W

W
K

? ?? ?
K

W
K

WK

W
W
K
K

K
K
K

.%100W
W

W
K

W
KJ

--

.1

.2

W
K
K
K

--

.1.2

Field Surveying

Aerial SurveyingKK
K

Field Surveying

KEF
Plane Surveying

K
K

--

Geodetic Surveying ()

EF
K

Aerial Surveying -

E F
.

--

.2.2

Topographic Surveying

Ground Control Points

Cadastral Surveying

Route Surveying -

Hydrographic Surveying -

KK

--

Mine Surveying -

Engineering Surveying -

KKKEFEF

KW

.3

KKK

Ellipsoid of Revolution

K
Plumb Bob

E F

--

Vertical Line

K
KEF

Horizontal Line

KK
Horizontal plane

K
Vertical Plane

K
Level Surface

K
Level Line

--

Horizontal Distance

Vertical Distance

K
Horizontal Angle

Vertical Angle

K

K
Zenith Angle

K180

Elevation of a Point

--

Elevation Difference

.4

E F

K
E F

FE
F
KE

--

.5

K-1

K
K

K -2
K

EF-3
KK

K

K

K6
1.6

EF EF

K
EF

- -

Units of Measurement .

K
K

K10000

E
F

K K
K

English F K

KEMetric SystemF(System

EF :1.1

1 Kilometer = 1000 meters
1 meter =100 centimeters
1 centimeter = 10 millimeters
1 decimeter = 10 centimeters

1 mile = 5280 feet
1 mile = 1760 yard
1 mile = 320 rods
1 mile = 80 chains
1 foot=12 inches
1 yard= 3feet
1 rod=16.5 feet
1 chain=66 feet
1 chain =100 links
1 foot=0.3048 m
1 km=0.62137 miles
1 inch=25.4 mm

Units of length measurement

- -

EF :2.

1hectare (ha)= 1000 m2

1 square kilometer =1000000 m2
1 square kilometer = 100 hectares
1 hectare = 100 ares

1 acre = 43560 ft2

1 acre=10 square chains
1 are = 100 m2
1 hectare=2.471 acres
1 km2=247.1 acres

Cubic centimeter,
Cubic meters

Cubic inch, Cubic feet,

Cubic yard

Units of area
measurement

Units of Volume
measurement

1 revolution = 360degrees
1 degree=60 minutes
1 minute=60 seconds

revolution = 360degrees
1 degree=60 minutes
1 minute=60 seconds

Units of angles
measurement

WK

DEGK

KDegree

GRA

KGradient

- -

2
K
2

.
. :

400

360

200

180

/2

100

90

/4

50

45

60W :
K60

1.11111Z

54Z 0.9Z

5717'45" Z57.29578Z

.7

K
K
- -

.1.7

.2.7

K
K

KK

K
K
K

K
K

K

- -

- -

KW

W
W

K
K

K100W
W

W
K
K

W
.

- -

.1

KK

Measurement of horizontal distance

.2

Direct Method .1.2

K1.2

W1.2
- -

Indirect Method .2.2

W H S

H = S . Cos

K 141.2162.2
.H

W2.2
Cos = H

J H
H = S .Cos =141.216 x Cos 1 20 = 141.178 m

- S

( ) -
W(S)(h)

- -

:
H 2 + h 2 = S2

H 2 = S2 - h 2

H = S2 - h 2
:
K

:4.2

W
H 2 + h 2 = S2

H = S2 - h 2

WH

H = 253.1012 - 3.7212
H = 253.074 m

- -

. -

EhFEF

WE5.2F

EhFEFW5.2

Cotan =

H
h

H = h .Cotan

.() ( Cotan )

:3

: 6.2

= 0.85937
h= 1.5 m
- -

WH

H = 1.5 .Cotan 0.85937 = 113.268 m

Methods of measuring distances .

WK

(pacing) .1.3

EF

Passometer

PedometerK

KKK
K

K1/1001/50

K

- -

(Tapes)

.2.3

(Bronze)

Metallic Tape(Copper)(Brass)

K
{

(Feet)(Inches)
K

- -

K {

(Inches)

K(Feet)

Invar Tape -

EF35Nickel65Steel

100306K

KE100F
.(Triangulation)

- -

-1
K

K -2

K -3

-4

() -

-1

-2
K

K
-3

FK

EW
K

- -

Equipment used for taping .

W
Plumb Bob

KE F

K
Range Poles

32

- -

E F

K
K
Taping Pins

4020 3

- -

Pegs

EF

30203
K

20.5

: 7.2

Level

EF

KK

- -

: 8.2

()

W(TheodoliteF
(ClinometerF

K
- -

WK

A
K

The Abney LevelJ

EF

KK

.
W

K

- -

.
W
:
19810

W
20Z
19.90Z
198Z
Z

- -

197.01 =

19.9
=
20 198

) .2.5
Correction for Temperature (

W
( - ) =

W
J

K10-6x{J
.

.( - 1)
.E

J
J

J E

E = 20 x 104N/mm2E =14.5 x 104N/mm2

- -

Electronic Distance Measurement .

EGeodimeterF

WK
K

EFEF
K

EMicrowavesF

Modulated Light Waves

KModulated Radio Waves

.1.6

.1.1.6

W
K
K

KEF
- -

WEDM

K

F

KE

KEInfrared lightF

WEDM A B

K

EReflectorF

EDM

WE9.2FAB

:9.2

- -

AE FEDM
.B

A
KB A EDM

EDM

KEDM

ESF
W
S = 1/2 V.t

t v

EDMKS
KEDMEF

KEDM

Bhr
KABAheEDM
- -

BA(DF

WS

D = S.Cos()

ESF(DF

EDM h r BB A

W h e A

D = (S2 - d 2 )1/2

K10.2d

KW10.2
( h r + B ) - ( h e + A = ) d

K11.2

- -

KW11.2

( h e + A

) - ( h r + B

)= d

.2.1.6

KE

.3.1.6

.2.6

- -

.1.2.6

{{

.2.2.6

K{

.3.2.6

- -

KW

W
W

K100W
W

W
K
K

W
J

- -

K
K

K
K
K

K -1

-2

. : -1
K : -2

W -3
K

W
-4
K

- -

.2
. :

W
K

KW

KW

KW

(1.3FEF

- -

:1.3

EF
K

W
KE2.3F

:2.3

.3

EF
K

KK
- -

K
W J

K
K

K .2.3

.(3.3F

- -

W3.3

KE4.3F

2
E
D
C

B
A
1

:4.3

K
WE5.3F

- -

2
E
D
C

B
A
1

:5.3

E6.3F

:6.3

- -

K 11000

.1.4

:W-1

WW -2

WWEF-3
WWJ 4

WW-5

WWJ 6

-1
K

WW -2

WW-3

Verbal statement .1.2.4

WK

- -

Representative fraction .2.2.4

K{

.... 1

1
1
1000 100 10
1
1
...... 1
2000 200 20
1
1
...... 1
2500 250 25
1
1
..... 1
4000 400 40
1
1
..... 1
5000 500 50
1
1
.... 1
8000 800 80

\:

WK
J

KJ
- -

Bar Scale or Graphic Scale J

KEF

:7.3

Diagonal Scale -

KEF

- -

KW8.3

.
.

- -

W 2 1K

2
1
2
2

1 xZ

x Z

KWW
KW

1 xZ

625 = 2500 x 1 x 500 =

1 x 3000

12.5 = 100 x

625
Z
5000

- -

EF
K{

W9.3

- -

KW

W
W

K100W
W

W
K
K

W
J

- -

WE{F

K
K

W{

- -

K
(Closed Traverse)

(Open Traverse)

K
(Triangulation)

.2

Magnetic Meridian .1.2

Geographic Meridian K.2

KE F

- -

K:

:
- -

Arbitrary or Assumed Meridian .3.2

Azimuth

W{

KE
F

KE{F
Bearing

FJ J

K
KE{

KEFW
- -

W{

W
W
W

K????????W
Deflection Angle

W{

K
KE{F
- -

Angle to the Right

W{

KE{F
Interior Angles

KE{F

EJ FW

KJ

W{

:({F :

- -

W{

ZZ

ZHZ
ZZ
KZ

.E{F :

- -

W{

ZZ

ZZ

ZHZ
ZZ

ZZ

ZEFZ
ZZ

- -

ZZ

E{F
:
K

W{

ZZ

ZZ
- -

ZZ

ZHZ
ZZ

( ) :
. 84 27 45

28 40 30

27

40 30

84 27 45
___________

111 67 75

- -

112 8 15

112 8 15 - 180 =

(Compass) .

: -

Graduated circle
Magnetic Needle :

Sighting marks

Compass Forms

Surveyor's CompassJ

Prismatic CompassJ

Surveyor' s Compass .-

KEF

(Two levels)
K

- -

E
F

J F

J KE

ABK

W

E F

KEFBEF

(W)EF
KS W

Prismatic Compass -

- (Compass Box)

- -

Pivot

K
Compass Ring

Prism

KObject Vane

Leveling Bubble
K

ABWhole Circle Bearing or Azimuth

Reference F

KMeridian

K(A)

- -

EBF

K
K

KKAB

Plane Table .

K
K

Sextant .

Optical Square .

E{F

- -

W{

K

K
K

K K

EFK

Transit J

EFJ

K{K

- -

METLAND FET 110W{

KW

WEAlidadeF

EF

E
F
W

EVerticalFV

KEHorizontalF(HzF
-

K
- -

EOptical PlummetF

W
K

K
K

EFK
K

K
K

K
K

KKK

K
K
- -

WEF
EVF

EAzF

KK

K191.9687.25

WildW{
EF

- -

E
F

K
K

Calculation of Coordinates

EF
K

WK
E = D Sin
ij
ij
ij

N ij = D ij Cos ij

N
j
Nj

ij

Dij

Ni

Nj

i
E
Eij

Ei
Ej

:
E = E + E
i
ij
j

N j = N i + E ij

- -

ij

j i

Ei

Ni

Ej
Nj

ij
D ij

W
1

D = E 2 + N 2 2
ij
ij
ij

E
ij
1
ij = tan
N
ij

- -

W
K

W
W
K
K

K100W
W

W
K
K

W
J

- -

.1

WKK

Trigonometric Leveling

Checkerboard leveling

Differential Leveling

.2

KEF

KW{

- -

K W

K
KEF

B
C

Bench Marks :

- -

KEF

C
B

:3.5

CE = DC sin

AB = AD + CE BC

WDE

WCE

WBA

AWAB

KBWBC

B30050,60

1,40245,00A
K2,35

- -

DC
=
AD
BC

= 50,25 m
300
= 1,40 m
= 2,35 m

CE = DC sin
CE = 50,60 sin (300) = 25,30 m
AB = AD + CE BC
AB = 1,40 + 25,30 2,35 = 24,35 m.

K269.35= 24,35H245,00

4K

WK

.1.4

E
F
KEF

- -

:4.5

K BA

Kab

AaWa

BbWb
W

b - a = z

baHAZB

bJ aHZAZ ZB

.2.4
WEF

- -

METLANDW

J
J

J
J

- -

KEF

WJ

.(UF

- -

W{

W{

K
J

K
W

- -

WK

V1V1V2
FV1V1 V
1
KE

W{

K
K

K3K4

K KEF

- -

K
W

- -

W
K

W
K

KW
ZK

ZKK

KKKKKKKZKKK

W{

- -

K K

KK

: (

K(UF
K

- -

{
0

N0 2

N0 1

0,225

0,763

1,397

K100

- -

2075

1404

890

2075
4150

1404
2208

890
1780

2275
1875

1468
1338

990
790

400
L40000
L40

130
L13000
L13

200
L20000
L20

100x

- -

KW{
WAB

KBA
aA
bA

BA

Ka

Kb

b - a = z

- -

W{

W{

- -

W{

KB

BA

BCB

CC
K

- -

W{

167,280
167,602
167,936
167,091
167,277

0,322
0,334
-0,845
0,186
-0,003

EJ F

EHF

1,310
1,183
1,731
1,489
5,713

5,710

1,632
1,517
0,886
1,675

R
1
2
3
R

- -

-0,003=5,713-5,710
-0,003=167,28-167,277
3 =

ZEF

5=

10 =

20 =

: .2.5

B A
1A

2B

3C

1B

2C

3D
- -

KDC

.6

30

K30

.1.6

K
K
- -

.2.6

-1

W
- -

.3.6

WW

W
K

K
K

- -

W
K

W
W
K

K
K
K

K100W
W

W
K
K

W
J

- -

.1

KK

K
K

K
K
K 2

:
V = a3

a
V

- -

V=bLh

Zb

= L

= h

K =V

:
V = 1 S h
3

- -

ZS

Zh

K=V

V = h S + S + S S
1 2
3 1 2

ZS1

= S2

Zh

K=V

- -

V = r2 h

Zr

Zh

=V

- -

V = 1 h r 2
3

Zr
Zh

=V

V = r 2 + r 2 + r r h
3 1 2 1 2
W

Zr1

Zr2

Zh

- -

V= 1 bLh
2

Zb

ZL
Zh

- -

V= 1
2

S + S h
1 2

ZS1

ZS2

Zh

WS2S1

V = h S + S + 4S
2

6 1

ZS1

ZS2

hZS
Zh

KZV
W

- -

V =S

h + h + h + h
1 2
3 4

ZS

h4 h3 h2h1

V =S

h + h + h
1 2
3

ZS

h3 h2h1

K-V
- -

W1

(22,00)E40,00F

K15 x 3010 x 20

ZS1

ZS2

Zh

KZV

V = S + S h
2 2
1

450 =30 x 15ZS1

200 = 20 x 10ZS2

18 = 40,00-22,00Zh
3 5850 = (450 +200) x 18 ZV
2

3
5850 = V
W

ZS

S=

30 + 20

15 + 10

S = 25 . 12,5 = 2 312.5

- -

V= h
6

S + S + 4S
1
2

V = 18 (450 + 200 + 4 . 312,5) = 3 5700

6

V = 3 5700

2,63 150

W2

2432

5 8129
K 6

KW
2

(24 + 32)
= S1
2
(8 + 12)
2
50 = 5 x
= S2
2

252 = 9 x

906= (50 + 252)

h
6
= (S + S ) = V
2 1 2
2

1 9 + 5 8 + 24 12 + 32
133=
x
+
= S
2 2 2 2

8 + 24 12 + 32 Z S
2
2
K 9 + 5
2
3834= (133 x4 + 50 + 252) 6 = (S x 4 + S + S ) h = V
2 1 6
6
- -

W.3

Profiles

K -1
-2

J 3

- -

-4

WW

1.2=

1.1=

L +L
L +L
L
L
L +L
3
4
2
3
1
1
2
)+S x 4
V =S x
+S (
)+S (
)+S (
5 2
4
1 2
2
3
2
2
2

=V

- -

.4

h2h1

h4h3
W

h +h +h +h
3
2
1) S= V
( 4
4

V = S ( h + 2 h + 3 h + 4 h + ...... + n h n )
2
3
4
4 1

J S

-h1

KEF-h2

KEF-h3
KEF-h4
KEnFnJ hn

V = S ( h + 2 h + 3 h + 4 h + ...... + n h n )
1
2
3
4
3

- -

40111

KE6,00F

:{

0.60
0.80

1.40

2
0.4
0.20
0.40
0.20

0.60
1.80

:
h
1

0.8

0.4
0.4
1.60

V=S(h +2h +4h )

2
4
4 1
2
740 = 20 x 37 = S
- -

V = 740 ( 1.60 + 2 x 1.80 + 4 x 1.40)

4
3
1998 = V

20
KE3,80F

- -

:
h

7
1.90
2.20

4.10

6
J

5
1.50

4
1.20

3
1.70
2.20
0.80
1.50

1.50

1.20

6.20

2
1.00
2.60
3.00
1.30
1.70
2.40
12.00

h
1
0.4

0.4

200 = 1 x 20x20=S
2
V = S (h + 2h +3h + 4h +5h +6h +7h )
5
7
2
3
4
6
3 1

V = 200 ( 0.4 + 2 x 12 + 3 x 6.20 + 4 x 1.20 + 5 x 1.50 + 0 + 7 x 4.10)

3
3
5600 = V

KK
:

40111

20x37

KE5,60F

- -

3 185= 0 + 0.40 + 0.20 + 0.4 x20x 37=EFV

4

3
83.25= 0.2 + 0.40 + 0 + 0 x( 10 + 20 )x 37=EFV
4
2

3
12.83= 0.20 + 0 + 0 x 10 x 37=EFV
3
2

3
83.25= 0.4 + 0.20 + 0 + 0 x( 10 + 20 ) x 37=EFV
4
2

3
55.5= 0.2 + 0.40 + 0 + 0 x10x 37=EFV
4

3
27.75= 0.2 + 0 + 0 + 0 x( 10 + 20 ) x 37=EFV
4
2

EFVHEFVHEFVHEFVHEFVHEFV=

27.75+55.50 + 83.25+12.33+83.25+185=

3447.08=

- -

3 12.33= 0.20 + 0 + 0 ( 10 x 37 )=E1FV

3
2

3
83.25= 0 + 0 + 0.4 + 0.2 x( 10 + 20 )x 37=E2FV
4
2

3
24.67= 0.40 + 0 + 0 x 10 x 37=E3FV
3
2

3
55.50= 0.2 + 0.40 + 0 + 0 x10 x 37=E4FV
4

3
12.33= 0.20 + 0 + 0 ( 10 x 37 ) =E5FV
3
2

E5FVHE4FVHE3FVHE2FVHE1FV=
12.33+ 55.50 + 24.67+83.25+12.33=
3188.08=

.5

6.006.00
K6.006.00

- -

:{

E6.00FE7.00FE8.00FJ

E7.00FE8.00FJ

+ (8.00)
= 7 8
2
(6.00) + (7.00) = 6 7
x
2
6 7 + 7 8 =

(7.00)

E6.00FE5.00F
W

EFx[E6.00FJ E5.00F] =

- -

:1

Z
Z

KE{F

EJ FHEJ FZ

1x

440 + 330
330 + 220
+ 1x
Z
2
2
ZHZ

Z 1 x

440 550
Z
2

- -

K(20.00F

EFHEFHEFZ

HHZ
Z

EFHEFHEFZ

6+4
4+2
2
FEFHE
FEFH EFZ
2
2
2
HHZ

- -

W
K

W
K

K100W
W

W
J

- -

Planimeter

EF
KK

- -

Placom KP 80W{

K
W

K
K

A = f (R f Ri )

EFinal ReadingFJ R f
EInitial ReadingFJ R i
fEInstrument FactorFJ f
K

W
- -

A = f (R f - R i ) + C
Zero FC

KECircle
.2.3

K
W

Triangle

KArea
Area = S (S - a)(S - b)(S - c)

- -

S=

a+b+c
2

SQUARE

AB = BD = DC = CA = a

Area = a 2
RECTANGLE

- -

AC = BD = a

BA = DC = b

Area = a x b

Parallelogram

AB = DC = b

Area = b x h
Trapezium

- -

Area = [(h1 +h2).b +a.h1 + c.h2]/2

Area = [(h +h).b +a.h + a.h]/2 = b.h + a.h

Area = (.r2. )/360

Area = .r2

- -

Area = (2.L.r )/3

Area = .r1.r2

Area = r.L/2

Area = . r. r 2 + h 2
- -

Area = 2 . .r. h

Area = . s . (R + r)

.3.3

Trapezoidal Method

- -

W{
KJ L

W ACDB

h +h
Area = L. ( 1 n + h 2 + h 3 + h 4 + ..... + h n-1)
2

- -

W{

h n 1 = h 6

h +h
Area = L. ( 1 7 + h 2 + h 3 + h 4 + h 5 + h 6 )
2

2 1.06 = 2.16 x 0.81 = 1

2

2 1.11 = 2 x 1.11 = 2
2

2 2.17 = 2 + 1 =

h +h
Area = L. ( 1 n + h 2 + h 3 + h 4 + ..... + h n-1) =
2

J h

J n

- -

(2.50 + 3.03 + 4.05 + 4.51 + 4.18 + 3.48 + 3.52 + 2 + 2.61 ) 1.5 =

2

2 41.36 =

2 43.53 = 41.36 + 2.17 = + =

Simpsons One Third Rule

K
W

(4 ( ) + 2 (

L
)+ h n + h ) =
1 3

J n

[(2.5 + 4.05 + 4.18 + 3.52 )4 + ( 3.03 + 4.51 + 3.48 )2 + 2 + 2.61)] 1.5 =

3

2 41.82 = ( 57 + 22.04 + 4.61) 1.5 =

3

2 {Z{H{W
- -

EStationF

W{

K{

- -

W{
=

K 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4
K 2 2 1 1 1 1 4 4

1 (X 4 + X 3 ) (Y4 Y3 ) + 1 (X 3 + X 2 ) (Y3 Y2 ) =
2
2

1 (X 4 + X1) (Y4 Y1) + 1 (X1 + X 2 ) (Y1 Y2 ) =

2
2

Y = X = W

(( - ( ) + ) + ( - ( ) + )) 1
2
2
3
2
3
3
4
3
4

[ (( 2 - 1 ( ) 2 + 1 ) + ( 1 - 4( ) 1 + 4 ])) 12

[ ( 3 - 1 ) 4 + ( 2 - 4 ) 3 + (1 - 3 ) 2 + ( 4 - 2 ) 1 ]) 12 =

- -

W
W
K

K100W
W

- -

EF

W
Horizontal Angle
Vertical Angle

Slope Distance

Horizontal Distance

Vertical Distance

Total Station

Electronic tacheometer )

(Data CollectorF

E FE F
KK

- -

.
W
K

KEKKKF
KEF

K
.
W

KEEDMF

- -

EF
K

(Traversing) .
EIF
EF
K

E FE F

KE(IIFEIFF

Total Station

Electronic tacheometer )

(Data CollectorF

E FE F
KK
KEIFEIIF
F

FKE
- -

(E,D,C,B,AFE
KEF

II

.
.

D
E
.

III
:
F

(AzimuthsFE
E, D, F(IE, ID, IC, IB, IA)

FLEC, B, A

EI
F

KE

EIIIFEIF

2.8

KEIF
K(IIIFEIF
- -

E
LF
KEIIF(IF

- -

KEFKK1

KEFK2

EF&K3
K

EF&K

KEFK
WEF&K
K

EF&K
KK

EFK

EF&K
K

- -

rd

10. Barry F. kavanagh (1997), Surveying : with construction applications. 3 Edition,

Prentice Hall, New Jersey, U.S.A.
11. James R. Wirshing & Roy H. Wirshing (1985) Theory and Problems of

Introductory Surveying, Schaums Outline Series, McGraw-Hill.

- -

Right Angles .

a
= cos B
c
b
cos A = = sin B
c
a
tan A = = cot B
b
c
sec A = = cosec B
b
c
cosec A = = sec B
a
b
cot A = = tan B
a
sin A =

Derived Relationships .

a = c sin A = c cos B = b tan A = b cot B = c 2 - b 2

b = c cos A = c sin B = a cot A = a tan B = c 2 - a 2
c=

b
b
a
a
=
=
=
=
sin A cos B sin B cos A
- -

a 2 + b2

Oblique Triangles .

Sine Law -a

a
b
c
=
=
sin A sin B sin C
Cosine Law -b

a 2 = b 2 + c 2 - 2 bc cos A

b 2 = a 2 + c 2 - 2 ac cos B
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2 ab cos C
General Trigonometric Formulas .

sin A = 2 sin

1
2

A cos A =
2

1 - cos 2 A = tan A cos A

cos A = 2 cos 2 A - 1 = 1 - sin 2 A

1

cos A = cos 2 A - sin 2 A = 1 - sin 2 A

tan A =

sin A
sin 2A
=
=
cos A 1 + cos 2A
- -

sec 2 A - 1

Addition and Subtraction Identities -a

sin (A B) = sin A . cos B sin B . cos A

cos (A B) = cos A . cos B sin A . sin B
tan (A B) =

tan A tan B
1 tan A . tan B
1

sin A + sin B = 2 sin ( A + B) . sin (A - B)

sin A sin B = 2 cos ( A + B) . sin (A - B)
cos A + cos B = 2 cos ( A + B) . cos (A - B)
cos A cos B = 2 sin ( A + B) . sin (A - B)
double-Angle Identities -b

sin 2A = 2 sin A . cos A

cos 2A = cos 2 A - sin 2 A = 1 - 2 sin 2 A = 2 cos 2 A - 1

tan 2A =

2 tan A
1 tan 2 A
Half-Angle Identities -c

sin

A
=
2

1 - cos A
2

cos

A
=
2

1 + cos A
2

tan

A
sin A
=
2
1 + cos A
- -

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K{

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K{

K2.1.6

K3.1.6

K{

K1.2.6

K2.2.6

K3.2.6

K{

K{

K{

K{

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K2.2.4

K{{

K{

K{

K{

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K{

K{

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GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS