Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CH 1-7 Logical Reasoning
CH 1-7 Logical Reasoning
3
5
2. 4 10 1
16
8
8
21 y 45
4. 9 2 y 5 3 y
3 w z 2 z 3w z
Logical Reasoning
Logical Reasoning
The statement If the popcorn burns, then the heat
was too high or the kernels heated unevenly is called
a conditional statement.
Conditional statements can be written in the form:
If A, then B.
Statements in this form are called if-then
statements.
Logical Reasoning
If
A,
then
B.
the heat was too high
or the kernels heated
unevenly
Answer: Hypothesis:
Conclusion:
Logical Reasoning
Logical Reasoning
Deductive reasoning is the process of using facts,
rules, definitions, or properties to reach a valid
conclusion.
Suppose you have a true conditional and you
know that the hypothesis is true for a given case.
Deductive reasoning allows you to say the
conclusion is true for that case.
Deductive Reasoning
Determine a valid conclusion that follows from the
statement, If one number is odd and another number
is even, then their sum is odd for the given conditions.
If a valid conclusion does not follow, write no valid
conclusion and explain why.
The two numbers are 5 and 12.
Deductive Reasoning
Determine a valid conclusion that follows from the
statement, If one number is odd and another number
is even, then their sum is odd for the given conditions.
If a valid conclusion does not follow, write no valid
conclusion and explain why.
The two numbers are 8 and 26.
Both numbers are even, so the hypothesis is false.
Answer: no valid conclusion
Deductive Reasoning
Determine a valid conclusion that follows from the
statement If the last digit in a number is 0, then the
number is divisible by 10 for the given conditions. If a
valid conclusion does not follow, write no valid
conclusion and explain why.
a. The number is 16,580.
Answer: The number is divisible by 10.
b. The number is 4005.
Answer: No valid conclusion; the last digit in 4005
is not 0.
Logical Reasoning
Not all if-then statements are always true or
always false.
Consider the statement If Luke is listening to
CDs, then he is using his portable CD player.
Luke may be using his portable CD player.
However, he could also be using a computer, a
car CD player or a home CD player.
Logical Reasoning
To show that a conditional is false, we can use a
counterexample.
A counterexample is a specific case in which a
statement is false.
It takes only one counterexample to show that a
statement is false.
Find Counterexamples
Find a counterexample for the conditional statement.
If Joe does not eat lunch, then he must not feel well.
Answer: Perhaps Joe was not hungry.
Find Counterexamples
Find a counterexample for the conditional statement.
If the traffic light is red, then the cars must be stopped.
Answer: A driver could run the red light.
Find Counterexamples
Find a counterexample for each
conditional statement.
a. If you are 16, then you have a drivers license.
Answer: You could wait until you are 17 before getting a
drivers license.
b. If the Commutative Property holds for addition,
then it holds for subtraction.
Answer:
Find a Counterexample
Multiple-Choice Test Item Which numbers are
counterexamples for the statement below?
A
B
C
D
A
Find a Counterexample
B
Answer: B
Find a Counterexample
Which numbers are counterexamples for the
statement below?
A
B
C
D
Answer: C
Logical Reasoning
1. Which is the expression for the total area of the figure shown?
A.
C.
2x 2
x 2x
2
B.
2x2 x
D.
3x
x
x
x
2x
Hypothesis
Conclusion
Hypothesis
Conclusion
Hypothesis
None
Conclusion