Class :X. -29- CH: 5 - VECTORS VECTORS Q.1. Define the following: @ — Scalars i) Vectors Representation (i) lars: The physical quantities which are completely specified by magnitude with suitable units are called scalars. Example: Mass, Distance, Time, Speed, Energy, Temperature, Work, Volume, Density, etc Vectors: The physical quantities which are completely specified by magnitude with suitable units as well as direction are called vectors. Displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, weight, momentum, torque, etc A R fee Graphically a vector quantity is represented by an arrow drawn in the direction of Vector. The length of the arrow on a certain scale represent the magnitude of the vector and arrow head represent the direction of the vector. (iv) Negative of a vector: The negative of vector A’ is -A whose ma jagpitude is the same as that of vector A but its direction is opposite to that of Vector A Lie ase li eer Vectors Negative of a Vector Q.2. Write three points of difference between Scalars and Vectors. wi lars & Vi Scalars i Vectors 1. The Physical quantities which are|1. The Physical quantities which are completely ‘specified by magnitude with | completely specified by magnitude with suitable units are called scalars. | suitable units as well as direction are called | vectors. 2. Mass, Distance, Volume, Density, Speed | 2. Displacement, Velocity, acceleration, Force, | etc: are the example of Scalars. Weight are the example of Vectors. | |3. Scalars can be added and subtracted by | 3. Vectors can be added and subtracted by | {simple arithmetic rule. graphical method. J ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRE(GH: 5 - VECTORS. -30- Class :X ation of a Vector by a number. Q.3. What do you know about the mul ‘Ans. Multiplication of Vector by Number: The process in which a vector is multiplied by a positive or negative scalar number is called multiplication of a vector by a number. When a vector is multiplied by a number it remains a vector quantity. () —_ Muttiplication by a Positive Number: Ifa vector is multiplied by a positive number. The magnitude of the vector changes but its direction remains the same. Example: If @ vector Fis represented by a directed line segment of length 2 cm. Vectors 2 F, and 5 2 will be represented by directed line segments of length 4 cm and 1 cm. Note that the lines represented those vectors are parallel to one another with their arrow heads pointing in the same direction. (ii) Multiplication by a Negative Number: Ifa vector is multiplied by a negative numbers then the magnitude of the vector will change along with direction which will be opposite to the given vector. Example:_, If a vector F is represented by a directed line segment of length 2cm. The vectors — 2 & - + Pwill be represented by directed line segments of length 4cm and 1 cm. Note that the negative sign causes a reversal of the direction of the arrow heads. 2cm, “ rf 4cm 2 a r tem / os iF 2 ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREQs. Qe. -31- CH: 5 ~ VECTORS e addition of Vectors by Head to Tail rule. of Vectors by Head to Tail Rul In order to add two or more than two vectors by heads to tail rule the following steps are obey: N 1. First Select a suitable scale. w of 2. Secondly choose a system of reference Axis. 3. Draw first Vector by keeping in view its magnitude and direction. 4, Place the tail of the second vector on the head of the first vector and then draw the second vector by keeping in view its magnitude and direction. 5. Finally Join the tail of first vector and head of the second vector, in this way resultant vector R is obtained. Exampl: Consider two vector & and 8 as shown in the figure a. In order to add vector & and 8, first draw vector A by keeping in view its magnitude and direction. Now place tail of vector B on the head of vector A and draw it by keeping in view its magnitude and direction. Finally join the tail of vector A and head of vector 6, in this way Resultant Vector R is obtained as showin Fig b. a B — A Figa Describe subtraction of Vectors. traction of r: In order to subtract a vector from another vector the sign of the vector to be subtracts is changed and then addeg to the other vector. For example ifa vector B js to be subtracted from a Vector A then A ~ Bis found by adding vector A’and -8. Subtraction Figb wy of vectors can be illustrated as follows: A ee A-B = Define the following: (@ Resultant Vector (ii) | Rectangular Component *A vector which obtained by joining the tail of first vector to the head of last vector is called resultant vector”. oR “A single vector which gives the combined effect of all the vectors which are to be added is called resultant vector.” ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRECH: 5 - VECTORS =32- Class : X Q7. (ii) _ Rectangular Component: The two component which are at right angle to each other are called rectangular component. Describe Resolution of Vector and derive the expression for horizontal and vertical components. Resolutio! tor: The process of splitting of a vector into its parts (components) is called resolution of a vector. Explanation: hy ee Consider a vector F, which make an angle @ with x-axis represented by the line OB. From point B draw a perpendicular BA on x-axis. In this way we get two components OA and,OB. The component QA which is along x-axis is called horizontal component of vector F and it is denoted by Fx. The component AB which is parallel to y-axis is called vertical component of vector F and it is denoted by Fh. i i mponent: Consider right angle triangle OAB. Base y; HYP Coe Again consider right angle triangle OAB. PEP _ sing HYP = = sind ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREClass :X -33- CH: 5 — VECTORS Q.8. Describe addition of rectangular component of a Vector and derive the expression for magnitude and direction of resultant vector. Addition of ingular components of a vector: The process by which resultant Vector is obtained by adding rectangular components is called Composition of Vector. Consider rectangular component Fr and Fy represented by the line AB and BC respectively. e c (es f| BOA & B a 8 > Place the tail of component Fy on the head of gomponent Fs. Join the tail of F and head of Fy in this way we get resultant vector F represent by line AC. Magnitude of resultant Vector: Apply Pythagorous theorem at right angle triangle ABC. (AYP)? = Base}? + (Perp)* 22 (AC? = (ABY+ (BC? Pa By? + Py Fe jFp er? Director of resultant Vector: ‘Again consider right angle triangle ABC. Tang LER ot Base go oe Ke BC A ohol Tan = "75 ero, at Ce ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRECH: 5— VECTORS 234. Class : X Given below are a few possible answers to each statement of which one is correct. Identify the correct one. @ isa vector. (2) Mass (b) Torque — (©)_—Distance (d) Time (i) is a scalar quantity. (@) Displacement (b) force () speed (4) velocity Git) (iv) ™) (vi) (vil) (viii) cs) oo ca} «iy (xii) xiv) Ow) ‘Two forces of 3N and 4N are acting on a body. If the angle between them is 90° then magnitude of the resultant force is. fa) 1N (b) 5N © JN (d) 12N Ina right angled triangle COS® = Perpendicular Base Perpendicwar fa) MG) [tee es (0) Sees Hypotenuse Hypotenuse Base For a force F, Fy = 6N and F, = 6N. What is the angle between F and x-axis {a) less than 30° (6) ee {30° yd) 45° A 25N force acts along x-axis. Its y-componentis- (a) ON (b) -25N © 25N (@) None of them Which one Is not a Scalar quantity. (a) Mass (b) Work (Volume (@) Momentum The x-component of a force F can be calculated by the formula. (a) FSin@ (b) FTand (Q FCos0 (d) none of them Which one is not @ Vector quantity. (@) Torque (b) Energy = ()_— Acceleration (d) Weight is a scalar quantity: (@) Torque —(b) Distance © (<)._~«s Momentum (d) Acceleration is a vector quantity: (a) Work (b) Density (c)_—-Velocity— (d).—«s Temperature Ifa force F is multiplied by a number n, the magnitude of the new vector becomes __ (@)onsF (be) oF (QF d = Ina right angled triangle the side opposite to the right angle is called ___- (2) Hypotenuse (b) Perpendicular ()._—«éBase (d) None of these If F, and Fyare rectangular components of a force F, then tand = E, i A he Oa Ce a @® R-Fr If Fx = 3N & Fy = 4 then magnitude of resultant vector is: @ 3W ) 7N @- 25N @ SN ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRE