ien t cong suat 1

CHNG M AU:
CAC HE THC VA KHAI NIEM C BAN
TR TRUNG BNH CUA MOT AI LNG:
Goi i (t) la ham bien thien tuan hoan theo thi gian vi chu ky Tp. Tr trung bnh cua ai lng
i, viet tat la IAV c xac nh theo he thc:
I AV =

1
Tp

t 0 +Tp

i( t ).dt

t0

Vi t0 la thi iem au cua chu ky c lay tch phan.

Ta thng hay gap cac ai lng tr trung bnh c bieu dien vi ch so Id (Direct
mot chieu) hoac IAV (Average .... tr trung bnh), v du ien ap trung bnh UAV, dong ien trung
bnh IAV.
V du 0-1
Xet qua trnh dong ien tren hnh ve H0.1 , tr trung bnh dong ien cho bi he thc:

Id

1
=
0.5

0.5

0.3

1
i ( t ).dt =
0.5

10.dt = 6 [ A ]

Trong nhieu trng hp, thc hien tch phan theo ham bien thi gian phc tap hn thc hien
tch phan theo bien goc X vi X cho bi he thc:
X=.t vi la tan so goc nao o xac nh.
Khi ay, tr trung bnh ai lng theo goc X tnh theo he thc:

Id

1
=
Tp

t 0 +Tp

X 0 + Xp

t0

X0

1
i ( t ).dt =
Xp

i( X ).dX

Vi X0==.t0; Xp=.Tp; X=.t; dX==d(.t)

V du 0-2 :

0-1

ien t cong suat 1

Tnh tr trung bnh ien ap chnh lu cua bo chnh lu cau 1 pha khong ieu khien. Ham ien
ap chnh lu co dang u=Um.sin(.t) ; vi Um=220 2 [V]; =314[rad/s].
Giai:

De dang thay rang, chu ky cua dang ap tren la Tp=0.01[s]. at X=314.t;

Xp=314.0 ,01=[rad].
Ta co:

1
Ud =
Xp

X 0 + Xp

u( X ).dX =

X0

1
220 2 . sin X .dX = 198 [V ]

Cac trng hp thng gap:

Tai R:
Quan he gia ien ap va dong ien tc thi qua ien tr R cho bi:
uR=R.iR
Lay tr trung bnh hai ve ta co:
URAV=R.IRAV
Tai L:
Ta co: uL = L.

di L
dt

che o xac lap iL(t0)=iL(t0+Tp), tr trung bnh ien ap tren L c xac nh bang
cach lay tch phan hai ve cua he thc tren trong thi hian (t0.t0+Tp). Ket qua thu c:
ULAV=0
Tai RL:
Tng t, ta co:
ut = R .i t + L.

di t
dt

Tr trung bnh ap:

UtAV=R.ItAV+ULAV=R.ItAV
T o: ItAV=UtAV/R

0-2

ien t cong suat 1

Tr trung bnh dong khong phu thuoc vao gia tr L ma ch phu thuoc vao R va ien ap

ut.

Tai RLE:

di t
+E
dt

ut = R .i t + L.

Vi E la sc ien ong khong oi: E=const.

Ket qua: UtAV=R.ItAV+E hay ItAV=(UtAV-E)/R
CONG SUAT TRUNG BNH
Cong suat tc thi cua mot tai tieu thu c xac nh bang tch ien ap va dong ien tc thi
dan qua tai o, tc la:
p( t ) = u( t ).i ( t )

Cong suat trung bnh c xac nh bang cach ap dung cach tnh trung bnh vao ai lng
cong suat tc thi p(t), tc la:
PAV =

1
TP

TP

p( t ).dt =

1
TP

TP

u( t ).i( t ).dt
0

hoac theo bien goc X=wt:

PAV

1
=
XP

XP

1
p( X ).dX =
XP

XP

u( X ).i( X ).dX ;

X P = .TP

Trng hp dong qua tai khong oi theo thi gian i=const=IAV , cong suat trung bnh
qua tai bang tch cua ien ap trung bnh va dong ien:
PAV=UAV.I=UAV.IAV
Trng hp ien ap at tren tai khong oi theo thi gian u=const=UAV, cong suat
trung bnh cua tai bang tch ien ap va dong ien trung bnh:
PAV=U.IAV=UAV.IAV
Cac trng hp ac biet:

Tai R:
PAV =

1
TP

PAV = R

TP

u R ( t ).i R ( t ).dt =

1
TP

TP

2
R ( t ).dt

1
TP

TP

R.i

2
R ( t ).dt

2
= R.I Rrms

Tu ien va cuon khang la cac phan t co kha nang d tr va khong tieu hao cong suat. De
dang dan giai he thc cho cac tai L va C nh sau.
Tai L: PAV=0
Tai C: PAV=0
V du 0. 3
Gia s, ta co nguon ap cho nh trong trng hp v du 0-2, tai RLE noi tiep. Gia s tai co
R=1, L vo cung ln va E=50V. Tnh tr trung bnh dong qua tai va cong suat qua tai?
Giai:
UtAV=198 V (xem v du 0.2)

0-3

ien t cong suat 1

Dong qua tai trung bnh:
ItAV=(198-50)/1=148A
Cong suat trung bnh qua tai: do L ln vo cung nen dong qua tai khong oi trong suot
chu ky. T o: it=ItAV=148A. Ta ap dung c trong trng hp nay cong thc:
Pt=UtAV.ItAV=198.148= 29304W=29,3kW
TR HIEU DUNG CUA MOT AI LNG
Gia thiet ai lng i bien thien theo thi gian theo mot ham tuan hoan vi chu ky Tp hoac vi
chu ky theo goc Xp= .Tp. Tr hieu dung cua ai lng i c tnh theo cong thc:
IRMS

t 0 +Tp
2

1
=
.
Tp

X 0 + Xp
2

1
.
Xp

.dt =

t0

.dX

X0

Ch so RMS ...Root Mean Square co ngha la tr hieu dung.

V du 0-4
Cho mot ien ap dang u = U m . sin( 314.t ) = 220 2 . sin( 314.t )[V ] .
a.Tnh tr hieu dung cua ien ap tren ?
Cho ham u1 va u2 vi tnh chat sau:
u ; u 0
;
u1 =
0 ; u < 0

u ; u 0
u2 =
u ; u < 0

b.Xac nh tr trung bnh va hieu dung cua cac ien ap u1 va u2 neu tren.
Hng dan:
a.
Chu ky cua ien ap u la 2 [rad]. Tr hieu dung ien ap cho bi he thc:
t 0 +Tp

1
.
Tp

U RMS =

u 2 .dt =

t0

1
.
2

(U

m . sin

X ) .dX
2

Lay tch phan ta thu c ket qua:

U RMS =

Um

= 220 [V ]

b. U1AV =

U
1
220 2
U m . sin x .dx = m =
= 99V
2

U 2 AV =

U
1
2 2
U m . sin x .dx = m =
220 = 198V

U1rms =

1
2

U1rms = U .
U 2 rms

1
=

2
(U m . sin x ) .dx

= U.

1 1 cos 2 x
1 1
sin 2 x

.dx = U .
x

2
2

4 0

1
220
=
= 155 ,56V
2
2

2
(U m . sin x ) .dx
0

2 1 cos 2 x
2 1
sin 2 x
= U.

.dx = U .
x

2
2

4 0

0-4

ien t cong suat 1

2
= U = 220V
2

U 2 rms = U .

V du 0-5
Cho ham tuan hoan bieu dien ien ap tai u trong mot chu ky T nh sau:
U
u= m
0

; 0 t < .T
;
; .T t T

0 1

Ve dang song ien ap u va xac nh tr hieu dung ien ap tai.

Hng dan:
U rms =

1
T

u 2 ( t ).dt =

T
T

2
2
U
..
dt
0
.
dt
+
m
= U m .
T
0
T

HE SO CONG SUAT:
He so cong suat hoac PF (Power Factor) oi vi mot tai c nh ngha bang t so gia
cong suat tieu thu P va cong suat bieu kien S ma nguon cap cho tai o.
= PF =

P
S

Trong trng hp ac biet cua nguon ap dang sin va tai tuyen tnh cha cac phan t nh R,L,C
khong oi va sc ien ong dang sin, dong ien qua tai se co dang sin cung tan so cua nguon
ap vi goc lech pha co o ln bang . Ta co he thc tnh he so cong suat nh sau:
P=m.U.I.cos.
S=m.U.I

P
= cos
S

Trong o: U,I la cac tr hieu dung cua ien ap va dong ien qua tai; m la tong so pha.
Cac bo bien oi cong suat la nhng thiet b co tnh phi tuyen. Gia s nguon ien ap
cung cap co dang sin va dong ien qua no co dang tuan hoan khong sin. Da vao phan tch
Fourier ap dung cho dong ien i, ta co the tach dong ien thanh cac thanh phan song hai c
ban I(1) cung tan so vi nguon ap va cac song hai bac cao I(2), I(3) ,....De dang thay rang, song
ien ap nguon va song hai c ban cua dong ien tao nen cong suat tieu thu cua tai:
P=P1=m.U.I(1).cos1
1... goc lech pha gia ien ap va dong ien song hai c ban.
Cac song hai con lai (bac cao) tao nen cong suat ao.
Ta co:

0-5

ien t cong suat 1

S 2 = (m.U .I ) = m 2 .U 2 .( I(21) + I(22 ) + I(23 ) + ...)
2

S2
S

= m 2 .U 2 .I(21) + m 2 .U 2 .
2

= P + Q1 + D

j =2

I(2j )

= m 2 .U 2 .I(21) . cos 2 1 + m 2 .U 2 .I(21) . sin 2 1 + m 2 .U 2 .

j =2

2
( j)

vi
P=m.U.I(1).cos1 ... cong suat tieu thu cua tai
Q1=m.U.I(1).sin1 ... cong suat phan khang (cong suat ao do song hai c ban cua dong
ien tao nen)

D = m 2 .U 2 .

j =2

2
( j)

... cong suat bien dang (cong suat ao do cac song hai bac cao

cua dong ien tao nen). Khai niem bien dang (deformative) xuat hien t y ngha tac dung gay
ra bien dang ien ap nguon cua cac thanh phan dong ien nay v khi i vao li ien chung
tao nen sut ap tong khong sin tren tr khang trong cua nguon, t o song ien ap thc te cap
cho tai b meo dang.
T o, ta rut ra bieu thc tnh he so cong suat theo cac thanh phan cong suat nh sau:
= PF =

P
=
S

P
2

P + Q12 + D 2

Muon tang he so cong suat, ta co the:

- giam Q1 -cong suat ao cua song hai c ban, tc thc hien bu cong suat phan khang.
Cac bien phap thc hien nh bu bang tu ien, bu bang may ien ong bo kch t d hoac dung
thiet b hien ai bu ban dan (SVC - Static Var Compensator);
-giam D -cong suat ao cua cac song hai bac cao. Tuy theo pham vi hoat ong cua day
tan so cua song hai bac cao c bu, ta phan biet cac bien phap sau ay:
* loc song hai: ap dung cho cac song hai bac cao ln hn song hai c ban en gia
tr khoang kHz. Co the s dung cac mach loc cong hng LC. V du dung mach loc LC cong
hng vi bac 5,7,11..mac song song vi nguon can loc.
* kh nhieu: ap dung cho cac song bac cao co tan so khoang kHz en hang Mhz.
Cac song tan so cao nay phat sinh t cac mach ieu khien phat song vi tan so cao hoac do
qua trnh ong ngat cac linh kien cong suat, cac song hoat ong trong cac mach ien co kha
nang phat song ien t lan truyen vao moi trng va tao nen tac dung gay nhieu cho cac thiet
b xung quanh, tham ch gay nhieu cho chnh ban than mach ieu khien cac thiet b cong suat.
Cac thiet b bien oi cong suat thng phai trang b he thong kh nhieu nghiem ngat. Mot
trong cac bien phap s dung la dung tu, dung boc kim day dan hoac dung li chong nhieu
cho thiet b.
Ngoai ra, co the bieu dien he so cong suat theo he thc sau:
= PF =

I (1 )
I

. cos 1

PHAN TCH FOURIER CHO AI LNG TUAN HOAN KHONG SIN

ai lng i tuan hoan, chu ky Tp nhng khong sin co the trien khai thanh tong cac ai
lng dang sin theo he thc:

0-6

ien t cong suat 1

i = I AV +

n =1

1
2

vi I AV =
An =

n . sin( n .X )

+B n . cos( n.X )

i .dx

i . sin( n.X ).dX ; B n =

i .cos( n.X ).dX

0

Bien o song hai bac n cua ai lng i c xac nh theo he thc:

An2 + B n2

I ( n )m =

S dung he thc bien o va tm c, ai lng i co the viet lai di dang:

i = I AV +

( n ) m . sin( n.X

n =1

n )

vi n xac nh theo ham:

n = arctan

Bn
An

Tr trung bnh ai lng i chnh la he thc IAV.

Tr hieu dung ai lng i cho bi he thc:
2
I rms = I AV
+

n =1

2
I (2n ) = I AV
+

I (2n ) m

n =1

Goi u, i va p la ien ap, dong ien va cong suat vi u,i co dang tuan hoan khong sin.
Ta co:
u = U AV +
i = I AV +

n =1

( n ) m . sin( n.X

( n ) m . sin( n.X

n =1

n U )

n _ I )

Cong suat trung bnh:

P = U AV .I AV +

P = U AV .I AV +

n =1

( n ) .I ( n ) . cos( n _ U

U ( n ) m .I ( n ) m
2

n =1

n _ I )

. cos( n _ U n _ I )

Neu nguon ien ap cung cap cho tai RL, quan he gia thanh phan song hai bac n cua
ien ap U(n) va dong ien I(n) lien he theo he thc:
I ( n )m =

U ( n )m
Z (n)

hoac: I ( n ) =

U(n)
Z (n)

U ( n )m

R
=

+ ( n..L ) 2
U(n)
R

+ ( n..L ) 2

Trong trng hp ien ap dang sin va dong ien khong sin.

HE SO MEO DANG

0-7

ien t cong suat 1

(Distortion Factor-DF)
c nh ngha bang t so tr hieu dung thanh phan hai c ban va tr hieu dung ai
lng dong ien:
DF =

I (1 )
I

Quan he gia he so cong suat va he so meo dang v the lien he theo he thc:
PF=DF.cos 1
O MEO DANG TONG DO SONG HAI
(Total Harmonic Distortion-THD): la ai lng dung e anh gia tac dung cua cac song hai
bac cao (2,3,...) xuat hien trong nguon ien, cho bi he thc:

THD I =

I
j 1

2
( j)

I (1 )

Trong trng hp ai lng I khong cha thanh phan dc, ta co:

THD I =

I
j =2

2
( j)

I (1 )

I 2 I (21 )
I (1 )

Trong o, I(j) la tr hieu dung song hai bac j, j>=2 va I(1) la tr hieu dung thanh phan
hai c ban dong ien.
Quan he gia DF va THD:
DF =

1
1 + (THD ) 2

Bai tap:
0.1
ien ap at tren tai ien tr 10 co ham bieu dien u = 170. sin(100 .t )[V ] .
Hay xac nh:
a. ham cong suat tc thi cua tai
b. cong suat tc thi ln nhat
c. cong suat trung bnh cua tai
0.2
ien ap va dong ien tren tai la nhng ham tuan hoan theo thi gian vi chu
ky T=100ms.
0 < t < 70 ms
0 < t < 50 ms
5V ;
0;
;i =
u=
0V ; 70 ms < t < 100 ms
4 A; 50 ms < t < 100 ms

Xac nh: cong suat tc thi, cong suat trung bnh va nang lng tieu thu cua
tai trong moi chu ky.

0-8

ien t cong suat 1

0.3
Xac nh cong suat trung bnh tren tai. Cho biet ien ap tai khong oi
u=12VDC va dong ien qua tai tuan hoan co ham bieu dien trong moi chu ky T=100ms
0 < t < 50 ms
0;
4 A; 50 ms < t < 100 ms

nh sau: i =
0.4

Dong ien qua phan t hai cc co dang i = 20. sin(100 .t )[ A ] I. Hay xac nh

cong suat tieu thu trung bnh tren phan t tren neu phan t hai cc la:
a. ien tr 5 b. cuon day co cam khang 10mH c. sc ien ong E=6V.
0.5
Dong ien i = 2 + 20. sin(100 .t )[ A ] i qua mach RLE mac noi tiep. Xac nh
cong suat tieu thu trung bnh tren moi phan t R,L va E, cho biet R=3 , L=10mH va
E=12V.
0.6
Mot lo ien tr cong suat 1.500W khi s dung nguon
u = 220 2 . sin(100 .t )[V ] . Neu ieu khien cong suat lo ien theo chu ky 12 phut vi trnh
t ong ien 5 phut va ngat ien 7 phut. Hay xac nh:
a. cong suat tc thi cc ai
b. cong suat tieu thu trung bnh
c. nang lng tieu thu di dang nhiet trong moi chu ky.
0.7
Xac nh ien ap hieu dung va dong ien hieu dung khi biet ham bieu dien
cua chung tuan hoan theo chu ky T=100ms co dang:
0 < t < 70 ms
0 < t < 50 ms
5V ;
0;
;i =
u=
0V ; 70 ms < t < 100 ms
4 A; 50 ms < t < 100 ms

0.8
Hay xac nh tr hieu dung ien ap, dong ien va cong suat tieu thu trung bnh
bi tai khi cho biet qua trnh ien ap va dong ien cua no co dang:
u = 2.5 + 10. cos(100 t ) + 3 2 . cos( 200 .t + 3 )[V ] ,
i = 1.5 + 2. cos(100 t ) + 1.1 cos( 200 .t + 3 ) + 1.5 cos( 300 .t + 3 )[ A ]

0.9

Cho dong ien i = 1.5 + 2. cos(100 t ) + 1.1 cos( 200 .t + 3 )[ A ] i qua tai gom

R-C mac song song vi R=100 va C=50 F . Xac nh cong suat tieu thu tren moi phan
t cua tai.
0.10

Cho ien ap u = 2.5 + 10. cos(100 t ) + 3 2 . cos( 200 .t + 3 )[V ] at tren tai

RLE mac noi tiep vi R=4 , L=10mH va E=12V. Xac nh cong suat tieu thu tren moi
phan t.
0.11
ien ap va dong ien qua tai bieu dien bi ham sau:
u = 20 +

n =1

20
. cos( nt )[V ] ; i = 5 +
n

n
n =1

. cos( nt )[ A ]

xac nh cong suat trung bnh tren tai (chnh xac en n=4).
0.12

Cho nguon

u = 20 +

20

n . sin(100 nt )[V ] cung

cap tai RLE noi tiep vi

n =1

R=20 , L=250mH va E=36V. Xac nh cong suat trung bnh tren cac phan t tai.

0-9

ien t cong suat 1

0-10