""

.
:
.



C .. E
B
BC547 .
:

:BJT

:
-1 : PNP
PNP
P
PNP
N
. PNP
1

 -2 : NPN
NPN
N
NPN
P
NPN
:
1 : Emitter
PNP NPN ) (forward

.
2 : Collector
)(reverse .
3 : Base
) (forward ) (reverse .
:

:

NPN
PNP

PNP

NPN

:




:
:

Base .
:


.
:

Base



.
3

 :



.
Common
:Base

Emitter and
Base

Collector and Base
Base


Common
. Base
Common
:Emitter

Emitter and

Base
Base and
Emitter
Emitter


Common

.Emitter


Common Emitter
4

 Common
:Collector

Collector and

Base
Base and
Emitter
Collector


.
:
Base
Emitter
. Collector
Emitter

Base

)(
Emitter
Collector NPN
.
Emitter-
Base Forward
Collector-
Base . Reverse
Emitter

5

 ) (
PNP ) (
Emitter
NPN
. Emitter
:
: Collector
.Emitter
Collector
Emitter PNP
Collector
Emitter Base
Emitter
Collector Emitter
Base . Emitter
: Base
.Emitter

Base Emitter ) (0,7
Emitter
Base
Emitter . Base
Base
) 1 1000 (

Base % 1
Emitter
.Base

 Collector
Collector
.Emitter

:

0.7 0.3
.

0.7
.



.
7

:
:
- )(bipolar
.
) (unipolar
FET
.
.


.
8

 -
)( TTL " " )
( DIGITAL
.
:
C E

) ( 1

B ,E


B E
) ( 2
Ib B , E

Ic= . Ib C ) E ,( 3
.. 100

1 2 3
4 5 .. 6



:
9V ) 7 . ( 8

:

..

BC547


, . BD649 ..
10



,
,

, ..

0.7Volt ((UBE



"" ..

0.7V : , 0.2V
.

:


.


.

11

 :
Bipolar Junction Transistor -1
BJT
holes .

Current Controlled
.
Unipolar Junction Transistor -2
FET Field Effect Transistor
gate
) ( .
)( .


:
NPN
BC107
BC108
BC109

PNP
BC177
BC178
BC179

BC167
BC168
BC169

BC257
BC258
BC259

BC207
BC208
BC209

BC204
BC205
BC206

NPN

BC147
BC148
BC149
BC171
BC172
BC173
BC182
BC183
BC184
BC237
BC238
BC239

PNP
BC157
BC158
BC159
BC251
BC252
BC253
BC212
BC213
BC214
BC307
BC308
BC309

12

BC417 BC407
BC418 BC408
BC419 BC409

BC557
BC558
BC559
BC512
BC513
BC514
2N3905
2N3906
TIP295
5
MJE
2955T
BD266
A
TIP32A
TIP42A
13

BC437
BC438
BC439
BC547
BC548
BC549
BC582
BC583
BC584
2N390
3
2N390
4
TIP305
5
MJE
3055T
BD267
A
TIP31A
TIP41A

BC320
BC321
BC322
BC327
BC350
BC351
BC352

BC317
BC318
BC319
BC337
BC347
BC348
BC349
BC382
BC383
BC384

BC415
BC416

BC413
BC414

BC467
BC468
BC469

BC261
BC262
BC263
9012
9015

9013
9014

BD132
BD140
BD262

BD131
BD139
BD263

2N305
4
Darling Darling
ton
ton
TIP126 TIP121
TIP137 TIP132
Negativ
e
Voltage
Regulat
or
1amp
7905
7912
Positive
Voltage
Regulat
or
100mA
78L05
78L12
Darling Darling
ton
ton
TIP146 TIP141

14

MJ2955 2N3055
2N2222
A
Positive
Voltage
Regulato
r1amp
7805
7812
LM2940
Positive
Voltage
Regulato
r
Adjustabl
e
LM317(1.
5amp)
LM350(3
amp)
Negativ
e
Voltage
Regulat
or
100mA
79L05

79L12

15


"" )
(
.
" : "
100 1000 "
" 20 500
" "
.

)( 4 :

.

16

100
10

10
100

100
10

1
10

100
10

10
100

20
100

100
1000

10
50

10
4000

>1

180

17

) : + + ( ..


.

) )
.


.
: ,
, ,
........
:
) (
) ( HZ to 20 KHZ 20
AF
)
( VF
) ( KHZ TO HUNDRED OF MHZ
RF
) ( MHZ
UHF
18



A OR B OR AB OR C
:
:A

) (
,
) ,
,( ,
A

:
:B





,

.
:

19

 AB





:

:C




:

:
, ,
..
,
:
... ...
B & AB
C
.

..B OR C
20

 :
A
,
:
.
.
.

, ,
....
:
,

..
:
,

) ,( ,
A
, , Vs
.


.

21

 : ,

.
A
.

:


.
:
..... ..... .....
..
" "
"
"
. " " )
( " "
) (
)
( .
:

22

 1
2

.


.
""


" " .

.

23

 :
: "
" "
"
) 20 20 20 (
" "
700
.

:
24

 ) 20 20 (
"
" " "
""

" "
" "
.
" "
"
" )20(
) (
1
:

:
:
..
:
..
:
..
25

 :
..
:

- -


.

:
:
:NPN
.1
.
:PNP
.2
.
..

:
/
/
.
..
) (NPN , PNP :
26



).. (NPN


).. (PNP
:
) BC140
( BC107

..

..


).. (2N3055

27

NPN transistors
Cas
IC
Cod Struc e
ma
e ture styl
x
e
BC1
TO1 100
NPN
07
8 mA
BC1
TO1 100
NPN
08
8 mA
BC1
TO1 100
NPN
08C
8 mA
BC1
TO1 200
NPN
09
8 mA
BC1
TO9 100
NPN
82
2C mA
BC1 NPN TO9 100
28

VCE hFE
Category Possible
Ptot
ma mi
typical) substitute
max
x n
(use
s
45 11 300 Audio, low BC182
V 0 mW
power
BC547
General
BC108C
20 11 300
,purpose BC183
V 0 mW
low power BC548
General
20 42 600
,purpose
V 0 mW
low power
Audio (low
20 20 300
BC184
,noise)
V 0 mW
BC549
low power
General
50 10 350 ,purpose
BC107
V 0 mW
low
BC182L
power
50 10 350 General
BC107

82L

2A mA V

0 mW

BC5
TO9 100 45 20 500
NPN
47B
2C mA V 0 mW
BC5
TO9 100 30 22 500
NPN
48B
2C mA V 0 mW
BC5
TO9 100 30 24 625
NPN
49B
2C mA V 0 mW
2N3
TO3 700 40
500
NPN
50
053
9 mA V
mW

BFY5
TO3
30
800
NPN
1A
40
1
9
V
mW

BC6
TO9
80
800
NPN
1A
40
39
2A
V
mW

TIP2
TO2
60
NPN
1A
40 30W
9A
20
V

TIP3
TO2
60
NPN
3A
10 40W
1A
20
V
29

,purpose
low
BC182
power
,Audio
BC107B
low power
General
,purpose BC108B
low power
Audio (low
noise),
BC109
low power
General
,purpose
BFY51
low
power
General
purpose,
BC639
medium
power
General
purpose,
BFY51
medium
power
General
,purpose
high
power
General
,purpose
TIP31C
high
TIP41A
power

General
TIP3
TO2
10
,purpose
TIP31A
NPN
3A
10 40W
1C
20
0V
high
TIP41A
power
General
TIP4
TO2
60
,purpose
NPN
6A
15 65W
1A
20
V
high
power
General
2N3
60
117 ,purpose
NPN TO3 15A
20
055
V
W
high
power
PNP transistors
Cas
IC VCE hFE
Category Possible
Cod Struct e
Ptot
ma ma mi
typical) substitute
e ure styl
max
x x n
(use
s
e
BC1
TO1 100 45 12 300
,Audio
PNP
BC477
77
8 mA V 5 mW low power
General
BC1
TO1 200 25 12 600
PNP
,purpose BC478
78
8 mA V 0 mW
low power
Audio (low
BC1
TO1 200 20 18 600
PNP
,noise)
79
8 mA V 0 mW
low power
BC4
TO1 150 80 12 360
,Audio
PNP
BC177
77
8 mA V 5 mW low power
General
BC4
TO1 150 40 12 360
PNP
,purpose BC178
78
8 mA V 5 mW
low power
30

General
TIP3
TO2
60
,purpose
PNP
3A
25 40W
TIP32C
2A
20
V
high
power
)(Darlington


) (10000 ..
) (hfe )
(hfe
..
) (D-npn)
.. (D-pnp

:
For TR1 use BC548B with hFE1 = 220.
For TR2 use BC639 with hFE2 = 40.
:

.hfe = =hFE1 hFE2 = 220 40 = 8800

.. TR2
)=0.7+0.7
..(1.4


)
(:
31

( 100K)
..

LED lights when the LDR is dark

Choosing a suitable NPN transistor :
1.
The transistor's maximum collector current IC
(max) must be greater than the load current IC.
supply
voltage
load
Vs
current IC
load
=
resistanc
e RL
32

2.
The transistor's minimum current gain hFE
(min) must be at least five times the load current
IC divided by the maximum output current from
the chip.
load
current IC
hFE(min)
> 5
Max. chip
current
3.
Choose a transistor which meets these
requirements and make a note of its properties: IC
(max) and hFE (min).
4.
Calculate an approximate value for the base
resistor:
Vs
RB = 0.2 RL hFE
= hFE or RB 5
IC
5.

And choose the nearest standard value.

6.
Finally, remember that if the load is a motor
or relay coil a protection diode is required.
Example
The output from a 4000 series CMOS chip is required
to operate a relay with a 100 coil.
The supply voltage is 6V and the chip can supply a
maximum current of 5mA.

33

1.
Load current = Vs/RL = 6/100 = 0.06A =
60mA, so transistor must have IC (max) > 60mA.
2.
The maximum current from the chip is 5mA,
so transistor must have hFE (min) > 60
(5 60mA/5mA).
3.
Choose general purpose low power transistor
BC182 with IC (max) = 100mA and hFE
(min) = 100.
4.
RB = 0.2 RL hFE = 0.2 100 100 = 2000
. So choose RB = 1k8 or 2k2.
5.
The relay coil requires a protection diode.
Choosing a suitable PNP transistor:
The procedure for choosing a suitable PNP
transistor is exactly the same as that for an NPN
transistor described above.

NPN transistor switch

load is on when chip)
(output is high

34

PNP transistor switch

load is on when chip)
(output is low