CH: 9 ~ SIMPLE MACHINES -56- Class : X Q.1. Define Machines, write the name & use of some simple kind of machines? Machines: “A device which performs the work in convenient (useful) manner is called machine.” OR “A device which applies the force in such a way that it performs greater work is called machine.” Example and use of Machine: i Lever To transfer force from one point to another. i, Pulley: To change the direction of force. ili, SctewJack: To lift heavy loads with smaller force. Effort: ‘The force directly applied on the machine is called effort.” It is denoted by “P”. fi. Load: “The weight lifted by machine is called load.” It is denoted by “ i ani vi “The ratio of load to effort is called mechanical advantage.” Mathematical form: _ mechanical advantage = __load effort M.A. = W P Unit: It has no unit because it is the ratio between similar quantities. iv. Input: “The work done on a machine is called input”. OR “The product of effort and the distance moved by effort is called input”. Mathematical form: If effort "P” acts through a distance Then, Input = Pd ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREClass :X -57- CH: 9~ SIMPLE MACHINES v. Out put: “The work done by a machine is called out put’ OR “The product of load and the distance moved by load is called output’. Mathematical form: 2 If load “W’ is lifted through a height "h” Then, Output = Wh vi. Efficiency: "The ratio of output to input is called efficiency” Mathematical form: efficiency = output input Italways calculated in percentage. «Efficiency = output x 100 Input Efficiency = Wx h x 100 Pxd vii ine: A machine is said to be ideal if out put is equal to input. For-this machine the efficiency is 100%, Hence for ideal machine. Out put = Input Wxh =Pxd We=d Pooh MA=d h Hence the mechanical advantage of 100% efficient machine is given by the above relation. Q.2. Define i. Lever ii. Fulcrum iii. Load arm iv. Effort arm i Lever: A simplest kind of machine which consists of rigid bar capable of rotating about a fixed joint (Fulcrum) is called lever. i. Fulcrum: The turning point about which lever rotates is called Fulcrum Load arm: The perpendicular distance between load “w” and fulcrum is called weight arm or loadarm. ; The perpendicular distance between effort “p" and the fulcrum is called effort arm. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREGH: 9 ~ SIMPLE MACHINES: -58- Class :X Q.3. Define kinds of Lever and given some example of each. Kinds Of Lever: There are three kinds of lever. 1. Lever of first kind, 2 Lever of second kind. 3. Lever of third kind. Lever Of first kin Tf fulcrum “F" is in between effort “p" and weight “w” then it is said to be lever of first kind F P Ww Example: Balance, handle of a pump, a pair of scissors, see-saw. ver Of second kind: If load “w" is in between fulcrum “f" and effort “p” then it is called lever of second kind. F P a Ww Example: Door, the nut cracker, punching machine etc. Of third kind: If effort “E” is in between fulcrum “f" and load “w" then it is called lever of third kind, F pet A Ww Example: Human air, upper and lower jaws in the mouth, a pair of forceps etc. Q4. Describe Principle of Lever? Ans. Principle Of Lever: A lever is said to be in equilibrium if torque produce by effort is equal to torque produce by load. Torque of effort = torque of load. Effort x effor load x load arm Pxd=wxh This equation is called principle of Lever. Q5. Derive expression for Mechanical advantage of Lever. Ans. Mechanical Advantage Of Lever: According to Principle of Lever. Pxd=wxh ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREClass :X. -59- CH: 9~ SIMPLE MACHINES Q6. Ans. lh load arm Define Pulley, its kind and derive expression for its Mechanical Advantage. Pulley: A pulley is graved wheel supported in a frame called block such that wheel can tum about an axle in the block. The pulley can be suspended from a fixed beam by means of a hook. A rope can pass over the pulley. The pulley can be used in two ways. Fixed Pulley: The block of the pulley is fixed to the ceiling as shown in fig. Load “w' is tied to one end of the rope and effort “p” is applied at the other end. If we neglect the weight of the rope and friction then Wx 0B =PxOA ‘As OB and OA are equal, therefore they cancel out hence, W=P eee Or w or = MA=1 Pp The effort applied "P” is equal to the weight “w". This pulley is used only to change the direction of force. Vv In this case the block of moveable pulley and effort "p” is applied at force and of the rope shown in fig. two segments of the rope are lifting “w" The tension in each segment is “P” hence. W= 2p IM =W=2p=2 P P cenTER nh 1QRA ot Kare ae aaanet® ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRE(CH: 9 — SIMPLE MACHINES -60- Class : X Q.7. Define inclined plane and derive the expression for its mechanical advantage Ans. Inclined Plane: A plane surface which make an angle @ which horizontal is called inclined plan. Mechanical Advantage of Inclined Plane: Consider a smooth plane surface AB with make an angle 6 with horizontal. A load of weight W is placed on inclined plane. Now effort P is applying on it through a distance "t” and weight Wis raised to height h. Input = work done by effort Input = effort x distance & Input = P x! a | Similarly L ' Output = work done in raising the ways Ne ae jh Output = weight x height { Output = wx h k + For a smooth, frictionless ideal inclined plane Out put = Input wxh=Pxl vis ae h Ww Since = =M.A. ince = Another expression for M.A. of inclined plane can be derive as follow from fig it is clear sing = Pee hyp ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREClass :X -61- CH: 9 ~ SIMPLE MACHINES Q.8. Define Wedge and write formula for its M.A. Wedge: Definition: It consists of two inclined plane put together as shown in fig. it is used to split wood into pieces. Q.9. Define Screw Jack and derive the formula to its Mechanical advantage. Screw Jack: Itis.a simple machine used to lift a car or other automobiles. The car‘or automobile'of weight “w’ is placed on the plat form provided for this purpose. The pitch of the screw is *h". The effort "p" is applied at the handle H. P R when effort moves a distance 2nd (one rotation) where 1" is the length of the rod, the load "w" is lifted'through a height “h” For an ideal case (no friction) Output = Input ce But Q.10. What is Wheel and Axle. Derive the formula for M.A. of Wheel and Axle. Wheel and Axle: ‘wheel with larger radius (R) and another with smaller radius (r) are fixed on the same shaft and are called wheel and axle respectively. It is often used to lift bucket of water from the well. The shaft in clamp so that it'can rotate freely. The effort “p" is applied at the rim of wheel of radius R while the load Wis lifted by a string wound around the axle. For one complete rotation, the effort moves through a distance 2nR while the load is raised through a distance 2nr. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRECH: 9 — SIMPLE MACHINES. -62- Class :X If friction is neglected, then Output = Input Wx 2ar = px 2nR w = 2aR nr w=R por but MA = w/ a MA=R r 3 ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREClass :X -63- CH: 9 ~ SIMPLE MACHINES MCQ's Given below are a few possible answers to each statement of which one is correct. Identify the correct one. a Gi) iii) (vi) (vii) wii) A is a simple machine (@) Sewing machine (b) petrol engine (0 abicycle () pulley If the fulcrum of a lever is between the effort and resistance, it is a. (a) Lever first kind (b) Leversecondkind (¢) Lever third kind A pair of scissors is an example of a. (@) pulley (b) lever ()_~— wheelandaxle = (d)_inclined plane Which of the following belongs to the second kind of lever. (a) pair of scissors * (b) pair of forceps (door A screw jack always has an efficiency less than 100% which one of the following is the best explanation of the reason for this? (a) This must be so becauise of the definition of screw jack. (b) There is always a frictional force between its parts. (O— Asscrew jack only acts vertically and-hence has weight. (d)_ Asscrew jack is not a totally efficient machine. The ratio of load to effortis called. \ (a) Mechanical advantage (b) Efficiency _ (c) Coefficient of friction An Ideal Machine has efficiency. (a) _ less than 100% (b) greater than 100% (100% MA.= 4 and MA re 5 ate the mechanical advantage of (@) Lever (b) Screw Jack (QO __ Indlined Plane ‘A machine absorb 800) energy and perform 600) of work the efficiency of the machine is. fa) 100% {b) 50% ( 75% The mechanical advantage of Screw Jack. oo © 74 i g OOM gs d 2 oe cor ‘e AL ant 3 sc Annet ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRE