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Early Marriage 12.lo
Early Marriage 12.lo
A STATISTICAL EXPLORATION
EARLY MARRIAGE
A HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICE
A STATISTICAL EXPLORATION
CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
II. GLOBAL ASSESSMENT OF CHILD MARRIAGE: REGIONAL TRENDS . . . . . . . . . . . .4
III. WOMEN AGED 20 24 IN UNION BY AGE 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
IV. GIRLS AGED 15 19 CURRENTLY IN UNION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Proportional disaggregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Distribution: Profile of a married girl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
V. WOMEN IN POLYGYNOUS UNIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Women aged 15 49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Girls aged 15 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
VI. CHILD MARRIAGE AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
VII. CHOICE OF SPOUSE AND DECISION-MAKING ABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
VIII. MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
IX. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
STATISTICAL TABLES
Table 1: Percentage and number of women married by ages 15 and 18 . . . . . . . . . .31
Table 2: Percentage of women aged 2024 married by the exact age of 18 . . . . . . .32
Table 3: Girls aged 1519 currently in union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Table 4: Distribution of girls aged 1519 in union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
Table 5: Percentage of women in polygynous marriages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Table 6: Percentage of girls aged 15 19 in polygynous marriages . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Table 7: Child marriage, domestic violence and choice of partner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Table 8: Child marriage and decision-making ability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
ISBN: 92-806-3869-6
Cover photo: UNICEF/HQ97-0934/Shehzad Noorani
Text: The United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF), 2005
I. INTRODUCTION
Marriage before the age of 18 is a reality for many
young women. In many parts of the world parents
encourage the marriage of their daughters while
they are still children in hopes that the marriage will
benefit them both financially and socially, while also
relieving financial burdens on the family. In actuality,
child marriage is a violation of human rights, compromising the development of girls and often
resulting in early pregnancy and social isolation,
with little education and poor vocational training
reinforcing the gendered nature of poverty.
The right to free and full consent to a marriage is
recognized in the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights with the recognition that consent cannot be
free and full when one of the parties involved is not
sufficiently mature to make an informed decision
about a life partner. The Convention on the Elimination
of all Forms of Discrimination against Women
mentions the right to protection from child marriage
in article 16, which states: The betrothal and the
marriage of a child shall have no legal effect, and all
necessary action, including legislation, shall be taken
to specify a minimum age for marriage...1 While
marriage is not considered directly in the Convention
on the Rights of the Child, child marriage is linked to
other rights such as the right to express their
views freely, the right to protection from all forms of
abuse, and the right to be protected from harmful
traditional practices and is frequently addressed
by the Committee on the Rights of the Child. Child
marriage was also identified by the Pan-African
Forum against the Sexual Exploitation of Children as
a type of commercial sexual exploitation of children.2
Young married girls are a unique, though often invisible, group. Required to perform heavy amounts of
domestic work, under pressure to demonstrate
fertility, and responsible for raising children while still
children themselves, married girls and child mothers
face constrained decision-making and reduced life
choices. Boys are also affected by child marriage
but the issue impacts girls in far larger numbers and
with more intensity.
This map does not reflect a position by UNICEF on the legal status of any country or territory or the delimitation of any frontiers.
Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties.
Per cent
60
50
40
30
20
10
South Africa
Turkmenistan
Namibia
Viet Nam
Kazakhstan
Philippines
Peru
Egypt
Rwanda
Bolivia
Kyrgyzstan
Colombia
Brazil
Haiti
Indonesia
Kenya
Cambodia
Ghana
Zimbabwe
Comoros
Togo
Cte d'Ivoire
Gabon
Guatemala
Senegal
Benin
Tanzania, United Republic of
Madagascar
Dominican Republic
Zambia
Nicaragua
Nigeria
India
Malawi
Eritrea
Yemen
Ethiopia
Cameroon
Uganda
Nepal
Mozambique
Central African Republic
Burkina Faso
Guinea
Bangladesh
Mali
Chad
Niger
FIGURE 3. Proportion of women aged 2024 in union by age 18, according to household wealth
This map does not reflect a position by UNICEF on the legal status of any country or
territory or the delimitation of any frontiers.
Characteristics of union
Type of union
In many African countries, and in Haiti, Nepal and
Yemen, polygynous unions remain a common practice. Figure 5 (below) illustrates the national
proportion of women aged 20 24 in polygynous
unions who entered into union by age 18.
Number of children
As illustrated in Figure 6 (page 8), the proportion of
women aged 20 24 who were married by 18 and
who are in polygynous unions, as compared to
monogamous unions, decreases as the national
prevalence of child marriage decreases. As the
overall proportion of women married as children
increases, there is less difference in the proportion
of women in polygynous and monogamous
marriages, particularly as observed in the Central
African Republic, Eritrea, Mali and Niger. For
example, in Cameroon and Zimbabwe, respectively,
55 per cent and 34 per cent of women in monogamous unions enter into those relationships by age
18, compared to 75 per cent and 56 per cent,
respectively, for women in polygynous unions. In
60
50
40
30
20
10
Niger
Nigeria
Guinea
Chad
Mali
Cameroon
Yemen
Burkina Faso
Madagascar
Eritrea
Senegal
Ghana
Nepal
Uganda
Comoros
Gabon
Zambia
Malawi
Mozambique
Zimbabwe
Togo
Benin
Ethiopia
Kenya
Cte d'Ivoire
Rwanda
Haiti
Namibia
0
South Africa
Per cent
70
Ratio (monogamous/polygynous)
FIGURE 6: Proportion of women aged 2024 married by age 18, by whether union is polygynous or monogamous
12
children
13.8
83.3
Colombia
1.4
35.4
72.2
86.8
South Africa
1.6
10.7
43.1
NA
Viet Nam
0.5
27.1
72.5
NA
Country
Bangladesh
34
children
100
5+
children
100
Partner is
5 9 years
older
Partner is
10 14 years
older
Brazil
38.7
47.8
53.8
India
52.6
60.7
66.4
Kazakhstan
20.7
27.6
38.2
Yemen
61.5
71.6
78.7
Zimbabwe
28.2
40.1
48.5
Country
of child marriage, it is more likely that the male partner has received more education than the woman.
In Namibia, for example, 27 per cent of couples for
whom there is no gap in education levels entered
into union before the woman was 18, compared to
45 per cent where the husband received more
education. Similarly, in Egypt, 22 per cent of couples
with no education gap resulted from child marriage,
compared to 38 per cent of couples where the male
partner received more education. A significant
exception to this trend is Turkmenistan where 20
per cent of couples with no spousal education gap
married before the woman was 18, as compared to
12 per cent of couples where the husband received
more education. Closing the education gap between
men and women, in addition to increasing the level
of education obtained by girls, may be an important
intervention to decrease the prevalence of child marriage. This is further confirmed by the fact that
smaller proportions of early marriage are observed
among couples in which both have similar levels of
education (see Table 1, page 31).
FigureFigure
7: Proportion
of women
agedaged
2024
byby
age
18,
number
7: Proportion
of women
20 married
24 married
age
18,according
accordingto
to the
number
of of children
children
100
90
80
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Bangladesh
Benin
Bolivia
Brazil
Burkina Faso
Cambodia
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Colombia
Comoros
Cte d'Ivoire
Dominican Republic
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Guatemala
Guinea
Haiti
India
Indonesia
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kyrgyzstan
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Peru
Philippines
Rwanda
Senegal
South Africa
Tanzania, United Republic of
Togo
Turkmenistan
Uganda
Viet Nam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Per cent
70
No children
12 children
34 children
5+ children
10
Contraceptive use
In much of the world, a great deal of pressure is
placed on couples to conceive early in their union to
ensure the continuity of the family line. As a result,
many do not use contraception. By examining the
child marriage trends among those who have never
used contraception, those who have used only
traditional or folkloric methods of debatable efficacy,
and those who have used modern contraception, it
is possible to assess the knowledge and unmet
needs related to young womens access to reliable
contraception, and to evaluate their ability to make
reproductive choices.23 The data provide information on the proportion of women aged 20 24
who were married by age 18 and who use various
forms of contraception.
In many African countries included in the analysis,
women who had never used contraception were
more likely to have experienced child marriage than
70
60
40
30
20
10
0
South Africa
Viet Nam
Namibia
Turkmenistan
Rwanda
Kazakhstan
Philippines
Comoros
Peru
Bolivia
Egypt
Ghana
Cambodia
Kyrgyzstan
Brazil
Indonesia
Colombia
Haiti
K en ya
Gabon
Togo
Zimbabwe
Nicaragua
Dominican Republic
Ethiopia
Benin
Guatemala
Cte d'Ivoire
Zambia
Tanzania, United Republic of
Yemen
Senegal
Madagascar
Uganda
Eritrea
Nigeria
Malawi
Cameroon
Burkina Faso
India
Central African Republic
Nepal
Guinea
Mozambique
Mali
Bangladesh
Chad
Niger
Per cent
50
11
0.26 % 0.51%
0.52 % 0.77%
0.78 %1.00%
Survey data not available
This map does not reflect a position by UNICEF on the legal status of any country or
territory or the delimitation of any frontiers.
Characteristics of union
Number of children
Girls 15 19 years of age with children were significantly more likely to be in union than girls with no
children. In most countries, only a small proportion
of girls aged 15 19 who did not have children were
in union, indicating that childbirth tends to occur
early in a union. However, in Malawi and Niger,
more than 40 per cent of girls aged 15 19 without
children were already in union. In the majority of the
countries analysed, almost all girls with more than
two children were in union. A notable exception is
South Africa, where this number is only 35 per cent.
50
40
Per cent
30
20
10
0
Haiti
Zimbabwe
No education
Indonesia
Viet Nam
Primary education
13
FIGURE 12: Proportion of girls aged 1519 in union, by use of contraceptive methods
10 0
Per cent
80
60
40
20
0
Viet Nam
Turkmenistan
Peru
contraception, or the fact that the use of contraception is adopted after the early marriage and fertility.
Many women who are attempting to avoid
pregnancy use methods other than modern contraception. In 28 countries, girls aged 15 19 who
have used modern contraceptive methods are less
likely than those who have used only traditional
methods to be in union. For example, in Burkina
Faso, 81 per cent of girls aged 15 19 who use
traditional methods of birth control are in union
Egypt
Zimbabwe
Bangladesh
FIGURE 13: Proportion of girls aged 1519 currently in union, by method of contraception used
100
90
80
Per cent
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
14
Namibia
Peru
Ghana
Uganda
Senegal
Indonesia
Mozambique
Guatemala
Nicaragua
Cameroon
South Africa
Cte d'Ivoire
Burkina Faso
Bangladesh
Zimbabwe
Egypt
Comoros
Kyrgyzstan
Gabon
Tanzania, United Republic of
Turkmenistan
Cambodia
Niger
Chad
0
10
20
Poorest 20%
30
40
Second quintile
50
60
Middle quintile
70
Fourth quintile
80
90
100
Richest 20%
Per cent
Distribution: Profile of a
married girl
The previous section considered the proportion of
girls in union given a variety of socio-economic,
knowledge and contraceptive access characteristics
that is, the social factors that make a girl vulnerable to being married as a child. To gain a fuller
understanding of the typical profile and situational
context of a girl who is married, the distribution of
girls who are in union is explored.
In all but six countries, girls in union are more frequently found in rural areas.26 They are more likely
to come from the poorest 40 per cent of society
than the wealthier 40 per cent (although not necessarily from the poorest 20 per cent of society in all
cases). In 10 countries, however, girls from the
wealthiest 20 per cent are more likely to be in union
than those from the poorest 20 per cent.27 Figure 14
(above) illustrates the distribution of married girls
across the wealth quintiles.
15
10
20
No education
30
40
Primary education
50
60
70
Secondary education
80
90
100
Higher education
Per cent
FIGURE 16: Proportion of girls aged 1519 who are in union and know how to prevent HIV/AIDS
100
90
80
Per cent
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
16
Mozambique
Comoros
Bangladesh
Indonesia
Haiti
Mali
Madagascar
Benin
Turkmenistan
India
Bolivia
Chad
Togo
Ghana
Niger
Burkina Faso
Senegal
Central African Republic
Nigeria
Cameroon
Kazakhstan
Figure 17:
17: Distribution
Distribution of
inin
union,
byby
method
of contraception
FIGURE
of girls
girlsaged
aged1519
1519
union,
method
of contraception
Mozambique
Guinea
Nigeria
Madagascar
Cambodia
India
Burkina Faso
Guatemala
Benin
Viet Nam
Egypt
Philippines
Kenya
Ghana
Cameroon
Togo
Kazakhstan
Bolivia
Bangladesh
Namibia
Dominican Republic
Nicaragua
Brazil
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Per cent
17
V. WOMEN IN POLYGYNOUS
UNIONS
Women aged 15 49
Polygynous unions relationships in which a man
who has more than one wife remain a practice in
many countries, particularly (though not exclusively)
in Africa. Polygyny is most frequently observed in
Burkina Faso, where 55 per cent of women are in
polygynous unions, and less commonly seen in
Madagascar (3 per cent) and Nepal (4 per cent).
Figure 18 (below) illustrates the proportion of
women in polygynous unions by country.
50
Per cent
40
30
20
10
18
Guinea
Burkina Faso
Senegal
Benin
Togo
Mali
Chad
Nigeria
Cte d'Ivoire
Uganda
Cameroon
Mozambique
Comoros
Ghana
Gabon
Haiti
Malawi
Kenya
Zambia
Ethiopia
Zimbabwe
Namibia
Rwanda
Eritrea
Yemen
South Africa
Nepal
Madagascar
received a secondary education with the exceptions of Comoros and Uganda. In Kenya, the
proportions were equal: 3 per cent of women who
received primary or secondary education were in
polygynous unions.
As illustrated in Figure 19 (below), as the prevalence
of polygynous unions in a country increases, large
age gaps between spouses are less likely. In
countries with low overall prevalence (such as
Nepal), large age gaps between spouses in
polygynous unions are more likely than for those in
monogamous marriages. In Nepal, 3 per cent of
women whose partners are 0 4 years older are
found in polygynous unions compared to 9 per cent
of women whose partners are 10 14 years older
and 20 per cent of women whose partners are 15
or more years older. However, in Guinea, where 53
per cent of women are in polygynous unions, there
is less disparity in polygyny rates related to spousal
age gap: 40 per cent of women whose partners are
0 4 years older are found in polygynous unions,
compared to 47 per cent of women whose partners
are 10 14 years older and 67 per cent where the
age gap is greater than 15 years.
FIGURE 19: Proportion of women aged 1549 in polygynous unions, by spousal age gap
19
Ratio (know how to prevent HIV / do not know how to prevent HIV)
FIGURE 20: Proportion of women in polygynous unions, by knowledge of HIV prevention methods
20
Girls aged 15 19
The preceding analysis considered all women in a
given society with respect to the proportion who are
in a polygynous union. This section focuses on the
situation of girls 15 19 years old who are in polygynous union. The trends in polygyny for girls will be
compared to those observed for all women in a
country to determine generational trends that may
affect the practice of polygyny.
Figure 21 (page 21) illustrates the proportion of girls
aged 15 19 who are in polygynous unions, compared to the proportion of all women (15 49) in
such unions. In Madagascar and Namibia, a greater
50
Per cent
40
30
20
10
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Yemen
Uganda
Togo
South Africa
Senegal
Rwanda
Nigeria
Niger
Nepal
Namibia
Mozambique
Mali
Malawi
Madagascar
Kenya
Haiti
Guinea
Ghana
Gabon
Ethiopia
Eritrea
Comoros
Cte d'Ivoire
Chad
Cameroon
Burkina Faso
Benin
When examining the proportion of women in polygynous unions across age groups, polygyny was
observed as an almost exclusively rural phenomenon.
For girls aged 15 19, this trend continued in the
majority of countries studied. However, in 10 countries, girls in urban areas were more likely than their
rural counterparts to be in polygynous unions,
possibly indicating that women from urban areas
who enter into polygynous unions do so at an early
age (i.e., before the age of 20).
21
FIGURE
22:22:
Proportion
of girlsof
aged
1519
in polygynous
Figure
Proportion
girls
aged
1519 in p
unions, by spousal education
gap
education
gap
Per cent
30
20
10
0
Central African Republic
Chad
FIGURE 23: Proportion of women married by the exact age of 18, by experience of violence
80
70
60
Per cent
50
40
30
20
10
0
Cambodia
Colombia
Haiti
India
Kenya
22
Peru
South Africa
Turkmenistan
Zambia
FIGURE 24: Proportion of women aged 20 49 married by the exact age of 18, by experience of violence
2.00
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
23
FIGURE 25: Proportion of women aged 2049 married by the exact age of 18, by attitudes towards spousal violence
2.00
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
analysis, using a logistic regression model, was performed for each country. Ever-married women over
age 18 were selected for analysis. The resulting
coefficients provide the direction and magnitude of
the change in the likelihood that a woman was married before age 18 with a one-unit change in the
variable in question (for example, a woman who
received no education compared to a woman with
primary education, or comparing a woman living
in a rural area to a woman living in an urban area).
The significance of the changes in probability that
a woman was married before age 18 across the
50 countries is summarized in Table C (below).
Significant*
and positive
Significant*
and negative
Insignificant
11
30
50
48
11
31
23
11
50
25
21
44
14
27
27
13
14
16
25
Religion and ethnicity were also found to be significant in some of the countries for which data were
available. In 13 and 16 of these countries, respectively, being a member of the majority religious or
ethnic group made a woman less likely to have been
married before age 18 than a woman from a minority
religious or ethnic background, although in nine and
six countries, respectively, the opposite was true. In
four countries, the significance of being a member
of a religious or ethnic minority had different effects
for different minority groups. For example, in
Mozambique, Emakua girls are more likely than
Cisena girls to be married before age 18, while
Xitsonga and Xitswa girls are less so. For those
countries in which race or ethnicity is found to be
significant, the targeting of child marriage prevention efforts might be refined to focus on girls from
communities most at risk of marrying their girls as
children, be they majority or minority groups.
Knowledge of HIV-prevention methods was significant in 17 countries; however, the direction of the
effect was mixed: In nine countries women who
knew how to prevent HIV were more likely to have
been married as children, while in eight countries
the opposite was true. Mixed results were also
observed when considering contraceptive use: In
14 countries, women who had used contraceptive
methods, either traditional or modern, were
significantly less likely to have been married before
age 18 than those who had never used contraception; the opposite was true in seven countries.
Interestingly, in India, mixed effects were observed,
with women who had used modern contraceptives
being more likely, and women who had used
traditional methods being less likely, to have been
married as girls than those who had never used
contraceptive methods.
26
TABLE D: Summary of the effects of domestic violence and womens status on child marriage
Background characteristics
(reference category)
Insignificant
27
28
REFERENCES
1
3
4
5
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
29
STATISTICAL TABLES
30
Year
1999
2001
1998
1996
1999
2000
1998
1995
1997
2000
1996
1998
2002
2000
2002
2000
2000
2003
1999
1999
2000
1999
2002
1999
2003
1997
1997
2000
2001
2001
1997
2000
2001
2000
1998
2003
2000
1998
2001
1997
1998
1999
1998
2001
2000
2002
1997
2002
1999
Aged
1519
27.3
5
2.6
4.3
6.3
1.1
11
16.1
18.6
3.8
5
7.4
10.4
1.3
8.5
14.4
6.6
2.5
6.8
20.2
4.7
10.2
2.8
0.2
3.5
0.3
11.5
5.6
19.4
14.3
1.7
9.1
9.4
27.3
16.1
2.1
1.3
0.3
8.2
0.4
3.9
3.8
0.1
6.6
0.3
6.2
4.9
1.7
Aged Aged
2024 2529
38.2
45.4
7.5
11.8
2.6
5.6
4.4
4.4
8
7.7
3.3
3.6
14.8
20.6
19.6
21.9
28.6
36.4
4.1
3.7
9.2
13.1
9.5
12.6
12.5
12.8
3.9
8.2
19.6
16.2
19.1
24.5
10.8
9.8
5.9
7.6
9.3
8.7
27.5
28.6
5.3
6.4
16.2
20.3
4.7
7.2
0.3
0.2
3.8
6.2
0.1
0
12.5
13.5
10.2
12.9
24.5
24
21.5
21.3
2.2
1.9
14.1
16.9
13.3
15.7
35.1
42.6
18.8
25.5
3.4
3.6
2
2.4
2.1
1.8
11
13.7
1.1
2.5
6.4
9.7
8.3
11.3
0
0.2
15.2
15.5
0.7
1.6
14
23.9
7.8
8.4
4.6
6.5
Aged Aged
3034 3539
50.8 56.4
13.3 10.6
5.3
5.1
3.9
3.9
8.8
6.1
3.5
1.9
22.8 20.5
21.5 19.8
35.2 34.1
3.4
5.7
21.7 15.5
17.2 14.3
12 13.8
10.1 12.2
20.9 19.1
30.6 35.1
11.9 15.4
10.2
9.3
10.7 13.2
27.5 21.2
5.5
6.6
21.5 23.1
10.1 12.7
0.3
0.3
8.8
9.2
0
0.5
13.9 13.1
17 15.2
27.6 24.3
21.2 24.4
2.7
2.6
17.5 21.4
12.9
16
46.6
49
34.4
38
4.8
4.5
3.2
2.7
2.8
2.6
16.7 16.3
2.9
5
9.9 14.3
10.8
9.3
0.7
0.1
16.8 17.1
0.9
1
29.5 29.8
10.3 15.4
5.9
8.7
Aged
4044
65.1
13.8
5
3.4
10.5
3.7
24.9
26.2
39.2
5.7
17.8
16.6
12.9
12.2
21.4
33.4
16.1
10.6
10
29.1
5.3
24.3
17
0.1
10.6
0
15.1
18.9
26.5
21.6
4.9
25.6
16.6
50.8
41.8
5.7
3.3
3.4
20.4
3.1
22.1
9.8
0.3
21
0.7
30.8
18
11.4
Aged
4549
69.2
10.1
4.4
4.7
6.9
2.7
32.3
23.5
39
6.2
22.5
18.1
14.6
16.7
24.6
34.2
20.8
10
9.8
31
4.3
25.7
20.4
0.7
12.6
0.9
16.1
15.4
24.1
27
4.3
28.8
14
47.3
43.5
4.2
4
3.6
17.8
2.8
18.2
10.9
0.6
22.2
1.2
33.7
24.6
8.8
Aged
2024
65.3
36.7
21.2
23.7
62.3
24.8
43.4
57
71.4
21.4
29.7
33.2
41.2
19.5
47
49.1
33.6
27.9
34.3
64.5
24.1
46.2
24.2
14.4
24.6
21.2
40.4
46.9
65.4
37.2
56.6
9.8
56.1
43.3
76.6
43.3
18.7
14.6
19.5
36.1
7.9
39.3
30.5
9.1
53.9
11.1
48.4
42.1
28.7
Aged
2529
74.8
39.8
25.2
24.7
60.3
27.5
49.7
55.7
72.5
23
33.9
37.4
40.2
25
46.4
56.7
33.7
31.3
36.7
67
30.8
54.7
29
9.6
28
11.6
40.3
48.5
62.8
43.6
59.1
9.7
62.8
48.7
82
47
21.9
14.4
16.8
45.4
11
42.4
40.4
6.5
49.9
17.1
64.3
45.3
30.1
Aged
3034
80.8
42.8
24
23.3
64.8
25.6
56.8
57
71.1
18.7
47.4
46.1
39.8
34.6
51.8
74
34.7
40.5
38.4
69.7
25
59.8
32.1
6.6
32.1
10.4
40.4
53.9
68.4
57.1
55.6
11.7
65.5
47.4
86.4
61.3
22.7
18
19.7
55.7
14.2
44.9
40.6
4.4
52.6
12.1
71
48.4
28
Aged
3539
85.6
42.1
25.4
22.6
63.5
29.1
55.9
52.9
72.1
22.9
48.4
44.1
38.5
41.4
44.2
73.4
39.2
34.9
39.6
60.9
31.6
61.4
41.7
6.1
30.9
10.7
47.3
54.3
66.1
59
64.3
11.5
67.6
49.9
90.2
63.7
25.3
16.3
20.6
58.2
16.9
49.8
38.2
4.8
52.3
14.6
75.1
56.8
40.5
Aged
4044
89.4
43.6
22.1
21
64
22.8
60.8
64.6
77.9
24.4
54.5
49.7
40.7
43
47.4
79.4
41
37.7
40.1
68.5
26
63.1
46.8
7.7
37.2
15.7
49.5
55.7
66
63.5
59.9
15.8
69.8
50.1
89.1
65.1
23.3
20.2
21.5
61.9
15.1
61.2
40.4
9
59.5
12.2
74.8
59.7
39.4
Aged
4549
90.4
41.2
20.8
20.5
64.5
37.3
67.3
56
74.7
26.2
55.5
44.9
43.2
48.7
53.5
77.7
50.2
33.1
33.6
70.3
24.3
64.7
51.2
8.4
42.1
17.7
51.6
51.9
65.3
58.8
58.7
11.2
72.2
45.6
87.7
70.6
24.6
18.7
24.1
64.4
13.2
57.5
40.5
16.8
55.8
11.6
77.7
63.7
37.1
31
Country
Bangladesh
Benin
Bolivia
Brazil
Burkina Faso
Cambodia
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Colombia
Comoros
Cte dIvoire
Dominican Republic
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Guatemala
Guinea
Haiti
India
Indonesia
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kyrgyzstan
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Peru
Philippines
Rwanda
Senegal
South Africa
Tanzania, United Republic of
Togo
Turkmenistan
Uganda
Viet Nam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Indicates data are not available.
32
Year
Total
Urban
Rural
1999
2001
1998
1996
1999
2000
1998
1995
1997
2000
1996
1998
2002
2000
2002
2000
2000
2003
1999
1999
2000
1999
2002
1999
2003
1997
1997
2000
2001
1997
2000
2001
2000
1998
2003
2000
1998
2001
1997
1998
1999
1998
2001
2000
2002
1997
2002
1999
65.3
36.7
21.2
23.7
62.3
24.8
53.4
57
71.4
21.4
29.7
33.2
41.2
19.5
47
49.1
33.6
27.9
34.3
64.5
24.1
46.2
24.2
14.4
24.6
21.2
40.4
46.9
65.4
56.6
9.8
56.1
43.3
76.6
43.3
18.7
14.6
19.5
36.1
7.9
39.3
30.5
9.1
53.9
11.1
48.4
42.1
28.7
43.6
25.2
16.8
22.2
32
18.8
30.2
54.2
64.7
18.4
22.5
23.5
37.2
11.3
30.5
31.8
30.3
18
24.7
46.2
17.8
25.6
14.8
12.4
18.6
18.6
31.6
32.3
45.7
47
9.1
34.2
36.4
45.7
26.5
12.3
10.7
20.5
15.4
4.7
22.5
16.9
12.1
33.7
4.8
39.4
32
20.6
72.1
45
35.1
30.1
69.9
26.1
51.3
59.2
73.6
33.7
33
43
50.8
26.5
59.8
53.2
48.6
38.9
43.9
75.3
30.7
54.5
33.4
16.7
27.4
22.3
43.9
50.4
74.3
59.7
10.3
59.6
55.1
85.7
52
34.9
20.4
19.2
53.1
12.3
47.6
40.8
7
58.9
13
52.6
49.4
35.9
No
Primary
education education
86.2
45.8
31.8
61.9
70.2
28.9
80.9
59.2
76.1
33.2
36.4
43.5
79.4
41.4
64.1
55.4
41.1
49.4
54.8
72
37.9
71.5
27.1
69.4
56.3
60.8
65.8
71.5
65.2
31.7
70.6
69.1
85.5
83.3
39.2
26.5
30
50.4
17.6
60.5
43.6
0
69.1
21.4
57.3
62.5
86.9
78.2
28.8
37.9
33.2
41.1
25.1
46.4
60.9
66.2
44.1
34.6
33.1
71.9
35.3
53.3
43.9
44.7
37.6
40.3
53.9
32.2
55.2
43.7
30.8
100
41.3
51.6
63
55.3
16.6
58.7
62.5
58.7
49.3
42.2
36.7
17.9
19.7
16.2
37.6
29.2
14.2
62.9
20.8
50.7
53.1
48
Secondary
Higher
Education education
52.6
8.7
20.1
20.8
12.1
19.7
22.8
44.4
36.4
19.7
17.3
10.8
33.3
12.7
12.9
20.1
28.4
19
13.1
26.1
11.7
30.5
14.9
17.9
8.8
23.6
26.7
10.7
19.7
8.3
6.1
34.3
32.1
22.8
15
17.4
17.3
13.8
4.3
7.1
3
8.2
9.4
21.2
7.2
26.1
20.4
18
10
0
1
3.7
0
0
21.5
43.8
0
2.2
0
0
6.5
0.8
0
25.7
11.5
3.9
1.3
23.6
2.5
5.4
0.2
1.6
1.2
6.7
0
9.2
11.7
0
0
5.1
6.9
0
1.5
2
2.1
0
4.9
0
0
0
2.1
3.6
0
2.1
3.1
9
Poorest
20%
Richest
0
20% Monogamous Polygynous children
86.8
55
41.9
36.4
71.9
32.4
63.9
55.1
75.5
36.6
31.8
47.6
69.6
31.6
46.4
51.7
46.5
42
56.2
82.8
26.5
74.1
34.9
16.1
44.3
37.4
58.4
52.4
76.8
66.9
17.5
66.9
62.7
87
65.8
45.4
3.1
22.3
58.5
11
56.2
49.3
13.1
66.9
20.8
57.1
48.1
43.5
40.3
12.3
8.7
11.1
39.6
14.5
23.9
52.2
66.3
9.7
12
14.6
16
6.7
20.6
34.4
25.6
8.1
12.9
40.3
13.6
15.5
8.4
13.6
17.2
17.4
20.5
36.4
40.1
37.3
7.1
33.8
27.2
48.7
11.8
5
3.4
17.9
13.4
4.4
24.8
15.6
6.3
37.2
4.2
35.7
21.3
16.5
46.5
680
55.1
70.2
77.2
61.1
48.4
63.7
68
53.9
45.2
75.3
37.9
36
53.2
52.7
75.2
64.5
31.5
67.8
86.6
63.4
30.3
53.5
31.3
44.1
63.5
66.4
55.2
34.4
53.3
71.3
75.3
70.3
77.9
60
53
63.9
54.1
57.7
63.8
79.2
45.9
52.1
70.1
57.5
75.2
57.6
43.2
60.6
86.6
80.5
49.5
66.5
38.8
54.7
61.1
71.8
57.9
56.2
13.8
5.8
1.3
3.2
17.3
1
15
28
25.4
1.4
4.4
7.8
5.9
1.9
17.8
14
13
5.4
2.8
19.6
3.8
12.3
2.8
1.7
0.7
2.5
7.8
8
23
20.5
3.2
14.6
4.8
29.1
8.3
0.7
0.8
0.6
5.8
1.6
8
3.9
1
7.4
0.5
12.6
6.4
1.9
12
children
34
children
5+
children
83.3
44.2
27.9
39.6
65.3
50.8
46.8
56.6
71.6
35.4
53.8
36.2
57.6
36.1
64.1
63.8
34.9
45.1
35.9
71.3
39.1
59.7
46.6
26.4
27.4
28.8
37.6
45.8
65.6
57.6
13.9
70.8
58.9
79.4
58
32.3
28.2
29.8
47.2
10.7
44.4
40.3
18.7
48.9
27.1
63.6
41.8
36.2
100
88.5
72.1
73.7
89.6
83.1
84.7
89.6
96
72.2
90
72
92
87.6
91.7
92
66.6
84.3
38.9
94.2
73.6
91.5
86
72.3
69
48.6
77.2
86.4
92.3
88.4
16.8
96.9
92.1
98.3
93.1
81.8
71.5
63.7
84.1
43.1
73.9
89.4
50.4
82.9
72.5
93.8
81.1
84
100
86.2
96
90.9
100
100
100
94.5
100
86.8
100
89.9
97.3
100
100
89.9
65.3
100
97.7
100
78.7
100
100
93.7
96.2
100
96.6
100
100
100
100
93.7
94.4
100
100
100
100
89.2
100
100
98.3
87.3
100
TABLE 2: continued
Country
Bangladesh
Benin
Bolivia
Brazil
Burkina Faso
Cambodia
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Colombia
Comoros
Cte dIvoire
Dominican Republic
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Guatemala
Guinea
Haiti
India
Indonesia
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kyrgyzstan
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Peru
Philippines
Rwanda
Senegal
South Africa
Tanzania, United Republic of
Togo
Turkmenistan
Uganda
Viet Nam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Husband
is
younger
60.6
18.2
25.1
28.5
0
13.6
20.6
66.1
50
24.7
60
44.8
6.4
96.7
0.4
47.8
18.8
16.6
41.4
56.7
5.1
17.1
13.2
11.5
28.8
24.8
61.9
38.7
12.8
45
47
100
88.8
10
8.1
7.2
41.1
22.7
3.8
50.8
8.3
35.3
55.5
42.7
66
36.7
36.9
38.7
60.6
37.8
52.8
65.9
67.9
39.7
58.7
54.5
27.2
48.6
54.2
56.8
42.5
47
64.1
33.8
52.6
32.8
20.7
29.7
23.2
47.8
45.2
65.3
58.9
25.8
66.9
57.7
85.6
43.3
34.3
28.3
27.9
31.5
42.6
13.3
60.2
19.8
61.5
47.7
28.2
79.5
51
45.6
47.8
68.5
59.4
55
70.8
78.3
44.4
58.8
65.4
33.5
65.1
71.2
51.6
50
66.5
78.9
42.7
60.7
47.2
27.6
39.3
36.3
61.7
59.7
73.6
59.2
44
72.7
72.1
86
68.8
51.2
47.6
34.2
28.9
50.1
49.4
67.2
29.5
71.6
61
40.1
84.7
58.8
50.7
53.8
58.4
62.1
67
71.1
80.1
45.7
67.3
68.8
46.3
61.5
73
57.3
49
69.8
76.5
46.5
66.4
52.7
38.2
44.5
32.7
59.8
63
79.3
71.8
31.9
68.7
73.5
88.3
69.7
51.3
35.1
44
42.3
50.1
41.1
61.8
44.5
78.7
51.5
48.5
85.5
54.7
57
50.3
72.9
61.2
72.3
84.1
82.5
60.1
62.5
60.7
52
71.3
74.4
54.9
66
40.3
78.8
49.2
74.7
57.6
14.8
58.6
57.5
63.7
74.5
76.8
71.5
43
59.9
64.2
85.7
75.4
47.4
40.2
38.6
24.3
46.6
23.2
59.9
10.2
68.8
64.8
49.8
81.4
41.2
38.8
48.8
50.9
37.2
62.2
63.8
72.4
42.1
60
50.3
35
60
74.5
59.4
46.9
42.9
73.5
27.6
51
35.6
5.3
28.8
8.8
56.9
53.1
68.6
52.7
25.2
66.4
55.7
75.7
47.9
26
25.4
38.7
37.8
32.1
47.6
0
46.9
10.9
64.9
46.6
41.4
Both
have no
education
92.3
59.5
45.5
67.7
74.2
52
80.1
73.4
80.6
0
62.1
81.8
58.9
66.6
70.4
47.8
56.2
69
80.7
50.1
79.7
46.1
68.9
71.6
67.6
77.9
57.2
65.1
77.3
85.2
90.7
87.5
34.3
39.3
45.8
68.4
41.2
58.1
78.1
7.2
73.5
72.9
100
67.9
40.7
39.8
42.5
32.9
43.1
48.3
72.5
71.7
39.5
48.7
64
22.3
57.7
61.4
58.8
37.8
43.9
64
41.4
36.7
41.2
25.5
36.1
27.9
46.4
50.1
67.7
61
27.3
51.2
61.3
65.4
41.7
39.4
34.8
26.5
34.2
29.1
41.3
20.1
63.8
22.3
58.2
51.6
34
71.9
37
41
43.6
39.4
43.1
44.4
70.5
67.3
54.1
62.5
21.7
62.8
37.8
49.9
58.9
50.5
52.7
50.9
60.5
44.9
49.6
43.8
25.7
34.2
18.5
55.5
47
50.9
49.6
45.2
59.9
58.9
46.8
55.7
44.4
36.7
38.7
40
40.8
41.8
12.4
61.3
31.3
59.6
59.4
49.6
65.2
41
25.4
44.3
62.3
21.4
47.4
51.9
63.9
24.5
36.7
32.8
52.3
52.3
45.8
44.9
35.6
78.5
27.7
10
41.9
0
33.4
48.1
49.6
75.1
57.8
13.5
63.30
62.8
84.7
38.8
40.1
10.1
48.8
19.5
57.1
36.3
4.4
63.9
11.2
47.3
44.4
62.7
33.6
16.9
22.8
57
24.7
37.5
57.2
68.4
20.9
28.4
43.2
40.5
46.7
49.1
31.2
25.7
62.5
18.8
37
28.5
13.5
23
39.6
46.7
60.4
50.8
9
56.10
41.4
60.6
36.1
13.8
19.3
30.6
7.5
38
25.1
8.3
52.6
22.4
41.6
26
38
40.3
11.1
5
66.6
19.6
62.5
54.5
71.4
3.9
21.1
45.8
13.1
8.5
44.7
46.5
39.3
23.8
30.4
66.5
16.1
40.4
5.2
2
22.4
0.4
42.8
41.3
68.8
59
5.5
49.3
15.3
76
51.1
5.2
6.2
16.7
34.9
7.3
39.5
33.8
1.3
55.6
1.8
40.7
28.8
11.2
100
85.6
64.3
47
73.9
79.3
38.2
33.3
23.8
54.8
100
96.6
32.9
86.3
51.3
100
98.9
32
49.8
58.8
72.2
0
90
65.7
55.2
61.9
79
0
0
15.5
23
66.6
0
68.2
46.5
72.9
36.8
35.7
24.2
65.1
51.5
27.4
63.1
73.4
13.2
56.7
31.9
19.3
56.5
54.9
46.7
38.6
23.5
60.9
62.5
24.1
52.8
47.7
18.8
15.3
36.1
27.2
56.7
28.7
3.4
1.1
56.5
35.2
55.6
25.2
20.6
33.4
31.8
38.9
21.6
52.3
36.6
38.9
55.3
16.1
75
50.4
43.2
Used
modern
methods
82.8
28.2
32.5
33.2
40.8
60
36.3
54.3
67.8
28.8
54.9
57.6
43.3
60.7
69.1
31.5
33.2
40.5
50.1
38.7
63.6
47.8
26.5
29.9
31.4
41.2
53.7
57.1
38.8
12
70.3
59.6
73.3
21.7
32.3
39.4
37.4
30.2
8
35.8
20.9
23
51.1
32.1
70.6
54.2
38
33
Country
Bangladesh
Benin
Bolivia
Brazil
Burkina Faso
Cambodia
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Colombia
Comoros
Cte dIvoire
Dominican Republic
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Guatemala
Guinea
Haiti
India
Indonesia
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kyrgyzstan
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Peru
Philippines
Rwanda
Senegal
South Africa
Tanzania, United Republic of
Togo
Turkmenistan
Uganda
Viet Nam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Indicates data are not available.
34
Year
Total
Urban
Rural
1999
2001
1998
1996
1999
2000
1998
1995
1997
2000
1996
1998
2002
2000
2002
2000
2000
2003
1999
1999
2000
1999
2002
1999
2003
1997
1997
2000
2001
1997
2000
2001
2000
1998
2003
2000
1998
2001
1997
1998
1999
1998
2001
2000
2002
1997
2002
1999
46.6
23.3
10.5
13.8
33.8
12.1
33.6
39
46.7
14.4
10.2
23.9
22.4
11.6
29
23.2
18.1
12
23.8
43.9
16.1
33.8
14
8
17.9
12.3
27.9
32.6
45.9
45
5
39.8
22.3
59.9
31.7
10.3
8.4
6.6
27.8
3.2
25
19.1
5.3
28.9
4.1
25.7
24.2
21.7
28
13.4
7.8
12.2
14.2
8.7
21.7
33.7
42.9
12
9.8
15.1
19.9
6.8
9.9
9.8
16.5
6.2
19.6
28.4
13
17.3
10.2
7.9
19.7
8.1
17.9
64.7
30.9
24.9
4.3
15.8
17.9
23.9
18.9
6.7
5.4
4.9
12.2
1.3
17.5
9.5
5.2
17.7
1.5
17.1
17.7
18.4
53.2
32.1
18.9
20.6
39.2
13
41.1
44
47.8
22.1
10.4
31.2
27.7
15.4
45.1
27
25.8
18.9
26.7
54.8
19.2
40.4
17.4
8.1
17.5
14.1
32
81.8
56.5
52.7
5.3
43.5
29.4
70.3
38.3
18.6
12.5
7
41.2
5.4
27.3
26.6
5.3
31.6
4.8
29.4
28.9
23.5
No
Primary
education education
64.6
36.9
46.4
52.5
39.2
18.7
64.4
47.6
51.7
45.5
15.4
33.6
62.2
23.4
60.6
30.4
48.8
32
42.1
55.1
42.6
60.2
14.6
0
49.7
0
48.3
87.1
54.2
58.5
21.8
58
45.2
68.6
77.4
32
30.9
13
40.9
9.4
43.8
39.2
0
61.4
7.7
35
45.7
39.9
57.6
14.8
23.3
22.6
22.3
11.5
36
33.5
39.9
25.7
9.3
18.8
32.7
23
27.2
12.4
19.9
15.8
30
22.9
15.4
38.5
26.8
0
19.1
34.3
25.9
84.4
34.2
41.9
7.1
39.7
27.8
40.3
27.6
22.3
18.9
5.7
14.3
5
20.8
14.5
7.4
30.3
11.5
22.4
28.3
3.8
Secondary
Higher
education education
36.5
3.9
6.9
10.5
6.4
8.5
18.6
33.5
19.3
11.7
4
4.9
13.9
7.8
9.1
11.1
15.8
6.7
8.4
13.2
11.3
20.3
9.7
8.5
5.1
12.7
15.3
49.2
14.6
9.7
2.3
23
16
7.6
6.8
7.4
6.7
3.7
6
2.8
9.7
4.1
5.3
12.7
2.7
12
12
16
15.9
0.9
0
0
0
22
2.1
0
10.3
1.3
0
0
0
0
0
7.1
0.4
4.4
0
8.8
0
18.3
6.8
0
13.4
5
3
1.1
4.1
0
0
0
0
23.4
13.6
0
0
Poorest
20%
Second
quintile
Middle
quintile
Fourth
quintile
61.8
43.2
22.8
27.5
42
14.3
53.5
39.9
34.6
25.7
12.6
41.8
41
12.8
37.9
20
25.9
25.1
38.5
57.3
18.5
51.9
16.3
10.3
23.3
13.3
40.3
85.8
58.1
66
9.1
52.7
35.8
62.7
46.7
23.5
21.7
7.5
51.6
3.8
29.4
40.6
4.8
47.1
5.6
36.9
32.7
28.3
55.1
34.6
18.5
14.8
41.9
12.1
39.9
47.7
46.8
22.6
16.9
37.8
29.7
15.6
43.5
29.3
28.2
20.2
34.9
63.9
17.4
51.3
19.4
9.1
18.6
12
40.9
77.8
59.3
49.3
3.5
45.5
27.6
73.5
43.3
16.6
15.5
7.5
43.5
6.1
27.3
28.5
6.6
41.2
6.7
28.2
32.1
20.1
52.8
34.3
12.5
11.8
30.8
14.1
38.9
42
52.6
16.2
9.2
30.8
25.3
12.8
49.1
31.8
12.9
13.1
27.5
50.4
21.1
38.5
13.6
7.7
14.2
12.4
29.4
81.9
63
43.7
4.2
47.2
22.7
72.1
37.4
8.5
7.6
9.2
28.7
3.8
29.1
24.1
4.7
29.1
4.9
27.9
28.3
22.8
44.6
16.2
7.2
10
37.4
12.7
25.8
37.6
49.6
6.2
8.9
19.2
13.8
11.8
20.2
26.9
21.5
8
17.1
41.2
18.6
25.7
14.2
6.4
16.3
17.9
22.6
79.1
44.5
45
7.4
40.7
18.2
61.5
27.2
7.9
5.1
5.4
18.1
1.6
23.6
15
6
19.7
1.8
25.6
24.4
24.4
TABLE 3: continued
Country
Bangladesh
Benin
Bolivia
Brazil
Burkina Faso
Cambodia
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Colombia
Comoros
Cte dIvoire
Dominican Republic
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Guatemala
Guinea
Haiti
India
Indonesia
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kyrgyzstan
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Peru
Philippines
Rwanda
Senegal
South Africa
Tanzania, United Republic of
Togo
Turkmenistan
Uganda
Viet Nam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Richest
20%
0
children
27.3
7.2
2.4
6.2
21.4
9.6
20.5
30.6
46.3
4.9
4.7
7.4
7.7
4.3
6.5
13.5
8.9
3.5
5.5
23.9
9.8
10.8
6.6
6.9
18.3
6
10.3
70.8
26.6
23.6
1.2
18.9
12.6
31.6
10.5
1.4
1.9
4.5
10.8
0.8
17.3
5.8
4.3
15.1
1.8
15.1
10.1
14.5
26.5
11.2
2.7
4.8
18.9
7.4
20.3
25.9
26.3
5.5
3.8
11.4
11.2
6.3
21.6
13.7
11.4
5.9
11.2
23.5
6.8
21.9
6.9
4.5
7.6
6.8
13.3
41.4
25.8
29.2
1.9
29.4
10.1
40.2
18
3.7
3.6
3.4
15.8
2.4
14.4
8.6
3
12.4
2.5
16.8
10.4
11
12
34
children children
98
89.3
69.8
66.7
92.6
92.6
72.1
72.1
94.4
64.1
89.7
61.1
68.7
99.5
88.2
88.2
36
65.2
83.7
86.8
74
98.7
95.6
84.1
62.9
93.2
59.8
84
85.3
80.9
22.4
99.2
69.4
94.4
82.8
65.3
90.6
69.4
81.6
8.7
67.3
75.8
88.6
75.9
96.7
96.3
63.2
77
100
100
87
93.2
100
100
100
72.8
100
100
100
100
92.7
100
100
76.9
84.1
100
100
100
100
100
80.5
78.3
93.2
100
98.3
100
71.7
95.5
96.9
92.2
100
100
91.4
35.4
100
100
91
91.4
88.3
100
Does not
know how
5+
to prevent
children
HIV
100
100
100
72.5
92.1
100
39.3
26
22.8
17.1
41
15.5
25.9
38.1
49.9
30
11.1
31.8
26.4
46.7
22.1
23.5
19.4
48.9
17.2
3.2
7.2
8.8
14.2
24.4
79.2
55.4
48.2
5.1
25.6
34.5
57.4
33.6
20.7
8.8
37.8
2.2
28
25.2
5.6
36.6
0.5
28.1
30.2
Knows
how to
prevent
HIV
98.8
22.1
6.8
12.9
33.9
12
30.7
42.2
51.5
12.9
10.9
23.4
22
27.5
24.2
16.9
9.4
43.3
15.3
99
96.1
7.2
17.7
21.2
78.4
41.8
39.3
4.9
98
21.5
48.9
31.2
7.8
6.6
23.5
3
24.2
15.4
6.1
28
97.1
24.3
20.2
Never
Used
Used
used any folkloric traditional Used
contraceptive methods methods modern
method
only
only
methods
25.1
21.5
5.5
2.8
32.5
10.7
33.5
33.7
45.9
3.7
8.2
24.1
7.6
8.4
27.6
21.4
10.2
9.1
19.4
44.7
10.6
30.6
6
4.4
13.9
8
27.2
74.9
45.1
45.7
2.3
34.1
6.7
57.6
32.4
3.4
5.9
5.8
26.3
1.8
21.7
16.4
3.3
25.9
3
23.1
16.3
12.2
100
25.2
100
100
0
0
100
100
58.6
0
73.4
47.2
100
37.2
13.8
100
51.3
85.3
64.5
83.2
11.4
94.9
56.5
29.5
93.6
0
21.1
37.9
100
71.8
58.9
0
98.9
41.7
60
40.1
80.6
100
32.9
68.9
75.7
18.4
66.7
19.5
59.9
100
88
89.9
24.9
19
98.7
40.1
56.5
99.1
100
65
48.2
84.4
36.4
88.8
34.5
15.8
9.5
100
57
63.4
17.7
40.3
95.1
54.1
40.2
10.7
77.2
28.5
69.5
100
95.9
67.1
94.1
98.5
21.4
55.6
43.4
27.5
88.3
34.9
44.5
57.2
39
33.3
31.3
64.2
99.7
63.4
63.7
23.4
24.8
73.8
34.3
46.5
98.9
97.9
30.2
38.9
73.5
33.1
82.3
55
31.2
9.7
99.5
71.1
87.2
27.3
57.3
91.5
29.4
48
5.4
38.1
18
90.2
34.6
88.7
95.4
47.5
72.3
35
Country
Year
Bangladesh
Benin
Bolivia
Brazil
Burkina Faso
Cambodia
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Colombia
Comoros
Cte dIvoire
Dominican Republic
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Guatemala
Guinea
Haiti
India
Indonesia
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kyrgyzstan
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Peru
Philippines
Rwanda
Senegal
South Africa
Tanzania, United Republic of
Togo
Turkmenistan
Uganda
Viet Nam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Indicates data are not available.
36
2000
2001
1998
1996
1999
2000
1998
1995
1997
2000
1996
1998
2002
2000
2002
2000
2000
2003
1999
1999
2000
1999
2002
1999
2003
1997
1997
2000
2001
1997
2000
2001
2000
1998
2003
2000
1998
2001
1997
1998
1999
1998
2001
2000
2002
1997
2002
1999
Proportion
of girls 1519
currently
in union
Urban
46.6
23.3
10.5
13.8
33.8
12.1
33.6
39
46.7
14.4
10.2
23.9
22.4
11.6
29
23.2
18.1
12
23.8
43.9
16.1
33.8
14
8
17.9
12.3
27.9
32.6
45.9
45
5
39.8
22.3
59.9
31.7
10.3
8.4
6.6
27.8
3.2
25
19.1
5.3
28.9
4.1
25.7
24.2
21.7
15.8
27.1
56.1
71.8
9
15
25
42
21.3
63.7
29.1
28.6
60.6
25.7
15.7
9.2
75.9
28.4
34.5
26.8
40.8
14.7
34.9
51.1
23
20.1
18.7
13.6
27.9
15.4
27.6
5.3
49.6
8.9
20.1
45.1
37.6
15.5
20.2
21.9
16.8
21.7
41.1
11.9
7.7
20.3
30.8
29.8
Rural
84.2
72.9
43.9
28.2
91
85
75
58
78.7
36.3
70.9
71.4
39.4
74.3
84.3
90.8
24.1
71.6
65.5
73.2
59.2
85.3
65.1
48.9
77
79.9
81.3
86.4
72.1
84.6
72.4
94.7
50.4
91.1
79.9
54.9
62.4
84.5
79.8
78.1
83.2
78.3
58.9
88.1
92.3
79.7
69.2
70.2
No
Primary
education education
27.7
78.9
5.2
5.2
88.8
29.1
32.1
47.7
72.8
1.8
50
72
3
37.4
44.4
79.9
7.4
32.9
22.6
86
19.6
53.2
1.6
0
18.9
0
36.4
13.8
85.5
36.9
15.9
52.4
12.8
89.6
71.3
3.2
2
27.5
81
2.5
36.4
58.5
0
19.4
5.7
64.1
15.2
2.4
34.8
17.3
49.3
38.4
9.5
54
44.9
39.8
25.3
37.9
41.9
24.5
63
19.5
46.7
14.1
38.8
30.9
64.9
10.7
57
18.7
51
0
74.8
0.6
50.2
80
10.2
62
57.4
25.8
50
9.4
18.2
43.7
36.4
67.6
16
30.8
61.6
36.4
1.2
69.4
41.6
24
68
47.9
Secondary
Higher
education education
35.2
3.8
45.6
56.4
1.7
17
22.8
12.4
1.9
59.6
8.1
3.6
31.4
42
8.9
6
53.8
36.2
12.5
3.3
23.4
25.8
47.3
93.8
6.3
91.7
13.4
6.3
4.3
1.1
26.7
21.3
36.6
1
10.4
52.5
53.6
4.9
3
66.7
2
5
98.8
10.6
52.7
11.7
16.8
49.7
2.3
0
0
0
0
0
0.2
0
0
0.8
0
0
2.5
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.3
0.1
6.2
0
7.6
0
0
0.1
0
0
0.4
0.6
0
0.1
0.6
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
0
0.2
0
0
Poorest
20%
Second
quintile
Middle
quintile
Fourth
quintile
22.4
25.4
27.6
36.3
22.7
16.7
24.1
18.2
9.7
29
20.9
23.5
30.5
21.9
19.5
14.8
19.3
30.4
25.7
21.3
17
23.5
28.3
25.9
22.1
20.5
28.3
20.5
19
27.5
34.7
23.8
24.4
14.1
23.2
33
33.9
13.3
28.3
23.5
18.3
29.9
17
29.8
24.3
22.3
22.6
22.1
20.7
25.6
25.7
21.7
25.6
14.8
20
21.3
30
31
32.6
28.4
25.5
27.3
27.2
20.9
27.6
24.9
27.2
23.4
16.9
27.8
28.4
19.4
20.2
20.5
30
18.7
19.6
11.8
14.8
21
22.5
33.3
23.8
29
27.8
25.3
26.9
37.2
18.3
21.9
23.2
25.3
34.2
20.6
21.7
17.2
22.5
26
23.9
19.3
15.1
20.5
22.6
21.4
20.9
23
16.3
22
23.2
23.3
31.9
25
14.6
21.1
27.1
19.7
20.4
24
16.4
19.6
16.2
19.6
17.3
16.5
22.9
23.3
19.4
22.4
22.4
22.8
25.8
17.3
18.6
25.7
20
24
27.4
20.6
17.2
17.4
23.8
21
22.9
21.5
19.7
12.9
16.4
13.5
19.7
23
17.5
20.8
19.6
9.6
19.8
16.8
13
20.4
15.6
22.8
25.3
15.3
15.2
19.2
27
17.5
16.4
17.4
19.6
21.2
15.4
22.7
19.1
22.4
26.6
21.7
17.8
17.6
20.1
17.3
13
17.3
15
10.8
20.2
17.8
25
13.1
9.3
21.4
22.1
24.1
Richest
20% Monogamous Polygynous
14.8
10.1
6.4
9.2
16.9
25
15.7
18.3
19.8
7.3
10.5
9.4
7.7
7
5.8
16.5
13.2
8.3
4.9
16.3
18.7
7.2
10.5
17.7
21.9
28.6
9.1
21.5
19.3
15
4.6
11.2
12.8
12.3
7.1
3.3
6.9
18.4
9.7
4.6
15.8
9.9
17.6
14.4
8.4
14.6
10.7
15.1
70.9
61.1
77.2
78.7
79.4
90.7
76.5
96.4
95.5
84.2
90.1
69.6
59.9
90.2
95.6
92.6
77.8
80.7
68.3
98.4
78.8
72.5
93.3
75
77.7
77
79.4
96.7
29.3
85.7
29.1
38.9
22.8
21.3
20.6
9.3
23.5
3.6
4.5
15.8
9.9
.
30.4
40.1
9.8
4.4
7.4
22.2
19.3
31.7
1.6
21.2
27.5
6.7
25
22.3
23
20.6
3.3
70.7
14.3
TABLE 4: continued
Country
Bangladesh
Benin
Bolivia
Brazil
Burkina Faso
Cambodia
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Colombia
Comoros
Cte dIvoire
Dominican Republic
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Guatemala
Guinea
Haiti
India
Indonesia
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kyrgyzstan
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Peru
Philippines
Rwanda
Senegal
South Africa
Tanzania, United Republic of
Togo
Turkmenistan
Uganda
Viet Nam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Husband
is 04
years
older
Husband Husband
is 59 is 1014
years
years
older
older
Husband
is 15+
years
older
0
0.3
2.3
1.5
0
2.2
0.8
1.2
0.2
2.6
0
0.3
0.4
0
0
0.9
0
3
0
0.1
0.3
0.7
0
0
10.1
1.1
0
0.1
0.2
1
2.5
3.9
0
0.7
1.6
1.4
0.7
9.9
20.4
50.3
35.8
9.5
46.2
21
35.2
19.1
37.2
20.5
32.4
15.9
15.5
23.3
34.6
33.6
56.4
8.7
30.6
36.1
42.9
38.7
28.7
1.9
41.9
41.4
9.5
31.7
36.2
59
51.4
15.1
8
42.7
52.1
51.3
42.5
46.3
34.4
44.1
12.7
33.5
36
37.9
37
39.4
36.1
39.8
46.2
41.3
47.4
30.7
46.6
29.6
25.1
43.4
47
40.2
50.2
48.4
43.6
34.9
48.1
31.1
30.3
35
31.7
31
37.6
35.5
39.6
34.4
30.5
33.7
19.6
7.7
11.2
12.7
13.3
18
15.8
25.1
13.5
30.1
15.9
29.2
29
19.3
19.3
15.2
8.1
26.8
19.6
12.4
13.3
6.3
14.4
48.3
16.6
7.4
29.9
11.3
15.3
5
7.8
23.3
27.3
12.1
7.7
30.5
13.9
13.3
5.3
7.4
65
4.7
24.2
10
18.7
7.2
13.3
11.6
8.2
14.2
10
14.4
4.5
3
39.4
6.3
4.2
3
4.8
8.4
3.6
5.6
3.1
29.4
26.4
12.6
1.8
5.8
24
28.7
4.1
4.4
8.3
0
0
0.6
0
0.8
0
0
38.5
25.2
63.7
40.6
52.3
43.1
34.8
22.5
35.6
40.2
32.3
39
34.2
39.9
49.2
48.9
18.1
19.3
4.1
12.6
11.5
10.2
12.7
16.2
7.7
15.3
0
7.3
2
6.1
3.3
12.3
Husband
5+
is
children younger
0
children
12
children
34
children
40.9
40.8
23
30.1
44.7
57.5
45.4
47.4
39.5
32.3
35.8
40.8
51.30
66.5
51.5
46.3
44
39
36.5
36.6
54.9
45.2
53.6
34.7
51.9
32.9
39.8
37.4
45.2
32.6
62.7
35.9
42.7
44.8
32.3
40.5
49.4
46.4
63.4
46.4
38.2
55.5
32
59.1
58
31.8
42.3
58.5
57.3
71.9
67.6
53.8
42.1
51.8
51.3
58.4
66.5
61.2
55.2
48.1
32.9
47.7
52.4
56
60
61.9
61.3
44.1
53.9
46.4
63.2
48.1
61.1
59
59.7
54.2
66
37.3
62.6
55.6
52
67
57.7
50.4
52
35
51.7
61.2
44.5
64.3
40.9
39.9
66.5
56.7
0.7
1.9
5.1
2.3
1.4
0.4
2.9
1.3
1.9
1.2
2.9
4
0.6
0.6
0.8
1.3
0
0
0
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.8
1.6
2.1
1
0.9
0
2.1
0
5.5
1.3
3
6
1.4
0
1.6
1.6
3.2
0.7
1.7
0.2
1.6
1.6
1.8
0.7
0
3.7
0
2
1.7
1
0.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Husband
has less
education
Both
have no
education
Both
have
same
education
27.3
6.2
5.7
21.3
7.7
5.5
7.9
6.9
6.1
18.3
14
15.5
12
11.8
6.3
5.2
12.5
14.6
4.8
8
8.2
14.8
0
4.6
2.7
11.9
6.9
7.6
6.1
10.6
6.1
21.5
6.2
5.3
4.5
19.2
9.3
9.4
17.9
5.1
4
7.9
19.7
3.2
8.8
8.2
17.9
50.3
0.6
1.9
79.6
10.5
20
15.8
51.8
0.6
20.9
1.2
12.8
27.4
53
3.3
19.3
9.6
65
4.3
23
0.8
8.5
4.7
16.9
3.9
68.9
11.4
7.6
18.7
5.5
72.9
48.3
0
1.3
13.8
65.9
1.6
27.4
0
2.8
0.7
12.1
3
0.7
30.6
6.5
63
60.5
2.3
42.7
35.3
22.2
13
66
14
59.2
38
33.1
10.6
49.8
34.4
52.7
3.5
41.7
21
70.8
93.7
59.2
88.5
43.6
61.8
2.1
43.1
43.4
25.1
48.4
2
10.3
60.4
58.5
10.5
3.1
60.1
17.2
90.3
55.5
58.8
9.2
48.3
60.8
Does not
Husband know how
has more to prevent
education
HIV
13
5.8
25.4
10.5
0.8
21.8
21.4
21.4
7
13.9
20.9
18.4
12.6
10.3
3.2
26.4
17.7
9.6
5.6
28.4
17.5
12.7
6.3
16.1
6.8
6.1
17.3
3.3
6.3
27.7
16.1
15.4
1.8
12.9
31.7
20
51.7
1.5
16.3
16.8
5.7
15.6
15.8
23.3
26.5
27.8
14.1
20.5
16.1
2.4
12.2
2.9
3.9
15.4
17.7
4.6
20.9
1.8
4.1
4.6
5.6
8.8
23.4
10.2
29.9
21.50
13.3
3.2
4.7
10.9
5.8
21.5
43.2
5.5
6.3
2.2
9.3
5.5
5.6
1.6
7.7
3
9.6
10.5
2.3
7
1
8.9
8
Knows
how to
prevent
HIV
47.2
56.1
60.2
84.6
64.7
77.7
74.2
71.3
61.8
84.8
30.2
91.5
92.2
91.3
83.5
78.9
62.2
80.6
53.6
60.1
48.6
74.4
82.3
55.7
92.4
55.6
28.4
86.6
81.1
97
63.8
73.8
81
94
65.2
97
77
62
59.7
82.2
90.5
80.7
78.9
Never
Used
Used
used any folkloric traditional
contraceptive methods methods
method
only
only
38.1
74.3
47
14.9
82.9
87.2
60
68.7
94.7
17.4
66.1
25.1
70.2
91.8
88.7
23.9
61.3
75.7
93.8
56.8
86.6
39.4
49.2
66.1
60.8
88.5
71.9
87.7
96.7
30.4
78.1
22.6
89.2
90.8
28.3
68.3
86.2
89.5
33.6
75.5
52.1
61.8
70.4
70.7
86.7
51.8
47.5
0.3
0.4
0.7
0.5
0
0
0
0.7
0.2
1.3
2.7
0.5
0
0.1
0
1.2
0
0
0.2
0
0.1
0.3
0.6
1.1
0.2
1.5
0
0
6.1
0.3
0.7
0
3.9
0
0.3
0.6
2.2
0.6
0
0
2.3
0
37
6
16
27.3
4.4
9.1
2.3
18.2
21.7
3.4
7
10
2.3
1.4
1.6
4.1
17.6
5.1
4.3
2.1
14.5
5.2
0.5
15.8
11.1
12.6
7.7
3.4
1.1
0.2
1.5
4.2
2.3
0.5
7.9
15.3
12.2
7.9
1.6
2.9
8.8
19.1
0
6.9
10.1
7.3
6.8
3.2
Used
modern
methods
54.9
9.3
25
80.2
8
10.5
21.8
9
1.8
74.3
21.2
72.2
28.4
6.5
7.2
57.3
33.6
20
4
28.7
8.2
59.9
35.1
22.3
26.5
3.6
24.1
10.1
2.9
66.6
17.7
75.2
4.2
1
55.7
19.5
6
5
63.6
15.5
28.3
36
22.1
19.2
5.9
39
49.3
Country
Year
Total
Urban
Rural
Benin
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Cte dIvoire
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Guinea
Haiti
Kenya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
South Africa
Togo
Uganda
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
2001
1999
1998
1995
1997
1996
1998
2002
2000
2000
2003
1999
2000
2003
1997
2000
2001
1997
2000
2001
2003
2001
1997
1998
1998
2000
1997
2002
1999
45.4
54.6
32.7
28.4
39.1
25
34.8
8.9
13.5
21.1
22.7
53.4
19.6
16.4
3.3
17
42.5
27.2
12.4
4.4
35.8
12.1
46
6.8
42.8
32.3
6.9
15.7
15.2
36.9
29.8
25.7
26
36.7
19.8
25
8.7
6.8
19.5
16.5
46
18.2
11.7
2.4
8.5
33.5
16.9
9.5
4.3
30
8.8
41.6
4.4
33.8
36.3
5
5.7
7.3
49.9
58.2
35.7
29.9
39.8
26.8
39.9
9.1
14.5
26.4
26.8
56
20.5
17.8
3.7
18.5
45.3
29.8
14.8
4.4
38.3
12.6
48.4
10.4
46.6
31.8
7.5
21.2
19.9
No
Primary
education education
49.6
57.5
47
30.3
39.9
29.5
40.9
10.3
14.5
29.2
36.4
55.2
22.7
36.3
6.2
20.8
43.8
31.3
18.7
4.8
44.2
16.9
50
18.5
49.1
34.5
7.5
23.3
29.4
38.3
33.5
29.6
27.8
36.4
14.3
26.8
7.5
10.1
21.9
18.6
46.1
20
14.9
2.5
16.1
38.7
24.1
12.8
3.6
36.3
10.1
34.8
10.1
34.3
31.6
4.9
16.7
18.1
Secondary
Higher
education education
27.4
14
16.6
21.3
33
18.5
12.6
5.5
4.8
20.4
12.1
37.4
12.8
8.6
2.5
8.5
27.7
17.5
10.6
3.4
16.3
5.8
27.6
3.7
34
32.6
3.5
9.5
10.2
9.1
12.6
10.9
12.9
22.2
0
5.1
3.5
7.6
6.4
9.9
36.3
5.2
6.2
0
0
8.4
0
5.1
1.6
17.1
0
21.2
0.6
18.6
26.8
0
3.7
4.9
Poorest
20%
Richest
20%
0
children
1-2
children
3-4
children
5+
children
44.7
54.6
38.2
25.4
33.5
26.9
41.2
9.2
14.6
24.1
36.7
49.3
19.1
26
2.9
22.7
49.9
31.1
18.5
4.4
38.8
13.2
45.7
11.4
42.7
26.9
7.7
22.9
18.4
32.8
41.8
27.4
33.8
39.3
22.7
22.5
6.4
10.9
17
10.1
47.5
15.9
10.5
1.8
11.5
31
19.8
3.9
4.7
17.9
9.6
43.8
1.4
33.9
39.1
5.5
4
6.8
33.3
42.1
24.5
26.9
29.3
25.5
24.4
5.4
9.5
22
13.9
41.4
13.8
10.9
3.9
10.4
27.8
24.7
8.4
5.5
29.5
6.5
30.5
4.9
28
24.6
8
12.2
13.4
34
42.4
26.7
26
32.1
17.3
26.5
9.4
10.9
19.2
15.9
40.7
18
11.5
3
12.4
31.4
26
11.1
4.8
28
8.5
34.9
5
33
28.2
5.6
10.1
12.1
46.4
53.2
36.1
29.5
39.8
23
30.3
9.2
12.4
18.5
22
53.4
22.1
13.5
3.9
19
39.3
26.1
11.3
3.9
35.8
10.2
44.2
6.5
43
30.9
6.4
16.1
17.8
56.5
65
38.4
30.8
45.8
30.8
47.5
9.9
16.6
24.9
32
64.1
21.1
24.6
3.1
21.5
52.8
30.6
16.2
3.9
42.6
17
57.3
11.9
53.2
37.2
7.4
20.9
19.1
Poorest
20%
Second
quintile
Middle
quintile
Fourth
quintile
Richest
20%
28.3
42.1
28.3
13.9
16.7
11.1
12.5
3.6
7.4
15.4
17.1
31.6
14.5
18.7
3.4
9
29
22.6
19.8
1.3
31.6
22.3
3.8
22.2
0
18.9
16.9
0
13.6
16.5
23.5
38.6
24.7
23.1
15.8
7.1
31
4.7
1.4
13.2
8.9
30.9
10.7
6.4
9.8
3.1
27.2
14.2
7.5
1.6
30.9
30.2
0
25.8
4.3
30.7
17.3
3.5
11.6
15
26.1
36.7
18.9
28.8
22.3
21.4
24
2.5
4.7
10
4.9
30.7
6.6
6.6
0
10.2
18.6
14
8.3
0.8
30.7
28.1
13
23.2
3.7
29.5
14.7
4.8
6
16.6
45.1
45
23.4
18.2
20.3
5.9
24.9
1.7
3.8
22.4
4.6
31.3
25.1
4.1
2.8
8.3
22.2
23.1
16.3
2.3
31.3
27.6
0
20.7
0
15.1
39.9
3.5
3.3
11.9
32.8
30
13.9
21.3
28
0
24.9
8.9
6.5
11.3
9.3
24
10
3.8
0
6.4
14.7
15.5
0
2.3
24
24.7
15.2
25.7
0
16.6
23.3
2.1
0
10.8
Country
Benin
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Cte dIvoire
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Guinea
Haiti
Kenya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
South Africa
Togo
Uganda
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Indicates data are not available.
Year
2001
1999
1998
1995
1997
1996
1998
2002
2000
2000
2003
1999
2000
2003
1997
2000
2001
1997
2000
2001
1998
2003
2001
1997
1998
1998
2000
1997
2002
1999
38
EARLY MARRIAGE: A Harmful Traditional Practice
Proportion
of girls aged
1519 in Proportion
polygynous
of all
unions
women Urban
29.1
38.9
22.3
21.3
20.5
9.3
23.5
3.5
4.5
15.2
10
29.8
14.3
8.1
4.3
7.3
22.4
18.7
13.9
1.6
29.8
26.9
6.7
23.5
0.9
22.7
28.3
3.3
7.7
14.3
45.4
54.6
32.7
28.4
39.1
25
34.8
8.9
13.5
21.1
22.7
53.4
19.6
16.4
3.3
17
42.5
27.2
12.4
4.4
37.6
35.8
12.1
46
6.8
42.8
32.3
6.9
15.7
15.2
32
15.6
17
22
23.8
8
27.5
4.9
5.3
14.6
5.2
22.9
18.1
2.4
2.7
5.9
16.4
19.5
14.2
2.2
22.9
28.4
10.2
19.9
0
19.1
19
2.5
3.6
8.2
Rural
No
education
28
41.2
24.1
20.7
19.7
9.8
21.9
3.3
4.4
17.1
11.8
32.5
11.7
9.8
4.7
7.5
24.4
18.5
13.8
1.6
32.5
26.5
6
24.4
3.2
23.8
20.8
3.5
9.5
16.9
29.9
40.7
34.9
25.9
18.9
14
24.3
4
5
15
14.7
31.2
24.9
19.1
6.3
8.4
23.8
21.6
0
2.1
31.2
28.4
12
25.1
100
26.6
13.6
4.1
13
54.6
25.6
27.6
22.2
18.9
25.2
5.6
23.1
2.7
3.8
15.9
8.3
29.2
12.1
6
3.6
7.2
14.3
17.2
19
0.2
29.2
29.1
5
13.2
0
18.5
21.4
25.6
7.5
14.6
28.2
6.7
5.2
11.1
20.7
0
10.4
5.8
0
14.8
7
0
10.6
0
1.9
6.2
8.3
0
11.1
2
0
12.9
0
36.1
0
8.9
26.4
1.7
3.6
12.1
43.9
2.4
TABLE 5: continued
Husband
is
younger
Country
Benin
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Cte dIvoire
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Guinea
Haiti
Kenya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
South Africa
Togo
Uganda
Yemen
Zambia
52.8
54.4
22.5
24.8
48.8
23.6
10.7
17.8
16.4
14.1
53.9
14.5
11.9
0.5
18.1
52.2
27.5
5.1
4.9
35.5
8.5
3.3
43.2
33.2
5.6
19.6
9.5
Husband
is 04
years
older
33.8
30
17
24.4
29.1
18.9
5.3
9.5
14.3
12.8
39.5
17.4
8.6
2.8
13.3
32.6
18.7
10.6
2.6
20
7.5
3.6
30.7
35.4
3.5
13.2
8.7
Husband Husband
is 59 is 1014
years
years
older
older
37.9
33.4
23.6
25.9
30.3
22
7
10.3
15.9
19.1
42.4
19.9
11.8
2
16.5
32.5
25.4
9.8
4.1
22.7
10.1
6.2
38.4
30.6
4.5
13.5
11.2
50.3
41.9
31.6
34.4
38.8
24.8
6.7
14.2
27.9
28.8
47
21.5
22.9
5.1
21.9
38.2
29.3
15.7
9.4
35.4
19.8
10.4
46.9
40.8
10.1
19.1
18.6
Husband
is 15+ Husband
years
has less
older education
68.1
64.3
49.5
41.9
58
34.4
15.7
25
38.2
48
67.1
29.1
49.7
10.5
33.1
60.5
38.6
22.6
19.7
60.8
30
22.9
66.5
49.3
22.8
30.7
37.8
46.7
39.8
34.5
26.6
43.2
21.1
9.6
12.8
21.1
21.1
51.6
18.2
15
4.4
18.8
46
28.9
14.6
6.7
34.9
11.1
43.4
7.3
45.7
31.2
14.8
20
17.6
Both
have no
education
52.8
59
41
30
39.7
30.4
10.9
14.1
29.1
44.6
57.8
20
41
7.4
21.9
45.7
32.5
19.1
4.7
45.4
19.9
52.4
19.8
53.7
38.3
10
21.1
29.9
Both
Does not
have
Husband know how
same has more to prevent
education education
HIV
27.9
11.9
22.9
23.7
35.3
9.8
5
7.8
15.9
10.2
34
16
12
1.7
15.8
25.8
22.1
9.2
3.3
21.8
8.4
18.1
4.6
32.7
30.7
2.5
15.7
13.1
30.7
5.4
19.3
27.8
28.9
13.7
8.1
6
23.1
16
37.7
19
13.7
3
11
22.6
21.7
10.5
2.6
25.7
7.6
25.9
6.8
28.2
32.4
2.1
10.3
14.1
47.5
53.8
29.1
27.7
47.2
29.1
45.2
11.7
18.1
29.8
31
56.4
21.5
16.8
7.7
20.7
45.1
28.3
21.1
4.6
25.6
20.6
46.3
8.7
48.5
31.4
19.8
23.1
Knows
how to
prevent
HIV
44.5
53.1
29.1
28.1
39.3
23.8
33.3
8.3
12
20.1
18.7
52.3
17.8
14.7
2.4
16.7
40.6
21.2
11.7
5.2
33.1
11.8
44.1
6.6
40.3
32.5
14.2
13
46.5
57.3
40.5
28
39.3
27
42.1
9.1
14.4
22.8
28.4
54.1
16.6
23.6
4
17.8
43.6
28.9
14.9
4.5
39.7
13
46.8
14.4
43.3
31.4
7.1
21.6
24.6
44.5
76.7
52.8
33.5
43.5
23.1
39.9
28.1
0
37
47
52.9
41.6
33.7
6.2
19.9
44.4
27.9
0
2.8
39.7
57.3
37.2
32
30.3
0
21.2
17.8
47.7
55.3
23.3
30.3
39.6
18.8
23.3
9
16
19.9
16.7
45
19.6
15.8
1.5
15.3
41.5
24.4
8.6
6.1
24.8
8.5
47.6
19.8
46.3
34
7
20.8
31.1
Used
modern
methods
40.2
37.1
23.4
25.8
32.5
24.2
23.4
8.4
7.4
20.4
17.7
49
22.8
11.7
2.1
24.4
37.9
15.9
11.7
4.2
26.2
11.5
38.9
5.2
36.3
33.6
6.1
11.1
12.7
TABLE 6: continued
Country
0
children
1-2
children
3-4
children
Husband
5+
is
children younger
Benin
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Cte dIvoire
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Guinea
Haiti
Kenya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
South Africa
Togo
Uganda
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
29.3
39.1
21.4
22
18.1
13.3
20.9
2.3
4.1
15.5
8.2
32.7
12
6.5
3.9
7.6
20
15.5
6.6
2
32.7
29.5
0.8
23.1
0
23.3
17
3.4
7
15.3
28.8
38.9
22.9
21.2
21.7
7.7
26.2
6.2
5
15
11.3
27.4
15.4
9
4.1
6.7
23.2
21
17.8
1
27.4
25.1
12.4
24.3
7.1
22.2
22
3.1
7.8
13.8
35.2
33.3
27.7
0
40.3
0
0
0
0
14.2
65.6
20.1
7.3
9.9
28.8
28.7
41.2
0
65.6
19.5
0
7.3
0
45.6
26.5
0
17.2
0
100
0
0
0
0
0
24.2
0
62.1
0
0
28.8
0
0
0
0
7
2.5
4.8
10.7
8
0
0
2.1
12.7
2.3
9.8
8.8
0.9
3.3
1.5
1.7
5
33.3
0.3
9.8
0
4.3
0
1.5
11.2
0.6
4.3
4.3
21.6
14.5
10.5
17
11.9
16.7
0
0.9
7.9
10.9
15.2
17.7
4.4
0.5
7.9
7
14.4
7.4
0.6
15.2
4.5
4.4
2.9
15.1
19.5
2.5
7.2
7.9
37.5
36.2
13.4
40.4
20.3
0
5.9
7.2
18.8
11.7
19.6
6.1
15.7
6.4
13.6
17.1
31.3
0
16.9
19.6
19.6
8.6
0
31.6
38.7
3.8
7.9
14.9
81.4
49.5
62
47.7
52.1
27.3
12.8
22
32.2
52.2
50.8
43.5
41.6
26.7
55.9
51.1
34.2
2.8
21.1
50.8
69.8
25.8
23.8
68
49.3
28.2
50.3
57
Husband
has less
education
Both
have no
education
Both
have
same
education
Husband
has more
education
Does
not know
how to
prevent
HIV
Knows
how to
prevent
HIV
16
34.1
26.4
22.9
33.5
0
6.4
1.6
6.9
6.5
29.3
6.8
7.7
8.2
6.6
16.7
18.4
12.1
0
29.3
37.2
0
20.5
0
33.8
30.1
8.1
15
25.9
30.1
43.2
43.8
26.8
18.3
5.6
4.6
3.5
26.7
15.4
32.7
11.4
20.7
5.8
17.1
24.7
11.7
0
3.3
32.7
28.7
10.3
26.9
100
28.2
22.6
13.2
15.4
65.8
30.3
0
15.8
13.3
23
8.3
3.1
3.7
13.4
3.7
15.6
11.8
4.3
2.1
7.8
5
14.7
17.1
1.5
15.6
20
3.5
3.6
0
10.6
19.6
0.7
5.2
11.1
31.9
0
11.9
18.6
16.4
5.6
0
1.1
12.6
17
21.1
11.3
9.8
2.9
5.3
9.8
33.4
18.8
0.3
21.1
20.3
23.5
30.8
0
15.2
25.7
1.6
6.3
13.5
31.1
31.8
26.4
15
26.5
5.6
57.1
9.3
6.6
17.5
10.6
31.6
13.4
4.2
11.5
10
28.3
20.9
24
0
31.6
22.8
0
16.5
0
20.8
11.7
8.3
19.8
34.1
39.7
17.6
21.8
24.7
19.2
22.9
2.2
3.6
15.7
11
29.1
26.8
7
2.2
7.4
19.4
15.8
14.1
1.3
29.1
29.6
6.5
23.6
1.9
20.1
21.6
5.7
10.8
27.6
41.5
27.7
22.9
20.3
9.2
26.7
3.6
3.9
13.3
11
30.7
12.3
9.6
4.9
7.3
24
18.7
21.9
1.20
30.7
27.9
5.2
23.5
4.8
25.7
18.8
3.3
9.5
16.4
30.8
100
27.6
0
52.2
0
0
12.6
54.9
0
0
0
40.4
61
20.6
9.7
27
29.4
14.1
19.3
22.6
0
6.1
8.9
13.9
11.1
0
15.7
7
5.5
0
13.2
7.2
71.1
0
3.2
15.7
9.1
18.8
26.1
0
18.4
24.3
3.4
6.4
17.8
39
46
22.9
14.5
12.3
20.9
18.2
21.5
1
6.4
16.5
9.4
20.3
21.8
5.1
0
6.7
9.3
10.8
10.8
3.1
20.3
18.4
11.9
9.5
1.4
19.9
13.4
3.9
5.3
12
Country
Proportion
of women
2049
married
by exact
age 18
Cambodia
27.4
Colombia
22.5
Haiti
27
India
56.5
Kenya
30.5
Peru
22.4
South Africa
12.7
Turkmenistan
7.9
Zambia
49.4
Indicates data are not available.
Ever justified
Has not
Has
Beating Beating
experienced experienced wife is wife is
domestic domestic
never sometimes
violence
violence
justified justified Respondent
26.3
24.4
26.7
45.3
26.6
25
12.5
7.6
53.6
33.7
35.4
29.8
66.9
40.4
34.1
13.9
13.2
58
24.2
25.4
20
7.6
37.7
32.6
29.6
35.5
8.2
51.3
32.3
32.9
Chose
each
other
29.7
26.2
Respondent
and
Partner
someone Respondents or his
else
family
family
28
11.2
35.4
28.9
26.9
31.8
Someone Forced by
else husband
22.9
30
22.2
Country
Work
Contraception
Budget/large household purchases
Proportion
of women
aged 2049
married
Respondent
Respondent
Respondent
by the exact
and
and
and
age of 18 Respondent partner Partner Respondent
partner Partner Respondent partner
Partner
Cambodia
27.4
Colombia
22.5
Haiti
27
India
56.5
Kenya
30.5
Peru
22.4
South Africa
12.7
Turkmenistan
7.9
Zambia
49.4
Indicates data are not available.
27.7
25
31.1
31.8
32.3
28.2
27.1
31.3
32.1
30.7
29.5
27.4
30.6
25.1
29.6
64.1
33.5
23.6
11.4
48.8
30.4
25.1
28.9
58.5
30.7
26.5
8.7
51.8
TABLE 8: continued
What to cook
Country
Cambodia
Colombia
Haiti
India
Kenya
Peru
South Africa
Turkmenistan
Zambia
40
Respondent
Respondent
and
partner
27.3
27
63.7
33.7
28.3
8.5
25.5
37.8
56.1
39.4
24.8
10.3
Health care
Visits
Partner Respondent
Respondent
and
partner Partner
29.6
41.5
63.3
42.1
32.8
19.8
31.5
27.7
58.1
34.2
31.4
7.9
56.8
27.5
21.4
58.7
27.7
19.4
9.5
45.6
32.8
35.4
65.6
40.4
39.1
7.9
55.8
Respondent
and
Respondent partner
Partner
27.3
22
25.4
62.5
30.6
19.7
11
47.9
32.4
26.1
28.3
57.1
29.9
27.9
8.3
52.5
17.1
36
30.5
66
41.5
36.7
11.2
56
30.6
33.8
28.3
66.5
37
37.4
8.9
56.9
Daily purchases
Respondent
and
Respondent partner
30.5
25.7
27.8
32.3
24.3
10.3
30.5
25.6
29.6
34.2
30.1
8.2
Partner
24.9
34.8
32.3
38.6
40.8
8.8
ISBN: 92-806-3869-6
April 2005