cm3
c,
mudj$ cm3
25'0
5'0
20'0
15'0
10'0
5'0
5'0
5'0
5'0
5'0
5'0
10'0
15'0
20'0
j.=j 29 (a)
47
ld,h/s
mdGdxl .ekSf oS my; oelafjk lreKq flfrys Tf wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

fuys oS lrh fkd fid,ajd i,a* ksoe,af,a ;ekam;a ug bv ykak' tl u
YsIHhl= iska tl u lrh iy tl u l;srh fhdod f.k tl u ugul isg
kslaIKh l< hq;= h'
iEu mlaIKhla wjidkfha oS u m;=f,ys ;ekam;a jk i,a* l=vq fyd|ska bj;a
jk mos lrh fidaokak'
lrh l;srh u; ;nk yeu wjia:djl oS u tys m;=, fyd|ska msi oukak'
^wd& m%;sl%shdf iS>%;dj iy yhsrcka whk idkaKh w;r inkaOh fiu
by; ia;r lr we;s ms<sfj<g u my; j.=f oelafjk mos djK Y% lrkak'
;fhdai,af*a
mudj$ cm3
w,
mudj$ cm3
c,
mudj$ cm3
25'0
5'0
25'0
4'0
1'0
25'0
3'0
2'0
25'0
2'0
3'0
25'0
1'0
4'0
j.=j 29 (b)
fmr m u mdGdxl ,nd .kak'
48
ld,h$ s
mlaIK wxlh ( 30
ksmqK;d ugu 12'2
whkaÎII& whk iy fmdgEish whvhs w;r m%;sl%shdj flfrys

1' whkaÎII& whk idkaKh fjkia jk g m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj o fjkia jk nj m%ldY
lrhs'
2' whkaÎII& whk idkaKhg idfmalaI j m%;sl%shdf fm< ksKh lrhs'
jH yd WmlrK (
l=vd lr
rdu >ldjla
10 cm3 yd 25 cm3 kq ird
o< jYfhka 0'1 mol dm-3 wd,sl wefudaksh whkaÎII& i,afma djKhla
o< jYfhka 0'1 mol dm-3 fmdgEish whvhs djKhla
o< jYfhka 0'006 mol dm-3 fidah ;fhdai,af*a djKhla ^msIagh iys;&
djK ms<sfh< lsu (
wefudaksh whkaÎII& i,af*a djKh
wefudaksh whkaÎII& i,af*a 12'00 g lg 1'5 mol dm-3 H2SO4 w,h 50 cm3 yd
c,h iaj,amhla oud osh jk f;la ;oska r;a lr .kak' fuu djKh 250 cm3
olajd ;kql lr .kak'
fmdgEish whvhs djKh
fmdgEish whvhs 4'00 g la muK c,fha osh lr djKh 250 cm3 olajd ;kql
lrkak'
fidah ;fhdai,af*a djKhla ^msIagh iys;&
fidah ;fhdai,af*a 0'25 g la c,h iaj,amhl osh lr .kak' fuhg u msIagh
djKh ^msIagh 2'00 g la c,h 50 cm3 l muK osh jk f;la r;a lr& tl;=
lrkak' oeka uq`M djK mudj 250 cm3 jk ;=re c,h fhdod ;kql lr .kak'
my; j.=j 30 â& ys oelafjk wkaoug tla lrhlg Â lrh& whkaÎII& djKh
o ;j;a lrhlg ^ B lrh& b;s djKj,ska wod< mud o uek .kak'
49
mlaIK
wxlh
c,h$
cm3
wd,sl whka ÎII&

djKh$ cm3
KI djKh$
cm
msIagh iys;
Na2S2O3/ cm3
1
2
3
4
5
5'0
10'0
15'0
20'0
25'0
20'0
15'0
10'0
5'0
10'0
10'0
10'0
10'0
10'0
15'0
15'0
15'0
15'0
15'0
j.=j 30 â&
Na2S2O3
whkaÎII&
KI +
whk djKh
+ msIagh + c,h
B lrh
A lrh
rEmh 30 (a)
B lrfha we;s djKhg A ys we;s djKh tl;= l< jyd u rdu >ldj
l%shd;aul lrkak' djKfha jKh fyd|ska kslaIKh lrkak' djKfhys
meyeh ks,g yefrk g u rdu >ldj kj;d .; jQ ld,h uek .kak' f
wdldrhg mlaIK my u is lr tla tla wjia:dj i|yd ks,a meyeh osia ug .;
jk ld,h ,nd .kak'
by; ,nd .;a mdGdxl weiqfrka wod< .Kkh ls is fldg whkaÎII& whkj,g
idfmalaI j m%;sl%shdf fm< ksKh lrkak'
50
mlaIK wxlh ( 31
ksmqK;d ugu 13'1
Fe(III) iy SCN- moaO;sh weiqfrka .;sl iu;=,s; moaO;shl

,dlaIKsl .=K mlaIKd;aul j wOHhkh lsu
1' ridhksl iu;=,s; moaO;shl ish u m%;sl%shl iy M, tlg .efgka mj;sk nj
;yjqre lr .kshs'
%jH yd WmlrK (
wdikak jYfhka 0'05 mol dm-3 jQ f*la laf,darhs fyda f*la khsf fyda
djKhlska 100 cm3la
wdikak jYfhka 0'20 mol dm-3 wefudaksh ;fhdaihfka fyda fmdgEish
;fhdaihfka fyda djKhlska 100 cm3la
fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKhla fyda vhsfidah yhsrcka f*diaf*a djKhla
mlaId k<
f*la whk djKfha 5 cm3 la ;fhdaihfka whk djKfha 5 cm3 la iu`. Y%
lrkak' iEfok djKfha jKh l=ula o@
by; djKh mia .=Khla muK ^<d f;a lyg mdg jk f;la& c,fhka ;kql
lrkak'
fuu ;kql djKfhka 5 cm3 ne.ska mlaId k< 4lg .kak' ka tlla md,lh
f,i ;nkak' tla k<hlg idka f*la laf,darhs djK x lSmhla fyda
f*la we, iaMlhla fyda tl;= lrkak' ;j;a k<hlg idka wefudaksh
;fhdaihfka djK x lSmhla fyda fmdgEish ;fhdaihfka iaMlhla fyda
tla lrkak' b;s k<hg ;kql fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKfhka fyda
vhsfidah yhsrcka fmdiafma djKfhka fyda x lSmhla tl;= lrkak' f
tla tla wjia:df oS we;s jk jK fjkia md,lh iu`. ii|kak'
Wla; kslaIK weiqfrka iu;=,s; moaO;shl ish u m%;sl%shl yd M, tlg
.efgka mj;sk nj fmkajd fokak'
51
mlaIK wxlh ( 32
ksmqK;d ugu 13'1
c,fhys yd hqgfkd,a ys weisla w,fha jHdma;sh i|yd jHdma;s

ix.=Klh mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu
1' hqgfkd,a iy c,h w;r weisla w,h iu;=,s;;djg m;a jQ g hqgfkd,a yd
c,Sh ia;r ;=< we;s tu w,fha idkaK fif l=i,;d ,nd .kshs'
2' mlaIKd;aul j ,nd .;a o;a; weiqka" c,fhys yd hqgfkda,a ys weisla w,fha
jHdma;sh i|yd jHdma;s ix.=Klh fidhhs'
jH yd
WmlrK (
hqgfkd,a 120 cm3 muK
o< jYfhka idkaKh 1 mol dm-3 muK jQ weisla w, djKfhka 250 cm3
o< jYfhka idkaKh 0.5 mol dm-3 muK jQ NaOH djKh 250 cm3
ysia m%;sldrl fnda;,a 5la" hqfrgq" msfmgq" wkqudk ma,dial=" *sfkd,ama;e,ska"
mqkS,

ffyu weisla w,h ^99] w $w & 15 cm3 mudjla 300 cm3 olajd c,fhka ;kql
lsfuka idkaKh 1 mol dm-3 weisla w, djKh idod .; yels h' wxlkh l<
m%;sldrl fnda;,a mylg j.=f oelafjk mos djK mud tl;= lr Y% lrkak'
tu djK mud uekSu i|yd hqfrgq Nd; lrkak'
moaO;s
hqgfkd,a
/cm3
1 mol dm-3weisla w,h/

cm3
c,h/ cm3
1
2
3
4
5
20'0
20'0
20'0
20'0
20'0
40'0
35'0
30'0
25'0
20'0
5'0
10'0
15'0
20'0
j.=j 32 (a)
fuu moaO;s" iu;=,s;;djg t<eu i|yd ks;a;= 10 - 15 la muK ld,hla
;nkak' ka m<uq jk m%;sldrl fnda;,fhys we;s moaO;sh hqfrgqjg oukak'
^by<ska we;s ia;rh hqgfkd,a f'&
52
ia;r fjka jQ miq c,Sh ia;rfhka 10.00 cm3 wkqudmk ma,dial=jlg f.k thg
msfkd,ama;e,ska oYlh x 1 - 2 la tl;= lrkak' fuu djKh idod .;a NaOH
djKh iu`. wkqudmkh lr mdGdxl ,nd .kak'
hqfrgqf b;s j we;s c,Sh ia;rh m%fYfuka bj;a lr" hqgfkd,a ia;rfhka
10.00 cm3 wkqudmk ma,dial=jlg .kak' thg c,h 10 cm3 la muK yd
msfkd,ama;e,ska oYlh x 1-2la muK oud NaOH djKh iu`. wkqudmkh lr
mdGdxl ,nd .kak' ,nd .;a mdGdxl Wmfhda.S lr f.k my; j.=j imQK
lrkak'
moaO;sh
c,Sh ia;rfha
10.00 cm3
i|yd jeh jQ
NaOH
mudj$ cm3
hqgfkd,a ia;rfha
c,Sh
10.00 cm3
ia;rfha
i|yd jeh jQ
[CH3COOH]
NaOH
/ mol dm-3
mudj$ cm3
hqgfkd,a
ia;rfha
[CH3COOH]
/ mol dm-3
[CH3COOH]hqgfkda,a
[CH3COOH]c,Sh
1
2
3
4
5
j.=j 32 (b)
mlaIKd;aul j ksKh l< w.h weiqfrka c,h yd hqgfkd,a w;r weisla
w,fha jHdma;sh i|yd jHdma;s ix.=Klhg w.hla fhdackd lrkak'
53
mlaIK wxlh ( 33
ksmqK;d ugu 13'1
NO2/N2O4 iu;=,s; moaO;sh flfrys WIaK;ajfha n,mEu

1' iu;=,s; moaO;shl WIaK;ajh fjkia lsfuka tys iu;=,s;;d ,laIHh fjkia
l< yels nj fmkajhs'
jH yd WmlrK (
;U iqreKavq
idka khsla w,h
lelEre k< 4la
tu k<j,g fyd|ska i jk rn uQ
whsia leg
WKq c,h
lr ;=kla
wenhla iys; icl k<hla
lelEre k<hlg ;U iqreKavq .a? 5 g la muK .kak' thg idka khsla
w,h 3 cm3 muK tl;= lr icl k<hla i lrkak' msg jk jdhqfjka
iudk he<s lelEre k< y;rla mqrjd rn uQ fhdokak' ^k< ;=< we;s jdhqf
jK ;Sj%;dj o< jYfhka tl iudk h hq;= h' l=vd k< y;rla jqj o m%udKj;a
h' fuu jdhqj wdYajdi u kqiqiq h'&
jdhqj iys; tla k<hla md,lh f,i ldur WIaK;ajfha we;s c,fha ;nd" tla
k<hla whsiaj,;a" wfkla k<h 70 0C - 80 0C g muK r;a jQ c,fha;a" ;nkak'
u| f,djlska tla tla k<fha jK ;Sj%;d" md,lh iu`. ii|kak' <`.g"
whsiaj,;a" WKq c,fha;a" ;enQ k< tlsfkl udre lr" l f,djlg miq" fmr
jK ;Sj%;d iu`. ii|kak'
tla tla k<fha jKfha is jk fjkia kslaIKh lrkak' jK
fjkig fya;= fudkjd o@
54
mlaIK wxlh ( 34
ksmqK;d ugu 13'4
le,aish yhsfrdlaihs ys djH;d .=Ks;h mlaIKd;aul j

ksKh lsu
1' ika;Dma; c,Sh le,aih
s yhsfrdlaihs djKhl yhsfrdlaihs whk idkaKh
ksKh lsf yelshdj ,nd .kshs'
2' le,aish yhsfrdlaihsj,ska ika;Dma; jQ O c,Sh djKj, whksl .=Ks;h
ksh;hla nj mlaIKd;aul j fmkajd fohs'
jH yd WmlrK (
>k le,aish yhsfrdlaihs
m%dudKsl fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKh ^0.10 mol dm-3 &
m%dudKsl yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h ^0.10 mol dm-3 &
*sfkd,ama;,Ska
wkqudmk ma,dial=
msfmgqjla
hqfrgqjla
fla;= ma,dial= myla 1" 2" 3 ''''' f,i wxlkh lr" tla tla ma,dial=jg my;
oelafjk wdldrhg fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKh iy c,h uek moaO;s my
ms<sfh< lr .kak'
ma,dial=j
0.10 mol dm-3 fidah

yhsfrdlaihs djKh$ cm3
c,h$ cm3
25.0
75.0
50.0
50.0
75.0
25.0
100.0
j.=j 29
55
100.0
2" 3 iy 4 moaO;s iEoSug" hqfrgqjla fyda msfmgqjla fyda fhdod .kak' tfy;a
1 yd 5 moaO;s ms<sfh< lsug kq irdjla fhosh yels h' ^g fya;=j l=ula o@&
by; tla tla ma,dial=jlg" >k le,aish yhsfrdlaihs jemqr ^.a? 1la
muK& m%udKhla tl;= fldg" fyd|ska l,;d ma,dial=j ks;a;= 15la muK ksYap,
j ;nkak' m<uq ma,dial=f wvx.= djK Y%Kh" he<s lrhlg fmrkak'
fmrkfhka 25.00 cm3 ne.ska fldgia folla msfmgqjlska uek wkqudmk
ma,dial=jlg tl;= lrkak' thg *sfkd,ama;,Ska x 1-2 fhdod m%dudKsl
yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h iu`. wkqudmkh lrkak' wksl=;a moaO;s y;r o fmrd
by; l%uhg u fmrkh w,h iu`. wkqudmkh lr" m%;sM, igyka lrkak'
mlaIKd;aul j ,nd .;a f;dr;=re fhdod .kska wxl 1 isg 5 olajd moaO;sj,
[Ca2+(aq)][OH-(aq)]2.=Ks;h ,nd .kak' ta weiqka Ca(OH)2 ys Ksp i|yd w.h
,nd .kak'
igyk fuu mlaIKh" mlaIK wxl 37 g miqj is lsu W; f'
56
mlaIK wxlh ( 35
ksmqK;d ugu 13'5
imhk ,o u,a j.hlska oYlhla ms<sfh< lsu iy tys pH mrdih

1' Ydl fldgiaj,ska ,nd .kakd ksiaidrl oYl jYfhka Nd; lrhs'
2' ms<sfh< lrk ,o oYlhl pH mrdih ksKh lrhs'
jH yd WmlrK (
Ydl fldgia - ks,a lgfrd`M u,a" .s;s,a, u,a" fo`M u,a
1'00 mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w,h
1'00 mol dm-3 fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKh
,suia djKh
fu;s,a Tfka
*sfkd,ama;e,ska
mQK mrdi oYlh
kq is,skavrhla ^10 cm3& fyda hqfrgqjla
mlaId k<
;Ska; mqrjk ng
jxf.h iy fuda,
mqkS,hla
fmryka lvodis
rn m 2la
^w& Ydl ksiaidrl ms<sfh< lsu
f i|yd ks,a meye;s u,a jvd;a iqiq h' u,a lSmhla c,h iaj,amhla iu`.
jxf.hg oud fyd|ska fmd lrkak' hqI fmrd fjka lr .kak' fufia u
wfkla Ydl fldgia o Nd; fldg ksiaidrl ms<sfh< lrkak'
^wd& pH w.h 1 - 13 f;la jQ djK ms<sfh< lsu
1'0 mol dm-3 yhsfrdlaf,dala w,fha pH w.h wdikak f,i 0 ls'
mlaId k<hla f.k kq is,skavrhlska fyda hqfrgqjlska fyda c,h 1 cm3 la
uek thg oud c, ugu i,l=Kq lr tu c,h bj;a lrkak' kej; tu k<hg
u c,h 10 cm3 la oud tu ugu o i,l=Kq lrkak' tg tu k<h wdikak f,i
1 cm3 la iy 10 cm3 la ueksh yels l%udxls; k<hls' tksid fuh h djKhla
oi .=Khlska ;kql lsug Nd; l< yels h'
57
fuu k<h f.k tys 1 cm3 i,l=K f;la 1'00 mol dm-3 w,h tl;= lr 10 cm3
i,l=K f;la c,h oud fyd|ska l,;kak' oeka fuu djKfha pH w.h o<
jYfhka 1 ls'
f wkaoug fuu k<h Nd; fldg ôi .=Khla ;kql lrka& pH w.h 2 - 6
f;la djK ms<sfh< lrkak'
1'0 mol dm-3 fidah yhsfrdlaihs djKh o f wkaoug oi .=Khla ne.ska
;kql lsfuka pH w.h 13 - 8 f;la djKh o ms<sfh< lrkak'
pH w.h 7 djKh i|yd wdiQ; c,h fhdod .kak' oeka Tng pH w.h 0 - 14 olajd
jQ djK 15la we;'
^we& oYlj, pH mrdih ksKh lsu
mlaId k< 15la f.k tajd pH w.h 0 - 14 olajd wxlkh lrkak' tu k< 0" 1"
2" ''' 14 f,i ms<sfj<g ;nkak' Tn idod .;a pH w.h 0 isg 14 olajd djKj,ska
3 cm3 muK ne.ska" fjk fjk u k< 15g tl;= lrkak' iEu k<hlg u ;Ska;
mqrjk nghl wdOdrfhka fu;s,a Tfka x fol ne.ska tl;= lr fyd|ska
fid,jkak'
djKj, jK meyeos,s j n,d .; yels jk fia miqka iq lvodishla ;nkak'
m<uq jk k<fha isg jKh kslaIKh lr jKj, meyeos,s fjkia ula oel
.; yels k<j, pH w.h igyka lrkak'
my; we;s ish u oYl i|yd;a f whqka u mlaId lrkak' fuys oS tla tla
oYlhg pH w.h 0 - 14 f;la mlaId k< lg,h ne.ska ms<sfh< l< hq;= hs'
1' *sfkd,ama;e,ska
2' Tn idod .;a ksiaidrl
3' ,suia lvodis
4' fu;s,a Tfka
5' mQK mrdi oYlh
ie( hq (
Tn ms<sfh< lr .;a Ydl ksiaidrl Nd; lsf oS tajdfhka x je
m%udKhla tl;= lrkak'
Tf kslaIKj,g wkqj tla tla oYlfha pH mrdih ksKh lrkak'
58
mlaIK wxlh ( 36
ksmqK;d ugu 13'5
pH w.h mlaId lsfuka ,jK djKj, wd,sl$

Ndial$WodiSk iajNdjh mlaIKd;aul j ksKh lsu
1' iEu ,jKhl u c,Sh djK WodiSk fkd jk nj fmkajd fohs'
2' mla I Kd;a u l j ,o ks la I K wkq j ls i s h ,jKhl c,S h djKfha
wd,sl$Ndial$WodiSk iajNdjh ms<sn| ks.ukj,g t<efUhs'
wjYH jH (
fidah laf,darhs
fidah weisf
wefudaksh weisf
iskala laf,darhs
weksh laf,darhs
ue.akSish i,af*a
mQK mrdi oYlh fyda pH m;%
mlaId k<
kq is,skavrhla 10 cm3
,jKj,ska wdikak jYfhka 0'5 g ne.ska fjk fjk u .kak' fuu m%udK
mlaId k<j,g oud c,h 10 cm3 muK osh lsfuka ,jKj, c,Sh djK idod
.kak' ;j;a k<hlg djK iEoSug .;a c,fhka u 10 cm3 muK .kak'
iEu k<hlg u mQK mrdi oYlfhka x 2la ne.ska fyda pH m;% lene,a,
ne.ska fyda oukak' tla tla k<fha oelafjk meyeh c,fha oelafjk meyeh
iu`. ii|ka ta ta ,jKj, wdikak pH w.h ks.ukh lrkak'
j.=j 30 (a)
,jK djKh NaCl
CH3CO2Na CH3CO2NH4 ZnCl2 AlCl3 MgSO4 c,h
o< pH w.h
,jKfha iajNdjh yd tys c,Sh djKfha wd,sl$Ndial$WodiSk iajNdjh w;r

inkaO;dj u;= lr .kak'
59
mlaIK wxlh ( 37
ksmqK;d ugu 13'5
pH oYl Nd; lr" fok ,o djKhl

o< pH w.h ksKh lsu
1' pH oYl Nd; lr fok ,o djKhl o< pH w.h ksKh lrhs'
jH yd
WmlrK (
O pH mrdi iys; pH oYl
o< pH w.h ksKh lsu i|yd O djK lsysmhla
pH lvodis$ pH udkh
x msfmgq ^Droppers&
mlaId k<

o< pH w.h ksKh l< hq;= djKh 3 cm3 ne.ska mlaIK k< lsysmhlg .kak'
tla tla k<hg pH oYlhlska x 2 - 3la muK tl;= lrkak' ^tl k<hlg
oeh hq;af;a tla j.hla muKs'&
my; j.=f we;s o;a; o weiqre lr .kska fok ,o djKfha o< pH w.h
ksKh lrkak'
pH lvodis fyda pH udkh Nd; lr Tf ks.ukh ;yjqre lrkak'
oYlh
1'
2'
3'
4'
5'
6'
7'
8'
fu;s,a jh,
;hsfuda,a
fu;s,a Tfka
fu;s,a fr
,suia lvodis
*Sfkda,a fr
*sfkd,ama;e,ska
we,sika ly
my< jKh
ly
r;=
r;=^frdai&
r;=
r;=
ly
wjK
ly
j.=j 31 (a)
60
mrdih
by< jKh
0'0 - 1'6
1'1 - 2'9
3'1 - 4'4
4'2 - 6'4
5'0 - 8'0
6'6 - 8'4
8'3 - 10'0
10'1 - 12'0
o
ly
ly
ly
ks,a
r;=
r;=
;e,s-r;=
rEmh 37 (a)
61
mlaIK wxlh ( 38
ksmqK;d ugu 14'3
iu; Ag/ AgCl bf,lafg%davhla ksudKh lsu

Ag/ AgCl (3.0 KCl) bf,lafg%davh
1' bf,lafg%davhla ksudKh lr.kakd wdldrh ykd .kS'
2' Ag/ AgCl bf,lafg%davh ksudKh lrk wdldrh wjfndaO lr .kS'
3' bf,lafg%davhla ilia lsf ie,lsh hq;= lreKq wjfndaO lr .kS'
jH yd WmlrK (
Auto Pipettor Tip/ ysia mEka fldmqjla$ ffjoH isxchla
3mol dm-3 KCl djKhla ^100 ml&
Agar gel/ Agarose gel wvx.= 3 mol dm-3 KCl djKhla
Agar gel/ Agarose gel wvx.= 3M KCl iuj Y%fldg fydka r;alr lrhl 1-2
cm muK Wila jk f;la mqrjkak'
fuu Agar gel/ Agarose gel djKh ;=<g Auto Pipettor Tip/ ysia mEka fldmqj$
ffjoH isxch isria w;g nyd tla fl<jrla Agar gel/ Agarose gel u.ska fydka
jid.kak' fuh meh 24 l m%udKhla isis,a ug bvykak'
rEmh 38 (a)
,s gr tll IalNhla iy . fikagr 5 - 6 muK jk Ag jh lene,a,la
f.k tys u;=msg je,s lvodishlska fydka msis lrkak'
fuu jhrfhka 3$4l m%udKhla rxck l=vq hlrk ,o djKhl .s,ajd kd
1 - 2 ld,hla ;nkak' fuh u.ska AgCl (s) l+r u; ;ekam;a f'
l,ska idod .kakd ,o tla fl<jrla Agar j,ska jid .kakd ,o Auto Pipettor Tip/
62
ysia mEka fldmqj$ ffjoH isxcfhka 3$4 l m%udKhla 3 mol dm-3 KCl u.ska mqrjd
.kak'
fufia mqrjd .kakd ,o Auto Pipettor Tip/ ysia mEka fldmqj$ ffjoH isxch;=<g
my; rEmfha mr fmr idod.kakd ,o Ag l lene,a, we;=,a lrkak'
bkamiqj fuys by< fl<jr fmdfrdmamhla u.ska fydka jid .kak'
fmdfrdmamh
Ag lh
AgCl wdia;rKh
3 mol dm-3 KCl
Agar plug
rEmh 38 (b)
63
mlaIK wxlh ( 39
ksmqK;d ugu 14'5
c,h oHq;a fokh u`.ska yhsrcka iy

Tlaiscka jdhq ms<sfh< lsu
1' c,h oHq;a fokh i|yd wegjq ilia lrhs'
2' c,fha oHq;a fok M, yhsrcka yd Tlaiscka jdhq nj fmkajhs'
3' uqla; jQ jdhq mud ii|hs'
jH yd WmlrK (
l=vd ma,diala fiula
mlaId k< folla
isyska ldnka bf,lafg%dav folla
k<j,g i,k rn wen folla
w,amd,sl c,h
4'5 V neghla
wen kh
mer*ska b
w,amd,sl c,h
rEmh 39 (a)
rEmfha oelafjk m mm:h wgjkak'

wdrNfha mlaIK k< fol uq`Mukska u w,amd,s; c,fhka ms ;sh hq;= hs'
c,h msg;g meKsh yels jk fia wen mlaIK k< j,g ,sys,a j i lrkak'
oHq;a Odrdjla imhd mlaIK k< ;=< jdhq /ia u kslaIKh lrkak'
64
mlaIK wxlh ( 40
ksmqK;d ugu 14'5
is,aj yd fldm oHq;a f,daydf,amkh

wfmalaIs; bf.kq M,(
1' ir, m%dfhda.sl oHq;a f,daydf,amk moaO;s fhdod .kska oHq;a f,daydf,amkh
is lrhs'
jH" WmlrK yd iemehsh hq;= ;;a;aj (
wegr
lrhla
p,H m%;sfrdaOl Ôdrdj ilia lr .ekSug&
neg
;U oHq;a f,daydf,amkh
CuSO4.5H2O (200 - 250) g" idka H 2SO4 (15 - 25) cm3 yd fc,ka b;d
iaj,amhla c,h 1 dm3 ys jKh lrkak'
iqiq WIaK;ajh 20 - 40 0C
Odrd >k;ajh 20 - 50 m A cm-2
wefkdavh ( ;U f,dayh
is,aj oHq;a f,daydf,amkh
NiSO4.7H2O 250 g" NiCl2 45 g" fndala w,h ^H 2BO3& 30g yd ielka
iaj,amhla c,h 1 dm3
ys jKh lrkak'
0
iqiq WIaK;ajh 40 - 70 C
Odrd >k;ajh 20 - 50 m A cm-2
wefkdavh ( ksl,a f,dayh
rEm igyfka oelafjk mm:h ilia lr .kak'
oHq;a foHh lrhg f.k oHq;a f,daydf,amkhg ,la lrk NdKav lef;davh
jYfhka i lrkak'
W; Odrdjla yd iqiq WIaK;ajhla imhka oHq;a fokh is lrkak'
rEmh 40 (a)
65
mlaIK wxlh ( 41
ksmqK;d ugu 14'6
oHq;a ridhksl l%shdj,shla f,i u, neu mlaIKd;aul j

wOHhkh lsu
1' fidah laf,darhs wvx.= WodiSk fc, udOHfha hlv f,dayfha Ldokh
flfrys ue.akSish" iskala" fldm yd f, hk f,day we;s lrk n,mE
mlaIKd;aul j wOHhkh lrhs'
jH yd
WmlrK (
fm is myla
je,s lvodis
ta.d
5 cm muK . hlv weK myla
fidah laf,darhs
fmdgEish f*ihkhs djKh
*sfkd,ama;e,ska
4 cm la muK . ue.akSish" iskala" fldm yd
f, hk f,dayj, isyska ;Sre tl ne.ska

idka yhsfrdlaf,dala w,fhys .s,j
a k ,o hlv weK u| f,djla r;a lrkak'
tu weK isis,a c,fhka fydka fidaod h<kak'
weKj, mDIaG ;jrg;a je,s lvodishlska ueo msis lrkak'
f,day ;Sre o je,s lvodisfhka ueo fydka msis lrkak' msis f,day ;Sre tla
tla weKfha lfòys ueo ;ka fj<kak'
>k fidah laf,darhs 7 g la yd ta.d .a? 5 g la ^muK& lsrd .kak' c,h
250 cm3 la muK lrhlg oud r;a lrkak' lrfha c,h r;a jQ miq lsrd .kakd
,o fidah laf,darhs yd ta.d th ;=<g oud fydka h jk ;=re re l+rlska
l,;kak' wju jYfhka fuu djKh ks;a;= oyhla j;a kegeh hq;= hs'
djKh ;rul Wl= ;;a;ajhg m;a jQ g *sfkd,ama;e,ska oYlh x lsysmhla
oud lrh odylfhka bj;a lr" l+re .dka kd lSmhla ksfjkakg ykak'
djKh ;rula ksjqKq miq fmdgEish f*ihkhs djKfhka 1 cm3 la muK
tu ta.d Y%Khg tl;= lrkak' ta.d Y%Kfha we;s jdhq nqnq`M yels ;r bj;a
jk ;=re Y%Kh fydka l+re .dkak' fuu Wl= ta.d Y%Kh fm is mylg
oukak'
l,ska ms<sfh< lr .;a f,day hq.,a wO jYfhka >k jQ ta.d iys; fm is ;=<
.sf,k m ;sria j ;nkak' b;s jQ fm ish ;=< wvx.= ta.d udOHfha .sf,k
fia b;s hlv weKh ;sria j ;nkak'
iaj,am f,djlska ta.d udOHh >k tla tla f,day wjg jQ m%foaYj, jK
mhdi we;s u wdrN fjhs' kla muK ;nd kslaIK igyka lr .kak'
ie( hq(
ta.d djKh kegf W;=rd hkakg bv fkd h hq;= hs' fmdgEish f*ihkhs
djKh isref ;jrd .ekSfuka j<lskak'
66
mlaIK wxlh ( 42
ksmqK;d ugu 15'5
lvodis jKf,aL Ys,amh Nd;fhka

jKl fjka lsu
1' lvodis jKf,aL Ys,amh Nd;fhka Y%Khl ixrpl fjka l< yels nj m%ldY
lrhs'
2' ixrpl fjka u" ixfhda.j, ip, yd wp, l,dmj, Nd. ix.=Klj, fjki
u; / mj;sk nj m%ldY lrhs'
jH yd
WmlrK (
lelEre k<hla
rn wenhla ûeka m,k ,o&
fmryka lvodis fyda ;Ska; fmdjk lvodis
Ydl m;% lsysmhla ^ks;s fld< jvd iqiqh&
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jxf.h yd fuda,
t;fkda,a
flaIsl k< lene,a,la
wenh
lelEre k<h
fmryka lvodis
mh
laf,dafrd*s,a
ksii
a drlh
t;fkda,a + c,h
rEmh 42 (a)
.ska 15 cm la muK jQ o" m<,ska 1'5 cm la muK jQ o" fmryka lvodis mhla
f.k tys tla fl<jrla ;=vla f,i lmd .kak
Ydl m;% lsysmhla c,h yd t;fkda,a iaj,amhla iu`. wUrd .kak'
Ydl hqI fmrd idka fmrkhla ,nd .kak'
flaYsl k<hl wdOdrfhka" fuu idka fmrkfhka |la" fmryka lvodis mfha
;=fvys isg 3 cm muK ka" lvodis mh u; ;jrkak'
t;fkda,a yd c,h Y%Khlska iaj,amhla lelEre k<hg oud rEm igyfka
oelafjk m WmlrKh wgjkak' fuys lvodis ;=v djKh ;=< .s,S ;sh hq;=
f'
djl fmruqK lvodish f.a by< ke`. by< fl<jrg im j;a u" lvodis mh
bj;g f.k mjfka h<d .kak'
67
igyk (
flaYdlIKh lrK fldg djlh lvodish f.a by<g .uka lsf kshefha
wvx.= ixrpl o ta iu`. by<g p,kh f' tajdfha Nd. ix.=Klj,g wkqj
fuh is jkqfha tlsfklg fjkia f.j,sks'
fuys wp, l,dmh l=ula o@
fuys ip, l,dmh l=ula o@
jKl .uka l< r" tajdfha Nd. ix.=Kl yd tajdfha R f w.h w;r inkaO;dj
l=ula o@
O ixhq;sfhka hq;a t;fkda,a - c,h Y%K Nd; lr tu`.ska jKl fjka jk
wdldrh ixikaokh l< yels h'
68
mlaIK wxlh ( 43
ksmqK;d ugu 15'5
jeis c,fha wd,sl;dj uYkh lsu

1' mlaIKh i|yd jeis c,h tl;=lr .kakd wdldrh ykd.kS'
2' jeis c,fha pH w.h kslaIKh lrhs'
jH yd WmlrK (
Nd; lr bj;a lrk ,o ug .kakd ma,dial c, fnda;,hla ^1l &
msis ma,diala fyda fmd,s;ska nE.hla ^Zip - closing freezer bag&
rn mhla
ma,diala fnda;,fha by<ska fldgia lmd bj;afldg nkla idod .kak' thg
ma,diala fyda fmd,s;ska nE.h we;=,a fldg rn mfhka r|jd .kak' ^rEmh&
rn mh
fmd,s;ska nE.h
ma,diala nk
.,a len,s
rEmh 43 (a)
fuys rEmfha m nfka m;=,g .,a len,s lsysmhla fhu u.ska jeis khl
;o iq<`.g nk .id hEu je<elah yelsh'
fuu nk t,suyka fydka ksrdjrKh jQ m%foaYhl N+ ugfuka w 10 muK
Wilska ;nd jeis c,h tl;= lr.kak' fuys Ydlj,ska fyda f.dvke.s,sj,ska
f tk c,h nk ;=<g tlau je<elafjk m ;eh hq;= h'
fufia - tl;= lr.;a jeis c,h" ma,diala$ fmd,s;ska nE.h iu. nfkka bj;a
lr.kak' bkamiqj tys lg fydka wdjrKh fldg oHd.drhg /f.k tkak'
oHd.drh ;=< idm,fha pH w.h uek.kak'
69
igyk
jeis c, idm, tl;= lsu - jeis c,h fjk;a wmjH tl;= ulska f;drj tl;=
lr.; hq;= h' tfuka u c,h tl;= lr.;a .i pH w.h uekSu isl< hq;= h'
isoaOdka;h
jeisc,h idudkH jYfhka wd,sl f' fuhg fya;=j jkafka jeisc,h C O2 h
we;s ksid h' g wu;rj jeis c,fha ;j;a wd,sl jdhQka jk NO, NO2,SO2, SO3
jeks jdhqka h h yelsh'
N O jdhqj TlaislrKh u.ska N O2 iEfoa'
SO2 jdhqj TlaislrKh u.ska SO3 iEfoa'
fuu wfkla jdhQka ksid jeis c,fha pH w.h my< w.hla .ekSug yelshdjla we;'
70
mlaIK wxlh ( 44
ksmqK;d ugu 16'2
kala, l%uh u.ska d; Tlaiscka ugu ksKh lsu

1' c,fha osh jQ Tlaiscka idkaKh m%udKd;aul j fidhd .kshs'
2' idkaKh o< jYfhka okakd fidah ;fhdai,af*a djKhla whfvd;sl
wkqudmkhla u`.ska m%dudKSlrKh lsf l=i,;dj ,nd .kshs'
3' whvhsvhlska ksoyia flfrk whka" fidah ;fhdai,af*a u`.ska m%udKd;aul
j fif l=i,;dj ,nd .kshs'
jH yd WmlrK (
uex.kSia i,af*a djKhla
ûex.kSia i,af*a 4 g la muK c,h 10 cm3 osh lsfuka&
laIdh fmdgEish whvhs djKhla ^fidah yhsfrdlaihs 5 g la muK iy
fmdgEish whvhs 1'5 g la muK c,h 10 cm3 l osh lsfuka&
msIag djKh ^msIagh 1 g la muK WKq c,h 10 cm3 l osh lsfuka&
0'01 mol dm-3 fidah ;fhdai,af*a djKhla ^ Na2S2O3.5H2O 2.48 g c,h
1000 cm3 l osh lsfuka& fuu djKhg >k Na2CO3 iaj,amhla fyda CHCl3
iaj,amhla fyda tl;= lrkak' tg djKfha is jk i,am wjlafIamKh
j<lajd .; yels h'
idka H 2SO4 w,h
1 mol dm-3 H 2SO4 w,h
250 cm3 m%;sldrl fnda;,a folla
25 cm3 msfmgqjla
hqfrgqjla
10 cm3 kq irdjla
wkqudmk ma,dial=
mqkS,
re ng
a
. idod .;a fidah ;fhdai,af*a djKh m%dudKSlrKh lsu'
he<s msis fmdgEish whf 1'0 - 1'5 g muK ksjeros j lsrd f.k" isis,a wdi%;
c,fhys osh lr" mud;sl ma,dialj
= l 250 cm3 djKhla idod .kak' msfmgqjla
u`.ska fuu djKfhka 25.00 cm3 la 250 cm3 Od;dj we;s mud;sl ma,dialj
= lg
3
oud tys 250 cm ,l=K f;la wdi%; c,h oud" jvd;a ;kql djKhla idod .kak'
^fuu djKfha idkaKh 0'01 mol dm-3 muK fjhs'& fuu djKfhka 25.00 cm3
msfmgqjlska wkqudmk ma,dial=jlg f.k" thg fmdgEish whvhs 1 g la iy
71
1 mol dm-3 i,a*h

s
q la w,fhka 5 cm3 tla lrkak' idod .;a fidah ;fhdai,af*a
djKh hqfrgqjg oud" wkqudmk ma,dial=f we;s djKh iu`. wkqudmkh
lrkak' fuys oS wkqudmk ma,dial=j ks;r u fyd|ska fid,jkak' djKh <d ly
jKhg m;a jQ miq wdi%; c,h 200 cm3 muK tl;= lr" msIag djKfhka o 2 cm3
tl;= lr" wkqudmkh os.g u lr f.k hkak' djKfha jKh ks,a meyefha isg
wjK jQ g wkqudmkh k;r lr hqfrgq mdGdxlh ,nd .kak'
b. c,fha osh we;s Tlaiscka m%udKh ksKh lsu
Tlaiscka m%;sY;h ksKh lsug wjYH c, ksheosfhka m%;sldrl fnda;,a fol
imQKfhka mqrjd .kak' ^fnda;,a ;=< jd;h fkd ;sh hq;= h'& c, idm,
,nd .;a .i u uex.kSia i,af*a djKfhka 1 cm3 yd laIdh fmdgEish
whvhs djKfhka 2 cm3 la fnda;, folg fjk fjk u msfmgqjla fyda re
nghla fyda wdOdrfhka tl;= lrkak' f wjia:df oS msfmgqf fyda re
ngfha fyda fl<jr fnda;,h ;=< we;s c, idm,h ;=<g nyd ,sh hq;= h' t g
c, idm,fhka iaj,amhla msgdr .e,sh yels h' bka miq uQh jid fnda;,h
fyd|ska fid,jkak' c, idm,h ,nd .kakd <s| fyda c,dYh wi, oS fuh l<
hq;= f' bka miq idm, iys; fnda;,a ridhkd.drhg f.k hkak'
iEKq wjlafIamh ;ekam;a jQ g ^kd 10lg muK miq j& fnda;,a foflys u
djK ;=<g fjk fjk u re k<hla wdOdrfhka idka i,a*shqla w,h
2 cm3 ^muK& tl;= lr" uQ jid fyd|ska fid,jkak' kd 10 lg miq
fnda;,aj, we;s djKfhka 50.00 cm3 ne.ska msfmgqjlska uek wkqudmk
ma,dial=j,g oud djKh <d ly jKhla jk f;la 0'01 mol dm-3 fidah
;fhdai,af*a iu`. wkqudmkh lrkak' djKh <d ly mdg jQ g msIg
a djKfhka
3
3 cm la muK tl;= lr iEfok ks,a meye;s djKh wjK jk f;la ;j rg;a
fidah ;fhdai,af*a iu`. wkqudmkh lrkak' wfkla m%;l
s drl fnda;,fhys
wvx.= c, ksheh i|yd o by, l%shdmmdh wkq.ukh lrkak'
.Kkh lsu (
(a) fidah ;fhdai,af*a djKfha idkaKh ksKh lsu
fmdgEish whf wd,sl udOHfha oS my; oelafjk mos I2 idohs'
6H+(aq) + IO3- (aq) + 5I- (aq) 3I2 (aq) + 3H2O (l)
^b& c,fha osh we;s Tlaiscka m%udKh ksKh lsu
m<uq j uex.kSia i,af*a" fidah yhsfrdlaihs iu`. m%;sl%shd lr uex.kSia
yhsfrdlaihs wjlafIamh idohs'
fuu uex.kSia yhsfrdlaihs wjlafIamh c,fha oshe we;s Tlaiscka u`.ska uex.kSia
vfhdlaihs njg TlaislrKh f' fuh is jk wdldrh my; oelaf'
72
fuu uex.kSia vfhdlaihs u`.ska wd,sl udOHfha oS whvhs whk" whka njg
TlaislrKh flf'
fuu whka" fidah ;fhdai,af*a iu`. wkqudmkh lrhs'
by; m%;sl%shdj, iafgdhslsfhda;sh wkqj

2 mol la I2 1 mol g o" I2 1 mol la M n O2 1 mol g o" M n O2 1 mol la O 2 1$2
mol g o ;=,H f'
tu ksid
2 mol la O 2 1$4 mol g ;=,H f'
2 mol
O2 1$4 mol)
^
hqfrgq mdGdxlj, idudkHh V k" jeh jQ
tu ksid 50 cm3 c,fha we;s O 2 m%udKh }
c,h 1000 cm3 we;s O 2 m%udKh }
c,h 1000 cm3 we;s O 2 m%udKh }
c,fha h jQ O 2 ixhq;sh } 160 CV mg dm-3
73
m%udKh }

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Chemistry Practical Book

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