Heat flux (q) [J/m2s]

Flux current/ current density

Diffusion
Momentum transfer (fluid mech)
Heat flux conduction
q^ =k T
T
k

= temperature gradient [K/m]

= thermal conductivity

T=

T T
T
i+
j+ k
x y
z

q x =k

dT
dx

Q= q dA
A

dQ = mcpdT =
q
( xx +dxq x )dydz
dT
dv C p
=
dt

dv C p dT

T
x
x
T
k
x x +dx
k
dx

dT
C p
=
dt

=k

2 T
x2

; k x

T
k 2 T
=
t C p x2
k
Cp

= thermal diffusivity ()

Accumulated energy ( T control volume

)
= Qin Qout
3D
T
k 2 T
=
t C p x2

Heat balance k constant

K 10-100
K 10-40

K Cu 300-400
K Al 200
T
= 2 T
t
2

T
T
= 2
t
x

Field
equation

T= T (x) O.D.E ordinary derivative equation

T= T(x,t) P.D.E partial derivative equation
B.C. (boundary condition) 2+1
1. q=0; adiabatic
symmetric plane
1. Prescribe temperature
T= T(x0, t)
2. Prescribe heat flux
q = h(T1-T2) ;
h 2
T(x,y,z,0) = 573.15 K
T(x,y,z,y) = ?
Solotion analytical solution T =

Numerical sol discrete math

Natural convection :
Force convection : fluid ex.
(x,t) P.D.E.
X O.D.E.
X, t steady-state problem
X, t

transient problem

Infinite plate

Steady state ( t )
T(x) = constant
T
T
=
t
x x

( )

1 T
T
=
k
C p t x
x

9q1 = q2
k 1

T
T
=k 2
x
x

Transient
T(x,t)
Temperature gradient
Temperature gradient

Newtonian cooling/heating (gradient )

k
h
L

q=h ( T ( t )T f )
dQ
=Aq= Ah ( T ( t )T f )
dt
dQ
dT
=V C p
dx
dt
Ah ( T ( t )T f )=V C p

dT
dt

T ( t ) T f
ha
=exp
t
T iT f
V C p

k k limit