Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Vin in T Vin Thng

======o0o======

N 2
Tr li cu hi
Ging vin hng dn: V Sinh Thng
Sinh vin thc hin:
Nghim Xun Chnh

20121315

H Ni, 11/2012

Mc lc
Danh mc hnh v.........................................................................4
Danh mc bng biu.....................................................................5
1. bi.......................................................................................6
2. Tr li.......................................................................................6
2.1

Tm hiu cu to, cch mc, cch kim tra cc linh kin th ng, linh

kin tch cc, IC, VK?.....................................................................................6

2.1.1

in tr..................................................................................................................................6

2.1.2

T in....................................................................................................................................8

2.1.3

Cun cm..............................................................................................................................10

2.1.4

Diode....................................................................................................................................11

2.1.5

Transistor.............................................................................................................................13

2.1.6

Integrated Circuit IC.........................................................................................................17

2.1.7

Vi iu khin Microcontroller............................................................................................19

2.2

V v phn tch cc loi mch khuch i s dng transistor? Nu ng

dng ca 3 cch mc c bn ca trans (E, B, C chung)....................................20

2.2.1

Mch nh thin c nh.......................................................................................................20

2.2.2

Mch phn p.......................................................................................................................21

2.2.3

Mch hi tip........................................................................................................................22

2.2.4

Mch khuch i Darlington................................................................................................23

2.2.5

Mch Cascode......................................................................................................................23

2.2.6

Cch mc E chung (EC).......................................................................................................24

2.2.7

Cch mc C chung (CC)......................................................................................................28

2.2.8

Cch mc B chung (BC).......................................................................................................29

2.3

K tn v nu cch mc mch khuch i thut ton.............................30

2.3.1

Mch khuch i vi sai (Mch tr)......................................................................................31

2.3.2

Mch khuch i o...........................................................................................................32

2.3.3

Mch khuch i khng o.................................................................................................33

2.3.4

Mch m (Mch theo in p)............................................................................................33

2.3.5

Mch khuch i tng..........................................................................................................35

2.3.6

Mch tch phn.....................................................................................................................36

2.3.7

Mch vi phn........................................................................................................................36

2.3.8

Mch so snh........................................................................................................................37

2.3.9

Mch khuch i o lng...................................................................................................37

2.3.10

Mch khuch i loga.....................................................................................................38

2.3.11

Mch khuch i i loga (Mch khuch i ly tha)..................................................38

2.3.12

Mch nhn tng t........................................................................................................38

2.3.13

Mch chia tng t.........................................................................................................39

2.3.14

Mch khai cn.................................................................................................................39

2.4

Thit k s khi (mch in) b ngun dng bin p h p, b ngun

xung. Nu nguyn l lm vic, nhng linh kin hay hng, cch pht hin v
phng n sa cha, thay th...........................................................................39
2.4.1

S khi v nguyn l lm vic ca b ngun dng bin p h p...................................39

2.4.2

S khi v nguyn l lm vic ca b ngun xung..........................................................40

2.4.3

Nhng linh kin hay hng v cch sa cha, thay th.........................................................41

2.5

Thit k mch in t ng h s dng n LED 7 thanh, IC . Yu cu:

th hin ngy, gi, pht, lch m, lch dng, nhit ngoi tri.....................44
2.5.1

Cc thnh phn s dng trong mch:..................................................................................44

2.5.2

Cng dng ca tng phn trong mch:................................................................................44

2.5.3

Cch mc LM35 v DS1307 v LED:..................................................................................50

2.5.4

Lp trnh...............................................................................................................................51

2.6

Hy cho bit c bao nhiu cch mc linh kin to dao ng trong

mch in, cho bit tn linh kin c th, cch thay th?...................................53
2.6.1

Cc loi mch dao ng.......................................................................................................53

2.6.2

Cc linh kin to dao ng v cch mc..............................................................................53

2.6.3

Cch thay th........................................................................................................................56

2.7

Thit k, nu nguyn l lm vic. Tc dng cc linh kin ca b ngun

mch nhn p Ur=4Uv? Khi D4 b chp (t) th R ti bng bao nhiu? Ti

sao?
2.7.1

57
Mch nguyn l:...................................................................................................................57

Danh mc hnh v
Hnh 1: K hiu ca in tr trong mch in.......................................................8
Hnh 2: Cu to chung ca in tr........................................................................8
Hnh 3: K hiu cc loi t in trong mch in..................................................9
Hnh 4: Cu to chung ca t in.......................................................................10
Hnh 5: K hiu cc loi cun cm......................................................................11
Hnh 6: K hiu cc loi it...............................................................................12
Hnh 7: Cc cch mc diode................................................................................13
Hnh 8: Mt s mch ng dng ca diode...........................................................14
Hnh 9: K hiu v cu to cc loi transistor......................................................15
Hnh 10: Cc cch mc transistor.........................................................................16
Hnh 11: Mch mc transistor hot ng ch A (a) v ch d B (b).............18
Hnh 12: Mch nh thin c nh........................................................................21
Hnh 13: Mch phn p........................................................................................22
Hnh 14: Mch hi tip........................................................................................22
Hnh 15: in p trong mch...............................................................................23
Hnh 16: Mch khuch i Darlington.................................................................23
Hnh 17: Mch Cascode.......................................................................................24
Hnh 18: Mch E chung.......................................................................................25
Hnh 19: c tuyn V-A......................................................................................27
Hnh 20: Mch tn hiu nh.................................................................................28
Hnh 21: Chuyn i mch tng ng xoay chiu...........................................29
Hnh 22: Mch B chung.......................................................................................30
Hnh 23: Mch khuch i vi sai..........................................................................32
Hnh 24: Mch khuch i o............................................................................33
Hnh 25: Mch khuch i khng o.................................................................34
Hnh 26: Mch m.............................................................................................35
Hnh 27: Mch khuch i tng...........................................................................36

Hnh 28: Mch tch phn......................................................................................37

Hnh 29: Mch vi phn........................................................................................37
Hnh 30: Mch so snh........................................................................................38
Hnh 31: Mch khuch i o lng....................................................................38
Hnh 32: Mch khuch i loga...........................................................................39
Hnh 33: Mch khuch i i loga.....................................................................39
Hnh 34: S khi.............................................................................................40
Hnh 35: Mch ngun 5V....................................................................................41
Hnh 36: S khi ca mt ngun xung............................................................42
Hnh 37: o kim tra t ha.................................................................................43
Hnh 38: o kim tra it...................................................................................45
Hnh 39: Thanh ghi dch 74HC595......................................................................50
Hnh 40: S nguyn l khi LED 7 thanh 4 s................................................51
Hnh 41: Bng m led 7 thanh anot chung...........................................................52
Hnh 42: Mc LM35 v DS..................................................................................52
Hnh 43: Mch LED............................................................................................53
Hnh 44: Mch dao ng hnh sin........................................................................55
Hnh 45: Mch to dao ng bng thch anh.......................................................56
Hnh 46: Thch anh dao ng trong tivi mu, my tnh.......................................56
Hnh 47: Mch dao ng a hi to xung vung..................................................57
Hnh 48: Mch dao ng to xung bng IC 555..................................................57
Hnh 49: Chu k ton phn T bao gm thi gian c in mc cao Tm v thi gian
c in mc thp Ts.............................................................................................58
Hnh 50: S nguyn l mch nhn p 4 ln.....................................................59
Hnh 51: Mch in nhn 4 in p trong m phng Multisim............................60
Hnh 52: Mch m phng khi D4 b t...............................................................60
Hnh 53: Mch m phng khi D4 b chp.............................................................61

1. bi
Cu 1: Tm hiu cu to, cch mc, cch kim tra cc linh kin th ng, linh
kin tch cc, IC, VK?
Cu 2: V v phn tch cc loi mch khuch i s dng transistor? Nu ng
dng ca 3 cch mc c bn ca trans (E, B, C chung)
Cu 3: K tn v nu cch mc cc mch khuch i thut ton?
Cu 4: Thit k s khi (mch in) b ngun dng bin p h p, b ngun
xung. Nu nguyn l lm vic, nhng linh kin hay hng, cch pht hin v
phng n sa cha, thay th.
Cu 5: Thit k mch in t ng h s dng n LED 7 thanh, IC .
Yu cu: th hin ngy, gi, pht, lch m, lch dng, nhit ngoi tri.
Cu 6: Hy cho bit c bao nhiu cch mc linh kin to dao ng trong mch
in, cho bit tn linh kin c th, cch thay th?
Cu 7: Thit k, nu nguyn l lm vic. tc dng cc linh kin ca b ngun
mch nhn p Ur=4Uv? Khi D4 b chp (t) th R ti bng bao nhiu? Ti sao?

2. Tr li
2.1

Tm hiu cu to, cch mc, cch kim tra cc linh kin th ng,

linh kin tch cc, IC, VK?

Cc linh kin in t th ng l: in tr, t in, cun cm.
Cc linh kin in t tch cc l: transistor, diode.
2.1.1 in tr
a. in tr (register) l mt linh kin in t th ng trong mt mch in, c
trng cho tnh cn tr dng in, gi tr in tr c xc nh theo nh lut
Ohm.
U=IR R=

U
I

Trong : U l hiu in th gia hai u in tr, n v volt [V]

I l cng dng in chy qua in tr, n v ampe [A]
R l gi tr in tr, n v ohm []
in tr trong mch in nguyn l c v nh trn hnh 1.

Hnh 1: K hiu ca in tr trong mch in

b. Cu to ca in tr
in tr c cu to chung bao gm v bc, m chp, chn in tr, vt liu
cn in v li. Cu to in tr c v trn hnh 1.

Hnh 2: Cu to chung ca in tr

c. Cc cch mc in tr
C hai cch mc in tr l mc ni tip v mc song song.
in tr mc ni tip:

Rt = R1 + R2 + + Rn
in tr mc song song:

1
1
1
1
=
+
++
Rt R 1 R 2
Rn

d. Cc kim tra in tr
Bt ng h o v thang o Ohm, ri t hai u o ca ng h vo 2 chn
ca in tr, so snh kt qu hin th trn ng h v gi tr in tr c c
trn linh kin in tr.
2.1.2 T in
a. T in l linh kin in t th ng, to bi hai b mt dn in c ngn
cch bi in mi.
in dung l i lng vt l c trng cho kh nng tch in gia hai bn
cc ca t in. in dung ca t in ph thuc vo din tch hai bn cc, vt
liu lm cht in mi v khong cch gia hai bn cc theo cng thc:
C= 0

S
d

Trong :

C l in dung ca t in, n v fara [F]

l hng s in mi ca lp cch in
0 l hng s in thm, n v F.m-1
d l khong cch gia hai bn t, n v met [m]
S l din tch bn cc ca t, n v m2

Hnh 3: K hiu cc loi t in trong mch in

a T thng

b T phn cc

c T xoay

d T tinh chnh

b. Cu to chung ca t in

Hnh 4: Cu to chung ca t in

c. Cc cch mc t in
Mc ni tip:

1
1
1
1
=
+
+ +
Ct C 1 C 2
Cn

Mc song song:

Ct = C1 + C2 + + Cn
d. Cch kim tra t in bng ng h kim vn nng
i vi t phn cc:
Bc 1: Chp 2 chn ca t vi nhau trit tiu in trng trong t.

 Bc 2: Chnh thang o ng h v thang o Ohm theo nguyn tc gi

tr in dung ca t cng cao th thang o cng nh v ngc li.
Bc 3: t 2 que o ng h vo 2 chn ca t v quan st, nu kim vt
ln ri quay v 0 th o chiu 2 que o v quan st, nu kim li vt ln
ri quay v 0 th t cn tt cn nu kim ln m khng quay v 0 th t
b nh thng.
i vi t khng phn cc: Thc hin bc 1 v 2 nh i vi t phn
cc, vi bc 3 th khng cn o chiu 2 que o, hin tng vn tng
t, nu kim vt ln ri quay v 0 th t cn tt, cn nu kim khng vt ln
hoc vt ln m khng quay v 0 th t hng.
2.1.3 Cun cm
a. Cun cm l linh kin in t th ng to bi dy dn in vi vi vng
qun, sinh ra t trng khi c dng in chy qua.
i lng vt l c trng cho cun cm l t cm, k hiu l L, n v Henry
[H].
H s t cm ca cun cm ph thuc vo s vng dy, kch c ca cun dy v
tnh cht li t.

Hnh 5: K hiu cc loi cun cm

(a) Cun dy li khng

kh
(d) Cun dy li ferit

(b) Cun dy li st t

(c) Cun

dy

chnh

(e) Cun dy c li chnh (f) Cun dy li thp

c

k thut

b. Cc cch mc cun cm
Mc ni tip

10

Lt = L1 + L2 + + Ln
Mc song song

1
1
1
1
=
+ + +
Lt L1 L 2
ln

c. Cch kim tra cun cm

2.1.4 Diode
a. Diode l linh kin bn dn ch cho php dng in i qua n theo mt chiu
m khng theo chiu ngc li.
Diode bao gm cc loi nh diode chnh lu, diode tch sng, diode schottky,
diode n p, diode bin dung, diode tunnel, diode pht quang, diode thu quang.

Hnh 6: K hiu cc loi it

(a) Diode chnh lu

(b) Diode schottky

(c) Diode n p

(d) Diode bin dung

(e) Diode tunnel

(f) Diode pht quang

(g) Diode thu quang

b. Cu to ca diode

11

Cc loi diode u c nguyn l cu to chung l mt khi bn dn loi P ghp

vi mt khi bn dn loi N.

c. Cc cch mc diode
C hai cch mc cho diode l: mc phn cc thun v mc phn cc ngc.

Hnh 7: Cc cch mc diode

(a) Phn cc thun

d. Cc loi mch diode
Mch chnh lu na chu k
Mch chnh lu c chu k
Mch nhn in p
Mch ghim trn
Mch ghim di

(b) Phn cc ngc

12

Hnh 8: Mt s mch ng dng ca diode

2.1.5 Transistor
a. Transistor l linh kin bn dn ch ng, thng c s dng nh mt phn
t khuch i hoc mt kha in t.

13

Hnh 9: K hiu v cu to cc loi transistor

b. Cc cch mc transistor

14

 Mch mc C chung:
Tn hiu a vo chn B v ly ra trn chn E.
Bin in p ra nh hn bin in p vo.
Tn hiu ra v tn hiu vo cng pha.
Mch mc C chung l mch khuch i dng, khng o.
Mch mc B chung:
Tn hiu a vo chn E, tn hiu ra trn chn C v chn B c thot
mass thng qua t.
Mch mc B chung rt t khi c s dng trong thc t.
Mch mc B chung l mch khuch i in p o.
Mch mc E chung
Mch khuch i E chung thng c nh thin sao cho U CE
6070% VCC.
Bin in p ra ln hn bin in p vo nhiu ln.
Bin dng in ra ln hn bin dng in vo, nhng khng ng
k.
Tn hiu u ra ngc pha vi tn hiu u vo.
Mch mc E chung c ng dng nhiu nht trong thit b in t.

Hnh 10: Cc cch mc transistor

c. Cc ch lm vic
Ch A
transistor hot ng ch A, phi thin p sao cho U CE 6070%
VCC.

15

 Mch khuch i ch A c s dng trong cc mch trung gian

nh khuch i cao tn, khuch i trung tn, tin khuch i,
Ch B
Mch khuch i ch B l mch ch khuch i mt na chu k ca
tn hiu v khng c thin p.
-

Khuch i na chu k dng dng transistor NPN.

Khuch i na chu k m dng transistor PNP.

Mch khuch i ch B thng c s dng trong cc mch khuch

i cng sut y ko nh cng sut m tn, cng sut mnh ca tivi,
Ch AB
Mch khuch i ch AB tng t mch khuch i ch B,
nhng c thin p sao cho UBE 0,6VCC.
Mch ch khuch i mt na chu k tn hiu v khc phc hin tng
mo giao im ca mch khuch i ch B.
Mch khuch i ch AB cng c s dng trong cc mch cng
sut y ko.
Ch C
Mch khuch i ch C l mch khuch i c U BE c phn cc
ngc vi mc ch ch ly tn hiu ra l mt phn nh ca tn hiu vo.
Mch ny thng c s dng trong cc mch tch tn hiu. VD: mch
tch xung ng b trong tivi mu.
Ch D
Mch ch D l mch ng ct, c dng trong m ly, x l m thanh,

16

Hnh 11: Mch mc transistor hot ng ch A (a) v ch d B (b)

2.1.6 Integrated Circuit IC

a. Integrated Circuit (IC), cn c gi l chip, l tp hp cc mch in cha
cc linh kin bn dn (nh transistor) v cc linh kin in t th ng (nh
in tr) c kt ni vi nhau thc hin mt chc nng xc nh.
b. Phn loi
Theo tn hiu c x l
IC analog x l tn hiu tng t
IC digital x l tn hiu s
IC hn hp x l c 2 loi tn hiu tng t v s
Theo mc tch hp
IC (Integrated Circuit) l tn chung, cn chia ra 2 loi SSI (Small Scale
Integration) v MSI (Medium Scale Integrated)
LSI (Large Scale Integrated)
VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated). V d: CPU, GPU, ROM, RAM,
PLA, chipset, microcontroller,
ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration)
Theo cng ngh
Monolithic: Tt c cc phn t t trn ming nn vt liu bn dn n
tinh th. Cc linh kin bn dn c to bng pha tp cht, v theo th t

17

lp thc hin lai ghp in tr, ng mch dn, t in, lp cch in,
cc gate ca MOSFET. V d: cng ngh TTL, CMOS, CCD, BiCMOS,
DMOS, BiFET,
Mch mng mng hay mch phim, l nhng phn t c to bng lng
ng hi trn nn thy tinh. N thng l cc mng in tr. Chng c
th c ch to bng cch cn bng in t vi chnh xc cao, v
c ph nhng bo v. Trong nhm ny bao gm c cc mch ca
transistor mng mng (TFT), ng dng trong mn hnh phng.
Lai mch mng dy kt hp mt s chip, vt mch in ng dy dn, linh
kin in t th ng (thng ch c in tr). Nn thng l gm v

thng c nhng trng.

Theo cng dng
CPU, vi x l trong my tnh.
Memory, b nh lu tr d liu digital.
IC logic.
ASIC
IC cm bin
DSP (Digital Signal Processor)
ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) v DAC (Digital to Analog
Converter)
FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array)
Vi iu khin (microcontroller)
IC cng sut
SoC (System on Chip)

2.1.7 Vi iu khin Microcontroller

a. Khi nim
Vi iu khin (microcontroller) l mt my tnh c tch hp trn mt
chip, n thng c s dng iu khin cc thit b in t.
Vi iu khin thc cht l mt h thng bao gm mt vi x l c hiu sut
dng v gi thnh thp (khc vi b vi x l a nng trong my tnh)
kt hp vi cc khi ngoi vi nh b nh, cc module vo ra, cc module
bin i tng t sang s v s sang tng t,

18

 Vi iu khin thng c dng xy dng cc h thng nhng, xut

hin kh nhiu trong cc thit b in t nh my git, lo vi sng, in
thoi,
b. Cc thnh phn
CPU
B nh chng trnh (thng l ROM hoc b nh Flash)
B nh d liu (RAM)
Cc cng vo ra
Cc b nh thi (Timer)
c. Cc h vi iu khin thng dng
AMCC do tp on Applied Micro Circuit Corporation sn xut
Atmel
Cypress MicroSystems
Freescale Semiconductor
Fujitsu
Intel
Microchip (PIC)
National Semiconductor
STMicroelectronics
Philips Semiconductors

19

2.2

V v phn tch cc loi mch khuch i s dng transistor?

Nu ng dng ca 3 cch mc c bn ca trans (E, B, C chung)

2.2.1 Mch nh thin c nh

Hnh 12: Mch nh thin c nh

Cch tnh:
Theo nh l Kirchoff v in p:

M li c

nn:

20

2.2.2 Mch phn p

Hnh 13: Mch phn p

Cch tnh:
S dng nh l Thevenin ta bin i: RTh =R 1 / R 2 v ETh =
Ta tm ra:

21

R2 V CC
R1 + R2

2.2.3 Mch hi tip

Hnh 14: Mch hi tip

Hnh 15: in p trong mch

Cch tnh:

22

2.2.4 Mch khuch i Darlington

Hnh 16: Mch khuch i Darlington

Hai transistor ghp Darlington s tng t nh 1 trans duy nht c:

H s khuch i dng in gn bng tch 2 h s ca 2 con thnh phn:
= 1.2
Tng tr vo ln.
Tng tr ra nh.
in p phn cc u vo tng gn gp i.
2.2.5 Mch Cascode
Mch Cascode gm 2 transistor ghp vi nhau. Q1 mc E chung cn Q2 mc B
chung. Khi tn hiu vo Q1 khuch i t tn hiu ra Vo1 ln cc E gc Q2 iu
khin tip Q2 khuch i cho Vo2
Ta chng minh c h s khuch i in p ca Q1: Ku1=-1

2 .RC
rV 2 nn h s khuch i chung:
Ca Q2:
.RC
K K u1.K u 2
rV 2
Trong rV2 l in tr vo ca tranzitor Q2
u im c bn ca mch ny l ngn cch nh hng ca mch ra n mch vo
Ku 2

ca tng khuch i, c bit tn s cao.

23

Hnh 17: Mch Cascode

2.2.6 Cch mc E chung (EC)

Hnh 18: Mch E chung

S d ngi ta gi l tng emit chung l v nu xt v mt xoay chiu th tn hiu

u vo v u ra u c chung mt chn t l cc E ca tranzito.
Trong s ny Cp1, Cp2 l cc t ni tng, n ngn cch in p mt chiu trnh
nh hng ln nhau, R1, R2, RC xc nh ch tnh ca tng khuch i.

24

RE in tr hi tip m dng in mt chiu c tc dng n nh nhit, CE t thot

thnh phn xoay chiu xung t ngn hi tip m xoay chiu.
c im ca tng khuch i EC l tng khuch i o pha, tn hiu ra ngc
pha vi tn hiu vo.
Nguyn l lm vic ca tng EC nh sau: khi a in p xoay chiu ti u vo
xut hin dng xoay chiu cc B ca tranzito v do xut hin dng xoay chiu
cc C mch ra ca tng. Dng ny gy st p xoay chiu trn in tr RC. in
p qua t CP2 a n u ra ca tng tc l ti Rt. C th thc hin bng hai
phng php c bn l phng php th i vi ch mt chiu v phng
php gii tch dng s tng ng i vi ch xoay chiu tn hiu nh.
Phng php th da vo c tuyn vo v ra ca tranzito c u im l d
dng tm c mi quan h gia cc gi tr bin ca thnh phn xoay chiu
(in p ra m v dng in ra r) v l s liu ban u tnh ton. Trn c
tuyn hnh (2-7a), v ng ti mt chiu (a-b). S ph thuc ca U CE 0 f ( I C 0 )
c th tm c t phng trnh cn bng in p ra ca tng:
U CE 0 EC I C 0 RC I E 0 RE EC I C 0 RC

IC 0
RE

V h s gn ng 1, nn c th vit: U CE 0 E C I C 0 ( RC RE )
Da vo c tuyn vo I B f (U BE ) ta chn dng cc gc tnh cn thit I B 0 ,
chnh xc nh c to im P l giao im ca ng I B I B 0 vi ng
ti mt chiu da trn c tuyn hnh 2-7b.
xc nh thnh phn xoay chiu ca in p ra v dng ra cc C ca tranzito
phi dng ng ti xoay chiu ca tng. Ch rng in tr xoay chiu trong

25

mch cc E ca tranzito bng khng (v c t CE mc song song vi in tr RE)

cn ti Rt c mc vo mch cc C, v in tr xoay chiu ca t C2 rt nh.
Nu coi in tr xoay chiu ca ngun cung cp EC bng khng, th in tr xoay
chiu ca tng gm hai in tr RC v Rt mc song song, ngha l Rt : = Rt // RC . T
thy r n tr ti mt chiu ca tng Rt RC RE ln hn in tr ti xoay
chiu Rt : . Khi c tn hiu vo, in p vo dng in l tng ca thnh phn ca
mt chiu v xoay chiu, owngf ti xoay chiu i qua im tnh P.

Hnh 19: c tuyn V-A

dc ca ng ti xoay chiu ln hn dc ng ti mt chiu. Xy

dng ng ti xoay chiu theo t s s gia ca in p v dng inU CE =IC.
(RC // Rt). Khi cung cp in p vo ti u vo ca tng th trong mch cc gc
xut hin thnh phn dng xoay chiu ib lin quan n in vo uv theo c
tuyn vo ca tranzito.V dng I C=IB nn trn mch cc C cng c thnh phn
dng xoay chiu iC v in p xoay chiu ura lin h vi iC bng ng ti xoay
chiu. Khi ng ti xoay chiu c trng cho s thay i gi tr tc thi dng

26

cc C iC v in p trn tranzito uc hay ngi ta ni l s dch chuyn im

lm vic. im lm vic dch t P i ln ng vi 1/2 chu k dng v dch
chuyn i xung ng vi 1/2 chu k m ca tn hiu vo. Nu chn tr s tn hiu
vo thch hp v ch tnh ng th tn hiu ra ca tng khuch i khng b
mo dng. Vic chn im lm vic tnh v tnh ton s c thc hin theo mt
tng khuch i c th. Nhng tham s ban u tnh ton l bin in p ra
r v dng in ti t , cng sut ti Pt v in tr ti Rt. Gia nhng tham s ny
c quan h cht ch vi nhau, nn v nguyn tc ch cn bit hai trong nhng
tham s l tnh cc tham s cn li.
tnh ton theo phng php gii tch dng s tng ng i vi ch
xoay chiu tn hiu nh.

Hnh 20: Mch tn hiu nh

Cc tham s ca mch EC tnh gn ng nh sau:

in tr vo ca tng: RV R1 / / R2 / / rV ; rV rB (1 )rE
R / / Rt
Ki C
Rt
H s khuch i dng in:
Nh vy tng EC c h s khuch i dng tng i ln, v nu nh RC ? Rt
th n gn bng h s khuch i ca tranzitor.
H s khuch i in p:

Ku

RC / / Rt
Rn RV ( du tr th hin s o pha)

27

 H s khuch i cng sut:

KP

Pr
K u .K i
PV
; rt ln khong t

(0.2 5).103 ln

r
? RC
in tr ra ca tng Rr RC / / rC ( E ) . V C ( E )
nn Rr RC .

Tng EC c h s khuch i in p v dng in ln nn thng c s dng

nhiu.
2.2.7 Cch mc C chung (CC)
in tr RE trong s ng vai tr nh RC trong mch EC, ngha l to
nn mt in p bin i u ra trn n. T C c nhim v a tn hiu ra ti Rt.
in tr R1, R2 l b phn p cp in mt chiu cho cc B, xc nh ch tnh
ca tng. tng in tr vo thng ngi ta khng mc in tr R2. Tnh ton
ch mt chiu tng t nh tnh ton tng EC. kho st cc tham s ca
tng theo dng xoay chiu, cn chuyn sang s tng ng xoay chiu.

Hnh 21: Chuyn i mch tng ng xoay chiu

Cc tham s:
in tr vo ca tng: RV R1 / / R2 / /(1 ).( RE / / R t )
Nu chn b phn phn p u vo ln th in tr vo s ln. Tuy nhin
khng th b qua in tr rC ( E ) mc song song vi mch vo, nn in tr vo
phi tnh:

28

RV R1 / / RV //[(1+ ).(R E //R t )]//rE ( E )

in tr vo ln l mt trong nhng u im quan trng ca tng C chung, dng
tng phi hp vi ngun tn hiu ca in tr trong ln.
H s khuch i dng in:
K i (1 ).

RV RE / / Rt
.
rV
Rt

H s khuch i in p:
K u (1 ).

RE / / Rt
Rn RV

Khi RV ? Rn v gn ng RV (1 )( RE Rt ) th K u 1 . Nh vy tng khuch

ai C chung d khuch i cng sut tn hiu trong khi gi nguyn tr s in p
ca n.
K
V K u 1 nn h s khuch i p xp x bng K i v tr s.

r Rn / / R1 / / R2
Rr RE / / r E B
RE / / rE
1

in tr ra ca tng:
in tr ra ca tng nh c (1 50) . N c dng phi hp mch ra ca tng
khuch i vi ti c in tr nh, khi tng C chung dng lm tng ra ca b
khuch i c vai tr nh mt tng khuch i cng sut n ch A khng c
bin p ra.
2.2.8 Cch mc B chung (BC)
Cc phn t R1 , R2 , RE dng xc nh ch tnh I E . Cc phn t cn
li cng cs chc nng ging s mch EC.
in tr vo: RV RE / /[rE +(1- )rB ]

29

Hnh 22: Mch B chung

in tr vo ca tng c xc nh ch yu bng in tr rE vo khong

(1 50) . in tr vo nh l nhc im c bn ca tng BC v tng s l ti

ln i vi ngun tn hiu vo.
H s khuch i dng ca tng:

K i .

K u .

RC / / Rt
Rt

RC / / Rt
R n RV

H s khuch i in p:
in tr ra ca tng: Rr R C / / rC ( E ) RC
Cn ch rng cc c tuyn tnh ca tranzito mc BC c tuyn tnh ln nn
tranzito c th dng vi in p cc C ln hn s EC. Chnh v vy tng
khuch i BC c dng khi cn c in p u ra ln.

2.3

K tn v nu cch mc mch khuch i thut ton

Mch khuch i thut ton (ting Anh: operational amplifier), thng c gi

tt l op-amp l mt mch khuch i "DC-coupled" (tn hiu u vo bao gm c
tn hiu BIAS) vi h s khuch i rt cao, c u vo vi sai, v thng thng c
u ra n. Thng c ch to di dng mch in tch hp l IC.
Op-amp l tng cn tha mn cc iu kin:
C li vng h v cng ln
Bng thng ln

30

Tng tr u vo v cng ln ( cho dng in u vo bng 0)

in p b bng khng
Tc thay i in p v cng ln
Tng tr u ra bng khng
Tp nhiu ( n) bng khng

Cc cch mc mch khuch i thut ton:

2.3.1 Mch khuch i vi sai (Mch tr)

Hnh 23: Mch khuch i vi sai

31

Mch ny dng tm ra hiu s, hoc sai s gia 2 in p m mi in p c

th c nhn vi mt hng s no . Cc hng s ny c xc nh nh in
tr.

Tng tr vi sai gia 2 u vo

H s khuch i vi sai:
Nu R1=R2 ; Rf =R g
V out = A ( V 2 V 1 ) v

A=R f / R1

2.3.2 Mch khuch i o

Hnh 24: Mch khuch i o

Dng i du v khuch i mt in p
V out =

R f
V
R

Tng tr vo:
Z =

V
=R
I

32

C th thm mt in tr c gi tr

Rf / R g

vo gia u vo khng o v t

gim sai s.
2.3.3 Mch khuch i khng o

Hnh 25: Mch khuch i khng o

Dng khuch i in p (nhn vi mt hng s ln hn 1)

2.3.4 Mch m (Mch theo in p)

c s dng nh mt b khuch i m, gii hn nhng nh hng ca ti
hay phi hp tng tr (ni gia mt linh kin c tng tr ngun ln vi mt
linh kin khc c tng tr vo thp). Do c hi tip m su, mch ny c khuynh
hng khng n nh khi ti c tnh dung cao. iu ny c th ngn nga bng
cch ni vi ti qua 1 in tr.

33

Hnh 26: Mch m

y l trng hp c bit ca mch khuch i khng o, c h s khuch i

A v =1

34

2.3.5 Mch khuch i tng

Hnh 27: Mch khuch i tng

Mch c s dng lm php cng mt s in p

Nu R1=R2 = R n v Rf

c lp th

Nu R1=R2 = R n=R f th
-

in p ra s i du
Tng tr vo Z n =R n cho mi u vo

35

2.3.6 Mch tch phn

Hnh 28: Mch tch phn

Mch ny dng tch phn (c o du) mt tn hiu theo thi gian

Trong ,

l cc hm s theo thi gian,

l in p ng ra ca

mch tch phn ti thi im t = 0.

Lu rng cu trc ca mch ny cng c xem l mch lc thng thp, mt
dng ca mch lc tch cc.
2.3.7 Mch vi phn

Hnh 29: Mch vi phn

Mch ny ly vi phn (c o du) mt tn hiu theo thi gian.

(Trong ,

l cc hm s theo thi gian)

36

Lu rng cu trc ca mch ny c th xem nh mt mch lc thng thng,

mt dng ca mch lc tch cc.
2.3.8 Mch so snh

Hnh 30: Mch so snh

Mch ny so snh hai tn hiu in p, v s chuyn mch ng ra hin th

mch no c in p cao hn.

(Trong

l in p ngun, v mach s c cp ngun t

.)

2.3.9 Mch khuch i o lng

Hnh 31: Mch khuch i o lng

Ngi ta kt hp cc c tnh tng tr vo rt cao, suy gim tn hiu ng pha

cao, in p b u vo thp v cc c tnh khc thit k mch o lng
chnh xc, nhiu thp.
Mch ny c thit lp bng cch thm mt mch khuch i khng o, m
vo mi u vo ca mch khuch i vi sai tng tng tr vo.

37

2.3.10 Mch khuch i loga

Hnh 32: Mch khuch i loga

2.3.11 Mch khuch i i loga (Mch khuch i ly tha)

Hnh 33: Mch khuch i i loga

2.3.12 Mch nhn tng t

S dng mch khuch i loga v i loga v mch cng

38

2.3.13 Mch chia tng t

S dng mch khuch i loga v i loga
S dng nguyn l nhn o: mc mch nhn trong vng hi tip theo kiu
to hm ngc
2.3.14 Mch khai cn
Thc hin bng cch mc mch ly tha bc 2 trong vng hi tip ca
KTT
Ngoi ra cn cc cch mc khc nh:
-

2.4

Mch chuyn i kiu Schmitt

Mch gi lp cun cm
Mch pht hin mc khng
Mch bin i tng tr m
Mch chnh lu hn ch
Mch so snh tng t

Thit k s khi (mch in) b ngun dng bin p h p, b

ngun xung. Nu nguyn l lm vic, nhng linh kin hay hng, cch
pht hin v phng n sa cha, thay th.
2.4.1 S khi v nguyn l lm vic ca b ngun dng bin p h p.
2.4.1.1 S khi

Hnh 34: S khi

39

2.4.1.2 Nguyn l lm vic

Khi bin p h in p t 220V AC xung in p thp hn. Sau i
qua khi chnh lu (thng dng chnh lu ton sng-chnh lu c chu k tng
hiu sut) to dng 1 chiu. Cho i qua t lc san phng in p 1 chiu.
Cui cng khi mch ngun tuyn tnh to ra ngun 1 chiu mong mun. C
th dng IC hoc diode n p to ngun u mong mun.
2.4.1.3 V d mch bin p h p 220V AC 5V DC

Hnh 35: Mch ngun 5V

40

2.4.2 S khi v nguyn l lm vic ca b ngun xung.

2.4.2.1 S khi
e

Hnh 36: S khi ca mt ngun xung

2.4.2.2 Nguyn l lm vic

u tin in p u vo s t 80V cho n 220V xoay chiu qua cc cun
lc nhiu ri vo i t chnh lu thnh in mt chiu c khong gn 130 - 300V
(ty tng in p AC u vo) trn t lc ngun s cp. T lc ngun s cp c
nhim v tch nng lng in mt chiu cho cun dy s cp bin p xung hot
ng. Cc t lc s cp thng thy nh 4,7uF - 400V, 10uF - 400V, 220uF 400V, 10uF - 200V.
Cun dy s cp ca bin p xung c cp in theo xung cao tn thng
qua khi chuyn mch bn dn l cc linh kin nh transistor, mosfet hay IGBT.
Cc xung in ny c to ra nh b to xung hoc cc mch dao ng in t.

41

Cc mch dao ng to xung thng gp nh Viper22, Viper12, hx202, Tl494,

Sg3525
bn cun th cp ca bin p xung s c nhng mch chnh lu cho ra
in mt chiu cp in cho ti tiu th. in p th cp ny s c duy tr
mt in p nht nh nh 3.3V, 5V, 9V, 12V, 15V, 18V, 24 V nh mch n p.
ng thi mch hi tip s ly tn hiu in p ra a vo b to xung dao
ng nhm khng ch sao cho tn s dao ng n nh vi in p ra mong
mun. Cc IC n p thng dng l 7805, 7809, 7812, 7818. IC ghim p a vo
mch hi tip l IC431, cn IC hi tip l opto couple PC817.
2.4.3 Nhng linh kin hay hng v cch sa cha, thay th.
2.4.3.1 T ha
T ho t khi b d hay b chp nh t giy, nhng chng li hay hng
dng b kh (kh ho cht bn trong lp in mi) lm in dung ca t b gim,
kim tra t ho, ta thng so snh phng np ca t vi mt t cn tt c
cng in dung, hnh nh di y minh ho:

42

Hnh 37: o kim tra t ha

o kim tra t ho
Cch o:
kim tra t ho C2 c tr s 100F c b gim in dung hay khng,
ta dng t C1 cn mi c cng in dung v o so snh.
ng h thang t x1 n x100 (in dung cng ln th
thang cng thp).
o vo hai t v so snh phng np, khi o ta o chiu que o vi
ln.
Nu hai t phng np bng nhau l t cn kim tra cn tt, trn ta
thy t C2 phng np km hn => t C2 trn b kh.
Trng hp kim ln m khng tr v l t b d.

43

Ch :
Nu kim tra t in trc tip trn mch, ta cn phi ht rng mt chn
t khi mch in, sau kim tra nh trn.
Ni chng khi ta kim tra t ha (sng -cht) th rt n gin. Ta ch vic
tch in cho n sau n to ra 1 in tr trong lng lp in mi (hay
to ra dng r).
2.4.3.2 Diode
Diode l linh kin c s dng tng i nhiu nn vic hng cng
khng trnh khi. 2 triu chng ca diode khi hng thng l b chp v b t.

Hnh 38: o kim tra it

Cch o kim tra diode

Cch kim tra:
t ng h thang x1 , t hai que o vo hai u diode, nu:
o o chiu thun que en vo Anot, que vo Katot => kim ln, o
chiu o kim khng ln l => Diode tt.

44

o Nu o c hai chiu kim ln = 0 => l Diode b chp.

o Nu o thun chiu m kim khng ln => l Diode b t.

2.5

Thit k mch in t ng h s dng n LED 7 thanh, IC .

Yu cu: th hin ngy, gi, pht, lch m, lch dng, nhit ngoi
tri.
2.5.1 Cc thnh phn s dng trong mch:
IC: PIC16F877A, DS1307, 74HC595.
Cm bin: LM35
LED 7 thanh.
2.5.2 Cng dng ca tng phn trong mch:
PIC16F877A

iu khin mch

DS1307

ng vai tr ng h thi gian thc trong mch

LM35

Cm bin nhit .

74HC595
C th:

IC dch

2.5.2.1 DS1307
DS1307 l chip ng h thi gian thc (RTC : Real-time clock), khi
nim thi gian thc y c dng vi ngha thi gian tuyt i m con
ngi ang s dng, tnh bng giy, pht, gi
Chip ny c 7 thanh ghi 8-bit cha thi gian l: giy, pht, gi, th (trong
tun), ngy, thng, nm. Ngoi ra DS1307 cn c 1 thanh ghi iu khin ng ra
ph v 56 thanh ghi trng c th dng nh RAM.
B nh DS1307 c tt c 64 thanh ghi 8-bit c nh a ch t 0 n 63
(t 0x00 n 0x3F theo h hexadecimal). Tuy nhin, thc cht ch c 8 thanh ghi
u l dng cho chc nng ng h (gi l RTC) cn li 56 thanh ghi b trng
c th c dng cha bin tm nh RAM nu mun. By thanh ghi u tin
cha thng tin v thi gian ca ng h bao gm: giy (SECONDS), pht

45

(MINUTES), gi (HOURS), th (DAY), ngy (DATE), thng (MONTH) v nm

(YEAR). Vic ghi gi tr vo 7 thanh ghi ny tng ng vi vic ci t thi
gian khi ng cho RTC. Vic c gi t 7 thanh ghi l c thi gian thc m
chip to ra. V d, lc khi ng chng trnh, chng ta ghi vo thanh ghi giy
gi tr 42, sau 12s chng ta c thanh ghi ny, chng ta thu c gi tr 54.

Thanh ghi giy (SECONDS): thanh ghi ny l thanh ghi u tin trong b
nh ca DS1307, a ch ca n l 0x00. Bn bit thp ca thanh ghi ny cha m
BCD 4-bit ca ch s hng n v ca gi tr giy. Do gi tr cao nht ca ch s
hng chc l 5 (khng c giy 60 !) nn ch cn 3 bit (cc bit SECONDS6:4) l c
th m ha c (s 5 =101, 3 bit). Bit cao nht, bit 7, trong thanh ghi ny l 1
iu khin c tn CH (Clock halt treo ng h), nu bit ny c set bng 1 b
dao ng trong chip b v hiu ha, ng h khng hot ng. V vy, nht thit
phi reset bit ny xung 0 ngay t u.
Thanh ghi pht (MINUTES): c a ch 0x01, cha gi tr pht ca ng
h. Tng t thanh ghi SECONDS, ch c 7 bit ca thanh ghi ny c dng lu
m BCD ca pht, bit 7 lun lun bng 0.
Thanh ghi gi (HOURS): c th ni y l thanh ghi phc tp nht trong
DS1307. Thanh ghi ny c a ch 0x02. Trc ht 4-bits thp ca thanh ghi ny
c dng cho ch s hng n v ca gi. Do DS1307 h tr 2 loi h thng
hin th gi (gi l mode) l 12h (1h n 12h) v 24h (1h n 24h) gi, bit6
(mu green trong hnh 4) xc lp h thng gi. Nu bit6=0 th h thng 24h c
chn, khi 2 bit cao 5 v 4 dng m ha ch s hng chc ca gi tr gi. Do
gi tr ln nht ca ch s hng chc trong trng hp ny l 2 (=10, nh phn)

46

nn 2 bit 5 v 4 l m ha. Nu bit6=1 th h thng 12h c chn, vi

trng hp ny ch c bit 4 dng m ha ch s hng chc ca gi, bit 5
(mu orangetrong hnh 4) ch bui trong ngy, AM hoc PM. Bit5 =0 l AM v
bit5=1 l PM. Bit 7 lun bng 0. (thit k ny hi d, nu di hn 2 bit mode v
A-P sang 2 bit 7 v 6 th s n gin hn).
Thanh ghi th (DAY ngy trong tun): nm a ch 0x03. Thanh ghi
DAY ch mang gi tr t 1 n 7 tng ng t Ch nht n th 7 trong 1 tun. V
th, ch c 3 bit thp trong thanh ghi ny c ngha.
Cc thanh ghi cn li c cu trc tng t, DATE cha ngy trong thng
(1 n 31), MONTH cha thng (1 n 12) v YEAR cha nm (00 n 99).
Ch , DS1307 ch dng cho 100 nm, nn gi tr nm ch c 2 ch s, phn u
ca nm do ngi dng t thm vo (v d 20xx).
2.5.2.2 LM35
Cm bin LM35 l b cm bin nhit mch tch hp chnh xc cao m in
p u ra ca n t l tuyn tnh vi nhit theo thang Celsius. Chng cng
khng yu cu cn chnh ngoi v vn chng c cn chnh
c im chnh ca cm bin LM35

in p u vo t 4V n 30V
phn gii in p u ra l 10mV/oC
chnh xc cao 25 C l 0.5 C
Tr khng u ra thp 0.1 cho 1mA ti

Di nhit o c ca LM35 l t -55 C - 150 C vi cc mc in p ra

khc nhau. Xt mt s mc in p sau:
Nhit -55 C in p u ra -550mV
Nhit 25 C in p u ra 250mV
Nhit 150 C in p u ra 1500mV
Ty theo cch mc ca LM35 ta o cc gii nhit ph hp. i vi
h thng ny th o t 0 n 150. Chi tit cc bn c th xem trong datasheet ca
n.

47

Tnh ton nhit u ra ca LM35:

Vic o nhit s dng LM35 thng thng chng ta s dng bng cch
LM35 - > ADC - > Vi iu khin
Nh vy ta c:
U=t . k
U
t
k

l in p u ra
l nhit mi trng o
l h s theo nhit ca LM35 10mV/1 C

Gi s in p Vcc cp cho LM35 l 5V ADC 10bit

Vy bc thay i ca LM35 s l 5/(2^10) = 5/1024
Gi tr ADC o c th in p u vo ca LM35 l:
(tk )/(5 /1024)=((102 )1024t )/5=2.048t

Vy nhit ta o c t = gi tr ADC/2048
Tng t vi ADC 11bit v Vcc khc ta cng tnh nh trn c cng thc ly
nhit
Sai s ca LM35
Ti 0 C th in p ca LM35 l 10mV
Ti 150 C th in p ca LM35 l 1.5V
==> Gii in p ADC bin i l 1.50.01=1.49(V )
ADC 11 bit nn bc thay i ca ADC l : n = 2.44mV
Vy sai s ca h thng o l : Y =0.00244 /1.49=0.164
2.5.2.3 IC dch 79HC595
Thng dng trong cc mch qut led 7, led matrix tit kim s chn VDK
ti a (3 chn). C th m rng s chn vi iu khin bao nhiu ty thch m
khng IC no c th lm c bng vic mc ni tip u vo d liu cc IC vi
nhau.

48

Hnh 39: Thanh ghi dch 74HC595

Chc nng ca cc chn:

(input)
Chn 14 : u vo d liu ni tip . Ti 1 thi im xung clock ch a vo c
1 bit
(output)
QA=>QH : trn cc chn (15,1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
Xut d liu khi chn chn 13 tch cc mc thp v c mt xung tch cc
sn m ti chn cht 12
(output-enable)
Chn 13 : Chn cho php tch cc mc thp (0) .Khi mc cao, tt c cc u
ra ca 74595 tr v trng thi cao tr, khng c u ra no c cho php.
(SQH)
Chn 9: Chn d liu ni tip . Nu dng nhiu 74595 mc ni tip nhau th chn
ny a vo u vo ca con tip theo khi dch 8bit.
(Shift clock)
Chn 11: Chn vo xung clock . Khi c 1 xung clock tch cc sn dng(t 0
ln 1) th 1bit c dch vo ic.
(Latch clock)

49

Chn 12 : xung clock cht d liu . Khi c 1 xung clock tch cc sn dng
th cho php xut d liu trn cc chn output . lu c th xut d liu bt k
lc no bn mun ,v d u vo chn 14 dc 2 bit khi c xung clock chn 12 th
d liu s ra chn Qa v Qb (ch chiu dch d liu t Qa=>Qh)
(Reset)
Chn 10: khi chn ny mc thp(mc 0) th d liu s b xa trn chip)
2.5.2.4 LED 7 thanh
Khi led 7 thanh 4 s kiu Anode chung c s nguyn l nh hnh sau:

Hnh 40: S nguyn l khi LED 7 thanh 4 s

Trn hnh, cc thanh ca LED1 sng khi:

Chn iu khin (chn s 6) mc 1.
Cc chn d liu tng ng vi tng thanh: a,b,c,d,e,f,g,dp mc 0.

50

Ta c bng m hin th cc s t 0 9 trn mn hnh Led 7 thanh hnh 1:

Hnh 41: Bng m led 7 thanh anot chung

2.5.3 Cch mc LM35 v DS1307 v LED:

Hnh 42: Mc LM35 v DS

51

Hnh 43: Mch LED

2.5.4 Lp trnh
Khai bo bin ton cc
unsigned char StSet=0; //bien tao nhap nhay vung cai dat

//

unsigned char StNumber=0;//bien cho phep cai dat 0-11

//

unsigned char Number=0; //bien phuc vu quet led 0-22

//

unsigned char Temp;

//Nhuet do

//

unsigned char sec,min,hrs,day_d,month_d,year_d,date; //thoi gian duong lich

//

52

unsigned char day_a,month_a,year_a; //thoi gian am lich

//

unsigned char dsec=0; //bien phuc vu update time

//

//unsigned

char

CharCode[10]={0xc0,0xf9,0xa4,0xb0,0x99,0x92,0x82,0xf8,0x80,0x90};
Khai bo cc hm
unsigned char ADC_Convert(); //chuong trinh chuyen doi ADC 10bit chanel 0
//
void VietNam_Calendar(unsigned char day_d,month_d,year_d);/*Chuyen doi
am lich//
VietNam den nam 2030*/
void OutLed(unsigned char DATA);// Chuong trinh Xuat data ra PORTD
//
void Sys_init(); //Chuong trinh khoi tao chip

//

void Program_init(); // chuong trinh khoi tao

//

void Setup();//Chuong trinh cai dat thoi gian

//

void

Led7segment(unsigned

char

day_d,month_d,year_d,day_a,month_a,year_a,date,//
Temp,hrs,min,sec ); //chuong trinh quet LED dung ngat hoan toan tan so
fV=25Hz//
//
Chng trnh chnh
void Program_init()
{
ds1307_init(0,0,0); // initialize 1307
//ds1307_set_date_time(31,6,13,2,23,59,55);
//ds1307_set_date(1,1,13,3);
delay_ms(100);
ds1307_get_date(day_d,month_d,year_d,date);
ds1307_get_time(hrs,min,sec);

53

VietNam_Calendar(day_d,month_d,year_d);
Temp=ADC_convert();
delay_ms(200);
enable_interrupts(INT_RTCC);
enable_interrupts(INT_TIMER1);
enable_interrupts(GLOBAL);
}

2.6

Hy cho bit c bao nhiu cch mc linh kin to dao ng

trong mch in, cho bit tn linh kin c th, cch thay th?
2.6.1 Cc loi mch dao ng.

Mch dao ng hnh Sin

Mch dao ng a hi
Mch dao ng nght
Mch dao ng dng IC

2.6.2 Cc linh kin to dao ng v cch mc.

2.6.2.1 Mch dao ng dng phn t L v C

Hnh 44: Mch dao ng hnh sin

54

Mch dao ng trn c t C1 // L1 to thnh mch dao ng L - C duy tr s

dao ng ny th tn hiu dao ng c a vo chn B ca Transistor, R1 l tr
nh thin cho Transistor, R2 l tr gnh ly ra tn hiu dao ng ra, cun dy
u t chn E Transistor xung mass c tc dng ly hi tip duy tr dao ng.
Tn s dao ng ca mch ph thuc vo C1 v L1 theo cng thc:
f = 1 / 2.p.( L1.C1 )1/2
2.6.2.2 Mch dao ng dng thch anh

Hnh 45: Mch to dao ng bng thch anh

X1: l thch anh to dao ng , tn s dao ng c ghi trn thn ca

thch anh, khi thch anh c cp in th n t dao ng ra sng hnh sin.
Thch anh thng c tn s dao ng t vi trm KHz n vi chc MHz.
n Q1 khuych i tn hiu dao ng t thch anh v cui cng tn hiu
c ly ra chn C.
R1 va l in tr cp ngun cho thch anh va nh thin cho n Q1.
R2 l tr ghnh to ra st p ly ra tn hiu.

Hnh 46: Thch anh dao ng trong tivi mu, my tnh

55

2.6.2.3 Mch dao ng dng transistor

Tiu biu nht chnh l mch dao dng da hi:

Hnh 47: Mch dao ng a hi to xung vung

Khi cp ngun, gi s n Q1 dn trc, p Uc n Q1 gim => thng qua C1

lm p Ub n Q2 gim => Q2 tt => p Uc n Q2 tng => thng qua C2 lm p
Ub n Q1 tng => xc lp trng thi Q1 dn bo ho v Q2 tt, sau khong thi
gian t, dng np qua R3 vo t C1 khi in p ny > 0,6V th n Q2 dn => p
Uc n Q2 gim => tip tc nh vy cho n khi Q2 dn bo ho v Q1 tt, trng
thi lp i lp li v to thnh dao ng, chu k dao ng ph thuc vo C1, C2
v R2, R3.
2.6.2.4 Mch dao ng dng IC
IC to dao ng XX555 ; XX c th l TA hoc LA

Hnh 48: Mch dao ng to xung bng IC 555

56

Bn hy mua mt IC h 555 v t lp cho mnh mt mch to dao ng theo

s nguyn l nh trn.
Vcc cung cp cho IC c th s dng t 4,5V n 15V, ng mch mu l

dng ngun, mch mu en di cng l m ngun.

T 103 (10nF) t chn 5 xung mass l c nh v bn c th b qua ( khng

lp cng c).
Khi thay i cc in tr R1, R2 v gi tr t C1 bn s thu c dao ng c
tn s v rng xung theo mun theo cng thc:
1.4
(R1 + 2R2) C1

T = 0.7 (R1 + 2R2) C1 v f =

Trong :

T = Thi gian ca mt chu k ton phn tnh bng (s)

f

Tn

dao

ng

tnh

bng

(Hz)

R1

in

tr

tnh

bng

ohm

(W

R2

in

tr

tnh

bng

ohm

(W

C1 = T in tnh bng Fara ( W )

T
T

=
:

Tm
chu

+
k

Ts

ton

phn

Tm = 0,7 x ( R1 + R2 ) x C1 Tm : thi gian in mc cao

Ts

0,7

R2

C1

Ts : thi gian in mc thp

Hnh 49: Chu k ton phn T bao gm thi gian c in mc cao Tm v thi
gian c in mc thp Ts

T cc cng thc trn ta c th to ra mt dao ng xung vung c rng

Tm v Ts bt k.
Sau khi to ra xung c Tm v Ts ta c T = Tm + Ts v f = 1/ T

57

2.6.3 Cch thay th.

Vic thay th cc linh kin s dng trn khi b hng c tin hnh nh phn thay
th cc linh kin d hng trong cu tr li ca cu hi s 4.

2.7

Thit k, nu nguyn l lm vic. Tc dng cc linh kin ca b

ngun mch nhn p Ur=4Uv? Khi D4 b chp (t) th R ti bng bao

nhiu? Ti sao?
2.7.1 Mch nguyn l

Hnh 50: S nguyn l mch nhn p 4 ln

u tin np in n V c 1=V m ( V m l in p u vo) khi

bn k dng. Bn k m

D2

np in n

V c 3=2V m

C1

( D1

). Bn k dng k tip
v

ca C2 np vo C3 ). Bn k m k tip
C3

np vo C 4

in th 2 u C2 l 2V m
2 u

C1 +C 3 l 3 V m

2 u

C2 +C 4

dn in

dn in, C2 np in n V c 2=2V m (tng

in th nh ca cun th cp v t
C3

D1

l 4 V m

58

D2

D2

ngng nn in th

D 2 , D4

dn,
2V m

dn, in th 2V m ca

Hnh 51: Mch in nhn 4 in p trong m phng Multisim

Khi D4 t mch in khng thay i, v D4 ch c tc dng chnh lu.

Hnh 52: Mch m phng khi D4 b t

59

Khi D4 b chp th U ra=2 2U vo

Hnh 53: Mch m phng khi D4 b chp

60