PDAJ

Visual Inspection

Ultrasonic Testing

Radiography Testing

Magnetic Particles

Liquid Penetrant Testing

Eddy Current Testing

:
:
: -
:

1 4

5 30

31 313

315 436

437 468

469 520

521 582
584 - 583

1
/

11

19

23

12
17

24
28
30
/

31

/ /

32
35
36

41

/


) ( Snell s Law

61

65

42
44
48
51
53
54
55
57

/
/

69

73

66
68

) (

1-4
2-4

81

) 3 4 (

83

/

) (
/ /

84

73
74
79
80

86
92
97
104

113

117

106
107
109
110
112

128

129

) (

130
135

137

138

/

/

) DAC (

20

141

118
121
123
125

131

144
149
150
155
157
159
163

DGS

166

173

165

181

183

175
176
178
179

/
IIW-V1
IIW-V2
BSI-A5
A5 Type B ESI-50 RAD
A6 A3 A7
D.C.B D.S.C.B
S.C.B F.B.H
V.W Step Block

197

199

/

/

) ( Tandem Technique

185
186
188
189
190
191
193
195
196

200
203
204
208
210
213

223

/




D.A.C
D.A.C
) ( D.G.S
6
20 ) (

259

261

/
/
/

225
227
228
231
233
235
237
239
242
246
250
253
256

261
262
266
267
270
272
274
276
277
279

292

295

283
286
288

296
297
302
305

/
/

315

/

/ /

316

321

325

318
320

331

337

/ /
/

/

325
326
329

338
339
342
343

344

349

350

359

361

353
354
356
357

371

373

362
363
364
370

) (

378

381

374
375
377

381
382
383
384
385

/ DIN

386

BSI

388

ASTM

389

ASTM ASME

390

393

400

403

394
398

409

411

404
405
406
407

) 1-9 (

420

421

413
414
415
417
418
420

422
425

BSI

427
429
431

/
/

437

439
443

447

440

456

457

449
451
452
454

460
462
463
464
465

/
/

469

471
473

 10

) (

482

483

475
477
481

) ( Prod
) ( Yoke

493

499

/

ASME

483
487
491
492

500
503
504
509
510
511
513
515

/ ) (
/

521
523
525
527
529

 11

) ( Edge Effect
) ( Lift-off
) ( Fill Factor

535

537

Bridge

540

542

554

555

530
532
533
534

544
548
553

560

563

555
557
558
559

579

583

564
565
566
573

.


.



API 1967


.

.


.
30


.

1382


Non- Destructive Testing

:


.
.

:
.
) ( Acoustic Emission ) ( Tin Cry
.

.


.



.

1960

5750

.


.
) Nom-
( Destructive Evaluation
.
1
.

- 1


.

.

.
1- Fitness for Purpose Assessment

- 2
.
.

.

.

- 3
.
.

.

.
.

.

- 4

.

.

:
Visual Inspection
Ultrasonic Inspection
Radiographic Inspection
Magnetic Particles Inspection
Liquid Penetrant Testing
Eddy Current Inspection
Leak testing
Acoustic Emission Inspection
Thermal Inspection
Dynamic Testing
Microwave Inspection
Optical Holography
Acoustical Holography
Hardness Testing
Laser Inspection
Acoustic Microscopy

.
.
:
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6

VISUAL INSPECTION
ULTRASONIC TESTING
INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY
MAGNETIC PARTICLES TESTING
PENETRANT TESTING
EDDY CURRENT TESTING


NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

VISUAL INSPECTION

Inspection

( Visual

:


.

.
.

.
) (


.

.

.

 / 1

.
:
- ( 3
- ( 2
- (1


.

.

.


:
- 1
2 .
- 3 .
- 4
.

.

.

.

.

.

- 1


.


- 5500
) (1 .
) (
30
.

:
1

-2

Times Roman Numbers

Jaeger Numbers
1- Angstrom = 10 10 m = 10-8 cm

/ 1

1-1

Visibility, orbital unit

1-1
.
5 6 %75
%75 .
.

./8
%18 .
30
.

- 2

.

.

.
.


.
.

.

.

.

- 3

.

.
.

11

) ( Endoscopy

P.F.I1


.


.


.
.

.

.

) ( Bore
) ( Borescope
.
1- Pipe Fabrication Institute

12

/ 2

:
) ( Basic Design

.
) . ( 2-1

.

) (

) (

2-1

13

) ( Mini Borescope
) ( Rigid
. 0/5 2/5
500 .
30 .

. 2-5 .
) ( Extendable Borescopes
) ( .
8
30 .
) ( 2-2 4 15 .
45 110 45 110
.
) ( Telescope Borescopes

.
.
990 5/5 12
. 360
) . ( 2-3

14

/ 2

2-2

Field of view
Eyepiece
Attachmen
Direction of View
Light
outlet

Deflecting Prism

Inverting lense

Focusing
Light Connection
Direction of View
Working Length

Diameter

Focusing Control
Fiber Light Connector

Lens or Rod Lense System

2-3

Field of View

15

) (
) ( Panoramic Borescope


. ) (
. 360
.

90 .
2-4
.

.
.

.
:
- 1 .
- 2 ) 2-5. ( 2- 6
- 3 .

16

/ 2

Double light connection

2-4

2 -5

2-6

17

) Flexible Bore-Scopes

. 1/4 13
12
) ( Quartz
30 .
:
- 1
.
- 2
.
- 3 10 120
.
.
- 4
.
- 5
) ( Marker .
2-6
.
.

18

/ 2

2-6

- 2-6

Video - Scopes

19

.
.

.
C.C.D1

.


.


.
) . ( 2-7
:
- 1
- 2
- 3
2-8 .
)1 - C.C.D ( Charged Coupled Devices

20

/ 2

CCD Chip

Wire that Carries

the Image Signal

Illumination
Light Outlet

Lens

C. C.D 2-7

CCD Camera with

Photo
Camera

Camera Head

Monitor
Photo
Lens

Flexible
Bore-scope

Video
Lens

Video
Printe

Rigid
Bore-scope

C.C.D 2-8

Video Recorder

21

.
.
.
.

.
2-9
.
2-9

22

/ 2

2-10

2-10 ) (

.

2-11

2-11
.

23

3


.

.
.

.

- 1

.

 / 3

24

2


.

3
) (

.

.
- 1 ) ( Internal / External High - Low

.
) . ( 3-1
- 2 ) ( Bevel Gauge
.
3-2 .

25

- 3 ) ( Taper Gauge
.
) . ( 3 -3
) ( Filler Gauge .
4 ) ( Depth Gauge

) ( Under-Cut . 3-4
.
5 ) ( Concave & Convex Gauge

) ( ) -4
.( 3
- 6 ) ( Multipurpose Gauges


.
3-5 .

26

/ 3

3-1

3-2

27

3-3

-3-4

3-5

28

/ 3

.
.
- 1 ) (
Thermomelt, Tempilstik Temperature Indicating Crayon

. .
250
250 .
250 .
3-6 . 101
213 .

C ( F

THERMOMELT

3-6

29

- 2 ) ( Pyrometers

.
.
. )
( Electromotive force

. ASTM,E
230-87 :
3-1

Standard Thermocouples

) (

Type K

Nickel - Chromel-Alumel

Type J

Iron

Type E

Nickel - Chromel

- 3

.
) ( ) ( .
.

.
) ( ASTM E-230 .

30

/ 3

- 4
Ferrite Indicator - Severn Gauge

.
.
.

.
) ( .

3-7

NON- DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
ULTRASONIC TESTING

31

:

.
.

.

.
20000 .
) ( Ultrasonic 20 )
( Infrasonic .

.
.

Shock Wave .
.

.

 / 1

32

:
.

.
.

.


.
.
.

.


.
.
.

.

33

.
.
.

.
.
.
1-1
.

1-1

 / 1

34

) ( :
) (
.
.

. ) Non-Destructive
( Evaluvation .
) ( Critical flaw size

Fitness-for-Purpose-Assessment .

:

. ) ( v
.

.
=c/f
1-1
) ( mm
c ) ( Km/ Sec = mm / sec X 106
f ) ( MHz = 106 Hz
: v c .

35

:
- 1 ) ( Longitudinal Waves

.
.

) Compression
( Waves .

. .

- 1-2

- 1-2

36

/ 1

1-2

.
1-2
.

- 2 ) : ( Transverse or Shear Waves

) ( .
.

1-3 .
.

1-3

37

:
-

.
- .

- 3

) Surface Waves

( :

.
. 0/9

- ) : ( RayLeigh
Lord Ray Leigh .
.
.

.
.

38

/ 1

Steel

1-4

-2-3 ): ( Lamb Waves

.
) 90 (
.

- 1-5

- 1-5

39

.
) (
.

.
1-6 C B .

C )
-1-6 ( .
A
) -1-6 ( .
C

A
- 1-6.

1-6 C, B , A

 / 1

40

: 1
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 ) ( .
5
.
6 .
7
8 Lamb .
9
.

=c/f
-f ) (
c ) (
) (
10 .

41

) : ( Piezoelectric Crystals
:

.
.


.
2-1 ) ( .

.
) ( .

.

42

/ 2

> > > > > > >

> > > > > > >
> > > > > > >

) (

) (

2-1

:
) (
) . ( 2-2

.

.

2-2

43

2-2

.
1-1 .
=c/f
) (
2-1 .
2t = c / Ff
2-1

Ff = c / 2t

- c Km / Sec.

- Ff ) ( Fundamental Frequency
- t ) (
:
2/5
.
- c 5.1 km/ sec .
) 2-1 (
Ff = c / 2t
2t = c / Ff
2t = 5.1 / 2.5 = 4.04 mm
t = 1 mm

44

/ 2

X Y
) 2/5 ( .
) 5/74 ( X ) 3/ 84 ( Y

5.74 / 2.5 = 2.3 mm

3.84 / 2.5 = 1.53 mm

>=

2t ( x- cut ) = cx / Ff

= / 2 = 1.15 mm
>=

x-cut

2t ( y-cut ) = cy / Ff

t y-cut = / 2 = 0.76 mm

:
- 1
.
- 2
.

:
- 1 ) : ( Quartz Crystals

( SiO2 )3 .
:
) ( X - CUT
.
- ) ( Y-CUT
.

45

) ( Z-Cut
.
X-Cut .

Z - Cut
X Cut

Y- Cut

2-3

2-3 .
.

.
.
- 2 ) : ( Barium Titanate

1250 .

 / 2

BaTiO3 + CO2

46

BaCO3 + TiO2

) ( BaTiO3 140
) ( Curie point
. 24 %50
.
2
1

.

) 140 ( .
.
- 3 ) : ( Lithium Sulfate


.

.
) Li2 So4 ( .
4 ) : ( Lead Zirconate Titanate
Pb( Ti Zr )O3

.
.
2 - Resolution

1 - Transmitter

47

- 5 ) : ( Lead Metaniobate
Pb Nb2 O6
. ) Beam
(
.
:
-
.
1
- Magnetostriction EMA
.

.
.

:
2-4

.
.

)1 - Electromagnetic Acoustic ( EMA

48

/ 2

:
.
:
.

.
1

2-4

) ( Backing Media

- 2-5 .
- 2-5

.
.

2
.
2 - Epoxy Backing

1 - Pulse Width

49

- 2-5

- 2-5

:
) ( Backing Media
:
) ( . . . . . - ) ( .

 / 2

50

) ( .
.

. 10
4/6 IW-V1 23
50 .

51

-
) Single Crystal ( Normal Probe

.

.


) ( Transceiver .


.


.

) . ( 2-6

2-6

52

/ 2

.

.
.

.

-

.
.
.

2-7

53

2-7 .


) (
.
:
- 1 10
.
- 2 10 14

.
- 3

.
4 .

- )

Beam Probes

( Angle

.
.
.


.

54

/ 2

:
)
(
.

- ) : ( Reflection

)
-2-8 ( .
.

- 2-8

- ) : ( Refraction


) - 2-8 ( .
:
.

55

C
C

- 2-8

.

.
) ( Perspex ) , ( Plexi Glass ) , ( Acrylic Resin

) ( Snells Law

) : ( 2-1
)( 2-1
-
- C1
-
- C2

Sin / Sin = C1 / C 2

56

/ 2

:

.
.

2-9 CP 1 )
( .
.


:

2-3

Sin L
CL2

SinL Sin t
C L1
C t2

Sin1 Sint
CP
C t1

- 1

- CP

- t

- Ct1

- L

- CL1

-t

- Ct2

- L

- CL2

57

CL

C t

CP

- CS2

L
t

CL2
C t2

2-9

Angles

: ( Critical

- 1 ) : ( First Critical Angle

. ) (
27/3 .

58

/ 2

:
) ( 1
90 . )
: ( 2-10
C p

C p

C st

Ct

2-10

Sin 1 / Sin 2 = C p1 / CSt2

Sin 1 / Sin 90 = 2.73 / 5.94
Sin 1 = 0.46
1 = 27.30

Sin 1 / Sin 1 = C p1 / CSt1
Sin 27.3o / Sin 1 = 2.73 / 3.24
Sin 1= 0.545
) (
1 = 33 0
- Cp1 ) 2/73 (
) 3/24 (
- Cst1
) 5/94 (
- Cst2
- 1
- 2
- 1

59

27/3
) . ( 2-10
: ) 30 (
25 .
.

.

- 2

) Critical Angle

( Second

) ( .
) . ( 2-11
:
Sin 1 / Sin 2 = C P1 / CSt2
Sin / Sin 90 = 2.73 / 3.24
= 57.4 0
80
. 56 .
Sin 1 / Sin 2 = C P1 / CSt2
Sin / Sin 80 = 2.73 / 3.24
= 56 0
- CP1
- CSt

60

/ 2

56

CP

CSt

=
-

2-11

) ( .

.
:
45 .
:
3/23 .
2/26 .

61

:
Sin / Sin = CST / C Cu
Sin 45 / Sin = 3.23 / 2.26
Sin = 0.494 => = 29.6 0
- CST
- CCU
- 1
45
29/6 .

4-1 4-2 .

2-12 .
.

.
.

. )
( .
) ( .
70 60 45 38 35 80

.
:
.

62

/ 2

Probe Index
2-12

.

.
1 :
.
Twin or Single
Diameter
) (
Frequency

Probe Angle
Crystal Type
) ( .

63

:
.

SE M W B 45 N 2

45 2 .

) ( Miniature

) ( MHz

SE M W B 45 N 2

MQ4S

4 S

M Q 4 S

: .

64

/ 2

- 2 :


.

DGS .
.

.

- Echo Frequency

fn

- Focal Distance

FTn - Focal Depth

FLn - Focal Length
Deff - Effective Diameter
- Refraction Angle

- Parallel Displacement

Y n - Divergence Angle
Ta - Temperature Resistance
- Pressure Resistance

- Resistance to Wear

Vr - Gain Reserve
Ca - Cross-talk Distance
- Transmission Pulse- Resolution

tn

65

3


)
( .

) ( .

.


.
.
3-1
.

3-1

 / 2

66

:
) : ( Dead Zone

.

.

.
: ( Near Zone ) 1

.
.
) ( .

.


.
3-2

.
1 - Fresnels Zone

67

Dead
zone
Far Zone

Probe

Near Zone

N/

-3
2

15

N/

3-2

3-1
.
3-1

- N ) ( .
- f ) ( .
- c ) ( .
- ) ( .

N = D2 x f / 4 x C
=c/f
f/c=1/
N = D2 / 4 x

68

/ 2

) : ( Far Zone
3-2
.
. .
.
) (
3-2
:
3-2

Sin /2 = / D

- D ) (
- ) (
- ) (

- / ) (

3-3

69

. )
( 3-2 .
K . K
) . ( 3-4
K :
- 1 K = 1.22
3-2 .
- 2 20 K = 1.08
3-2 20
%90 .
- 3 6 K = 0.56
6 .
- 4 ) K = 0 ( .
) ( K = 1.22
) K = 1.08 ( 20 dB drop
) K = 0.56 ( 6 dB drop
) K = 0 ( no dB drop

3-4

70

/ 3

:
10 2/5
. .
- K 1.22
6
- C 5.9 x 10 m/ sec
- f 2.5 x 106 Hz
:
Sin /2 = K x / D
= C/f
5.9 x 106 / 2.5 x 106 = 2.38 mm
/d

Sin /2 = k

1.22 x 2.38 / 10 = 0.29

/2 = 16.88 deg.
2/5 5
:
= c/f

= . x / x => . mm
Sin / = K x / d
. x . / => .
/ = . deg.

.

.
3-5
.

71

2/5 20
5 20 2/5
10 .
2/5 20

2/5 10

5 10

16/88

33/7
16/88
3-5

:

.
dB= 10 Log A12 / A22
) 4-5 (4
A1
A2

72

/ 3

- 1
.
.
-2
.
- 3 ) ( N
.
- 4
1 .
- 5 ) (
.
) ( .

I 1 / I 2 = ( d 2 / d1 ) 2
- I1 ) (
- I2 ) (
- d1
- d2
- 6
.
- 7 ) (
.

Flaw Size

1 - Critical

73

.



.

) : ( Impedance

.
) (
.

.
4-1

Z=Xc

74

/ 4

) Impedance ( gr./cm2 .Sec

- Z
-
- c

) Density ( gr. / cm
) Velocity ( cm / Sec.

. .
.
) (1 ) (2

.
.
- 1 ) : ( Permeability Factor

) . ( 4-2
4-2

Z1 ) / ( Z2 + Z1 )2

P = 4 ( Z2

- P ) (
- Z1
- Z2
2 - Sonically Soft

1- Sonically Hard

75

- 2 ) ( Reflection Factor

) . ( 4-3
) ( 4-3

R = ( Z2 Z1 )2 / ( Z2 + Z1 ) 2

- R
- Z2 , Z1
4-2 4-3 :

.
:


.
.
.
:
: 1 ) 1 (


5
2
Z1 = 1.5 .10 gr/ cm .sec.

5
2

Z 2 = 46 . 10 gr/ cm . sec
Media

1 - Couplant

76

/ 4

:
2

) P = 4 Z1 x Z2 / ( Z1 + Z2
4 ( 46 x 1.5 ) x1010
( 46 + 1.5 )2 x 1010
=> 12%

P = 0.122

12.2%


R = 100 - 12.2 = 87.8 %

% 87/8

% 12/2

- 4-1

- 4-1 %100 12/2

87/8
. .

. -1
-4 .

77

100%
1.3%

87.8 %

1.48 %

. %
.
. %
.
- 4-1

) 4-1 . ( 4-2

Z FE ( Z1 ) = 46 . 105 gr / cm2 .sec.

Z OIL ( Z2 ) = 1.27 .105 gr / cm2 .sec.
Z GL ( Z3 ) = 2.46 .105 gr / cm2 .sec.

10

Z 1 ) x 10
1010

4(Z2

(Z2+Z1)2

P = 4 (58.4 ) / 2234.5 = 0.010

10%

R = 100 10 = 90%

78

/ 4

) P = 4 ( Z 3 x Z 1 ) / ( Z 3+ Z 1

P = 4 ( 2.46 x 46 ) / ( 2.46 + 46 ) 2 = 0.192

4-3

R = ( Z 3 - Z 1 ) 2 / ( Z 3 + Z1 ) 2

=> 80.8%

R = ( 2.46 - 46 )2 / ( 2.46 + 46 )2 = 0.808

19.2%

R = 100 19.2 = 80.8 %

.
.
:
- 1
.
- 2
.
- 3 .
- 4
. .

79

) 4-1 (

302
410
430
1100

110
) (



Inconel

105 cm/ sec

105 gr / cm2

7/85
7/86
7/3- 6/9
7/7

5/94
5/9
7/3-3/5
6

3/24
3/23
3/3-2/2
3/25

3
3
-

46/3
46
42-25
46

7/9
7/67
7/7
2/71
2/8
8/9
8/4
11/34
10/88
8/8
8/5
19/25
10/5
19/3
7/1
7/3

5/66
5/39
6/02
6/35
6/25
4/7
4/4
2/16
2/16
5/63
5/82
5/18
3/6
3/24
4/17
3/32

3/12
2/99
3/3
3/1
3/1
2/26
2/2
0/70
0/81
2/96
3
2/87
1/59
1/2
2/41
1/67

2/95
2/16

44/7
41/3
46/3
17/2
17/5
42
37
24/5
23/5
49/5
49/5
99/8
38
63
30
24

gr / cm3

2/9
2/79
1/93
1/57
0/64
0/73
2/64
2/79
2/65
2/32
1/58

- 1
.

80

/ 4 4-2
) 4-2 (

cm/sec

105

Pyrex


) (

1/18
2/5
2/22
2/6
2/65
1/2 -1
2/2
1/2 1/1
0/9
1/6-1/2
5/4

2/73
5/77
5./57
5/57
5/73
2/2 -1/8
1/35
2/9 -2/4
2/2
2/3
5/1

1/13
3/43
3/4
3/52
3/8
0/55
1/1
-

1/11
3/14
3/13
-

3/2
14/4
12/4
14/5
15/2
2/7-1/8
2/97
1/2
1/8
2/8
2/7

SAE 20


20 C

3/23
1/26
1/11
0/87
0/92
10-15
1
0/0013
0/9

0/98
1/92
1/66
1/74
1/38
6/66
1/48
0/330
3/98

3/98
1/99

2/3
2/4
1/8
1/5
1/27
9/9-6/7
1/5
0 /00004
3/6

gr /cm3

105 gr/cm2

81

Acoustical Intensity

.
) ( Bel & Decible
)
( . P1
P1 n
P2 .
P2 .
:
4-4

n dB = 10 log 10 P1 / P2

- P1
- P2

.
4-5

ndB = 10 log 10 ( A1 / A 2 )2

- A1
- A2
: 1
.
A1 = 5 cm A2 = 1 cm .
.

82

/ 4

) n dB = log ( A / A ) = log ( A / A

n dB = log ( / ) = ( log - Log ) =

n = dB

14
.
: 2
20
%10 .
:
) n dB = 20 Log ( A1 / A2

20 %10 .
) n dB = 20 Log ( 100 / 10
) n dB = 20 ( Log 100 - Log 10 ) = 20 ( 2 - 1

20

n dB = 20 dB

%10 %100 20
.
3-4
:
- 1
.
- 2 ) 14 ( 3
.

83

: 3
27 .
:
- 1 4-3 27 ) 14 13 (
14 dB + 13 dB = 27 dB
.
- 2 14 5 13 4/47 .
- 3 .
5 x 4.47 = 22.35
27 . 27
22 /35 .
4-3

1/12
1/26

) (

) ( dB
1
2

1/41

1/59

1/78

2/24

2/51

2/82

3/16

10

3/55

11

3/98

12

4/47

13

14

84

/ 4

.
:
( 1 ) ( Frequency .
( 2 ) ( Pulse ) (
.
- ( 3 ) ( Pulse repetition frequency
.
- 4 ) ( Resolution
.

.
:
4-6

Pulse length = Velocity x number of waves

Frequency

: 4
4 2 .
.

) n = f ( MHz ) x t ( sec.
6
6
n = 4 x 10 x 2 x 10- = 8

Pulse length = 5.9 x 8 / 4 = 11.8 mm ~ 12 mm

85

4 -4-2 :
- 7 .

.
- 3 .

.
:
- 1 .
- 2
.

- 7

- 4-2

- 3

- 4-2

 / 4

86

) ( Attenuation


.
.

1 - Heat Conduction

2 - Viscous Friction

3 - Elastic Hysteresis
4 - Scattering

.
.

:
1
.
- 2 2 )
( 150 .

87

3 4
75 .
- 4
:
2/5 150 0/3 .
4 75 0/6 .
- 6

.
- 7

.
- 8
%10 .

-


.

88

/ 4

:
- 1 .
4-7

4-7

f /4C

N=D

N=D /4
2

- N ) ( mm
- D ) ( mm
- f ) ( MHz
- C ) ( km/ sec
- ) ( mm
:
.
- 2 6
.
- 3

.
) A1 , A2 - 4-3 ( .

80%

- 4- 3

89

4 ) A1 -4-3 ( %80
) . ( S1
- 5 ) A2 - 4-3 ( %80
) . ( S2

- 4-3

- 6 S1 S2 ) . ( S = S2 S1
- 7 .
A => S - 6
4-8
2T
A ) ( .
- S .
- T ) ( .
:
6
.
S2 - S1 = 6 dB

90

/ 4

: 5
60
4 10
) . ( 5.9 Km / Sec.
:
- 1 .
N=D f/4C
2

N = 102 x 4 x 106 / 4 x 5.9 x 106 = 17 mm

3 x N = 51 mm
-2 60 3N
125 .
- 3 60 120
) . ( 4 - 4
- 4 %80
) . ( S1 = 36 dB
- 5 ) 120 ( %80
) . ( S2 = 45 dB
- 6 .
S = S2 - S1 = 45 - 36 = 9 dB
T = 120 - 60 = 60 mm
-6

2 x 60

>=

S-6
2T

A = 0.025 dB / mm = 0.25 dB / cm

91

mm
mm

4-4

:
- )
( .
80
) . ( .
= 4 dB

2 x 80 x 0.025

= Attenuation

80 4
.
-
%10 .
.
:

) ( Base Line .

 / 4

92

-
) (
.
:
- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 4-5
1 2 .
- 4 ) ( V
%80 .
) V S1 ( .
- 5 4-5
%80 . )
W S2 ( .
- 6
.
A => ( S2 - S1 ) - 6
4-9
)2(W-V
- A
- V
- W
- S1
- S2

93

- V

- 4-5

- 4-5

:

.

: 6
30
.
45 2 10
.

/ 4

94

 - 1 .
- C ) ( 3.23 km / sec
N = D2 x f / 4 C
N = 100 x 2 / 4 x 3.23 = 15.5 mm
= 3 x 15.5 = 46.5 mm

3N

- 2
.
o
Cos 45 = 2T / V
V = 2T / Cos 45o
V = 84.8

3 N 250
) ( .
3

T = mm

4-6

- 3 1 2 4-6 2
%80 . V S1 .
) V = 85 mm ( S1= 42 dB

95

4 4-6 1 3
3 .
) W = 170 mm ( S2 = 62 dB
:
.
5
.
A => ( S2 - S1 ) - 6
)2(W-V
( 62 - 42 ) - 6
) 2 ( 170 - 85
0.8 dB / cm

>= A

A = 0.08 dB / mm

0/8
0/8 .
DGS DAC
.

 / 4 /

104

/
Wave Conversion & Spurious Indications

) (

.


.

.

- 1


. .
IIW-V1 .

100 IIW-V1 25
. 25
K/D .

105

-4-11 A
100 .
-4-11 100

.

- 4-11

250

-4-11

100

.

106

/ 4

- 2

. 60

.
) -4-12 ( A
X

A
S1

S2

S3

-4-12

B
S3

-4-12

S + S

- 4-12

- 4-12 A ) (

.

107

B
. ) ( X 4-12

.

- 3

. 4-13
4-14 :
4-13 70 4
.
. ) Double
( Sided Groove Weld .

4-13

108

/ 4

4-14 70 2
.

.

4-14

:
) ( ) ( L.O.F 10 .
4-13 .
4-14 .
:
.
.

109

- 4 ) (

.
)
. ( 4-15

.

) . ( 4-16


.
.
A

4-15

110

/ 4

A
B

-4-16

- 4-16

- 4-16 A
B
.
- 4-16
.
60 70

.

- 5

.

0/3 .

.
.

111

.
12 15
.
) (

.

50 mm

50 mm

mm

15
- 4-17

- 4-17
15 .

- 4-17

112

/ 4

)
-4-17 ( .

6

) 38 35 45 ( .

.
4-18
.

.
A

A
A

4-18

.
60
70 .

113

7

.

.
.

.
%4
.

- 8 ) ( Curved Surfaces

. 60
75 )
( 4-19 .

4-19

114

/ 4

.
4-20 60

B,A .

A
4-20

) ( Incidence Point

)
( .

- 9

115

) ( Hot Surfaces

.
.

.

. ASTM
55 %1 .
:
20 .
440 %8
) . ( 440 / 55 = 8 x 1% = 8%
:
)
( Continuous Scanning


.

: 4
- 1
.
- 2
.

 / 4

116

- 3
.
- 4
.
- 5 .
- 6
.
- 7
.
8
.
.
- 9 ) 70 (
.
.

117

5

:


.



:
- Frequency Modulation

- Spectral Analysis

- Acoustic Holography

- Acoustic Microscopy

- Acoustic Emission

118

/ 5

:


.
)
( Electro-Magnetic Acoustic
.
.
EMA
.

:
-
-
-
-

Pulse Echo Method

Transit Time Method
Resonance Method
Through Transmission Method

:
) : ( Pulse Echo Method

. .

.

.

119

) ( Continuous Wave
.


.

5-1

5-1
.
) ( Pulse Envelope
.
:
- 1
.
- 2 / )
( Transceiver .
.

120

/ 5

:
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8

Clock Circuit
Pulser Circuit
Sweep Circuit
Marker Circuit
Receiver Circuit
Amplifier
Screen Display
Piezoelectric Probe

:

.
- 1 )
( Synchronizer Clock
) (
.
- 2
) 100 1000 ( .
1
3 ) ( PRF )
( Pulser Circuit .
)
( .
) 1 - Pulse Repetition Frequency ( PRF

121

- 4 .
.

.

.
- 5
Marker Circuit
. )
. ( 5-2
:
.
.
.

:

.

.

122

/ 5

1 ) ( A - SCAN


) . ( 5 2

Marker
Circuit

Clock Circuit
Pulser
Sweep Circuit

Amplifier

Receiver

Probe
5-2

123

:

.
.

.

.

- 2 ) ( B-SCAN

.
.

:
-
) ( .
-
.
-

.

124

/ 5

5-3 ) (
) ( .
.
Y AXIS
Sweep Circuit

Clock
Cicuit

Pulser
Circuit

Amplifier
Receiver

X AXIS
Probe Position Circuit
Probe

53-

125

:
.
. .

3 ) ( C-Scan

.


.

) ( Depth Gate

.
. ) Time-of-Flight
.

) ( .
.

126

/ 5

5-4 A
. ) ( Plan View
.
Depth
Gate

Clock
Circuit

Pulser
Circuit

Plan View
Receiver
Amplifier
Y Axis
Position Indicator
X Axis
Position Indicator

Probe

5-4

127

:
- 1
.

.
- 2


.

.
- 3
.
) ( Multi-scans 1980
) ) (1 ( ) ) (2 ( ) (3
) (4 .

.
.
3 - Ultra -Image III

2 - Thickness Scanning

1- Projection Image Scanning

) 4 - UDRPS ( Ultrasonic Data Recording and Processing System

 / 5 /

128

) ( Transite Time Method

) ( Time-of- Flight .
5-5
.

Time of flight

5-5

) ( Ultrasonic Thickness Gauges

.
Electro-luminescent
.


.

.

129

.
5-6 .

.

.
3

16
20 mm

mm

mm

mm

5-6 2 13

) : ( A-Scan Thickness Gauges

) (

.

.
.

130

/ 5

) : ( Resonance Method
) (
.

.

.
) ( 2

=> t = n/2

=> c/f =
=> t = /2

Ff = c / 2t
2t = c / Ff
2t =

- Ff ) (
- t ) (
- ) (
- n

.
.

t = 2

5-7

131

.
.


.

.
.
.

Through Transmission Method

.
.

5-8

 / 5

132

:
.
.
) - 5-9 ( .
) %80 ( .
) - 5-9 ( .
) ( .
:
( - .
( - .
( - ) ( Couplant .
) 5-9 ( :

)
A - 5-9 ( .

. ) B
- 5-9 ( .
B A

133

A
- 5-9

)(

B
- 5-9

134

/ 5

- 5-10
. )
( .

) (

)(

- 5-10

:

. - 5-10
.
.

135

) (

) (

) ( ) 5-11
(.


.
.



.

.
.

.

.


.

 / 5

136

5-11

) ( Gate 1
( Gate 2 ) 2

PROBE NO.

GATE NO.

CHANNEL NO.. ..

5-12

5-12
.
:
.

137

6



.
.

.
:
.

T

6-1

:
. . .
.

138

/ 6

) (

. ) (
.
.
:
- 1
) ( .
2 10

.
- 3
. ) ( Range 10
.
- 4 ) (
) . ( 6-2

6-2

139

:

. 15 20
:
:
- 1 50
) ( .
- 2 10
) (1 ) (2 ) (
2 4 .
2 10 4 20
. ( 6-3

10

A
B
E

6-3

2 - Calibration Control

1 - Shift Control

140

/ 6

- 3 8 6 10
) A E
. ( 6-3
- 4 .
) (
.
6-4 14
14 28 42 .

mm

6-4

:

. 6-4 50
42
14 .

141

) ( Initial or Transmission Pulse

6-3 6-4
.

.

. ) ( .
) ( .

.
.


.
- 6-4 40
.
.
- 6-4
.

142

/ 6

40
- 6-5

- 6-5

) 3 (
.

0/5
.

.
.

143

:

. 3 .
2/5 5
.
:
- 1 ) ( 10
- 2 5
5 ) 1 - 6-6 ( .
3 2/5
2/5 ) 2 - 6-6 ( .
2

2.5 mm
5 mm
- 6-6

.mm
mm

6-6

144

/ 6

- 4
2/5 5 .
5
.
:

.

:
- 1 ) ( :

.
- 2 :

) ( 6-1
.
.
:
6-1
.
6-1

T1 / T2 = V1 / V2

 / 6
T1
T2
V1
V2

145

) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( km/sec - )( km/sec

25
.
5/9 4/7
) 4-1 . ( 4
:
- 1 6-1 25
.
Tcu = V fe / V cu

Tfe

25 / Tcu = 5.9 / 4.7

~ 20 mm

Tcu = 19.91 mm

- 2 25 20
.
- 3 25
.
- 4 25 20
40 ) 6-7
( .

.

146

/ 6

20

40

mm

20
40 .
6-7

.
.

.
:
- 1 10
.
- 2 5
10 .
3 5 ) ( 8
.

147

- 4 .
- 5 10 100
.
- 6 100
15 .
- 7 ) 200 (
15 .
- 8 .
) ( Skin Effect
.
- 9
.
- 10
2 5 .
- 11 2
.
- 12 2
.
- 13
.
- 14 4
200 .
- 15

.

148

/ 6

16
)
. ( 6-8

6-8

R W2 / 4
- W ) (
- R
- 17 150
.
- 18
. 55
.
19

.

149

.
- 6-9
20 40 .
20 40 .

mm

mm

mm
- 6-9

A =
mm
B = 40mm

mm

mm
- 6-9

 / 6 /

150

- 6-9 40
20 .
20
20


.


.
)
( Back-wall Echo . ) (

.

.

:

.

.
) (
.
.

151

.


.
.
:
20 2/5
500 .
DGS
) . ( 6 - 11
:
. . . ) ( Grass . :
- 1 750
.
- 2 500
) . ( 6-10
- 3 %80 38
.

152

/ 6

- 4 . 400
.
- 5 %80 .
70 .
%80

70 - 38 = 32

6-10

- 6 DGS 500 400

) A . ( B
: 6-11 DGS
166 .
- 7 . A
C .
- 8 C ) 32 (
D .
- 9 D E .
- 10 E 1/5 1/5
.

153

d
B

d
B

6-11

:
100

A1
A2 :
n dB = 20 Log A1 / A2

4-5 4

) 32 dB = 20 ( Log 100 - Log A2

) 32 dB = 20 ( 2 - Log A2
20 Log A2 = 40 - 32 = 8 dB
=> A = 2.5 mm

Log A2 = 8 / 20 = 0.4

 / 6

154

%100
2/5 .
. ) ( Grass
32 .
%100 1/5
2/5
.
:
.
- 1 400 3 .
- 2 300 2 .
- 3 150 1 .
- 4 2
.

:

.
.

.


.

155

:
-1
) D.A.C ( Distance Amplitude Correction

DAC

.

.

. DAC

) . ( 6-11
:
- 1 .
- 2 DAC
) 6-12 . ( 1
DAC .

1/4 T
1/2 T
3/4 T

6-12 DAC

156

/ 6

- 3 %80
. .
- 4 2 3
.
5 .
- 6 ) . ( 6-13

/T

/ T

/ T
X

6-13

7
. .
%20 % 100
.
:
- 1
.
- 2
.
/

157

 3
.
- 4 .

.

- 2 ) ( 6 dB-Drop Technique

.
) n dB = 20 ( log 100 log 50
) ( 4
=> 6 dB
) ( )
( .
:
- 1
.
- 2 6-14
) - . ( 6-15
- 3 .
.
- 4 ) ( Gain control %80
) - 6-15 ( .
- 5
) - 6-15 ( .

158

/ 6 6

- 6 ) ( Probe Index
) . ( 6-16
- 7 ) ( 5
. ) ( %80
.
- 8 .
.

6-14

80%
40%

- 6-15

159

6 16

- 3 20
20 dB- Drop Technique

. 20
.

20
%10 .
) ( 4 %10
20 .
n dB = 20 Log A1 / A2
n dB = 20 Log 100 / 10
) n dB = 20 ( Log 100 - Log 10
ndB = 20 ( 2-1 ) = 20 dB

160

/ 5 20

6-17 .
20 .

20

6-17

:
- 1 IIW-V1
.
- 2
.
- 3 %80
) A - 6-18 ( .
- 4
%10 ) - 6-18 . ( B
20 .

161

5 20
) ( %80 ) C - 6-18 ( .
.
- 6
. .
) - 6-17 . ( K
- 7 5 4 6 K
.

80%

A

- 6-18
C

+ 20 dB

10%
B
- 6-18

 / 6 20

162

K1

K2

- 6-18

- 6-18 20
) K1 ( K2
.
:
- 1 20
) K1 , K2 - 6-18 ( .
- 2 %10
.
- 3 20
.

163

- 4 ) ( Comparison Method

.
20 .
: Backwall Echo .
:
- 1 .
- 2
.
- 3 ) ( %80 .
) 6 -19 A - 6-20 . ( A1
- 4 .
)
6-19 B - 6-20 ( B1

T< N

N
6 - 19

164

/ 6

- 5
.
.
) 6 19 C - 6-20
. ( A2 , B2
- 6 4 5 .

B
A

- 6-20

6-20

- 5 )

165

Multiple Echo Pattern

10
.
.
:
- 1
.
- 2 ) (
) - 6-21 ( .
- 3 %80 .
- 4 .
.
5
) - 6-21 ( .
- 6 .
.
- 7 5 4 6 .

6-21

 / 5

- 6 )

166

Gain Size

( Distance

.
.

.

. DGS .

6-22

6-22
.
.

167

DGS

DGS ) (

.
) (
.

10

8
4

3
2

1.5

6-23

6-23 2
4 .

 / 6

168

:
DGS :
- 1
.
- 2
.
- 3 % 80 .
.
- 4
.
.
- 5 %80
.
- 6 DGS A B
) . ( 6-23
- 7 )
3 ( 5 C .
- 8 D
.
- 9 .
.

.

169

:
75 4 20
. 40 .
DGS .
:
1 DGS

.
- 2
.
.
:
2

N=D xf/4xC
N = 102 x 4 x 106 / 4 x 5.9 X 106
N = 17 mm
- N ) ( mm
- D ) ( mm
- f ) ( 106 HZ
- C ) ( 106 m/ Sec

DGS .
:

 / 4

96

) (
) ( Transfer Correction

.

.

.

.
D.G.S .

-
:
- 1
2 %80
.
) S1 T1 . ( 4-7
- 3
%80 ) T2
S2 . ( 4-7

97

T = mm

T
S =

S =

4-7

4 10-4 .
4-10
T C = EC - E d
- TC ) (
- EC ) (
- Ed ) D.G.S (
5 4-11
.
E C = S 2- S 1

) EC = S - ( 2 x T2 x A
4-11
- S ) (
- A ) . (
-T2 ) (
- 6 D.G.S
A B ) . ( 4-8
- 7 ) ( Ed
.
- 6 EC Ed 4-11 .

98

/ 4

: 7
60 .

A = 0.01 dB/ mm .
:
- 1
%80 .
25 34 .
.
2 %80
60 46 .

E d = dB

4-8

99

3 T2 , S A EC .
S = S1 - S2 = 46 - 34 = 12 dB
T2 = 60 mm
A = 0.01 dB / mm
) EC = S - ( 2 x T2 x A
EC = 12 - ( 2 x 60 x 0.01 ) = 12 - 1.2 = 10.8 dB
- 4 25 60 ) D.G.S ( 4-8
.
5 EC = 7dB .
- 6 EC Ed .

TC = EC - Ed = 10.8 - 7 = 3.8 dB

- :

.
:
- 1
.
- 2 4-9 . )
( 2 %80
) . ( S1 , V1

100

/ 4

- 3 - 4-9 .
%80
) S2 V2 . ( 4-9

- 4-9

- 4-9

- 4 .
) EC = S - ( 2 x V2 x A

- EC ) ( .
- S ) (
- V2 ) (
- A ) (
5 ) V1 ( V2 DGS
. ) ( )
. ( Ed
- 6 .
TC = EC - Ed

- Ed . D.G.S
- TC ) ( .

101

:
- 1 S EC
EC .
- 2
D.G.S EC = Ed .

) ( S2 - S1 .
: 8
30
.

.
45
.

- 1 IIW-V1
30 .

V = 2T / Cos 450 = 2 x 30 / 0.707 = 84.8 mm

- 2 -4-10 IIW-V1
%80 .
34 72 .

102

/ 4

- 3 - 4-10 .
) 40 85 ( .

mm

- 4-10

mm

- 4-10
- 4
.
) EC = S - ( 2 x V2 x A
S = S2 - S1 = 42 - 34 = 8 dB
) ( A = 0. dB .
) EC = S - ( 2 x V2 x 0
=> 8 dB

EC = S

- 5 DGS 72 85
.
4 ) . ( Ed = 4 dB
- 6 .
TC = EC - Ed = 8 - 4 = 4 dB

 / 4

103

:
- 1
.
2
2 4 .
- 3
.
- 4 ) (
.
.
- 5 .
- 6
.

170

/ 6

:
- 1 75
.
- 2 %80 ) (
) 42 ( .
- 3 .
.
- 4
) 40 68
( .
- 5 DGS ) ( 40 75
.
- 6 75 26
) C ( 6-23 .

68 - 42 = 26 dB

- 7 40
) D ( 6-22 .
- 8 D .
.
1/5 .

171

:
- 1 DGS
) ( Researching .
- 2
.
- 3
.
.

6-24 DGS

172

/ 6

- 4 .

.
6-25 DGS
.
.
.

mm

100

80

60

MB S-N

40
mm

20

RE+ dB

RE + dB
RE2

mm
RE

6-25

173

7
)

Methods

( Immersion

.

.
.

.
)
( .


.

.
:

.

174

/ 7

:
- 1 .
- 2
.
.
- 3 .
- 4 .
- 5
.
- 6 .
.

:
- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 .
- 4 .
- 5 .

:

:
- ( 1

- ( 2

- ( 3

175

1 :

. ) (
.

.

- 7-1

- 7-1 .
. -7-1
.

-7-1

 / 7

2 )

176

Method

: ( Bubbler

:
-

) . ( 7-2
.

7-2

-

.
)
( Mobile Carriage .
)
( .
) . ( 7-3

177

6 10
.
- ) ( Wheel Type Probe

.
. )
. ( 7-4

7-3
7-4

 / 7 /

) Focused Column

178

(:

. 7-5

.

7-5

7-6

7-6

179

.
7 7
.
7-7 ) ( 4

.

- 7- 7

- 7-7

) 4 4-1 ( 4-2
.
10 40
.

180

/ 7

.
) (
.
X = 1 /4 T + 6 mm
) ( 7-1
- X ) (
- T ) (
: 10
.
=> ( 1 /4 x 10 ) + 6 mm

X = 1/4 T + 6

X = 2.5 + 6 = 8.5 mm

100
) 34 ( 4 8/5 ) ( 34+10 44
68 88 ) 7-8
-(.

-7-8

T= 10 mm

- 7-8

181

:
20 6

.

.

.
87/5
.
P = 4 ( Z1 x Z2 ) / ( Z1 + Z2 )2

4-2 4

7-9 A1 B1 A2
B2 ) . ( 7-10 ) ( A1
B1 .

A
C

7-9

182

/ 7

A1,A2
B1,B2
B
B

A
A
7-10

7- 9
.
7-11 C2 , C1 .

.
C1 C2
A
A

B
C

7-11

183

8

:
-1

) : ( Calibration

.

.

-2

) : ( Basic Calibrations

- 3

) : ( Periodic Calibrations

- 4

) : ( Normal Calibrations

 / 8

- 5

184

) : ( Calibration Block

) Test Block

: ( Standard

) Test Block

: ( Reference

:

.

.


) ( Standard Test Block

185

.
.
:

.
1 - ASME & ASTM - Calibration Blocks :
) ASME, ( American Society of Mechanical Engineers
) ASTM, ( American Society for Testing and Materials

2 - AWS, Calibration Blocks :

) AWS, ( American Welding Society

3 - ISO, IIW , IOW , BSI & ESI - Calibration Blocks :

) ISO , ( International Organization for Standardization
) IIW, (International Institute of Welding
) IOW, ( Institute of Welding
)BSI, (British Standard Institution
) ESI, (Electricity Supply Industry

186

/ 8

:
-1 : IIW-V1
V1
.
.
- 1 100 25 200 .
- 2 ) ( .
- 3 1/5 .
- 4 .
- 5 .
- 6 .
- 7
) 8-1 - 8-1 ( :
8-1 8-2 V1 :
8-1

Sin = X - 35 / R

- 8-1 V1

187

mm

Perspex

- 8-1 V1

100 mm
25 mm radius

8-2 V1 25 100

: V1 BSI-2704 A2 .

 / 8

- 2

188

IIW - V2

V1

.
8-3 IIW - V2 . 12/5 20
) ( 1/5 5 .
BSI- 2704 A4 .

or .

mm

mm

20

8-3

300

189

- 3 ) 5 ( I.O.W- A5

BSI - A

.
) (
. 8-4 . ESI BCB/N, A5
) ( Beam Calibration Block .
83 mm

50 mm

mm

mm
Hole dia. . mm

mm
- 8-4 A5

mm

mm
mm
305 mm

100
32 mm
Resolution holes 1.5 mm dia.

35 mm

75 mm
- 8-4 A5

190

/ 8

- 4 : A5, Blank Type B

A5 ESI
1/5 .
) ( Long Beam Path A5, Blank type C
) . ( 8-5

mm
150 mm

8-5

- 5 : ESI , 50 RAD Block

.
50
) . ( 8-6
150 mm

50 mm

50 mm

8-6

199

) ( Scanning Techniques

.

.

:

) ( Scanning Technique .

.

.
.

200

/ 9

:
- 1 :
) ( Lateral Scanning Technique
)
( .
9-1 C2, C1,B2 ,B1, A )

( .
:
.

d5

C2

C1 C2

d4

C1

d2

d3

B2

B2

B1

B1

9-1

d , d

d1

201

:
- 1 A ) (
.
.
- 2 B1
.
- 3 B2
B1 .
- 4 C1 C2
.
:

.
- 15
%70 .

- 2 :
) Rotational Scanning Technique

.

.

202

/ 9

- 9-2
-9-2 :

B
B

A
9-2 A,B

9-2

A
.
B
.
:
.
.

203

- 3 :
) Scanning Technique

( Orbital

. 9-3 :
) ( :
( A1
) - 9-3 ( .
( A2
.

A2

B2

A1
B1

- 9-3
A1

A2

9-3

204

/ 9

) ( :
( B1,B2
) - 9-3 ( .
B1

B2

9-3

:

) ( .

.

- 4 :
)

Scanning Technique

( Transverse

A
.
B 9-4
)
( .

205

B
A

9-4

) : ( 9-5
: ) (

.
.
( 1
.
( 2 1
.
: 2
.

.

206

/ 9

: 3
.

.

9-5

:
: 1

.
) -9-6
(.
: 2
) (


) - 9-6 ( .
2
.

207

: 3
) (
15

) - 9-6 ( .

- 9-6

- 9-6

15
- 9-6

208

/ 9

) (
- 1 ) (

.
.
- 2 70
.
- 3 35
.
- 4

.
- 5
.
- 6 45
. 45
.

- 5
) or Traversing Scanning Technique

( Depth

. )
. ( 9-7

209

- 9-7
) (
.
-9-7 A,B,C . A
B C
20 %10
A .
:
.

B
A
C
- 9-7
B

-9-7

 / 9

210

: 9-7
1 : ( A .
%80
.
2 : ( B
%10 . 20
20 %90 .
- 3 .
4 : ( C A
%10 .
20
.
- 5
.
20 .

- 6 ( Tandem Technique ) :

.

.

.
.

211

1
2
.
.
) (
.

- 9-8

-9-8

-9-8
. - 9-8

.

2 - Double Sided V Groove

/ 9

1 - Lack of Side Wall Fusion

212

9-8 A B A
B .
.

:
1 .
- 2 45
.
- 3
60 4 .
- 4
.
:
.

213

) ( Beam Profile

.
.
.
9-9
. ) ( P
) ( V
.
P

9 -9

:
:
- 1 BSI-A5 .
- 2 .
- 3 ) (
.
- 4
.

214

/ 9

:
- 1 IIW- V1 .
- 9-10
) Probe
. ( Index Point

- 9-10

- 2 1/5 A5
) - 9-10 ( .

mm

32

Resolution Holes

mm Dia.

1.5

19mm

- 9-10 ) ( Welding Institute Block, A5

: A5 4 1/5
) Resolution
.

215

3
. %80
) ( A1 ) ( B1 ) 9-11
(.
A1

B1

9-11

- 4 9-12
%10 ) %8 ( . A2 .
A2

A2

B1

9-12

- 5 3
%10 A3 ) . ( 9-13

216

/ 9

A3
A3
B1

9-13

- 6 4 3 5 3 ) ( B4 ,B3 ,B2 , . .
A1 , A2 ,A3 .
7 .
.
- 8
.
- 1- 8 %80 . A1
- 2- 8 %10 . A2
- 3 8 %10 . A3
20
) . ( 9-14
:
.

217

0
0

A3

A1

A2

0
0

B1
B2
B3
B4

9-14

:
60 4
.
:
1 IIW V1
.
- 2 13 A5 .
%80
) - 9-15 ( .
- 3 ) .

A1

( = 22.5 mm
- 4 %10 .
) 9-15
. ( A2 = 18 mm

218

/ 9

22.5 mm

13 mm

- 9-15

18 mm

13

13 mm
10%
9-15

- 5
%10 . .
) - 9-15 . ( A3 = 31 mm
31 mm
13 mm

- 9-15

219

6 4 3 5 25 19 32 .
.
B1 , depth 13 mm
A3 = 31 mm

A2 = 18 mm

A3 = 48 mm

A2 = 24 mm

A3 = 61 mm

A2 = 31 mm

A3 = 76 mm

A2 = 39 mm

A1 = 22.5 mm
B 2 , depth 19 mm
A1 = 33.8 mm
B 3 , depth 25 mm
A1= 44
B 4 , depth 32 mm
A1= 58 mm

- 7 ) ( .
- 8 .
) . ( 9-16
mm

B=

B =
B=
B=

9-16

220

/ 9

Beam spread
MWB , 60 , 4 N

9-17

9-17 60 4 N
.
.
:
25
15 30 .
.
:
- 1 .
2 15
) 9-18 . ( P
3
P .
- 4 P 30 .

221

5 .
) - 9-18 ( .

15 mm
P
25 mm

mm

9-18

15 mm

mm

9-18

- 9-18
.

 / 9

222

9
1
) ( Scanning Technique .
2 ) ( Lateral Scanning
6 20 .
3 ) ( Rotational Scanning
) ( Lack of Side-wall Fusion .
4 ) ( Orbital Scanning
.
5 ) ( Transverse Scanning
.
6 .
) ( As-welded
.
7 ) ( Tandem Technique
.
8 ) (
.

223

:


.

.
30
) ( Shear Wave 36 .
) (

.
.


.

224

/ 10

.

..
.

.

:
) (
:

) : ( Beam Path
V

) . ( 10-1

10-1

225

:
) . ( V-Path . ). ( Skip Distance
10-2 S T P .

S = V - Path

10-2

10- 1 .
10-1

P = 2 T x Tag
P/2 = T x Tag

- P
- T
-
.
.

226

/ 10

:
20 70
. ) : ( 10-3
:
P = 2T x tag
P = 2 x 20 x tag 700
P = 2 x 20 x 2.76 ~ 110 mm
P/2 = 110 / 2 = 55 mm

mm

110

=P

V/

70 0

P/2 = 55 mm
10-3

:
Cos 70 = T / V/2
0

V/2 = T / Cos 700

V/2 = 20 / 0.34 = 58.8 mm

V = 117.6 mm

227

20 117/6
110 .
.

10-4

10-4
.
) ( 10-1
.

.
) ( Pr
) ( Pe .

228

/ 10

.
:
10 160 60 70 45
:
70 : 70
.
60 : 60 75
.
45 : 45 52
.


:
:
10-2
) (
.
) ( 0/5 .
10-2

R W2 / 4

229

- W ) (
- R
10-2 ) ( R )
( W
.
:
) (
) ( 2 70 .
70 )
. ( 10-5

10-5

20 :
- 1 3
.
- 2 ) ( .

230

/ 10

- 3
. )
. ( ar1 10-6
.8

ar2 ar1
2R

.75

0.7

ar2

.65

0.6

.55

ar

0.5

.45

0.4

.35

0.3

.25

0.2
0.1
0.25

0.2

.15

.10

.06

.01 .02

t/ R
10-6

- 4
) ( .
) ar2 . ( 10-6
- 5 .
:
) ar2 -ar1 /2R ( 10-6
) ( t / D .
) ( .

231

:

.
.
Sin = ( R - t ) / R
) t = R ( 1 - Sin
10-3
t / R = 1 - Sin
- t
- R
-
a

10-7

10-1 t a
10-7 :
- t
- a

232

/ 10

10-1

)(t

)(a

70

0.06 R

0.38 R

60

0.13 R

0.5 R

45

0.29 R

0.70 R

38

0.38 R

0.79 R

R 10-1 .

:
-1
.
- 2 20
.
.
- 3
) ( .
- 4
.
- 5 .
- 6 .
7
2 4 ) ( .

233

) (
:
) (

.
10-4 10-5 )
: ( 10-8
Sin = a / c
10-4
Cos = b / c
10-5
a = b x Tag

- ) (
- a ) (
- b ) (
- c ) (
a
c

10-8

:
60 .
30 .
.

234

/ 10

:
- ) : ( a
a = c x sin 60 o

>=

sin = a / c

a = 30 x 0.86 = 25.8 mm
-
o

b = c x cos 60

>=

cos = b / c

b = 30 x 0.5 = 15 mm

:
-10-9
) Pr ( Sr
) Pe ( Se .

:
:
-10-9
) ( t/2R
Fp .
.
Fp .

) ( 10-6
- Pe
- Pr ) ( 10-9
-
- t
- Fp

Pe = 2t x Tag
Pr = 2 t x Tag x Fp

235

-10-9

Fp

.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

-10-9

236

/ 10
:

508 25/4 60 .
.

t /D = 25.4 / 508 = 0.05
0/05 60
. 1/42 .
10-6 :
Pr /2 = 63 mm

Pr = 2 x t x fP x tag 600
Pr = 2 x 25.4 x 1.42 x 1.74 = 125.5 mm

-10-9
.

mm

mm

mm

10-10

- 1 10-10 .
) (
.
2 ) 63 ( ) (
.
3 63 .
4 . 68
.

237

.
.

.

10-11

-

.
) ( .
DAC DGS
.

-

. 6 20

238

/ 10

DAC

) ( Distance Amplitude Correction

DAC
.
) (

.
DAC 10 -12 .
.

/ T
T = - t

/ T
/ T
3T

L>W

Z > T/2 + 25 mm

10-12

239

- t
- Z
-

- T
- W
- L ) (
- d
) 3 ( .

D.A.C

- 1 .
.
- 2 .
.
- 3 .

D.A.C

DAC
.
:
- 1 V1
DAC .
- 2 ) A - 10-13(
H1 %80 .
- 3 ) 1 10-13 (
.
- 4 B
H2 ) 2 10-13 ( .

 10

240

/ DAC

- 5 C D H3
) 3 - 4 -10-13 ( .
- 6 ) ( DAC .
B

H
H

10-13
DAC

- 10-13

:
-10-13 4, 3, 2, 1
.


.

241

:
- 1 DAC
.
- 2 DAC
.
%40 DAC .
%40 .
- 3
.
- 4
.
- 5 DAC
.
- 6 20 DAC
.
:
DAC )
( V2
) ( V2 .

 / 10

/ DAC

242

D.A.C

4
DAC
DAC .
:
DAC
. 45
.
:
- 1 IIW-V1 .
.
- 2 A B - 10-14 DAC
B .

- 3 ) ( %80
. ) ( V1 ) ( E1
.
- 4 - 10-14 DAC
%80 . ) ( W1
) ( E2 .
.

243

- 5 DAC 3 4
. ) V2 ( W2 ) S1 ( S2
) -10-14 ( .
A

B
DAC
V

- 10-14

B2

DAC
W

- 10-14

B1

B2

W2

- 10-14

V2

 / 10

244

DAC

- 6 ) ( 10-15 .

%80 .
- 7 5 H1 H2
. H1 DAC H2
.
H1 H2
56 DAC
12 .

H
* E

dB

* E
* S

10-15

%80

245

: DAC
H1 H2 DAC
. H1 H2 )
( 10-15 .
10-16 DAC A
) ( B .



.

DAC

- 10-16

 / 10

DGS

246

D.G.S

D.G.S
.
.
DGS
.

. .
:
DGS .

.

:
) (
:
-1 IIW-V1 .
- 2 - 10-17
.
- 3 % 80
) -10-17 A . ( S1
- 4 -10-18
.

247

S = x dB

3
A

-10-17

- 10-17

80%
S2 = x2 dB

10-18

-10-18

- 5 %80
.
) -10-18 S2 ( B
- 6 A ) B (

) A B ( 10-19
- 7 C
5 ( S = S2 - S1 ) . D .
- 8 E .
- 9 .
. .

.

248

/ 10 D.G.S

SIZE

GAIN dB

A
) DISTANCE ( mm

10 -19

:
10-19 D.G.S . A
3 B .
.
A ) ( C .
) ( S2-S1 D .
D E . E
3 2 2/5 .

249

DGS
.

.
10 -20
. 1 70 4

.

mm

100

80

60

mm

40

20
.
mm

MWB -

R + dB
C + dB

C
R

.
10- 20
V2

- R2 25
- C2 3 V2
25 V2 R2
30 .
3 .
1 - Miniature Probe

250

/ 10 6 /

- 3 6 )( Six dB drope

.
6
.
10-21
.
6 .

.

50% Amplitude

50%

10-21

251

:
6

) ( .
:
-1
.
- 2 A 10-22
) ( %80 .
- 3 B 10-22 .
)
B . ( 10-23
- 4
) 1 . ( 10-22
- 5 C
10- 22 . %80
.
- 6 D 10-22 .
)
D . ( 10-23
- 7 )
2 . ( 10-22
- 8 1 2
) . ( 10-24

252

/ 10 6

3 6 ) ( %80
. .
2

C 10-22

B,D

80%

40%

A,C

10-23

) . ( 10-24

a
10-24

253

4 20 ) ( 20 dB drope
20
%90 .
.


.
10-25 ) (
.

A

20 dB

20 dB

10-25

 / 10 20

254

:

:
:
- 1
V1 .
- 2 10-26
.
.
- 3 %80
) - A . ( 10-27
4
%10 3 . 20
.
) B . ( 10- 27
5 A 10-27
%10 ..
) C . ( 27-10
- 6 .
) . ( 10-28
: 1
.

255

: 2 4 5
20 ) %80 ( 3 .

10 -26

B
80% A,B,C
%10

%10

10-27

10-28

256

/ 10

5 ) ( Maximum Amplitude Technique

) (
.
.

.


) . ( 10-29
A2

Maximum
Amplitude

A1

Maximum
Amplitude

10-29

257

:

.
:
- 1
V1 .
2
) A . ( 10- 30
- 3 .
.
14 ) B1 . ( 10 31
- 4 )
( Beam path ) B . ( 10- 30
- 5 .
) C1 . ( 10-31
6 )
C . ( 10- 30
7 ) ( L .
:

. .

258

/ 10

C
L

10-30

C1

B1

B1

C1

10-31

10-31 .

.
.

259

) ( Decay Technique

.
.
) ( Crack 20
20
) . ( 10-32

20 x 3 x 1 > 20 x 2

Crack

Linear porosity

10-32

Crack

10-33

10-34

 / 10

260

10-33
. 10-34
.

.
:
%80 6
12 :
:
6 12
%50 .
:
6 %50 12
.
:

. AWS,D1.1
.
) ( Reference Level
.
.
Decay Technique
.

261

.
.


:

:
.

.

) (
.
.

262

/ 11

:

:
- 1 .
- 2 )
.( 11-1
- 3
.
- 4
) ( .
- 5 .

11 - 1

-
:
- 1 ) . ( 11-2
- 2 2
.

263

3 2
.
- 4 ) 4 (

.
5
.

11-2

-
:
1
.
- 2 3 .
- 3
) . ( 11-3
- 4
.
- 5 4 6
.

264

/ 11

11-3

-
:
- 1 .
2
.
- 3 4
) . ( 11-4
- 4
6 .
- 5 %70
.
- 6 75 .

11-4

265

/ 11 5

-
:
-1 ) (
) . ( 11-5
- 2 5
.
- 3
.
- 4 .
- 5
.

11-5

:

:
1 2 ) ( .
4 .
5 .

 / 11

266

.

.
.


.
5

.

.

.
) (
.

267

:

:
-

.
-

.
-

.

) (
- 1

) & Spherical discontinuities

( Pipings

) (
.
.
:
- Gas pore Porosity
- Piping Porosity :
) Gas Holes, Blow Holes, Pin Holes & Worm Holes
) - Longitudinal Linear Porosity, ( Hollow Beads
- Rounded Slag Inclusion

268

/ 11

: - :

) A,B,C ( 11-6
.
) D . ( 11-6
- :
1

V
.
) E
. ( 11-6
. - ) ( :

.
.
) F
. ( 11-6
- .

) 1 - Butt Weld , Single Sided ( V Groove

269

F
D
C

E,F

A,B,C

D
1

E,F

11-6

A,B,C,D

DGS
.
) ( .
)
( DAC .

270

/ 9

- 2 /

) ( Planar Point Defects

.
:
- Small Lack of Side-wall Fusion
- Planar Point Slag Inclusions
- Small Points of L.o.P
- Small Under-cuts
) ( Delay )
A,B - 11-7 ( .
) ( )
D,C -11-7 ( .

D
C
D

B A

- 11-7

271

) E1 -11-7 ( .
) E2 - 11-7 ( .
) ( . ) ( L.o.P
)
F1,F2 -11-7 ( . ) ( L.o.F
) E1,E2 -11-7( .

E1

E2

F1,F1

E1,E2

E1
E2

- 11-7

D.G.S . DAC .

272

/ 11

- 3 )

Longitudinal Palanar Defects

.
.
:
- Lack of Side Wall Fusion
- Incomplete Penetrations
- Cold laps
) - Incomplete Fusion ( Lack of Inter-run Fusion
- Under Cuts

) A1,A2 11-8 ( .
) B1,B2 (
)
C D 11-8 ( .
B2 , B1
L.O.P

L.O.F

D
B

- 11-8

1
D

273

2
A1,B1

A2,B2

A1,A2,B1,B2

C,D

A1,A2,B1,B2

- 11-8

.
)
( .

2 6 .
) ( 2 20 3 20 .
.
DAC
.

 / 11

- 4 )

274

Like Defects

( Fine Thread

.
) ( . :
- Fine Slag Inclusions
) - Elongated Slag Inclusions ( Wagon Track
- Narrow & Tight L.o.P
1 ) A1 -11-9 ( .
3 ) A2 -11-9 ( .
3 .
.
) B2,B1 -11-9 ( .
2 ) C -11-9 ( .
1 ) D -11-9 ( .

275

1
A

A , B
C,D
B

F2

-11-9

F1
X

E2

E1
X

X
L.o.P

F
X

X > X

E
X =X

-11-9

: Narrow LoF 1
) E1 E2 -11-9 ( .
- Slag Line 1
) F1,F2 - 11-9 ( .

276

/ 11

:
6 . Slag line . .

- 5 ) (
) Coarse Thread like Defects ( Cracks

:
.
:
( -3
( -2
( -1
1
2 .

.

.

.
) ( Fracture
) (
3 4
.

2 - Inter-granular

1- Trans-granular

277

:
- Longitudinal Crack
- Transverse Crack
- Toe Crack & Root Crack
- Under Bead Crack
- Fusion Line Crack
- Crater Crack

11-10

:
4 ) A1,B1,C1 11-11 (

3 ) A2,B2,C2 11-11 ( .
4 . 75
2
) D1,D2 11-11 ( .

D4

D2
D

D
C

-11-11

278

/ 11 ) (

3 75
1 ) D3,D4 -11 -11 ( .
) ( .

A,B,C

D1,D

D3,D

4
A,B,C

-11-11
4

-11-11

) (
.
) ( .

279

-
) ( 9

1 2 3 .
:
- 1 ) ( :
3 ) A1,B1 -11-12 ( .
3
) C1 -12
-11 ( .
4 6
. 3
.
) A2,B2,C2 -11-12 ( .
-2 ) : ( 2
) ( 3 4
) A3, B3 A4, B4 -11-12 ( .

280

/ 11
- 3 ) : ( 3

) ( 3 4
. ) A5,B5,A6,B6 -11-12 ( .
A,B,C

A1

B2

B1

A2

C1

C2

-11-12 1
A,B
B3

B4

A4

- 11-12 2
A,B

A6

A5

B6

B5

-11-12 3

A3

4
C,C

281

3
A,B

A,B

A,B

A,B

A,B

A,B

-11-12

-11-12
.
:
.
20 .
3 4 .
:



.

282

/ 11

8 14 1 .

2
3 4
) ( ) A B 11-13
(.
Probe B

Probe A + dB

B
A

A dB
B dB

11-13

:
2 3 .
. .
)
( .

3 - Crater Cracks

2 - Stress Corrosion Cracking

1 - Reference Level

283

- 6 ) ( Volumetric Imperfections
:
) (
.
.
:
( :

.
.
( :

.
.
:

- Large Irregular Inclusions

- Isolated Slag Inclusions
-Tungsten Inclusions
- Copper Inclusions
- Globular Slag Inclusions

284

/ 11

:
-

.
) A1,B1,C1,D1 . ( 11-14

B
Metallic Inclusions

Nonmetallic Inclusion
D

3
A2,B2
C2, D2

A1,B1
C1,D1

A2,B2,C2,D2

A1,B1,C1,D1

11-14

285

- :
) A2,B2 . ( 11-14
3 ) C2 . ( 11-14
3 ) D2 . ( 11-14
:
4 20 .
3 6 20 .
20 .
4 6 .
DAC
.

286

/ 11

- 7 ) ( Multiple imperfections
:
:
- 1


.
- 2

.

.
:

) (

- Cluster Porosity
- Reheat Crack
- Group of Graphite

:


.


.
) -11-15 (.

287

D
B
C

- 11-15
B2

A,B1,C,D

Cluster Porosities
5

- 11-15

:
.
5 .

288

/ 11

- 8 ) : ( Intermittent Imperfections
:

.

.

.
.

) V (
.
:
1 - Broken Slag Lines
2 - Parallel Slag lines
3 - Linear Point Porosities
:

:
- 1
. 2 3
4 ) A3, A2, A1 . ( 11-16

289

)
A4 . ( 11-16
- 2 .
5
) B . ( 11 -16
- 3 ) . ( 3
5
) C . ( 11-16

E
C

A A

-11-16
A

D& E

- 11-16

 / 11

290

)
E,D . ( 11-16
: 11-16
A3, A2, A1

.
B

.
C
.
.

- :



:
- 1 .

) A1 . ( 11 -17

291

2 .

)
A2 . ( 11-17
- 3 ) (
.

) B
. ( 11-17
.
) C . ( 11-17
A1
A2

11-17

 / 11

292

:
-1
.
- 2
DGS .
3
.
- 4
.
- 5

.
.
- 6
.
7
.

.
- 8
) ( .
- 9
.

293

.
- 10
) (
70 80
.

.
11

) 70 ( .
- 12
) (
.

11-18 .

B2

B1

A2

11-18

A1

294

/ 11

11-19 ) (
.
5
.
B2
.

A2

11-19

295

12

) ( Ultrasonic Testing Procedure
:


.
4 5
.


.

:
-
.
- .
- .
- .
-
.

296

/ 12

:
- 1
- 2 ) - (
- 3
- 4

Material
Dimension
Welding Process
Weld Configuration

.
.

:
.


.
) (
) ( T.I.G )
( .
.
.

297

:

:
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
- 6

) Shielded Metal Arc Welding ( SMAW

) Submerged Arc Welding ( SAW
)Gas Metal Arc Welding ( GMAW
) Gas Tungsten Arc Welding ( GTAW
) Flux Covered Arc Welding ( FCAW
)Electric Resistance Welding ( ERW

:

:
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4

Butt Joint
Corner Joint
Tee Joint
Lap Joint

) ( Butt weld
) ( Fillet Weld .

.

298

/ 12

) . ( 12-1

Corner Joint

Tee Joint

Butt Joint

- 12-1

Tee Joint

Corner Joint

Lap Joint

-12-1

-12-1 -12-1 )
( .
) ( Fusion welds

) ( .
12-2 :
) ( Set Through .
Tee K .
) ( Set-On
.

299

- 12-2 ) ( Set on

- 12-2 ) ( Set Through

:
- 12-3
.




- 12-3

- 12-3

-12-3
.
12-4
) ( .

12-4

300

/ 12

12- 5
.


.

- 12-5

- 12-5

.

.


.

301

:

.
:

) ( Scanning Technique
.


.

)
( Inadequate penetration
25 300
. .


) ( Level .
.


.

302

/ 12

:


.
:
- 1 ) ( Welding Process
- 2 ) ( Weld Type & Configuration
) ( )
( ) . ( Gap
12-6 Single- Sided V Groove
.
.

Land

Gap

12-6

- 3 ) ( Material
- 4 ) ( Dimension
.
5 ) ( Technique
: ) ( .

303

6 ) ( Equipment
.
7 ) ( Search Units
.
- 8 ) ( Couplant
) (
- 9 ) ( Surface Condition
) (
.
- 10 ) ( Scanning Surfaces
.
- 11 ) ( Parent Metal Testing

.
-12 ) ( Reference & Standard Test Blocks
.
- 13 ) ( Reference Standard
) (
- 14 ) ( Sensitivity
.
- 15 ) ( Testing Procedure
:
) . ( Overlapping

 / 12

304

- 16 ) ( Method of Calibration
.
- 17 ) ( Evaluation
.
18 .

19 ) ( Reporting
.

.

.

191

6 3

BSI , A

) ( Beam Squint
.
) ( 8-7
T
L

50

Sin = T/ L
Tag = T/ 50
8-7 A3

- 7 6

BSI - A

A6 .
A3 ) 8-8
(.
3 mm Hole & 9 mm Bore
3 mm Hole & 6 mm Bore

50

4mm
8-8 A6

1.5 mm holes

192

/ 8

- 8 : RSB - A7
) ( Round Step Resolution Block

A7
. BSI A7 )
. ( 8-9

15
15
75

15

15
15

8-9 ) A7 (

193

D.C,B

) ( Distance Calibration Block

ASTM AWS
.
50 ) . ( 8-10

R=

8-10 ) DC (

/ 8

194

 - 10 :

D.S.C,B

) ( Distance & Sensitivity Calibration Block

8-11 DSC . ASTM

AWS .
1 3 0.032

) ( DAC .

0.032

8-11 DSC 1 - 3

-11

S.C,B

195

) ( Sensitivity Calibration Block

AWS ASTM
. /
DAC
) . ( 8-12

Holes / in.

8-12 ) S.C.B (

12

F.B.H

) ( Flat-Bottom-Holes

F.B.H
) ( . 10 8
19
.
/ 8

196

- 13 ) : V W, Block , ( LSW / M
VW LSW 15
.

 8 )
. ( 8-13

8-13 VW

- 14 :
8-14 :

.

.

8-14

197

:


. .

 - 1

)
( Segregation .
- 2 ) ( BS 4331

) Low or Medium - Carbon Ferritic Steel ( Killed
Normalized , Grain refined & Homogeneous

- 3
) (
0.8 m .
- 4
4 22

6 . .
- 5
0/1
.
/ 8

198

:
1 .
.
2

.

 3 DAC
DAC .
- 4 20
DAC .
5 .
6
.

Terms & Definitions

Ultrasonic Testing

305 313


) (

) (
) (





) (
.




) 20 20000 (







) (

:
.

305
Acoustic Impedance
Acoustic Couplant
Amplitude
Amplifier
Angle of Beam Spread
Angle of Incidence
Angle of Reflection
Angle of Refraction
Angle Probe
Angle of Squint
Angulation
A- Scan Display
Attenuation
Attenuation Coefficient
Attenuator
Audio frequency
AVG ( DGS ) Diagram
Back-Wall Echo
Base Line
Beam Angle
Beam Axis
Beam Emission Point
Beam Index
Beam Profile
Beam Spread
Boundary Echo

306
B-Scan

) (
Calibration Block

Combined Double Probe

Compressional Wave
) (
Contact Scanning

Continuous Wave
) (
C-Scan Display
) (
Couplant

Corner Effect
) (
Critical Angles
) 27/3 56/4 (
Cross Noise
) ( :
.
Cross Talk

Crystal
) (
Crystal Array

Crystal Backing
) (
Crystal Mosaic
) ( .
Curved Crystal
.
Cylindrical Reflector
.
) D.A.C ( Distance Amplitude Correction
.
Damped Train
.
Damping

Dead Zone
) (
Decibel
/
Delay Time- Base Line

Decay Technique
:
.



) (

307
Defect Detection Sensitivity
Depth Scan
Diffraction
Diffuse Reflection
Directional Sensitivity
Distance Amplitude Correction Curve

Dispersion Sound

Divergence

Double Probe Technique

Double-Traverse Technique

Double Bounce Technique
) (
Double Crystal Probe

Double Transceiver Technique
:

.
Echo
.
Echo Ghost
:

.
Echo Spurious
) (
Effective Beam Angle

Electro-Magnetic Acoustic Transducer
: EMA

.
Effective Beam Profile

Electronic Noise

Expanded Time Base

308
Far Field

Flat Bottom Hole
.
Focussed Probe

Frequency
) (
) Fresnel Region ( Zone

Full Skip Technique

Fundamental Frequency
) (
Gain Control

Gap Scanning

Gate

Ghost Echo

Grass

Half-Skip Technique

Hard Face Probe
.
Hard Wave
:
.
Hertz
.
Immersion Probe
) (
Immersion Testing

Initial Pulse Indication
) (
Interface

Interface Signal

Indirect Scan

Internal Echoes
.
Isobar

Lamb Wave

Lateral Scan

309
Linearity

Logarithmic Amplifier
.
Longitudinal Wave

Love Wave
.
Magnetostriction Transducer
:
) .
200 ( .
Manual Scanning

Maximizing

) Mode Change ( Mode Transformation
) (
Multiple Echo
) (
) Near Field ( zone

Noise

Normal Probe

Oblique Technique

Operating Frequency

Orbital Scanning

Parasitic Echo

Piezo-Electric Effect

Pitch And Catch Technique


.
Planar Surface

Plane

Plane Wave

Plate Wave

Presentation

310
Probe

Probe Face

Probe Shoe Delay
:
.
Pulse

Pulse Duration
) (
Pulse Echo Technique
) (
Pulse Envelope
.
Pulse Length
) (.
) Pulse Repetition Frequency ( PRF

Pulse Width
) ( .
Quadruple Traverse Technique

Range

Range Resolution

Rayleigh Wave

Receiver

Reference Block

Reference Standard

Reflected Energy

Reflected Pulse

) Reflection Factor ( Coefficient

Reflecting Prism
:
.
Refracted Wave

Reflector
) (
Reject Control
) ( grass
Probe Array

311
Repetition Rate

) (
Resolution

Resonance Technique

Reverberation Time
:
.
) 60 ( .
Ringing Time
.
Rotational Wave
.
Rotational Scan

Scale Expansion
.
Scanning

Scan Pitch

Scatter

Sensitivity Level

Shadow Zone


.
Shear Wave
) (
Sidewall Echoes

Short Pulse

Side Lobe
.
Single-Bounce Technique

Signal-To-Noise Ratio
.
: 3 %20

%20 . Signal to Noise Ratio .

312
Single Probe System

Single-Traverse Technique

Skip Distance

Snells Law
) (
Standing Waves

Stand-off

Straddle Scan

.
Spherical Wave

Spurious Echoes

Suppression

Surface Wave

Swivel Scan

Tandem Probe Technique

Test Frequency

Test Block

Test Surface

Threshold

Time Base

Time Base Range
) (
Total Attenuation

Total Reflection

Transceiver
) (
Transducer
) (
Transmission Factor

Transmission Technique

Transmission Point

313
Transmitter Pulse
Transverse Wave
Transverse Scan
Triple-Bounce Technique
Triple-Transverse Technique
Twin Crystal Probe
Ultrasonic Frequency
Ultrasonic Waves
Velocity of Propagation
Vee Path
Water Path
Wave
Wavelength
Wave Motion
Wave Transformation
Wedge
Wetting Agent
Zero Angle Probe

325

) (
) (
.


.

.
.
:

. 1.6 x 10-12 erg
.
2-1

W ) (
M ) ( 9.1 x 10-28 gr
- C ) (
- V ) (
e ) (.

=ex V

W = 1/2 Mc

326

/ 2

:
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4 ) (
- 5
) ( Filament
3 5 5 15
.
) ( .
) ( .

.


. :
2-2

-7

x 10

E = 1.4

- E ) (
- Z ) (
- V ) (

.

327

2-1

. 250 %3
%97 .

Efficiency %

2Voltage
Kev -1

.
.
) (
3370 .

. ) (
.

.

328

/ 2

2 - 2

2-2

.

.

.

.

329

100

.
)(1
2-2
) (2 5 15
) 60 ( .
.

.

) :( Penetration Power
.

.
2-3 200 25

.

Kv
2-3

2- Step - up Transformer

1- Step - Down Transformer

330

/ 2

.
%10 %50 .

) : ( Intensity

.

.
2-3

= T x I

- T
- I
2-3
.
.

3-2 .
:

3 10 .

331

:
.
2 10 2
. 5
2-3 .
I1 = 2 mA
T1 = 10 min
I2 = I1 x T1 / T2

>=

T 1 x I 1 = T2 x I 2

10 / 5 = 4 mA

I2 = 2

: .

:
:

-

.
.

.

 / 2

332

) ( Electrical Waveform

.

.
.
.
100
.
.
1
.
%30 .
2
.
.
.

:
- 1 .

.
) ( .
- 2 .
.
2 - Constant Potential

1- Villard Circuit Waveform

333

) ( Focal Spot Size

) (
.

.
:
- 1 ) : ( Normal Focal Spot
1 1 5 5 .

- 2 ) : ( Mini Focal Spot

0/2 0/8 .
- 3 ) :( Micro Focal Spot
0/00 5 0/0 5 .

- :

.
- 1 - ) : ( Directional Radiation
4-2 .
.
.

.

334

/ 2

2- 4

- 2- ) : ( Panoramic
) (
) 360 ( .
2 . .
1
.

2-5
1 - Rod anode

335

6- 2
.
.
.

6-2

) 1 (

30 .
2 10 .

1 - Cavity of a linear Waveguide

 / 3

Unit

336

( Control

.

.


.
2 3
.
.

337

.


.
.

.
.
.

.
) (
.
.

338

/ 3

1/5
. 82
.

. 59
60 . 192 191 .
) (
.
59
1
60
+ 0n => 27C
27Co
Co60 => + (1.17 Mev ) + ( 1.33 Mev ) + 28N60
Ir 192 +

27

>= Ir 191 + 0 n 1

137 1 .

Life

( Half

.
.

1 - By-Product of Fission

339

. 192 74 60
3/75 .

:

.
.


.
%10
.
10 /3 x Half life
%10
192 %10 246 ) 8
.
10 / 3 x 74 = 246 day
246 / 30 = 8 month + 6 day
60 17 175 .
10/3 x ( 5 x 365 + 90 ) = 19150/3 = 6383 day
6383
6383 / 365 = 17.48 => 17 year + 175 day
17 175
192 24
) : ( 3-1
1/100 x 1/ 70 x Half-life = decay rate per day
3-1

340

/ 3

192 60 3 .
1/100 x 1/70 x 74 = 0.01057
192 24
24
60 x 0.01057= 0.634 => 60 - 0.634 = 59.37 curie
24
59.37 x 0.01057= 0.628 => 59.37 - 0.628 = 58.74 ci
24
58.74x 0.01057 =0.62 => 58.74 - 0.62= 58.12 ci

t .
-0.693 t / T

N = N0 exp ( - t ) = N0 exp ( - 0.693 t / T ) = N0 x e

= 1/2

-0.693

N = N0 / 2 t / T

3-2

- N
- N0

- T
- t
:
192 60 10
N = N0 / ( 2 ) t / T
N = 60 / ( 2 ) 10/74
N = 54.6 curies

>=

N = 60 / 1.098

192 10 54/6
.

341

. 60 1.17+1.33 ) 1.2 Mev
( 3 Mev .

) ( Source Strength

. ) ( Becquerel
. )( Curie
.
10
Ci Giga Bq 3.7 x 10
.

) ( Specific Activity

.

.
.

3-2

S.A
- M

- T

/T

S.A = 0.693 x M

342

/ 3

:
60
192 .
137 170
3-1 .
. Nondestructive Testing Handbook, ASNT
3-1

Cesium

Cobalt
60

Thulium

Iridium

5.27 years

170

192

137

129
days
Tm2o3

74.3
days
Ir

30.1
years
CsCi

Characteristic
Isotope
Half - Life
Chemical form

Co

) Density ( gr./cm
) Gamma rays ( MeV
3

22.4

3.5

8.9

0.084
0.052

0.31, 0.47
, 0.60

0.66

1.33-1.17

1.0

0.6

0.5

0.31

0.003
0.7

0.55
125

0.34
80

1.35
310

R/ hr-m per curie

MSv/h-m per gigabecquerel

3.0

3.0

10.0

3.0

Approximate diameter /mm

15

20

33

Uranium shield Dai . /cm

1.0
Low
0.125
to 0.5
Good

20
High
0.5
to 2.5
Medium

54
Low
1-4

225
High
2.5
to 8
Poor

Good

) Beta rays ( MeV

)(1

Typical uranium shield

) weight ( Kg
Specific activity
Useful penetrating range
) In steel ( inch
Image quality

) ( 1
.

343

) (
.
) ( 60 192

.

.
3-1 .
.

6
25 30
3-1

) ( Container device

3-1
.
.

344

/ 3

.
) ( Doze 5
100 ) ( 10
. ) ( Sievert 100 ) ( rem .

- 1 )

Type

( Shutter

.
) . ( 3-2

.

3-2 ) (

- 2

345

)( Torch Type Container

.
.

3-3

3-3 .
. 1960
.

- 3 ) ( Remote control

.
.
.

 / 3

346

- 1


.
) ( Depleted Uranium
. .
.

.
.
- 2

.
.
.

.

) . ( 3-4

347

3-4
4-3 192 ) (
.

) ( Depleted Uranium

3-5 60

 / 3

348

5-3 60 .
60
.

.
.
:

) (
.
.

349

:
- 1 ) ( Radiograph

) ( .
- 2 ) ( Density
.
.
3 ) ( Sensitivity

.

:

.

.

.

.

350

/ 4

:
1
2
3 ) (
4
5
- 6
- 7

1
-

.
.
.
) (
.
) 2-3 ( 2
.
E = I1 x T1 = I2 x T2 = I3 x T3
E ) - (
T ) (
- I ) (

351

: 1
2 2 6
. 3
:
I2

= T2

x I1

T1

E1 = E2

>=

I1 = 6 mA

T1 = 2min

/ T2

I 2 = I1

= 12 / 3 = 4 mA

T1

:
. .
-

.
.
10 3
30 .
5 6 .
=> I1 x T1 = I2 x T2
=> I2 = 6 min.
( - E

( - T

E 1 = E2
10 x 3 = I2

( - I

- 2 ) (


.

 / 4

352

I > I

D
D

4-1
4-1

D1
D2
I1
I2

I1 / I2 = ( D2 )2 / ( D1 )2

1
2
1
2

4-1
1 D1 2 D2 .
2

1 .

.

.

353

( Direct square law

E1 D1 E2 D2
) . ( 4-2
2
2
) E1 / E2 = ( D1 ) / ( D2
4-2
- D1 1
- D2 2
- E1 ) ( E1 = I1 x T1
- E2 ) ( E2 = I2 x T2
: 2
192 6
) 2 ( .
30 2 .
E1 = 2 x 6 = 12 ci-min
30
D1 = 30 cm
30 45
2-4 ) ( .
2

D2 / D1

E2 = E1

>=

E1 / E2 = D1 / D2

45 2 / 30 2 => E2 = 27 mA min
T2

E2 = 12

x
x

E2 = I 2

T2 = 27 / 6 = 4.5 min

.
2
2
T1 / T2 = D1 / D2
T2 = 2 x 452 / 302
T2 = 9 / 2 = 4.5 min

354

/ 4 /

: 3
3 4
60 2/5 .
48

4-2
T1 = 3 x 4 = 12 mA-min
2

/ D1

E1 = I

E2 = E1 x D2
2

) E2 = 12 x ( 48 ) / ( 60

E2 = 12 x 2304 / 3600 = 7.68 mA min

T2 = 2.56 min => 2 min + 34 sec.

.

- 3

.
:
.
150 25
350 ) 14 ( 400
12 1000 5 .

355

6 80120
.
) ( .
80 35 .
120 2/5
.

.

:

.
1-4
0.5 MeV
.
:
12
:
1-4 1/1
.
Steel equalent => 12 x 1.1 = 13.2 mm
4-1
.

356

/ 4

4-1

KeV

100

150

220

400

192

60

137

12

0/12

0/18

0/35

0/35

0/35

0 /6

0/05

0/08

12

18

1 /6

1/4

1/4

1 /1

1/1

1/1

1/4

1/3

1/3

1 /1

1/4

1/3

1/3

1 /1

1/1

1/1

16

1/4

1/3

1/3

1 /3

1/3

1/3

14

12

2/3

3/2

25

12/6

3/4

5/6

0/45

0/35

- 1 100 .
- 2 100 .

4 ) : ( Intensifying Screen
100
%1 %99

.

357

.
.
:

.
1 2 .
.

.
.

) ( .

- ) ( Lead Intensifying Screen

. ) Lead foil
( .
400
.

2 - Flexible Screen

1- Rigid Screen

 / 4

358

60

) ( Back scattering .
:

.

.

.
:
100 .
.
.
. 0/125
0/25 .
0/25 .

359

- ) ( Fluorescent Screen
1 2

.



.

.
.

.
.
- ) ( Fluorometallic Screens

. .

.
:
.
2 - Zinc Sulphide

1- Calcium tangstate

 / 4

360

5

.
8 .

- 6
.

.
.
5 .

7

) ( Latent Image .
.
6
.

361

:

.

.


. .

.
.

.

362

/ 5

- 1 ) ( A
1

.
0/175 .
- 2 ) ( B

.
- 3 ) ( C

.
.
- 4 ) ( D
) ( Hardener
) . ( 5-1
D

C ) 0/0125 (

A . /175
B

5-1
Polyester Base

1-

363

) (

.

.

.

) ( Image Contrast
:

.

Gradient

.
1
.
H & D2
.
5-2
) ( .

.
2 - Hurter-Driffield Method

1- Film Characteristic Curve

364

/ 5

5-2

5-2 A B
2 4
.
. 0/8 ) 1/2 (
A 1/3 B 0/7 .

) (
.

365

:
1
.
- 2 .
- 3 8 .
.
- 4
) 16 ( .
- 5 3 ) 32 ( .
- 6 5 4 6 )
128 64 256 ( .
- 7 .
- 8 .
- 9
) 0/6 . ( 3/2
:

1
2
3
4
5
6

8
16
32
64
128
256

0 /9
1/2
1 /5
1/8
2 /1
2/4

0/7
0/9
1/4
2/6
2/85
3/2

366

/ 5

- 10 3/5
2/5 .
- 11
) . ( 5-3

.
.

D=
.

= D

.
.
.

5- 3

5-3 1
2 .
31 ) ( anti log 1.5 45 )
( Anti-lon 1.65 14 1/2 .

367

) . ( 5-1
5-1

Tag = D / T

-
D
T
5-3 1 2
:

= 5.2

) => ( 2.65 - 1.35

Tag 1 = D1 / T 1

) / (1.75 1.5

=> (1.25- 0.75 ) / ( 1.5 - 1) = 1.0

Tag 2 = D2 / T2

. 2 4
.

.
.
:
10 60
2/3 . 1
.
10 9
. 60 54
5-3 .

368

/ 5

1/73 1/78 .
1 ) - Log 60 = 1.78

2 ) - Log 54 = 1.73

. 2/4 2/14 .
Density = 2.4 - 2.14 = 0.26

1 10
0/26 .

.
D

.
.

.
.

5-4

369

:

.
7
1 .
:
- 1

.
- 2

.
- 3
.
A F -5
4 .
A ) (
B
B C .
C D
D E
E F
1 - Subject Contrast

370

/ 5

. ASTM


.

:
- ) (
- ) (
- ) (
) (

. .

.
:
( 1
( 2
( 3
- ( 4

Ultra Fine Grain

Very Fine Grain
Fine Grain
Medium Grain

 / 5

371

:


:
- 1 ) ( Direct Type, Non-Screen type

.
.
) ( Non-Screen Type
.


.
- 2 ) ( Screen Type

.
. Screen Type
.

.
.
.

 / 5

372

) ( Sheet ) ( Roll
.

.

.
.
) ( Film Loading .
:
.

373

.

) ( Latent Image
.
.

) (
.

.

374

/ 5

/
- 1 ) ( Development
1 2
) ( .

.

.

.
.
.
- 2 ) ( Stop Bath

.
) ( %3 .

.
1 2 .
.
2 - Hydroquinone

1 - Metol

375

- 3 ) ( Fixing

.
.
.
.
.
) ( .

.
.
) (1 .
.
.
- 4 ) ( Final Washing

.
.
.
30 .
- 5 ) ( Drying
.


1 - Clearing time

276

/ 6

) ( Dryer Cabinet
. ) (
.
6-1 .
) ( .
.

- 1
Film Loading

-2
- 7

Development

- 3 ) (

- 6

Drying

- 4

- 5

Fixing

Cleaning

6-1

377

) (

. .
.
.
) ( .

.

.

.
:
- 1
- 2 .
- 3 .
- 4 .
- 5

) ( Replenisher

) ( .

.

 / 6

378

.
.
1 ) (
. .
2
.
.
3 20 16
) ( Hydroquinone
.
4 .

.
.
5
. 10 15
. .
- 6 .
2 3 .

379

7 .
- 8
) ( .
- 9
. ) ( Replenisher pH
.
10 %40
.
.
1974

.
11 15 18
. 30
.
12 .

.

.

 / 6

280

- 1 ) (
.
- 2 .
- 3
.
- 4
.
- 5
.
.

381

:


.
:
- ( 1
( 2
( 3
- ( 4
- ( 5 ) (

- 1 ) (


.

) ( Film Viewer .
.

382

/ 7

/I

7-1

D = Log10 I0

- D
- I0 ) (
- I

%10
.
)?=D

( I0 = 100 , I = 10 ,

D = Log I0 / I
D = Log 100 / 10

D = 2 -1 = 1

>=

D = Log 100 - Log 10

) ( . 2
.
D = Log 100 / 1 = Log 100 - Log 0
D=2

>= D = Log 100

.
.
:

383

) ( Reference Film Strips 15

.
.

)( Photoelectric Densitometer
.
4 .

.

- 2 ) ( Radiograph Contrast
) (
:
) ( Subject Contrast
.
.

 / 7

384

.

25 %5
160
250 .

.
) ( Film Contrast

.

. A B
7-1 :
A 24 ) 16 40 ( 1/3
B 46 ) 16 62 ( 1/1
. A
B .

385

.
.
.
.

.
Sec.

7-1

:


.

- 3

) ( Radiography Sensitivity

.

.

 / 7

386

)Quality Indicator

( Image

) ( I.Q.I . ) Penetra-meter
( .
.

:
- ) ( DIN
) ( Wire Type IQI - DIN 54109

.
) . ( 7-2
:
S = ( t / T ) x 100

7-2

- S
- t
- T
: 125
7-2 :
t = S x T x 100
t = 2.5 mm

>=
>=

S = t / T x 100
t = 0.02 x 125 x 100

125 2/5
.

387

50
1 .
t = S x T / 100 = 2 x 50 / 100 = 1mm

7-2 DIN 54 109

. ) 3/2 ( 1
0/1 ) ( 16 .
7-1
.

DIN

DIN 62 FE

62 FE

10 ISO 16

6 ISO 12

10 16

62 FE

DIN

1 ISO 7
1 7

6 12
7-2

14

13

12

11

10

15

0.16 .125

0.2

0.25

.32

0.4

0.5

10 - 16
7-1

0.8 .63

1.6 1.25 1

1-7

6 - 12

1
16

3.2 2.5
0.1

388

/ 7

) ( B.S.I
) ( Wire type IQI , B.S.I 3971/80

. 7-3 BSI- 3971-83 ISO
1027-83 . 7-2 .

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

0.01 .125 0.16 0.2 0.25 0.32 0.4 0.5 .063 0.8 1.0 1.25 1.6 2.0

.063 .08

2.5 3.2
4-10

15-21

1-6

9- 16
7-2

BS 3971

15 FE 21

BS 3971

9 FE 16

7-3

BS 3971

4 FE 10

389

- ) ( ASTM
Wire Type IQI, ASTM-E-747/84

) . ( 7-4 D,C,B,A
:
A

B
C
D

1
1
1
1

6
6
6
6

0/08 0/25
0/25 0/81
0/81 2/5
2/5 8

ASTM

ASTM

7-4

:
Aluminum Bronze
Inconel & Titanium
Aluminum
Magnesium

390

/ 7

) ( ASTM
Plaque Type IQI, ASTM, E-142 / 68

) ( 1T 2 4 ) ( 2T , 4T
.
.
0/005
.
0/18 )
( . A B
.
) ( ASME
ASME, Plaque Type IQI

ASTM ASME
ASME 2T, 3T, 4T
0/25 0/01
.
ASME
) 7-5 ( .

4T

3T

2T= 0.024

2T

1T= 0.025

ASME

-7-5

4T

ASTM

391

) -7-5 ( .
) -7-5 ( .

- Grade 4

- Grade 5

-7-5

:
.
2 - 2T
%2
.
) 2-2T %2 ( 2T
) 1-2T %1 ( 2T ) 2-4T
%2 ( 4T .

:
ASTM , ASME




.

392

/ 7

:
.
.
.
4-1 .
:
DIN BS Al Fe
ASTM .
ASTM .
.
.
:
1
) (
) 2 (
.

.
2 - Film Side

1 - Source Side

- 4

393

) ( Image Definition

.
.

.

7-6

7-6
:
A .
B ) (
.
C
.

394

/ 7

:
- ( 1 )
7-6 . ( A
- ( 2 ) 7-6 ( B
.
( 3 )
7-6 . ( C
.
7-2
7-2

/ S I = D0 / DI

S0

- S0 ) (
- SI ) (
- D0
- DI
:
10 16
20 .
S0 / SI = D0 / DI

16 / 20

= / SI

10

SI = 12.5 cm

) ( Unsharpness

.
7-3

UTotal = ( Uf + Ug ) 1/2

395

- Uf ) (
- Ug ) (
7-3 ) ( Uf
.
) ( Ug :
) ( Focal Spot Size
) (
. 7-7
.
.

7-7

396

/ 7

) ( Focal to Object Distance

- 7-8
A B . B
A .
A

- 7-8

- )( Focal to Film Distance

- 7-8 A C C
) ( A .
A

-7-8

397

- ) ( Beam Profile
7-9 D ) (
.
) . ( D
D

- 7-9

-
7-9 E

.
.
A

-7-9

398

/ 7

. .
- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 .
- 4 .
- 5 .

) ( Penumbral Distance

.

.
.

. 7-4
:
7-4

- Ug ) ( Unsharpness Geometry
- F
- t
- d0

Ug = F x t
d0

399

d0
) FFD ( A

)t(B

Ug
7-10

Ug = F x t / d0

>=

Ug / F = t / d0

) ( P 10-7 t
:
7-5

- P ) ( Penumbral distance
- A

P= BxF
A-B

- B

: 1
:
) ( F= 4 ) ( B = 20 ) ( B= 500
.
:
P = B x F / ( A - B ) => ( 20 x 4 ) / ( 500 20 ) = 0.167 mm

400

/ 7

0/167 .
0/25 .
: 2
2 914 25
)
B ( .
P = 25.4 x 2 / ( 914 25.4 ) = 0.057 mm

- 5 )

Scattering

( Radiation

.
) ( Fogy
. :
- ) ( Forward Scattering

.
- ) ( Wall Scattering

.
.

401

- ) ( Back Scattering

.
.

.

:
- 1
:
(

- 2
:
(
(
(
(
3 :
:
( -
( -
( -
( -
( -

402

/ 7 7

4 :
( - ) (
( -
( -
( -
7-11 .
) ( Hot Pass
) Wagon Truck Slag
. ( Line

7-11

403

8

:

.

.

.

.
.
.


.

.

404

/ 8

) ( Single Wall- Single Image

.
) . ( 8 1

8-1

.
- ) ( Directional Exposure
) ( 8-1
) ( .

) -8-2 ( .
) ( Panoramic
) (
.
) . ( 8-3

405

8-2

8-3 ) (

) ( Double Wall-Singlee Image

.
) . ( 8-4

406

/ 8

) ( .
) (
. .
8-4 .
. ) 120 (
.
.
.

-
8-4

) : ( Diagonstic Film Length

.
) ( Latitude
.

407

8-5 B,A C
.
B C

%10 .
120
4 90 .

A
C

8-5

) ( Double Wall Double Image

) ( Eleptical
90 .
) (
) . ( 8 6

408

/ 8

) ( Offset
.
) ( 8-6


.
1/4 ) (
90 1/7
) . ( 1
1/5 SFD

SFD

8-6

409

: 1
50 12/5
:
d = 50 - ( 2 x 12.5 ) = 25 mm
D/ d = 50 / 25 = 2
1/4
2 x 1.7 = 3.4
1/7
3/4
45 ) . ( 8-7

8-7

) ( Crawler Machine

.
137 .
:
1 .
2 .
3 ) (
.

 / 8

410

4
.
- 5 137 ) ( Remote control
.
:
- 1 ) ( .
.
2
.
3

.
4
.
5 .
6 .
:
5 .
.
.

411

9

:


.
.
K
:
E=K.I.t
9-1
- E
- K
- I
- t
K .
3 4 12
6 .
E = I1 x t1 = 3 x 4 = 12 mA min
12 = I2 x t2 => I2 = 6 mA min

K
.

412

/ 9

= ( d1 )2 / ( d2 )2

/ E2

E1

E1 E2 d2 , d1 .
:
20 3 300
2 . 400
.
E1 = 20 x 3 = 60 Ci-min

>=

I2 = E2 / 20

>=

T1
T2
2

/ d1

E1 = I1

E2 = I 2

E2 = E1 x d2
2

/ 3002
>=
E2 = 106 Ci min
) I2 = E2 / 20 => 106 / 20 = 5.3 min, ( 5 min + 18 sec

E2 = 60 x 400

. )
( K
.

) ( Exposure chart

:
- ( 1
- ( 3
- ( 6

- ( 2
- ( 4
- ( 7

413

18 16 14 12 10 20
.
:
- 1 10
.
- 2 .
170 3 .
- 3
2 .

.
- 4 .
- 5 12
2 .
) ( .
- 6 5 18 16 14 20
2 .
- 7 .
.
- 8
.

414

/ 9

- 9 .
170 3 .
- 10 9 .

.

min

mA

K
K

17

Andrex CMA

Agfa D

Lead screen

SFD = cm

sec

Developer G-
l

Mi

9-1

) (mm

9-1 170 160 200

. 3
5 .

415

9-1 :
- ( 1 Agfa D7

- ( 2 70
- ( 3 0/1
- ( 4 24
- ( 5 2 .

9-1
.
9-1

Density = 2
=> T x 1

D=2

) S.F.D ( 70 cm

70 = T x 1

D =1.5 => T x 0.7

D =2.5 => T x 1.3

35 = T x 0.25

D=3

50 = T

=> T x 1.8

05

- F.F ) ( Film Factor

- D
- T
- S.F.D ) ( Source to Film Distance

F.F

35

Tx
T x .
T x .
Tx

=
=
=
=

D
D
D
AX

 / 9

416

: 9-1 12 170
3 2 .
1/5 1-9
0/7 .
) 3 min x 0.7 = 2.1 min ( 2 min + 6 sec.
) D7 ( 35 MX 115
9-1 3/2 .
T2 = T1 x 3.2
T2 = 3 x 3.2 = 9.6 min.
:
.
.
. .

100
) 4-1 . ( 4


.
.

417

 ) ( .
.

.
.

- 1 .
- 2
) . ( E = Ci x T

.
.


.

418

/ 9

*FF x 60
9-2

2
x

Ci- hr x SFD

=T

Ci x 402 x 20

- T ) (
- Ci-hr ) ( 9-2
- SFD ) ( Source to FiIm Distance
- FF ) ( Film Factor
- Ci ) (
* - 60 .
2-9 :
- ( 1 192 .
- ( 2 40 .
- ( 3 0/1 .
- ( 4 20 5 .
- ( 5 ( Film Factor ) 20
.
- ( 6 2 .

419

:
30 1/25 192 10

:
Agfa D7 :
2
: 9 2
/ 1/25 9-2 5/33
.
Agfa D7 9-3 35 .
Ci = 10 curie

Ci hr = 5.33

SFD = 30 inch

FF x 60

T = ( Ci - hr ) x ( SFD )2

20
60

FF = 35

40

40

( 30 )2 x 35

Ci
T = 5.32

10 x 40 x 40 x 20
T = 31.41 min
:
- 1 9-2 9-3 .
- 2 9-1 9-1
.
- 3 A ,E ,F ) ( 9-3
.

420

/ 9
9-2
/

0.2 .31 .37 .43 0.5 .56 .62

5 2
4
7
3 2
2.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.7
5 8
5
3
6 5
.74

0.8 .87 .93 0.1 1. 1.1

8 1
4
7
06 2
3.1 3.2 3.6 3.8 4.1 4. 5
5 5
5 35

.18

5
2

0.7

9-3

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 1. 1.6

7
3
55 2
9
5 1
5.1 5.3 5.5 5.7 6.6 7.3 8. 9
5
3 4
5
3
1.7 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2. 2.6
4
7
2
5
7 5 2
10. 12 14 17 20 23 27 32
5

Industerex MX

Kodak F

Industerex AX

Kodak F

Industerex CX

Kodak F

AA -

Kodak A

Microtex MX

Kodak E

Industerex A

Kodak E

Agfa D

Agfa D

Agfa D

Cronex NDT

Dupont

421

10

:


.

:
- 1 .
- 2
.
- 3 .
- 4 ) 0/25 (
.
- 5 .
:

.
.

 / 10

422

- 1


.
-

.

- 2
:
) ( -

- 3



.
) (
.

423

- 4

) ( Diagonstic film length .
.

- 5

.
.
.
.

6
:
-
.
.
-

. .
-
.
100
400 .

424

/ 10

) (
.

- 7

. )
( .
S = t x 100
T
( - S

( - t

( - T

- 8

.

.
.

9

.
Ug = B x F
A-B

( - Ug
( - B
( - A
( - F

425

10

.

.
.

.
10-1 :
) ( B11 ) ( Section 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 16in )
( 12.5 mm ) ( IQI, 10-16 ) ( 0 to 55cm ) ( 12/8/82
.

THK . MM
DINFE

DIA.

WELD NO.

PROJ. B

SEC.

IQI

10-1

 / 10

426

- 11
:
- ) (
- .
-
- .

12

:
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
-
.

13
:
- ) (
-
-
-
-

427

- 14
- ) (

.
) (
0/3 .
-

.
) (
Thiosulfate
.

.

- 15


:
-
.
- :
.
- :
.
- .

 / 10

428

:

.

.

.
.


.

BSI 2910/86
.

429

B.S.I - 2910 / 86

- Technique

- Type of equipment, exposure Container & KV rating

- Type of film

- Intensifying screen

- Cassette ( film ) shilling and beam collimating

- Source dimensions or focal size ( in. mm )

- Geometric relationship defined by sketch

- Length of weld covered on each radiograph and number of

radiographs to be taken

- Tube voltage , type and strength of source strength

- Material thickness range
- Surface condition and profile
- Type, size and position of IQI
- IQI sensitivity required
- Film destiny
- Processing
- Limitations of The procedure

431
Absorption

Absorbed Dose

Absorbed Dose Rate

Activity

Adequate Shielding
.
7/5 ) 0/75 (
Anode

Back Scatter
) (
Beam Angle

10
) Becquerel ( Bq
) ( 1 Ci = 3.7 x 10 Bq
Betatron
10 35
Cassette
) (
Cathode
) (
Characteristic Curve

Clearing Time

Compton Scatter

Constant Potential Circuit

Continuous Spectrum

Contrast

Contrast Sensitivity

Curie

3.7 X 1010 .
Dose Equivalent

Dose Equivalent Rate

Decay Curve

Defect Detection Sensitivity

Densitometer

Absorption Coefficient

432
Development

) (
Dose Rate Meter

Duplex-Wire Image Quality Indicator

Effective Dose Equivalent

Effective Focal Size

Electromagnetic Radition

Energy Imparted

Exposure

Exposure Chart

Exposure Rate

Film Base
.
Film Contrast
) (
Film Processing

Film Speed

Film Unsharpness
) (
Film Viewing Screen
) (
Filter

Fixing

Film Sensitivity

Flourorescent Screen
) (
Flourography

Flourometallic Screen
) (
Fluoroscopy
:

) ( .

.
Dosimeter



) ( F.F.D



) (
.
) (
) (
) (
.
100 .

) (


) (





) (
) (

433
Focus Size
Focus To Film Distance
Fog
Gamma Radiography
Gamma Rays
Gamma Ray Source Container
Geiger-Muller Counter
Gradient

Graininess
Granularity
) Gray ( Gy
Half Life
Half Value Thickness
Hardener
Image Contrast
Image Definition
Image Enhancement
Image Magnification
Image Quality Indicator
Image Quality
Industrial Radiography
Inherent Filteration
Inherent Unsharpness
Intensifying Factor
Intensifying Screens
Ionization Chamber

434
Kerma

.
Latent Image

) Linear Electron Accelerator ( L.I.N.A.C

.
Linearity Energy Transfer
) (
Localizing Cone

) Long Anode Tube ( Rod Anode Tube

Luminance
.
10 .
Masking

Metal Intensifying Screen
) (
Microfocus Radiography
:
.
Moving Beam Radiography
) : ( Collimated
.
Neutron Radiography

Non- Screen Film

Object-To-Film Distance

Over Development
:
.
Pair Production

Panoramic Exposure
) (
Penetrameter
) (
Penumbra
) (
Photoelectric Absorption

Photographic Emulsion
) (
Photographic Transmission Density

435
Protective Material

:
.
Proton Radiography

) Quality ( Radition

Rad
100
Radiation Energy

Radioactivity

Radioisotop

Radioisotop Container

Radiograph

Radiographic Contrast
) (
Radiographic Exposure

Radiography

Radiology

Radiometer

Rayleigh Scattering

Reciprocity Law

) Rem ( Rontgen Equivalent Man
:
.
Replenisher
) (
Resolustion

Rod Anod Tube

Roentgen
:
.
Scattering

Screens

Source Data Lable
) (
Projection Radiography

436
Source Size

Specific Activity

Step Wedge

Stop Bath

Subject Contrast
) (
Target
) (
Television Fluoroscopy

Tenth Value Thickness
:
10 .
) Thermoluminescent Dosimetry ( TLD
:
.
Thickness Sensitivity
.
Tube Current
) (
Tube Diaphragm

Tube Shield
.
Tube Shutter

Tube Window
:
.
Under Development
) (
Unsharpness

Useful Density Range

Van De Graaff Generator
:

) 0/5 5 ( .
X-Radiation

X-Ray Paper
.
Source To Film Distance

437

.
) ( Opening
.
1940 Whiting test
. ) (
.


0/05 ) ( .
. 10
15 .
.
.
.
:
Liquid Penetrant Testing
Dye Penetrant Testing
Dye Check

438

:
1 ) ( Penetrant Media

.
2 ) ( Dwell Time
.
3 ) ( Removing
.
4 ) ( Developer Media

.

:
- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3
.
- 4
.
5 ) (
.

- 1
.
: ) ( Fatigue Cracks
) ( Stress Corrosion Cracking .

439

2
.
- 3 .
- 4 .
- 5 .
:
.
- 6 .
:
- 1 .

.
2
.
- 3 ) (
. .
- 4 50
.

ASTM-E165 :
-
-

Visible Liquid Penetrant

Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant

 / 1

440

Visible
.
.
:
1
2 ) ( Post-Emulsifiable Penetrant
Solvent- Removable Penetrant
3
Post-Emulsifiable-Hydrophlic
.
Water Washable Penetrant

) (

.

:
- 1 )( Cleaning


.
- 2 ) ( Applying Penetrant

) . ( 1-1
- 3 ) ( Dwell Time
5 60 ) (
.

441

1-1
4 ) ( Penetrant Removing
) ( Dwell Time
) . ( 1-2
)
( .
.
:
.
5 ) ( Drying
) ( 2

.

1-2

6 ) ( Appling Developer
.

) ( ) . ( 1-3

 / 1

442

: ) ( Dry Powder Developer )

Wet

( Developer .

1-3

7

.

-1-4

- 1-4
1-4 .

.
8 ) ( Final Cleaning

. :

443

) (
8
:
2
.
7
.
) ( Day-Light
) ( Darkness . )
( .

)Techniques

( Immersion

.
.


.

.
:

.
.

 / 1

444

) ( 1- 5

1

.
) ( Dwell Time
.
) ( Robot .

5
6

1-5

2 ) ( Draining Stage

.
3 ) ( Remover Stage

4 ) ( Ultraviolet Light Inspection

.

445

5 ) ( Drying Stage

. .
.
6 ) ( Developing Stage
) (
.
: 1
.
: 2 ) ( Oil Base
.
7 ) ( Viewing Stage
-1 7
1-5
.
2 7

.

)
( . .
ASTM E 433 . 1-6
.

446

/ 1

-1-6

- 1-6

-1-6
.

447

/


:
1
2
3
4
5
6 ) (
) ( .

.
.

:
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 60 .
5 ) 95 ( .
6 ) 30 ( .

448

/ 2

7 ) (.
8
.
9 .

20 .

) ( Set .
. 350 500
.

2-1

449

.

.

: .
- 1
Water Washable Penetrant
- 2 ) ( Post-Emulsifiable Penetrant
- 3
Solvent- Removable Penetrant

- ) ( Water Washable Pentrants
- 1-
.
.

.
.
.
-2-
.
.
.
.
.

 / 2

450

- )( Emulsifiable Penetrants
-1-
) ( Shallow Cracks
.

.

.
-2-

.
2
1
.
) ( Solvent Penetrants
-1-
.
.
.
-2-

.

.
.
2 - Anodized surface

1 - Chromate surface

451

) ( Penetrant Removing

) (

Water Washable Penetrant

8 .
:
1 20 PSI 45
) . ( 2-2
2 ) ( .
- 3 ) ( Remover 45
) -2-2 ( . 1 2
.
.
) -2-2 ( .
.

< 450

2-2

-2-2

 / 2

452

) ( Post Emulsifiable Penetrant

) ( Dwell Time .
:
.
45 ) ( Remover
) . ( 2-3 .

- 1

-2

- 3

- 4
2-3

:
- 1
. .
2
.

453

- )( Solvent Removable Penetrant

) ( .
) ( 2-4
.

.

.

2-4

) ( Fluorescent Penetrants

.
.


.

.
:
.

 / 2

454

) ( Developers

:
1 ) ( .
2 .
3 ) ( .
4 .
5 ) ( .
6 .
7 .
8 .
9 .

) ( Dry Developer

.
.
:
.
.
. .
.

455

/ ) ( Aqueous Wet developer

.
.
.
.
.
.

.

.
) ( Non- Aqueous Wet Developer

. .

.

.
2-5 .

456

2-5

457

/

:
(
(
(

.
.

:
- ) ( Mechanical Methods
-

High Pressure Water

High Pressure Steam

2 ) ( Ultrasonic Cleaning Method

.
.

458

/ 3

- 3 ) ( Chemical Method

.
4 ) ( Solvent Method

.

:

:
1 ) (
2
3
4
5
6

Wet Blasting Shot

Dry Blasting Grit
Grinding
Wire Brushing
Emery Paper
Scraping

) ( Inspection Before Developing

.
.

. .

. :

459

- 1



.

.

) ( .
: 3000 4200
.
.

3500
.
:
1
2
3
4

460

/ 3

- 2

. 500Lux.

30
.

:
1 .

.
) ( Stress Corrosion Cracking
.
.

3-1
-3-1

3-1
.

461

2 .

.

.

3-2

3 .

.

3-3

4 .
) ( Pin Holes
) ( Cavities
) . ( 3-4

462

/ 3

3-4

.
.
1
.
2 .
.
3
.
3-1 .
:

.
) (
.

463

.
.

.

) ( Indicator Test Block
:
Oil Quenched Tool Steel 813
.
2024 Aluminum 510
.
.
3-5
.

3-5

464
Material

Form

Type of
Discontinuity

Fluorescent
Water
Washable
Penetrant

/ 3
Fluorescent
Emulsifiable
Penetrant
min

Fluorescent
Emulsifiable
Penetrant
min

Time
Dwell

Casting

Porosity
Cold Shut

Steel
Laps
Extrusion
Forging
Welds

L.o.F

min

Porosity
Crack
Fatigue Crack
Under cut

NR

NR

Carbide
Speed
Tools

Casting

Mangnesium

Extrusion
Forging
Welds

L.o.F
Porosity
Crack

min

Porosity
Cold Shut

min

NR

- min
-

NR

Laps
L.o.F
Porosity
Crack
Fatigue Crack

NR

Casting

Aluminum
Extrusion
Forging
Welds

Porosity
Cold Shut
Laps
L.o.F
Porosity
Crack
Fatigue Crack

NR

:
- 1
( Open )
.
( ) L.o.F - 2
( NR - 3
Not Recommended )
.

465
Aerosol Spraying

Air-Accelerator Spray
) (
Air-Agitated Wash
.
Air Water Spray Gun

Background

Background Coloration

Background Fluorescent

Black Light
) (
Black Light Filter

Bleed-out

Blotting

Brush Application

Carrier Fluid
.
Carry Over of Penetrant

Color Contrast Penetrant
) (
Combined Color Contrast and Fluorescent Penetrant
:
.
:
) ( BS 3683





.

Comparator Test Block

Compressed Air Drying

Contrast Film
Cooling Station
Corrosion Inhibitor
Degreasing Fluids
Degreasing Plant
Developer


) (

) (





) (


) (



) (

466
Detergent Remover
Developer Station
Developer Time
Dry Developer
Drying Station
Dye Penetrant
Developer Soluble
Developer Wet
Dip Rinse
Discontinuity
Drag-out
Drain Time
Drying Oven
Dwell Time
Electrostatic Spraying
Emulsifiable Penetrant
Emulsification Time
Emulsifier
Emulsifier Lipophilic
Evaluation
False Indication
Family
Flash Point
Fluorescent Penetrant
Foot-Candle
Hydrophilic Emulsifier
Hydrophilic Remover





) (








:
.


) (






) (
) (

467
Immersion Rinse
Immersion Time
Interpretation
Non-aqueous Liquid Developer
Oil and Chalk Process
Over Emulsification
Over Washing
Penetrant
Penetrant Comparator
Penetrant Dual Purpose
Penetrant Flaw Detection
Penetrant Fluorescent
Penetrant Post Emulsifiable

Penetrant Solvent Removable

Penetrant Station
Penetrant Visible
Penetrant Water Washable
Penetrant Time
Pooling
Post Cleaning
Post Emulsification
Precleaning
Relevant Indications
Replenisher
Rinse
Solvent Remover

468
Spray Nozzle
Temperature Envelope
Thixotropic Penetrant
Ultrasonic Cleaning
Ultraviolet Radiation
Ultraviolet Meter
Vapour Degreasing
Vehicle
Visible Light
Wash
Water Tolerance

Water Washable Penetrant Process

Wetting Agents

Terms & Definitions

Magnetic Particles Testing

515 520

515
Aerosol Spraying

Alternative Current

Alternative Current Magnetization

Ampere Meter

Ampere Turns
) (
Aperture Type Coil
:
.
Arc Strikes
) (
Background

Background Paint
) (
Berthold Penetrameter

Black Light

Black Light Filter

Burning
) (
Carrier Fluid
.
Central Conductor

Centrifugal Tube Settlement Flask

Circular Magnetization

Circumferential Magnetization

Clip-On Ammeter

Coagulation

Coercive Force

Coil Technique
) (
Color Magnetic Ink

Compass Test
) (
Conditional Agent

Air-Accelerator Powder Spray

516
Concentrates

Contact Pads
) : ( Shim
.
Contrast
) (
Continuous Technique
:
.
Core

Curie Point

Current Flow Technique
) (
Demagnetization

Demagnetization Coil

Detecting Medium

Diffuse Indications

Direct Current

Dry Powder

Dry Powder Technique

Dry-out Time
) (
Effective Magnetic Permeability

Electrode
) ( Prode
Electromagnet

Examination Method

Extenders

False Indication

Ferromagnetic
.
Ferromagnetic Particles

Fill Factor

Contact Head

517
Flexible Cable Technique

Fluorescent Magnetic Ink

Fluorescent Magnetic Particles Inspection

Fluorescent Powder

Flux Density
) (
Flux Indicator
) (
Flux-Leakage Field

Flux Lines

Flux Meter

Flux Concentration

Full Wave Rectified Current

Functional Test
:

Furring

Gauss

Gauss Meter

Half Wave Rectified Current

Hall Effect
:

.
Hysteresis

Immersion Procedure

Indications

Indirect Magnetization
) (
Induced Current Flow Techniques

Induced Field

) Induction ( Magnetic

518
Inherent Fluorescence

:
.
Laminated Pole Pieces
:

Lifting Power

Light Intensity

Lines Of Force
) (
Local Magnetization

Longitudinal Magnetization

Magnetic Circuit

Magnetic Leakage Field

Magnetic Field Distribution

Magnetic Field Indicator

Magnetic Field Leakage

Magnetic Field Strength

Magnetic Field Strength Meter

Magnetic Flaw Detection Ink

Magnetic Flow Technique
:
.
Magnetic Flow Coil Test Piece
:
.
Magnetic Flux

Magnetic Flux Density

Magnetic Hysteresis

Magnetic Indication
) (
Magnetic Ink

Keeper

519
Magnetic Leakage Field

Magnetic Particles

Magnetic Permeability

Magnetic Poles

Magnetic Powder

Magnetic Saturation

Magnetic Writing
:

.
Magnetizing Current
:
.
Magnetizing Force

Magnetometer

Multidirectional Magnetization
:
) (
Non-Relevant Indication
.
Near Surface Discontinuity
) (
Oersted
) (
Parallel Conductors
:

.
.
Particles Content

Peak Current
:

.
Permanent Magnet
) (

520
Polymer Technique

:
.
Portable Flux Indicator

Powder Blower

Prods
) (
Residual Magnetic Field

Residual Technique

Retentively

Saturation Magnetic

Skin Effect
) (
Solenoid

Subsurface Discontinuity

Surge Magnetization
:
) ( .
Suspension

Test Ring
) (
True Continuous Technique
:

.
Vehicle
.
Visible Light
) 4000 7000 (
Water Break Test
) (
Water Washable

Wet Technique
) (
Wet Slurry Technique

Yoke

Yoke Magnetization

469

:
350
. )
( Magnesia ) ( Magnetite
.
1928 )
( de Forest
1930 F.B..Doane .


) - 1-1( .
.


.
.

.

470

/ 1

-1-1

-1-1

) (

) . ( 1-2
-1-2

FLUX LINES

-1-2

FLUX LINES

-1-2 -1-2
.

471

:
- 1

.
- 2

.
- 3
) (
.

:
) ( Paramagnetics

. .
) ( Diamagnetics

.
.

 / 1

472

) ( Ferromagnetics
.
.

.
:
) ( Soft Magnets


.
) ( Hard Magnets

.
:


.
- 1
.
- 2
.

.
: ) ( Permeability
.
.

473

.
.

) ( Flux Density .
.

) ( Flux Density

b
c

+B

) H ( Field Strength
+H
1-3

1-3
:
a .
b .
c .
.
>=
) ( Magnetisation
1-1
Field Strength
) ( Magnetising Force

= B / H => Flux Density

- B ) Gauss . ( Tesla
- H ) . ( Oersted
100 .
5000 10000 .

 / 1

474

) ( Permanent Magnet
) ( Horseshoe
. .
) ( Hard Magnet
.
Ticonel , Alnico Alcomax
.

.
:
-1 .

.
-2
.

)
( ) . ( 4-1

.

475

1-4

1-4
) ( .
.
.

1-5

1-5
.
.

 / 1

476

) ( Magnetic Particles

.
) . ( 1-6

.


.

1-6

1-6
.
.
:
.

477

) (
.
.

) ( Dry Powder

)
( Soft Iron
.
.

.

.
:
- 1
.
- 2 .

.
- 4 .
. .
- 5 . .
50 .

478

/ 1

-1 ) ( Open
.
- 2
ASTM E 709 315
.
- 3 .
- 4 )
250 600 ( .

- 1
.
- 2 .
- 3 .
- 4 .
:
.
.

.

) ( Wet Particles

) ( ) ( .

479

:
-

) ( Oil suspendible liquid

) ( Kerosene Petroleum Hydrocarbon

) (
.
.
) ( :
- 1 ) ( Low Viscosity .
- 2
.
- 3 . 60
93 .
- 4 .
.
- 5 .

- 1 .
8 15 .
- 2 .
- 3 ) ( .

 / 1

480

- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 .
- 4 .
: ) 40 (
.

) ( Water with Conditioner Agent

.
.

.
.
:
- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 .
- 4 .
.
- 5 ) ( Viscosity .
- 6 ) pH 10/5 ( .

481

.
) ( .

.

.
10 )
( Shadow .

:
- 1
.
:
.
- 2 .
- 3 .
- 4
.
- 5
.
.
:
.

482

/ 1

.
.
:
1

- 1 1-7 100
.
2
) ( .
- 3 30 .
:
- ) ( 1/5 2/5 .
- 0/1 0/4 .

1-7

1 - Pear Shaped Centrifuge

483

.
.

.

) ( Bar Magnetism

2-1

 / 2

484

2-1
.
.
.
) (
.

.
10 200
280 .
.
:

. .
60 .

- 2

) ( Threader Bar Technique

.
.
.
.

.

.

485

) ( Central Conductor
2-2

.

10 200
) . ( 2-2
Crack

2-2

) ( Internal Clamps

d1 d2 ) . ( 2-3
DC - 280 Amps .

d1 = 10 mm , d2 < 50 mm => AC - 200 Amps.

DC - 1100 Amps.

d1 = 40 mm , d2 < 50 mm

=> AC - 1000 Amps

d2

d1

2-3

486

/ 2

) ( Non Central Conductor

) (
) . ( 2-4

2-4

2-4
.

.
60
) : . ( 2-5
60

2-5

) ( FW-REC. AC 200 .
) ( HW - REC. AC 140 .
) ( AC 200 .

- 3

487

) ( Coil Method

:

. 2-6
.

2-6

.
) ( Transverse
.

2-7

488

/ 2

) (
.
.
)
( .
2-8 .
2000
.
) ( Fixed Ciol ) ( Felexible Coil
.
45 .

2-8

489

) ( Fill Factor
1-2
.
AN = X.D
2-1
L
- AN ) (
- X
22000 32000 . 11000
D ) ( :

.
L ) ( :
: ) ( L/D 15
L/D 15 )
( .

Effective Length

: 38 2/5 ) ( Fixed Coil

. 6 5

AN = X . D
L
N=5
) X = 22000 D = 6 in ( Fixed Coil
L = 38 in
?=A
>=

AN = 3474

AN = 22000 X 6

N = 695 Amps
38
:
. ASME
SEC.V 2-2 2-3 :

490

/ 2

- : L/D > 4
AN = 35000
2-2
L/D + 2
: L/D < 4
2-3

4500

= AN

L/D

2-9 2-10
.
.

2-9

2-10

2-10
.

491

) ( Magnetic Ring

.

) . ( 2-11

2-11

) ( Induce Fluxing

) . ( 2-12

2-12

492

/ 2

) (
.

. .

- 6

) ( Prod Method

.
.

2-13

2-13
.
.

:

) . ( 2-14

493

) (
.
2-14 .
.

2-14

) (
.
.

. ) ( 2-15
.

2-15

494

/ 2

) ( Mobile ) . ( 2-16
)
( Subsurface 8 .

2-16

.

) . ( 2-17

2-17

495

:
- 1
. .

- 2 )
( Sparking . .
- 3
.
- 4 .
- 5 .
) ( Shim
.
- 6
) . ( 2-15
- 7 .
25
100 . 80 .
- 8
.
20 .
10
.
-11 .

 / 2

- 7

496

) ( Yoke Technique

.

) ( Yoke
.


.

.

2-18

2-18

.

497

.
) N ( ) S
( .

2-19

2-19
.

2-20

 / 2

498

2-20
.



.



.
6
.


) ( .
ASTM E 709 4/5
18 .

499

) (

:
- :
. ) ( . . . - :
. . ) ) ( -
. - .

 / 3

500

:
- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 .
- 4 .
.

:
-1

.
- 2

.
- 3
.
- 4

.
3 5 .
- 5
) ( .
.

501

- 6

. .
- 7
.
:
.
.
- 8

.

.

.
.
.

502

/ 3

) ( AC ) ( DC
.
) ( Skin Effect
.
.


.

.
)
( Skin Effect 80
.
.
.
.
.
2 3 .

3-1

503

:
1 ) ( Half Wave Current
.

) . ( 3-2

Hz

Sec.

3-2

.
6 ) ( .
- 2 ) ( Single Phase Full Wave Direct Current

.
.
- 3

8
.

 / 3

504

) ( Demagnetisation

.


.

) ( Blance .

:
- 1
.
- 2 .
.
- 3 .
.
- 4 .
- 5 .
: ) (
.

) ( Hyteresrsis Loop

3-3 .

.

505

3-3

:
- 1 .
) ( 3-4
.

3-4

506

/ 3

.
- 2 .
) ( b )
- 3-5 ( . o b .
- 3
c .
oc )
- 3-5 ( .

- 3-5

- 3-5

4
) d - 3-6 ( .
- 5 .
oe e ) . - 3-6 (
.

507

- 6 ) ( 1 .
f ) -6
3 (.
- 7
) - 3-6 ( .

-3-6

-3-6

- 3-6

- 3-6

508

/ 3

:

.
3-7
. :
- 1 ) ( Steel 48 A/m )
( Iron 14 A/m .
- 2 0/7 1/4
.
- 3 16 A/m 3 A/m
.

3-7

3-7

.

509

:
- 1 ) ( Coil
.

. .
) ( Amp. Turn 5000 10000 .
- 2 ) ( AC Yoke
.
) (
.
- 3 ) ( AC field
.
.
.
- 4 ) ( Reverse DC, Direction

.
.
- 5 ) ( Heat Treatment
) ( Curie point
) 700 ( .
- 6 ) ( Pinning
.

510

/ 3

.
:


.

.
.

:
- 1

ASME

ASME Penetrameter :
- 3/2 ) . ( 8-3
- 0/025 .
- 0/75
) ( .

3-8

511

2 ) ( Berthold Penetrameter
3-9
ASME .

3-9

- 3 ) ( Groove Type
3-10 .
) ( T
.

) ( Lathe Machine .

Depth . to mm
25 mm

4 10
mm

3-10

 / 3

- 4

512

) ( Burmah Castrol Strips

BS 6072
.

.
) . ( 3-11
Ferrous Wire

Flux Field

3-11

.
:
:
1 - Field Strength Meter
2 - Residual Field Strength Meter
3 - Flux Density Meter
4 -Ultraviolet Intensity Meter

513

.
3-12 3-13 ASTM
.

3-12

3-12
.

.

514

/ 3

3-13
.

3-13

Terms & Definitions

Magnetic Particles Testing

515 520

515
Aerosol Spraying

Alternative Current

Alternative Current Magnetization

Ampere Meter

Ampere Turns
) (
Aperture Type Coil
:
.
Arc Strikes
) (
Background

Background Paint
) (
Berthold Penetrameter

Black Light

Black Light Filter

Burning
) (
Carrier Fluid
.
Central Conductor

Centrifugal Tube Settlement Flask

Circular Magnetization

Circumferential Magnetization

Clip-On Ammeter

Coagulation

Coercive Force

Coil Technique
) (
Color Magnetic Ink

Compass Test
) (
Conditional Agent

Air-Accelerator Powder Spray

516
Concentrates

Contact Pads
) : ( Shim
.
Contrast
) (
Continuous Technique
:
.
Core

Curie Point

Current Flow Technique
) (
Demagnetization

Demagnetization Coil

Detecting Medium

Diffuse Indications

Direct Current

Dry Powder

Dry Powder Technique

Dry-out Time
) (
Effective Magnetic Permeability

Electrode
) ( Prode
Electromagnet

Examination Method

Extenders

False Indication

Ferromagnetic
.
Ferromagnetic Particles

Fill Factor

Contact Head

517
Flexible Cable Technique

Fluorescent Magnetic Ink

Fluorescent Magnetic Particles Inspection

Fluorescent Powder

Flux Density
) (
Flux Indicator
) (
Flux-Leakage Field

Flux Lines

Flux Meter

Flux Concentration

Full Wave Rectified Current

Functional Test
:

Furring

Gauss

Gauss Meter

Half Wave Rectified Current

Hall Effect
:

.
Hysteresis

Immersion Procedure

Indications

Indirect Magnetization
) (
Induced Current Flow Techniques

Induced Field

) Induction ( Magnetic

518
Inherent Fluorescence

:
.
Laminated Pole Pieces
:

Lifting Power

Light Intensity

Lines Of Force
) (
Local Magnetization

Longitudinal Magnetization

Magnetic Circuit

Magnetic Leakage Field

Magnetic Field Distribution

Magnetic Field Indicator

Magnetic Field Leakage

Magnetic Field Strength

Magnetic Field Strength Meter

Magnetic Flaw Detection Ink

Magnetic Flow Technique
:
.
Magnetic Flow Coil Test Piece
:
.
Magnetic Flux

Magnetic Flux Density

Magnetic Hysteresis

Magnetic Indication
) (
Magnetic Ink

Keeper

519
Magnetic Leakage Field

Magnetic Particles

Magnetic Permeability

Magnetic Poles

Magnetic Powder

Magnetic Saturation

Magnetic Writing
:

.
Magnetizing Current
:
.
Magnetizing Force

Magnetometer

Multidirectional Magnetization
:
) (
Non-Relevant Indication
.
Near Surface Discontinuity
) (
Oersted
) (
Parallel Conductors
:

.
.
Particles Content

Peak Current
:

.
Permanent Magnet
) (

520
Polymer Technique

:
.
Portable Flux Indicator

Powder Blower

Prods
) (
Residual Magnetic Field

Residual Technique

Retentively

Saturation Magnetic

Skin Effect
) (
Solenoid

Subsurface Discontinuity

Surge Magnetization
:
) ( .
Suspension

Test Ring
) (
True Continuous Technique
:

.
Vehicle
.
Visible Light
) 4000 7000 (
Water Break Test
) (
Water Washable

Wet Technique
) (
Wet Slurry Technique

Yoke

Yoke Magnetization

521

) (
.

.
) ( Eddy Currents

.
.

1-1

 / 1

522

1-1
) ( HP
. ) ( HS
.

.
.

.

) ( Impedance .
1-1 :
Z= { R2 + ( XL2 - XC 2 ) } 1/2
1-1
- Z
- R
- XL ) ( Inductance Reactance
- XC
) (

.

.
.

523

) ( Sorting .
1942
.


.


.

) (
:
- 1 .
- 2
.
:

.
- 3 ) . ( Sorting
- 4 ) ( .
- 5 .

 / 1

524

- 6 .
- 7 ) ( Tubes
.
- 8 .

- 1 .
- 2 ) ( .
- 3 .
- 4 .
5 .
- 6 .
.
- 7
) 7 ( .

:




:
:

.

525

1 ) ( Inductance
) (
.
.
.
) . ( 1-2

1-2

- 2 ) ( Impedance
.
4 3 5
) . ( 1-3
V=Z.I

1-2
2

( Z.I ) = ( I .R ) + ( I.LX )2
Z = ( 32 + 42 )1/2 = 5 ohm

>=

Z = ( R + LX )2

Z
R ) (
LX
XL

VR
1-3

VLX

526

/ 1

3
4 . 5
16 .
.
1-3

Arc tag = XL / R
Arc tag 4/3 = 53o
Arc tag 3/4 = 36.9o

53 36.9 = 16.1o

3

.
) 1-4
1 - 4 . ( 1 - 5
1-4

XL = 2 fL
XC = 1

2 fc

1-5

- XL
- XC
- f
L
c

1-4

527

:

) ( :

1
. .
.
2 ) (
.
- 3
. .
4 ) ( Lift-off
.
5 ) (
.
6
.
- 7 .
:
1 ) Skin

( Effect .
- 2 .
.

 / 1

528

3
) . ( Edge Effect
4 .

.
.
.

:
1 ) ( Electrical Conductivity -

.

IACS .

%100 .
) IACS ( International Annealed Copper Standard
100% IACS = 58 m/ .mm2 => ( 1m/ .mm2 = 106 siemens/m

.
.
.

529

.
.
1-1 IACS .
1-1
Material

Resistivity
.cm
.

Conductivity
% IACS

Silver

Copper

Gold

Aluminum

Al-

Al-

Al

Brass -

Brass -

Brass - Cu-Zn
Admiralty Brass

Magnesium

Tungsten

Nickel

Platinum

Tantalum

Aluminum Bronze

Phosphor Bronze

Chromium Steel

Copper-Nickle /
Copper-Nickle /

Stainless Steel

Stainless Steel

Stainless Steel
Lead

 / 1

530

) ( Magnetic Permeability

:
-
.
)
( .


.
-
.
) ( Baffles

.

- 3

) ( Frequency

. 1-6
.

=
500
( f. . )1/2
-
- f
-
-

1-6

531

) ( Subsurface
) ( Standard Depth of Penetration .
)
( ) ( I / e .
I ) . ( 1-5
e 2/718 3 .
:
.
1-6
.

1-5

532

/ 1

1-5
.
1-6
.
1-1 .
1-1

.

.

- 4

533

) ( Edge Effect

) . ( 1-6
.

.

.
.


.

.

-
1-6

1-6

.

 / 1 ) ( Fill Factor

- 5

534

) ( Lift-off Effect

Lift-off .
)
. ( 1-7

.

1-7

1-7
.

.

- 6 ) ( Fill Factor
) ( Lift-off
.

535

/ 1

1-8
.
.

.
.
2

1-7

) F.F = ( DT1 / DC1

1-8

) F.F = ( DC2 / DT2

F.F => Fill Factor

- DT1
- DC1
- DT2
- DC2
Tube

DC

DT

DT

DC
Coil
Internal Coil

1-8

External Coil

537

.

R
.
:
Simple Circuits

- 1
Resonance Circuits
- 2
- 3 ) ( Bridge Circuits
- 4
Phase-sensitive Circuits
:
) Absolute Coil - 1 (
. .
) Differential Coil - 2 (
.
. .

Absolute Coil

Differential Coil

2-1

538

/ 2

:
- 1
-2-2
.

. .

.

2-2

) ( Double Absolute Coil )

- 2-2 ( .
.
.
.

539

2 ) ( Resonance Circuits

) ( Z
) ( R .
2
2 1/2
} ) Z = { R + ( XL - XC
2-1
=> Z = R
XL = XC
XL = 2fL
XC = 1 / 2fC
- Z
- R
- XL ) ( Inductance Reactance
XC

) . ( 2-3

2-3

540

/ 2

- 3 ) ( Bridge Circuits
Bridge
) ( .
.
4-2
. A,C
.
VAB = VCB , VAD = VCD

>= VA = VC

R P
Q X .

2-4

:
) ( Absolute Coil circuit
AD BC R AB
CD ) . ( 2-4
) ( Differential Coil Circuit

) ( Load .

541

2-5

) ( Sorting
) . ( 2-6
R

.

2-6

- 4 ) ( Phase-sensitive Circuits

.
.
.
.

542

/ 2

:
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4

Single Absolute Coils

Double Absolute Coils
Single Differential Coils
Double Differential Coils

2-7 .

.

.
.

2-7

.
. .
. 2-8
.

543

2-8
Differential

Absolue

Bobbin Coil

Encircling Coil

2-9

Probe Coil

 / 2

544

2-9 .

.
:
:
- 1 .
2 .
3
.
4 ) (
.
5 .

:

. :
- 1 ) ( Surface Probes
) ( Encircling Probes
2
3 ) ( Internal Bobbin Probes


.

.

545

2-10 ) ( Pencil
.
) . ( 2-11
2-10

2-11

Bolt-Hole Probe
.
) ( 2-12
.

. ) ( Pancake Probe
) . ( 2-13

2-13

2-12

546

/ 2

) ( Ring Probe
) (
) . ( 2-14

2-14

- ) ( Encircling Probe


. . .

0/7 . .
2-15 .

2-15

547

) ( Internal Bobbin Probe

.
.

0/6 .
.
2-16
a b .

2-16

 / 2

548

) ( Basic Circuit
Load Lift-off Blance

.

.
.
:

-

.
.

) ( Lift-off .
.
2-17 .
) (
OA ) ( .
) ( ) OB - 2-17 (
. AB
.

549

Lift-off AB
) ( . C. R L
.

.
B
XL
B

O
R

XC

2-17

) ( Cathode Ray Tube

.
1 ) ( A-SCAN



.
100
.

) - 2-18 ( .

550

/ 2

2 ) ( Ellipsoid Display
X Y

.
90
.

) - 2-18 ( .
.
Y

- 2-18

- 2-18

3 ) ( Vector Point Display

.

90 .
) ( Vector
) ( Single Absolute ) ( Balance
) ( R ) ( c
.

551

. ) ( Balancing
.

) (
.


.

.
2-19 2004
.
.

A-SCAN

2-19

552

/ 2

2-20

2-20
.
.
2-21
.

) ( Sorting

2-21

553

) ( Calibration Blocks

.
.

1

0/5 1 .
)
. ( 2-22

2-22

2 ) ( Step Wedges
1/5 1 2
Sorting .

mm

1.0

1.5

2.0
2-23

554

/ 2 ASME

- 3 ) ( Standard Tube

. 2-24 2-25 ASME
Correch .
.

Support

8 holes

6 holes

4 holes

3 holes

2 holes

2 holes

2-24 Correch

OD

ID

60%OD 80%OD

20%OD 40%OD

Hole

Support
2-25 ASME

555

:
1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6

- 1

) (

) . ( Surface Breaking ) ( Sub-surface



:
-
.
-
.

 / 3 ) (

556

.
.

.
3-1
) U (
.

3-1

:
- 1 .
.
2
.
3
.
4
.

557

- 2


.
.

3
.


.


.

.
.
.
:
- 1 ) ( Differential
.
2
.
3 ) ( Edge Effect
.

558

/ 3

4
.
.
5 ) (
Extrusion
.

- 3

) ( Weld Testing

. ) Toe
( Crack .
.

)
. ( 3-2

.

3-2

559

) ( Sorting

.


.
: .
:
1 70/30 Copper Nickel - 5% IACS
90/10 Copper Nickel - 11.9% IACS


.
) ( go-not-go
. :
) ( Absolute Coil

.
.
.
.

 / 3

560

) ( Differential Coil
.
)
( Balance .
.
.
:
- 1 ) (
.
- 2
.
- 3
.
- 4
. .
5
.
6
.

- 5

) ( Coating Thickness Measurement

.
) ( Coating .

561

.
) (
.
.
) ( Shim
.


.

:
1

. .
2

.
.
3

13 .

.

 / 3

562

4


.
5

.
) (
.
6
.
7

.
8

.
- 9
.

- 6

.