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Akzo Nobel Surfactants

Products for the Petroleum Industry

Corrosion Inhibitors for Oilfield Production


Fatty amines, amine salts, quaternary ammonium compounds, amine oxides and
amides are chemicals produced by Akzo Nobel. These chemicals have many oilfield
applications including corrosion inhibition. Amines have one or more hydrophobic alkyl
groups attached to one or more nitrogen or quaternary ammonium functionalities. The
nitrogen group may be protonated, alkylated or ethoxylated. The nitrogen group is
hydrophilic and the alkyl group is hydrophobic. The amines can form aggregates as
micelles. In the oil phase the micelles are configured with nitrogen groups facing the
interior of the sphere (Fig. 1). In the water phase the nitrogen groups face the exterior
surface of the sphere (Fig. 2). These amines inhibit corrosion by adsorption of the
amine group to a metal surface (Fig. 3).
Figure 1: Micelle in Water Phase
Oval shaped head groups represent nitrogen groups

Figure 2: Micelle in Oil Phase


Oval shaped

Figure 3: Adsorption on Metal Surface


Oval shaped head groups represent nitrogen group

Electrochemical corrosion
The corrosion of a metal surface is an electrochemical process that can be
demonstrated by the corrosion cell diagram shown in Fig. 4. The cell contains:
1. Anodic area with a positive charge. The iron is oxidized at the anodic area.
2. Cathodic area with a negative charge. Electrons are present at the cathodic area.
These electrons may react with other chemicals in the system.
3. Metallic path that allows electron flow.
4. An electrolyte that covers the iron surface. In an oilfield environment this
electrolyte is water with dissolved salts.

The schematic below is useful for the subsequent discussions.

Figure 4: Schematic of a Corrosion Cell

Salt Solution

Fe ++

-Anode

Electron flow

Cathode

Iron Solid

Types of Corrosion
Corrosion in the oilfield is defined as deterioration of a metal by chemical or
electrochemical reaction with the environment. Low carbon steel is the most common
metal that is utilized in oil and gas production.
There is more than one type of corrosion encountered in the oilfield, so different
methods are used for corrosion protection.
1. Corrosion of exterior surfaces
Corrosion of exterior surfaces is a special problem that requires formulation of a
corrosion program by experienced corrosion engineers. Exterior surfaces are often
given a permanent coating that prevents contact with the external environment.
Cathodic protection is generally required to prevent corrosion of exposed metal
surfaces.

2. Corrosion in the presence of oxygen


Oxygen is corrosive at 50 parts per billion. Organic inhibitors are not commonly used
in the presence of oxygen. Oxygen accelerates corrosion caused by carbon dioxide
or hydrogen sulfide. Produced oilfield water is normally free of oxygen. Oxygen must
be excluded from all internal oilfield systems by mechanical seals. Water floods that
utilize water from surface streams are saturated with oxygen. These waters are
treated with oxygen scavengers to remove the oxygen. Injection lines are often lined
with fiberglass or cement to prevent oxygen corrosion.

3. Galvanic corrosion caused by union of dissimilar metals


The union of dissimilar metals causes galvanic corrosion. The dissimilar metals are
usually isolated with insulators to prevent any electrical currents. For example,
installation of a new section of pipe may cause galvanic corrosion because the old
pipe may be covered with an iron oxide film. The new section of pipe may be anodic
to the old pipe. Welding may change microstructure differences that make the
welded area anodic to the rest of the pipe.
When studying the union of dissimilar metals, one should realize that corrosion will
be severe if the anode is small and the cathode is large. If the anode is large and the
cathode is small, the corrosion will be minimal. For this reason, valves that are
installed on a carbon steel pipeline will not cause severe corrosion if the valve acts
as the cathode in the corrosion system. Organic corrosion inhibitors are seldom
used to prevent galvanic corrosion.

4. Corrosion due to dissolved Gases


Oilfield waters at pH 7 or above would be non-corrosive in the absence of carbon
dioxide and/or hydrogen sulfide. Organic corrosion inhibitors are designed to prevent
corrosion in the presence of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. In oilfield work,
oxygen must be excluded from internal steel systems to prevent corrosion. In rare
cases where water is absent, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are not corrosive.

4.1 Carbon Dioxide Corrosion


Carbon dioxide corrosion in the oilfield is often called sweet corrosion. Carbon
dioxide causes corrosion for two reasons. First, carbon dioxide that dissolves in
water lowers the pH of the water and increases the corrosion rate. The pH of the
water will increase (because of CO2 evolution) at lower pressures. It should be noted
that calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate scales often occur at points where there
is a drop in gas pressure.

Secondly carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form H2CO3 which reacts directly with
iron to form Fe2CO3. The reaction is:
H2CO3 + Fe FeCO3 + H2
Predicting the corrosiveness of carbon dioxide is difficult. High temperatures may
reduce carbon dioxide solubility, but higher temperatures cause a higher corrosion
rate. Oilfield waters may naturally buffer dissolved carbon dioxide to prevent low pH.
Calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate scales may reduce corrosion, but these
scales must be tight, uniform and nonporous. A break in the scale surface may
increase corrosion below the scale. Carbon dioxide corrosion is characterized by the
presence of smooth edged pits that are closely grouped.

4.2 Hydrogen Sulfide Corrosion


Hydrogen sulfide corrosion in the oilfield is often called sour corrosion. Hydrogen
sulfide is a poisonous gas that smells like rotten eggs. Like carbon dioxide, hydrogen
sulfide dissolves in water to lower the pH. H2S or hydrogen sulfide reacts directly
with iron to form Iron Sulfide. The reaction is:
H2S + Fe FeS + H2
Hydrogen sulfide corrodes more aggressively than carbon dioxide. Iron sulfide forms
a fine black scale that inhibits sour corrosion under ideal conditions. Disruption of the
iron sulfide film will cause severe corrosion. Sour corrosion is characterized by pits
that are normally spaced farther apart than the pits caused by sweet corrosion.
Sour corrosion is often accompanied by hydrogen-induced failures, where hydrogen
gas forms at the cathode, as shown in the Corrosion Cell diagram of Fig. 4. Some
of this hydrogen gas will enter the steel and cause blistering, cracking and hydrogen
embrittlement. The pressure of the hydrogen gas in the metal may cause the metal
to weaken and fail. Hydrogen blistering is common in lower strength steels.
Blistering can cause ruptures in the steel. Embrittlement is common in high strength
steels. Embrittlement causes cracking of steel under physical stress. These
hydrogen-induced failures may cause more problems than sour corrosion.
Hydrogen-induced failures can also be caused by sweet corrosion but it is more
often associated with sour corrosion.
Hydrogen sulfide is often generated by sulfate reducing bacteria. These bacteria are
called desulfovibrio desulfuricans. They will thrive in the anaerobic conditions found
in oilfield systems. These bacteria are most active under scaled areas. There are
various theories about the exact corrosion mechanism associated with sulfate
reducing bacteria. Since these organisms produce hydrogen sulfide, they are known
to cause sour corrosion in sweet systems. Untreated systems may have severe
corrosion problems.

5. Velocity Corrosion
High velocity may cause erosion of a metal surface. These high velocity gases are
often found at the wellhead of high pressure gas wells. The high velocity gas may
prevent corrosion inhibitors from adhering to metal surfaces and strip protective
scales from the metal.
Low velocity may cause another type of corrosion. Low velocity areas may serve as
incubation sites for sulfate reducing bacteria. These sites may also tend to hold water
at low points in a flow line. Sites with excess water accumulation are more corrosive.

6. Wear Corrosion
Wear corrosion is caused by metals that rub together. This is perhaps most common
in cases where pumping rods rub against the tubing in rod pumped wells. This
causes a disruption of both protective scales and corrosion inhibitor films.

7. Stress and Fatigue Corrosion


These types of corrosion are caused by stress and strain placed upon the metal
during handling, installation and use. Stress occurs when metals are subjected to
forces that deform or alter it in some manner. Operations such as welding, forming
and hammering may result in stress. Fatigue corrosion is caused by cyclic stress. An
example of cyclic stress is the force placed on sucker rods as they move up and
down while pumping. Stress and chemical corrosion may work together and greatly
decrease the service life of metals. High strength steels, for example, may fail
prematurely because of hydrogen embrittlement and stress.
Recognizing the above types of corrosion is the first step in recommending a
successful corrosion inhibitor program.

Formulating a Corrosion Inhibitor


Formulating an effective corrosion inhibitor is a complex task. Laboratory and field
testing are often required for development of a corrosion inhibitor. Akzo Nobel is
prepared to provide technical support in the formulation of corrosion inhibitors.
The first step in formulating a corrosion inhibitor is determining the inhibitors intended
application in the oilfield production system.

Solubility or Dispersability
It is important to formulate an inhibitor that works in the system phases. An inhibitor can
be made oil soluble, oil soluble/water dispersible or water dispersible. Any liquid phase
inhibitor can also be blended with volatile amines to inhibit gas phase corrosion.
In general, neutralization of the amine with a dimer trimer acid (DTA) will make it oil
soluble. Neutralization with acetic acid will make it water dispersible. Neutralization with
a combination of DTA and acetic acid will make it oil soluble/water dispersible.
In systems with 100% oil, it is best to neutralize the amine with 100% DTA. As we shall
see, there are certain treatment techniques that require an oil soluble inhibitor. Even
with small amounts of water present it may be best to make an oil soluble/water
dispersible inhibitor, or add a quaternary ammonium compound to the blend. When
there is a high percentage of water present, a water dispersible blend may be best.

Inhibitor Selection
An oil soluble inhibitor is normally best for squeeze treatments. Squeeze treatments are
made by forcing the inhibitor into the formation. As the well is produced, the corrosion
inhibitor slowly returns in the produced fluid to maintain a long period of corrosion
inhibition. In certain wells these treatments may cause formation damage because the
corrosion inhibitor will oil-wet the formation. The extent of the damage depends on the
concentration of inhibitor pumped, the type of inhibitor used, the characteristics of the
formation and the flush fluid. Core flow tests are recommended to test for formation
damage and prior histories in similar wells are sometimes a good indicator of potential
damage. A non-emulsifier may be added to prevent emulsion blocks.
In tubing displacement or yo-yo treatments the inhibitor is an oil soluble inhibitor along
with an oil-based diluent (diesel or condensate), that is used to fill about half of the
tubing volume. As the inhibitor climbs back to the well head during well production the
inhibitor leaves a deposit on the tubing. This deposit may inhibit down-hole corrosion for
a long period of time. The yo-yo treatment variation simply requires that the inhibitor
solution be allowed to reach the wellhead and fall several times. After reaching the
wellhead, the well is shut down to allow the inhibitor solution to fall back down the
tubing. This rise and fall of inhibitor suggests the yo-yo terminology and this treatment
variation will result in more deposition of the inhibitor in the down-hole tubing.
Batch treatments normally utilize an oil soluble inhibitor. The batch and flush treatments
are most often done with a shot truck. A shot truck typically injects a few gallons of
inhibitor followed by a few gallons of water into the annulus of the well. The shot truck
can quickly run to many wells to deliver this treatment. Batch and circulate treatments
require that a chemical pot be welded to the well. With batch and circulate methods, the
inhibitor is added to the pot and the produced fluids are diverted into the annulus to
circulate this slug of corrosion inhibitor throughout the well.

Pigging treatment requires an oil soluble inhibitor. With pipeline pigging, a slug of
inhibitor is run before a pig to coat the pipeline with a film persistent corrosion inhibitor.
It is best to run this slug between two pigs to obtain more complete coverage of the
internal surfaces of the pipeline. A complete coating of the pipeline will deposit inhibitor
in low spots where water accumulates and place inhibitor on the upper pipeline surfaces
where the gas phase corrosion is a problem. These pigging treatments may also
remove scale formations that harbor sulfate reducing bacteria.
Pipelines with both oil and water require an oil soluble/water dispersible inhibitor. Even
small quantities of water may collect in low spots, so the water dispersible inhibitor is an
absolute requirement. Quats such as Arquad DMCB-80 are also effective as corrosion
inhibitors in the water phase. Pipeline inhibition will be more fully discussed below.
Tubing string treatment requires that a string be placed in the bottom of the well. This
type of treatment may be required for wells that have packers in the annulus. The
corrosion inhibitor may be applied by batch or continuous injection. With batch injection,
an oil soluble inhibitor may be best. For continuous injection, an oil soluble/water
dispersible inhibitor is best. For wells with high bottom-hole temperatures, a high
temperature inhibitor must be selected.
When there is an excess of produced water in separators or water injection lines, a
water dispersible inhibitor may be required to supplement inhibitor from down-hole
injection treatments. Corrosive gas wells may require wellhead injection of a water
dispersible inhibitor to prevent corrosion in the water phase.
Unlined water injection lines and wells obviously require a water dispersible inhibitor.
Only oxygen free water can be inhibited. An inhibitor that does not plug the formation
must be selected.
Inhibition of the gas phase requires special inhibitors. Gas phase inhibitors can be
blended with liquid phase inhibitors offered by Akzo Nobel. Volatile amines such as
diethyl amine, diethanolamine bottoms, morpholine, and methoxypropyl amine are used
to control corrosion in the vapor phase. The gas from a water separator will contain
water vapor. The water vapor may be very corrosive. Volatile amines do not neutralize
all the acid gas in the system, but they will increase the pH of condensed water. Sour
gas systems often require alkyl pyridine quats to control this aggressive corrosion.
The above recommendations do not cover all situations in the oilfield but are presented
as a general guide for selection of corrosion inhibitors.

Special Considerations
The desired dispersion characteristics of the inhibitor will vary from field to field. When
testing the dispersion characteristics of a proposed blend, a sample of the field brine
should be used. Addition of surfactants such as Witconol NP-100 should result in a
more water dispersible blend. Ethoxylated amines, such as Ethomeen T/15, may
serve a dual role as both a surfactant and corrosion inhibitor. The surfactants also clean
the metal and allow the corrosion inhibitor to work its way to the metal surface. Though
cationic, Arquad DMCB-80 can penetrate scale and reduce corrosion of steel under
the scale.
Because corrosion inhibitors are designed to oil-wet metal surfaces, an undesirable
emulsion is often created during both batch and continuous treatments. Demulsifiers are
often blended with the corrosion inhibitor to prevent emulsions. The proper demulsifier
must be chosen by bottle testing of the oil and water from the field. Please contact Akzo
Nobel about our Witbreak demulsifier product line.
Corrosion inhibitors may cause foaming in oil/water separators and glycol dehydrators.
This foaming is more likely when high concentrations of inhibitor are injected. Glycol
and silicone defoamers are used to prevent foaming. Laboratory testing is recommend
and useful for defoamer selection.
Corrosion inhibitors may be formulated to perform dual functions. Mixing of paraffin
inhibitors or gas hydrate inhibitors, with corrosion inhibitors, may be practical. These
mixtures must be checked for potential compatibility problems. Problems with blend
stability and inhibitor performance must be considered.

Neutralizing with acid


Most formulations are neutralized with dimer trimer acid and/or acetic acid. As noted above,
dimer trimer acid produces an oil soluble formula. Acetic acid produces a water dispersible
formulation. A mixture of dimer trimer and acetic acid produces an oil soluble/water
dispersible formulation. When blending oil soluble/water dispersible formulations, the dimer
trimer acid and acetic acid should be added sequentially. If a predominantly oil soluble
product is desired, the dimer trimer acid should be added first. If a predominantly water
dispersible product is required, the acetic acid should be added first.

Dimer trimer acids


The type of dimer trimer acid will have a significant effect on the performance of the
corrosion inhibitor. It is best to avoid dimer trimer acids with an excess of monomer
acid. Some formulators like to over-neutralize with dimer trimer acid, to provide extra
protection in hydrogen sulfide environments. The effect of over-neutralization is open to
debate. The optimum pH of these blends will vary from field to field.

There are both polymerized and maleated dimer trimer acids. These grades of dimer
trimer acids may be very efficient. Neutralization of some polyamines with these polyacids may cause a gelled solution.
The selection of a dimer trimer acid is not a simple task. Variations in dimer trimer acids,
differing fluid characteristics of the field and the intended method of application, make it
difficult to recommend a generic formula. All generic formulations in this bulletin should
be used as a guide, rather than a final recommendation. Lab testing is recommended
prior to taking a corrosion inhibitor formulation into the field.

Blend Stability
The finished formula must be a stable blend that does not separate or cloud under field
conditions. The blend should be subjected to freeze/thaw stability testing before field
use. Aromatic 150 or isopropanol may improve blend stability. Ethomeen T/15 is an
inhibitor/surfactant that may help in blend stability.
Though inhibitors do not normally degrade at temperatures below 400oF, the solubility
characteristics at bottom-hole temperatures must be considered when formulating a
corrosion inhibitor.

Imidazolines
Imidazolines are the most effective film forming amines. The imidazolines are normally
neutralized with organic acids to increase their effectiveness. The imidazolines may be
quaternerized for special applications.

Armohib 209

Armohib 209 is the most common amine for oilfield corrosion inhibition. Armohib 209
is sold as Armohib 219 in Europe. Armohib 209 is a high quality imidazoline that
serves as the starting point for formulating many corrosion inhibitors. Below are typical
properties for Armohib 209:
Form
Color
Amine Equivalent
Viscosity cps at 77oF
Pour Point oF
Density lbs/gal at 77oF
Flash Point (PMCC), oF

Liquid
Dark Amber
210
200
<30
7.8
>200

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Below are typical formulations. These formulas may be modified to fit the needs of
individual fields. Dimer trimer acid is abbreviated as DTA. Glacial Acetic Acid is
abbreviated as GAA.
Below is a typical oil soluble inhibitor formulation:
Armohib 209
DTA
Aromatic 150
Isopropanol

15%
10%
65%
10%

Below is an oil soluble/water dispersible formulation:


Armohib 209
DTA
GAA
Aromatic 150
Isopropanol

15%
7.5%
6.0%
61%
10.5%

A water dispersible formulation is shown below:


Armohib 209
Witconol NP-100
Isopropanol
GAA
Water

20%
3%
20%
10%
47%

Armohib Al-42-12
Armohib AL-42-12 is an imidazoline with an alcohol group. This alcohol group gives
the imidazoline more water dispersability. This product is formulated in the same way as
Armohib 209.

Armohib 210
Armohib 210 is an amide that can be formulated in much the same way as
Armohib 209 and it can be an economical alternative product in many formulations.

Fatty Amines
Fatty amines form weaker films than Armohib 209, but fatty amines may be both
economical and useful in many oilfield applications. These products are often used in
pipeline inhibitor formulations.

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Primary amines, such as Armeen T and Armeen C, form a strong oil-wet film that
can be useful in many blends. For example, these products have been used in refinery
overhead corrosion inhibitor blends.
Duomeen T and Duomeen C are diamines that are used in oilfield corrosion inhibitor
formulations. They are formulated in much the same way as the primary amines. For
example, these diamines may be neutralized with acetic acid or benzoic acid, to make
effective flow line corrosion inhibitors.
The ethoxylated amines serve as both surfactants and corrosion inhibitors. Ethoxylated
tallow amines are popular as corrosion inhibitors. Tallow amine with 2, 5 and 15 moles of
ethylene oxide are commercially available. Ethomeen T/15 is tallow amine with 5 moles
of ethylene oxide. Ethomeen T/15 is probably the most effective product, because it is
hydrophilic enough to readily disperse in water while maintaining film persistency.
Ethoduomeen T/13 is a commonly used corrosion inhibitor.Ethoduomeen T/20I and
is also used in formulations when more water dispersability is required.
The quaternary ammonium salts are useful as water soluble corrosion inhibitors. The
most popular quat for oilfield use is benzyldimethylcocoalkylammonium chloride, Arquad
DMCB-80. This quat can be mixed with other corrosion inhibitors. Fatty amines can be
used in new and unexpected corrosion inhibitor applications. The formulator should
review these products and select amines that offer original methods to solve problems.

Mixed Polyamido-Imidazolines
Armohib CI-41
Armohib CI-101
Armohib CI-312
Armohib CI-471
The polyamido-imidazolines (PIs) are economical and efficient corrosion inhibitor
intermediates that may be formulated to work in the oil and water phases. These
inhibitors have the potential for a broad spectrum of applications, such as in producing
well, pipeline and water handling applications.
The PIs are complex imidazolines. Corrosion inhibitors, formulated with the
intermediates, display high film persistency against the attack of severely corrosive
fluids in sour (H2S) and sweet (CO2) environments. These inhibitors can be formulated
into oil-soluble, oil-soluble / water-dispersible and water-soluble products. Because
these inhibitors are effective in a wide range of chemical and physical environments, the
formulator has high versatility and low inventory requirements.

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Below are typical properties of the PIs. For more specific information please refer to the
product data sheet of the individual product. The color of these products ranges from
dark amber to black.
Product

Amine Value

Armohib CI-41
Armohib CI-101
Armohib CI-312
Armohib CI-471

Pour Point

223-258
190-205
370-410
390-420

<0C
5C
<0C
<0C

Viscosity @ 20C
3000 cps
1700 cps
1500 cps
1700 cps

Flash Point
>100C
>200C
>200C
>200C

Formulating the Polyamido Imidazolines


Because of the differences in acid number in the various dimer-trimer acids and amine
numbers in the PIs, the formulas given below should be considered only a general
guide for the formulation of an inhibitor. The amine/acid ratio will need to be adjusted to
obtain the desired pH.
It is important to formulate an inhibitor that works in the systems phases. The PIs are
neutralized with dimer-trimer acid (DTA), to make an oil soluble corrosion inhibitor.
Neutralization of these amines with polymerized dimer trimer acids, or maleated dimer
trimer acids, may form a gelled blend. PIs neutralized with acetic acid are used to make
a water soluble/water dispersible product. If the system is close to 100% oil, it is best to
neutralize the PIs with (DTA). If even small amounts of water are present, it is best to
make an oil soluble / water dispersible product or add a quat such as Arquad DMCB80 to the blend. Below is a typical formula for an oil soluble corrosion inhibitor:

Oil Soluble Corrosion Inhibitor


PI
DTA
Aromatic 150
Isopropanol

14%
22%
59%
5%

When both oil and water are present it is best to make an oil soluble / water dispersible
product. Quaternary ammonium salts such as Arquad DMCB-80 are sometimes used
to boost inhibitor efficiency in the water phase. Below are two formulations. Note that
the first formula does not contain acetic acid.

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Oil Soluble / Water Dispersible


PI
14%
DTA
22%
Witconol NP-100 4%
Aromatic 150
55%
Isopropanol
5%
PI
Ethomeen T/15
Witconol NP-100
Isopropanol
DTA
GAA

48%
10 %
10%
5.0 %
10%
17 %

When the system has a high percentage of water, a water dispersible inhibitor is best.
Arquad DMCB-80 is sometimes used in these formulations. Below is a formulation that
is water dispersible:

Water Dispersible
PI
Witconol NP-100
Isopropanol
Aromatic 150
GAA

20%
5%
10%
15%
50%

Pipeline Corrosion Inhibition


Dry gas pipelines
In rare situations a pipeline may be free of water and oil. The interior surface of these
pipelines will have little or no corrosion. Surprisingly, injection of some inhibitors into
these lines may cause corrosion at the injection point. In most circumstances, an oil
stream is required for dispersing an inhibitor.
These lines with traces of water may be treated with neutralizing amines, such as
diethyl amine, morpholine, ethanol amine bottoms, n-hexyl amine and methoxypropyl
amine. Alkyl pyridine quats are used in systems with severe hydrogen sulfide corrosion.

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Gas with water


For these pipelines with water, a volatile amine should be mixed with a water dispersible
film forming amine. An example formulation is given below. As mentioned above, some
oil may be injected to oil-wet the pipeline and disperse the inhibitor.
Armohib 209
GAA
Methoxypropyl amine
Solvent

20%
10%
16%
54%

In the above systems Ethomeen T/15 and Arquad DMCB-80 may be required to
reduce corrosion in low spots where stagnant water tends to accumulate.

Gas with oil


For these pipelines a neutralizing amine should be mixed with an oil soluble inhibitor. An
example formula is given below:
Armohib 209
DTA
Methoxypropyl amine
Solvent

15%
10%
16%
59%

Gas, oil and water


Inhibition of these 3 phase systems is perhaps most challenging.
formulation would be as follows:
Armohib 209
DTA
GAA
Methoxypropylamine
Solvent

An example

15%
7.5%
6.0%
16%
55.5%

For three phase inhibition, quaternary ammonium salts, such as Arquad DMCB-80,
may be required to reduce corrosion, by partitioning in the low spots of lines that collect
stagnant water.
Ethomeen T/15 may also be added. Ethoxylated tallow amines can penetrate scaled
areas and reduce this localized corrosion.

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Oil with no gas or water


For these systems an oil soluble inhibitor is required. Below is a suggested formulation:
Armohib 209
DTA
Solvent

15%
10%
75%

It is important to remember that even traces of water can cause corrosion in low spots
of the pipeline. If water is present, some glacial acetic acid must be used in the blend.

Oil and water with no gas


For these systems the two phase inhibitor as shown below is the obvious choice.
Armohib 209
DTA
GAA
Solvent

15%
7.5%
6.0%
71.5%

As mentioned above, Ethomeen T/15 and Arquad DMCB-80 may be required for
these systems.

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Surfactants
Customer Service
For additional information, samples or assistance please contact your
Local sales representative or the Akzo Nobel Customer Service Department at:

Akzo Nobel Surfactants


525 W. Van Buren Street
Chicago IL 60607-3835
Tel: (800) 906-9977
Tel: (312) 544-7000
Fax: (312) 544-7159

Akzo Nobel Surfactants


SE-444 85 Stenungsund
Sweden
Tel: +46 303 85 000
Fax: +46 303 88 910

Akzo Nobel Surfactants


41 Science Park Road
#03-03 The Gemini
Singapore Science Park II
Singapore 117610
Tel: +65 6773 8488
Fax: +65 6773 8484

www.surfactants.akzonobel.com
All information concerning these products and/or all suggestions for handling and use contained herein are offered in good faith
and believed to be reliable. Akzo Nobel Surface Chemistry LLC and its affiliates, however, make no warranty as to the accuracy
and/or sufficiency of such information and/or suggestions, as to the products merchantability or fitness for any particular
purpose, or that any suggested use will not infringe any patent. Nothing contained herein shall be construed as granting or
extending any license under any patent. Buyer must determine for himself, by preliminary tests or otherwise, the suitability of
these products for his purposes. The information contained herein supersedes all previously issued bulletins on the subject
matter covered. The user may forward, distribute and/or photocopy this document only if unaltered and complete, including all of
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2006 Akzo Nobel Surface Chemistry LLC, all rights reserved.

Publication S-06-17

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