Class : X -35- CH: 6 - EQUILIBRIUM. EQUILIBRIUM Q.1. Define Equilibrium, describe types of equilibrium. EQUILIBRIUM:If a body maintains its state of rest or of uniform motion and does not rotate about its axis of rotation under the influence of different forces then it is said to be in the state of equilibrium. TYPES OF EQUILIBRIUM: There are two type of equilibrium (2) STATIC EQUILIBRIUM: (b) DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM: (a) STATIC EQUILIBRIUMLIf a body remains at rest under the influence of different forces it is called static equilibrium. Example: ‘A book lying on a table is in state of static equilibrium, because the weight of the body w which is acting downwatd is balanced by normal reaction R which is acting upward. (b) DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM:If 2 bod moving with uniform velocity under the influence of different forces itis called dynamic equilibrium. Exampl A paratrooper fail. down, with uniform velocity is the example of dynamic equilibrium. ‘ coxts® Q.2. Describe first condition of equilibrium. mee ave . FIRST CONDITION OF EQUILIBRIUM: A body is said to be in the state of equilibrium ae resultant of all forces acting on a body is equal to zero. Mathematically 5F = 0 The first condition of equilibrium is satisfied when rightward force along x-axis is balanced by leftward forces along x-axis that is sum of all forces along x-axis is equal to zero. Fux + Fox= Faxt Far Fr=0 The first condition of equilibrium is satisfied when upward force along y-axis is balanced by downward force along y-axis i.e. sum of all forces along y-aris is equal to zero. Fav + Fay = Fay + Fay BF =0 ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRECH: 6 — EQUILIBRIUM. -36- Class : X Q3. Qs. Qs. Ans. Describe Second condi SECOND CONDITION OF EQUILIERIUI A body is said to be in equilibrium if the sum of all torque acting on the body is equal to zero. Explanation: Since there are two types of torques i.e. clockwise torque and anticlockwise. So when the sum of all clockwise torque is equal to sum of all anti clockwise then the body will be in the state of equilibrium clockwise torque = anticlockwise Define Torque, give its mathematical formula and write its unit. TOR NT OF FOR The turning effect of force about the axis or point of rotation is called torque or moment of force Torque depend upon two factors: () The magnitude of applied force. (i) The moment arm. So torque is define as product ofthe force and moment arm is equal to torque Mathematical expression: IF i the force and ds the moment arm then torque *i given by Torgue = force moment arm t= Fd Unit The unit of torque is N~m. Nature: Torque is a vector quantity. How many of types of Torque name and define them. Types of Torque: There are two types of torque. () — Clock-wise torque (ii) Anti clock-wise torque. Clock-wise torque: If the applied forces rotate the body in clock-wise direction then torque produce is called clock-wise torque and itis also called negative torque. Anti clock-wise torque: If the applied forces rotate the body in anti clock-wise direction then torque produce is called anti clock-wise torque and it is also called positive torque. Define Couple and derive its mathematical formula: Couple: ‘\ pair of equal, parallel and unlike forces-having different lines of action, is called a couple. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREClass : X -37- CH: 6 - EQUILIBRIUM Q7. Ans: Qs. Ans: Qe. Ans: Consider two equal, unlike parallel forces, each of magnitude F, acting at A and B, as shown in the Fig. 1. The torques or moments of two forces are given by The moment of the force Fat A= F x OA The moment of the force F at B = F x OB Both these moments have the same direction i.e. counter clockwise, so the total moment of the two forces is equal to the sum of the two moments. ey TBE Moment of the couple = Fx OA+F x OB sors notte = F(OA +B) Rat “anol } 3) Bx AB 0339) Moment of the couple is equal to the product of one of the forces and the perpendicular distance between the lines of action of two forces. This perpendicular distance between ‘the two forces is called the arm of the couple. Define Centre of Gravity. | CENTRE OF GRAVITY: ‘ The centre of gravity of a body is that point of the body at which whole weight of 2 body acts and through which resultant force due to earth's attraction passes. Give the center of gravity of following bodies. (® Sphere (ii). Triangular Plate (iii). Cylinder (iv). Square rectangular plate Sphere: a Centre of gravity of sphere is center of sphere. oft CG. of the triangular plate is intersection of medians. CG. of cylinder is mid-point of axis. > SQUARERECTANGUIARPLATE: 9 CG. of square rectangular plate is intersection of diagonals. Write the experiment to find the center of gravity of irregular shaped object. i. Suppose, we have to find the center of gravity of an irregular shaped metallic plate. | ii, Drill few small holes near the edges of the plate. ii Using a hole "A", suspend the plate from a nail fixed horizontally in a wall. iv. The plate will come to rest ina Position ‘so that its center of gravity is vertically below the point of suspension. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRECH: 6 ~ EQUILIBRIUM -38- Glass : X Q.10. How many state of equilibrium, define them. STATE OF EQUILIBRIUM: There are three state of equilibrium i ii ii iii. Stable Equilibrium Unstable Equilibrium Neutral Equilibrium STABLE EQUILIBRIUM: A body is said to be in stable equilibrium if it is return to its original position when it is slightly disturbed. In stable equilibrium the center of gravity is raised and then comes to its original position. Example: A book is lying on a table, a chair or table placed on a smooth ground, a car standing on a road are the example of stable equilibrium, UNSTABLE EQUILIBRIUM: In unstable equilibrium, if the body is slightly disturbed the center of gravity is lowered and does not come to its original position. If a pencil is kept in vertical position and itis slightly disturbed // then its Centre gravity is lowered and the pencil falls down and 7 centre of gravity does not come to its original position vi / NEUTRAL EQUILIBRIUM: In equilibrium the center of gravity of the bodyneither raised nor lowered when it is disturbed. Every time center of gravity of body ischanged due to the new position of the body. Example: aS Ifa ball is rolled on the surface of earth, the center of gravity of ball acquires the new position every time according to the position of the ball. The CG of ball neither raised nor lowered when the ball is disturbed. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREClass :X -39- CH: 6 - EQUILIBRIUM Given below are a few possible answers to each statement of which one is correct. Identify the correct one. (i) A body is said to be in the state of neutral equilibrium if its center of gravity is. (2) Below the point of suspension (b) above the point of suspension (9 Atthe point of suspension i) A body is said to be in equilibrium if it is moving with. (2) Uniform velocity (b) Uniform acceleration (¢)_—~Variable velocity (iii) Torque about an axis is defined as the product of. (2) massand force (b)_ Force an moment arm (c)_ Mass and acceleration (iv) The center of gravity of a body is a point where. (2) The torque acts {b) The weight of the body appears to act (0 The external force acts (Inthe first condition of equilibrium the following condition is satisfied. (@) =r=0(b) EF=0 () _ =P=0 (vi) The unit of torque is: (Nir? (bt) N= m7? © N-m (vii) If magnitude of force and moment arm is LON and 2m respectively then magnitude of torque: (2) -12N=m (&) = 20N-m () 5N-m If two parallel forces have the same direction, they are called: (2) unlike parallel forces (b) like parallel forces (© rectangular forces @ couple opt contest (ix) Clockwise torque is considered as: 10! oe note (a) positive torque (b) negative torque Rat 2AM (0 unit torque (d) zero torque 933) () The centre of gravity of a uniform rod is: (2) endofrod (b) centre of rod(c)__ both (a) and (b) (4) None of these (xi) Tf-vettor sum of all the forces on a body is equal to zero, then it is said to be in: (@) translational equilibrium (b) rotational equilibrium (2) static equilibrium (d) dynamic equilibrium “ (xii) The centre of gravity of a body is a point where acts. (a) the torque (b) the external force (Q__ the weight of the body (d) None of these (xii) Two forces which are equal and opposite in direction and not acting along the same line constitute a (a) torque (b) couple © resultant vector (d)_ same vector (xiv) Ifa body comes back to its original position when it is slightly displaced, itis said to be in: (a) stable equilibrium (b) unstable equilibrium © neutral equilibrium (d) none of these (%v)' cone resting on its side is in equilibrium. (a) neutral (b) stable (c) unstable (d) none of these ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRE