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About The Effect of Hoop Stress and Ball Gyroscopic Moment
About The Effect of Hoop Stress and Ball Gyroscopic Moment
97
ABSTRACT
The press fitting of rolling bearings, the centrifugal expansion of the spindle
and inner ring, and the thermal expansion of rolling bearing assembly elements
modify the ball and races clearance, creating the hoop-stress. Consequently, the
rolling elements and races contact loads and contact angles change.
At high speed, beside the centrifugal forces acting on the rolling elements, the
gyroscopic moment must be considered. The error introduced by neglecting the
hoop-stress and the gyroscopic moment acting on balls in the computing of ball and
races contact angles and contact loads is estimated for a steel angular contact ball
bearing from 7206C series.
KEYWORDS: ball bearing, hoop-stress, gyroscopic moment, quasi-static model.
1. INTRODUCTION
For a certain application, the interest of rolling
bearing manufacturers and also of their customers is
to simulate rolling bearing functioning using
computer programs. In such a way, the expensive
tests can be avoided.
A first step in developing a computer program
for simulating the dynamics of rolling bearings is the
quasi-static model. From the quasi-static model, the
rolling elements and races contact angles and contact
loads result.
The influence on the quasi-static parameters of
the so called hoop-stress, created in rolling bearings
due to their press fitting, by the centrifugal expansion
of the shaft and the inner ring, and also by the thermal
expansion of the rolling bearing assembly, is not yet
clear.
Jones [5] pioneered the field of rolling bearing
dynamics, developing a general theory for rolling
bearing arrangements. Harris [4] proposed dynamic
models for single rolling bearings. Both works, [4]
and [5], considered the gyroscopic moment acting on
balls and some hoop-stress, as rolling bearing press
fitting effect on ball and races clearance.
Jorgensen and Shin [6] included the hoop-stress
in the quasi-static model proposed by de Mull et al.
[3]. Anyway, the press fitting of the bearing and the
gyroscopic motion were not included in the model.
2. QUASI-STATIC MODEL
The quasi-static model used by the authors
allows the analysis of ball bearings loaded about five
degrees of freedom (DoF). This model is presented in
[7].
The next assumptions were made: (i) The
rolling bearing analysis is realized to a given moment
of time, this moment of time being considered as
representative for all the running period of the rolling
bearing; (ii) The effect of the lubricant is neglected in
the quasi-static analysis; (iii) The rolling bearing
elements are not deformable, excepting the vicinity of
ball and races contact points, where the material
behave perfectly elastic; (iv) The cage is not included
in the analysis; (v) There are flat contact area between
the balls and the races, and the pressure distribution
on each contact obeys to the Hertz's theory of
98
3. INCLUDING GYROSCOPIC
MOMENTS ACTING ON BALLS
4.1. Method 1
(2)
where:
Qi and Qe represent ball to inner and outer race
contact loads, respectively;
i and e - are ball to inner and outer race contact
angles, respectively;
Fg tangential traction force equilibrating the
gyroscopic moment Mg;
Fc - centrifugal force acting on ball;
Other subscripts:
x, r - refers to the radial direction;
z - refers to the axial direction.
e
Fge
Fger
Qe
Q er
Fgez
Q ez
Fc
Q iz
Q ir
Q i i
Fgiz
Mg
Fgi Fgir
2
32E0
d m Di2 ( 3 + ) + d m2 ( 1 )
is the
PCF =
99
- Poisson's coefficient.
PT = PTSR + 2 PTB PTHR ,
represents the
change of the clearance produced by the thermal
growth of the shaft and inner ring assembly, PTSR ,
of balls, PTBR , and of the outer race and house
assembly, PTH .
PTSR = i (Ti T0 )(d m Dw )
(5)
PTHR = e (Te T0 )(d m + Dw )
(6)
PTB = b (Tb T0 )Dw
(7)
i (e,b ) - linear thermal expansion coefficient of the
inner ring, outer ring, and balls, respectively, in
m/m/0C;
Ti (e,b ) - inner ring, outer ring, and ball temperature,
respectively, in 0C;
T0 - the temperature of the environment, 0C.
Finally, the ball and races free contact angle, ,
is computed as a function of rolling bearing modified
clearance, Pd:
= arccos( 1 Pd / 2 A )
(8)
In [6] it is emphasized that the thermal growth
of the shaft and of the house on the axial direction,
PTSA and PTHA respectively, cannot be neglected.
The change of the initial clearance on the axial
direction, Pe _ initial , is introduced in the computation
of the initial free contact angle, , according to
equations (9), (10), and (11).
(9)
Pe _ initial = 2 A sin( o )
Pe _ final = Pe _ initial PTSA + PTHA
4.2. Method 2
This treating considers that the free contact
angle modifies from its initial values, 0 , to a final
value, F , corresponding to the clearance after the
rolling bearing press fitting. The change in ball and
races contact angles due to the shaft and inner ring
centrifugal expansion and due to the thermal
expansion of rolling bearing elements are included in
the quasi-static model, according to figure 2.
C if
i
C 'i
C bf
C"
i
C ii
C'b
F
0
"
Cb
C bi
(10)
Pe _ final
(11)
2A
Ball and races contact angles are estimated with
de Mull's relationships [3], replacing the free contact
angle, 0 , with the recomputed contact angle, (fig.
2).
The ball / inner ring and ball / outer ring contact
angles, i and e , are given by relationships (12)
and (13), respectively.
l sin ( ) + u z vz
i = arctan 0i
(12)
l0i cos ( ) + u x vr
= a sin
l sin ( ) + vz
e = arctan 0e
(13)
l0e cos ( ) + vr
The axial displacement of the inner rings
center, u z , take into account the axial thermal
__
C ei _ C ef
Fig. 2. Computation of ball and races contact angles.
Cei Cbi = loe
Cef Cbf = le PTB
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
Cii Ci'
Ci'Ci"
Ci"Cif
= PF
(20)
= z PTSA + PTHA
(21)
(22)
Cbi Cb' = PF
loe
loi + loe
(23)
Cb' Cb" = v z
(24)
(25)
100
f 2e
e = arctan
(27)
Where
f1i = l0i sin (0 ) + ( u z PTSA + PTHA ) vz
(28)
v r + PF
l oe + l oi
f1e = l0e sin (0 ) + v z
f 2e = l0e cos (0 ) + vr PTHR + PF
(29)
(30)
loe
(31)
loe + loi
5. RESULTS
For an angular contact steel ball bearing from
7206C series, the results obtained with the simulation
quasi-static model show that there is a strong
influence of the hoop stress and gyroscopic moment
on ball and races contact angles and contact loads,
especially at high speed.
For different axial loads, Fa, and speed
parameter dm x N in the range of (0.5 2) x 106 mm
x rpm, the possible estimation error (PEE) of ball and
races contact loads and contact angles, introduced by
neglecting the hoop stress and the gyroscopic
moment, is presented in table 1.
The next notations are made:
Case 1:
axial force: Fa=500 N=ct;
speed parameter: dm x N (0.5.. 2 x 106)
mm x rpm;
Case 2:
axial force: Fa (200.. 500) N;
speed: N=50000 rpm=ct.
Table 1. Possible estimation error PEE, in %.
PEE %
Parameter
Case 1
Case 2
+
4.5...+11
+
7.8...+8.5
i
e
Qi
Qe
+ 22,9
-5.8...-8.8
+2
+ 26
-4...-8.3
+ 0...3.5
6. CONCLUSIONS
The hoop stress, created by rolling bearing press
fitting, centrifugal expansion of shaft and inner ring
assembly, and thermal growth of rolling bearing
elements, affects the magnitude of ball and races
contact loads and contact angles.
In order to include the effect of the hoop-stress
in the quasi-static rolling bearing analysis model, two
methods are proposed herein.
No matter the running conditions, the hoopstress created by the press fitting of the rolling
bearing on the shaft or into the house change the ball
and races initial contact angle, affecting the quasistatic parameters.
For a speed parameter dm x N >1.0 x 106 mm x
rpm, the gyroscopic moment acting on balls and the
centrifugal expansion of the shaft - inner ring
assembly cannot be neglected in the quasi-static
analysis.
To consider the thermal growth of the shaft rolling bearing house assembly in the quasi-static
model, the temperature of the each element must be
determined.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank their colleague, Dipl.
Eng. Ioan Oancea, for the constructive discussions
they have had on the subject of the existing quasistatic models.
REFERENCES
1. Aramaki H., Shoda Y., Morishita,Y., Sawamoto T., 1988,
The Performance of Ball Bearings With Silicon Nitride Ceramic
Balls in High Speed Spindles for Machine Tools, J. of Tribology,
Trans. ASME, Vol. 110, pp. 693-698.
2. Cretu Sp., Mitu N., Bercea I., 1995, A Dynamic Analysis of
Tapered Roller Bearings under Fully Flooded Conditions, Part
1:Theoretical Formulation, Wear, Vol. 188, pp. 1 -10.
3. de Mull J.M., Vree J.M., Mass D.A., 1989, Equilibrium and
Associated Load Distribution in Ball and Roller Bearings Loaded
in Five Degree of Freedom While Neglecting Friction- Part I:
General Theory and Application to Ball Bearings, ASME J. of
Tribology, Vol. 111, pp. 142-148.
4. Harris T.A., 2001, Rolling Bearing Analysis. Fourth Edition,
John Wiley &Sons, pp. 1086.
5. Jones A.B., 1960, A General Theory for Elastically Constrained
Ball and Radial Roller Bearings under Arbitrary Load and Speed
Conditions, ASME J. of Basic Eng., Vol. 82, pp. 309-320.
6. Jorgensen B.R., Shin, Y.C., 1997, Dy
7. namics of Machine Tool Spindle/ Bearing Systems Under
Thermal Growth, ASME J. of Tribology, Vol. 119, pp. 875-882.
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