2 UDC 621.181,02.001.2:539.431 Edition April 1975 Technical Rules | Caledlation for eyetie loading eee \ for | due to pulsating internal pressure TRO 201 Steam Boilers or combined changes of internal pressure riddell (TRO) and temperature sign | facture, design, equipment, erection and testing as well as the operation ef steam boilers. They are prepared and updated ording to the most recent technical developments by Tecimical Rules for Steam Boilers (TRO) reflect the present state of the safety requirements for the materisis, manu: Deutscher Dampfkessel-Ausschu8 (ODA). The TRO sheets are published on behalf of “Deutscher Damptkestelousschud” by mission of the publshers partially plastic detormation, 1, Scope 2. Design values and units 3. Individual stresses inout the prior written} 1. Scope 1.1. This Annex 1 to TRO 301 shall apply to checks of cal- culations for campenents which were dasigned in accordsnce with TRO 301, in respect of cyclic laadings which are caus ed due to internal pressure, en the one hand, and due to radial ternperature differentials during sarv-up (heating-up] and shut-down (cooling down), on the other hand, ia the areas subjectad to maximum loading thereby"! It is assumed that on components subjected t0 pressure and temperature the maximum locat peak stresses occur on the inside of the edges of openings or on branches in cylindri cal shells. Additional forces and moments of a significant magnitude shail be separately calculated (design cules in preparation) 3m may be reproduce racopring, recording, or otherwise, ) 3g The design rules following hereafter will be supplemented = 2 inasmuch a new knowledge i gained. 34] 12. The calculation shall be based on the actual dimensions g © of the respective companent of the installation which shall 2 be aatermined by alternate meaturng. Ifthe actual wall 4 thickness unkown, the probable wal thickest shall be 38 ccatcutated as follows: 5 if ane wall thickest ¢y is mean wall thicknesr, then the design wall thickness shall be taken as sp = se . If Sy isa minioum wall thickness, then éy © 1,15 + s shall be used for seamless cylindrical shells, and sp = Se + 1 for welded shells made of plate2! Alle At the same time, the following shall apply, depending on d; or dg, whichever is the nominal diameter: de = tty d= d,—2ey dy = 05 Ide +d) 11 Explanations are being prepsred. 2) Tho factor of 1.18 is sbaut half tha plu tolerance of 26 % for {uber veh emia wal thicknete Vereinigung der Technischen Uberwachungs-Vereine V., Essen Transtaced by: Fochverband Damptkessel-, Behilter- und Roheleitungsbau e.V. Dusseldorf If there is any doube regarding the interpretstion of this sheet, the German wording shall govern. Preliminary note ‘The calculation for cyclic loading shall be governed by local peck stresses, For static loading, these are only indirectly accounted for by the mean stress and the related efficiency coefficients which take inta consideration Tienited and Contents \ 4, Total stress candition 5, Allowable stresses and load cycles 6, Superimposing of different load cycles 41.3. For calculation purposes, the following shall be defined as governing temperature 9” during 2 start-up and shutdown period (load cycle) under consideration; Sab $0730-4) = 07584025 8 a Al temnperature-dependent values shall be referred to this governing cycle temperature 8° for the respective load eyclea). 1.4. Because of the approximately linear dependence of stresses on the governing internal pressure p*, the caleulation Of the allowable temperature differentials may be limited to solely the twa points of the minimum and the maximum pressure of the load cycle under consideration. Intermesi- ate values shall be obtained by linear interpolation, 2. Design values and units Cf, TRO 301, Section 2. 3. Individual Stresses 3.1. Ideal-elastie mechanical hole-edge stresses 3.1.1. The maximum hole-edge stress for cylindrical shells with vertical Branches shall be determined by using the following ceatin: Sip = Bnet Ge (21 For the stress concentration factor Gm the following shall apply: an ana hae (31 2 For material erapartie ef VOI Raguation 3728. [THis sheet shal ‘only apply Ta conjunetion with TRO G00 and TAD SOT and, together wich TAO 300, ie replaces tha ‘September 1972 adition of TRO 301, Annex 1, (Copyright OTS7E by VolkansVerisg, P.O.Box 7088, «200 Exen 1| Phas seed Fens 2780 300 Symbol Derign Value Unit i Pa ‘Dynami pressure drop e {Pressure drops due to friction, acceleration, deflection, ate.) e Test pressure: N/mm? r Radius fam | : Fequired wall thickness of main body with holes or other openings, mm \ and with allowances | se ‘Actual wall thickness mm i 5 Wall thickness of main body, without hols or other openings, om j and without allowances j Ligament effcianey, Weld factor -- | Area mm? Modulus of elasticity N/mm? 1 Force N i ‘Shear modulus Némm2 t Second moment of area. mm4 | Design strength value Nien? Moment N/mm? Safety factor -- Safety factor, during presture test Outof-roundiness Elongation (gauge length Design temperature Poisson's ratio = 0,3 for st Angle Stress Mean stress Longitudinal stress Circumferential stress Stress intensity oul Allowable stress under static loads But Allowable stress under eyclic loads Be Minimum value for tansile strength at 20°C. B5/s00c00/8 Mean valu for rep rupture rng for 100000 hours at desgn temperature Minimum value for ereep rupture strength for 100000 hours at desin temperature 8 (8 /so0000/0 = 0-8 Bey so0c09/0) Mean value for creep rupture strength for 200000 hours at design temperature BSUS ESP CQOTATA MMS Seproo000is Saroceoora Bereono00i9 Minimum value for ereep rupture strength for 200000 hours at design Nim temperature 8 (9 r2noo0n/e = 0:8 Bay200000/8} Bs inimum value for yield strength at 20 °C Nien? eo Fey (Bo210) yum value for proof stress at design tomperature ® Nima? } Bu9 Minimum value for proof stress (1%) at dosign temperature 3 Nim 8 s N/mm? = 10 bar = 10.2 atm, = 0,102 kgtimm2 Table 2: Marks above and blow symbols ‘as well 2s the generally recognized rules of engi practice are duly complied with. “ee pesnint. 3.2. Loadings occurring during the operation of steam boi- ‘Above symbol * | Maximum value, eg. B Ters and exceeding normal magnitudes shall be taken inta ‘Above symbel v | Minimum value, e.g. account by satisfying special raquiremants (See alzo TRD Above symbol —| Mean value, eg o 001, Section 2). ‘Above symbol ~ | Pulsatit eg. 0 3.3. Deviations from the TRD sheets are possible if by other Nea ee site ete te = fa means, 0.9. bY means of material testing, experiments, stress i eaning to presare test, | Setar o lr methods proof can be renee that the ae i fafety requirements are being met (See alo TRD 001, Below symbol Numerics index, 0.9. M1 on 3. General 4, Required wall thicknesses 3.1, It is a prerequisite for using the TRD sheets of Series 300 that TRO 001 and, for the selection of materials and ‘their processing, the TRO sheets of Series 100 end 200 oe ‘The required wall thickness sis determined for the various components in, aocofdance with the TRO sheets of Series 200, It shall. amas specified at all points of the component.Fei 5. Calculation for predominantly static toading due to internal and external pressure Referonce is madi to the respective TRO of Series 200. 6. Calculation for cyclic loading tue to pulsating internal pressure or combined changes of internal Pressure and temperature Reference is made to the respective TRO sheets of Series 300, especially to TRD 201, Section 6, 7. Design pressure 7.4. For steam generators the design pressure p shall be the allowable working pressure py. Upon the determination of design pressure p, hydrostatic pressures in excess of 0.05 N/m? shall be taken into account at ther full magnitude 7.2. For hot weter generators the design pressure p shall be the allowable total pressure p2 7.3. For once-through bolies ~ deviating from parss 7.1. and 7.2. above ~ the design pressura for the various boiler components shall be the maximum working pressure which can be expected in them at the allowable working pressure and the allowable rate of steam generation, or at the allo: wabla total pressure and the parmissbie heat afficiancy respectively, 7.4, For boiler components which are simultaneously sub: jected to internal and external pressure, eg. for desuper heaters in boil drums, the calculation may be conducted vith the design pressure according to Table 3, provided that itis ensured that both pressures aways occur simultaneous Table 3: Design pressure pat simultaneously effective inteenal and external pressure Allowabie working pressure p, or allowable tocal pressure rosprectively, Design pressure in bar | bale P1,0¢ pa, <10 | Ropeetey the pressure dif 210 ferential, but at least 1.0 Table 4: Reference temperatures and temperature allowances Page 3 TRO 300 ly. When dimensioning the boiler components, the stress shall be taken into account to which they are subjected during hydrostatic testing. See also para 9.5, 7.8. For superheated steam lines connected up to the steam F outlet side, the design pressure p shall be the maxi- ‘mum pressure against which adequate sefeguarding is pro- vided by pressure relief devices, 8. Design temperature 8.1. The design temperature is composed of the reference temperature and the temperature sllowance. The tempera- ture allowances shall be regarded ss minimum values, 8.2. For circulation boilers the reference temperatures and the temperature allowances shall be taken from Table 4 8.3. For once-through boilers the reference temperature shall be the maximum temperature of the flowing medium which can be expected for the various components under operating conditions. The temperature allowances accor- 30 mm, Furthermore, it will not apply where the ‘walls are adequately protected. 10.2.2. Differing from para 10.2.1. above, a highor allo wance ca shall be agraed upon between the manufacturer | 2g. OIN 1543 for Boller plate, and the dimensional stipulations (of DIN 17478 for seamless steal tubes for high temperature so Wee, and the user where more severe mechanical wear or cherni- cal attack must be anticipated. In such cases the magnitude of allowance cp shall be specified in the drawing 10.2.3. For austenitic steels and non-ferrous metals the wear allowance cg shell be agreed upon between the manu: facturer and the user. In these cases the magnitude of atlo- wance cz shall be specified in the drawing. Otherwise, 2 =0 shall be assurmed to apply. 10.2.4, Where differing information is contained in the respective TAD sheets of Series 900, such deviations shall ‘govern, 11, Allowable minimum wall thickness / Maximum, wall thickness Refarance ismade to the respective TRO sheets of Series 00. 12, Literature Information is contained in the respective TRO sheets ofUDE 621.181.02,001.2:539.4 Edition April 1979 ‘Technical Rules ae ) foe Cytintial sets TROD 201 Steam Boilers ister ie Design (TRD} : Frey echnical Rules for Steam Boilers (TRO) reflect the present stata of eatery requirements for the moterials, man. Seeore, design, equmant, erection and testing as wll as the operation Of steam boilers, They are prepered wa oon according to the mast racent tachniesl developments by Deuticher Campttessel-Ausschut (DAI, i: The TAD sheets are published on behsif of “Deutscher Dampikesselausschul” by 8 Vereinigung der Technischen Oberwachungs-Vereine #.V., Essen z z Translaced by: 1. Scope 2. Design values and units 3. General 4, Required wall thicknesses 5. Calculation for predominantly static loading due to internal presture 6. Calculation for cyclic leading due to pulsating internal pressure or combined changes of internal pressure and temperature 7. Calculation pressure 1.1. The design rules contained herein (1) apply to eylinds eal shalls with end without openings (tubes, drums, zediment Z vessels, headers, shells, sections, ete] under internal pres. sure, for which the ratio ds; 1.7. Furthermore, diameter ratios of dg/d; up to 2.0 hall Be acceptable whare the wall thickness 5, 80 mm, 1.2. Primarily, the design rules shall apply to ductile materi als (55 B 14 %)"). Also, for designs in accordance with Fig § to 6, they may be applied to less ductile materials if 5 the lesser ductility is accounted for by 8 higher safety face tor (see TAD 200, Table 6) and the wall thickness af the main body 5, S50 mm, 1.3. The design rules only consider strestes caused by inter- pal pressure. Additional forces and moments of a signifleant Magnitude shall be separately considered2), In this ease the boiler manufacturer shall specify the magnitude of ihe forces and moments and prove that they have been taken into consideration. WK mare camorehensva definition of avetliy i envisaged 2) Oouion rules ace bang prepared, Table 1: Design values with symbols and units, Fachverband Damptkessel, Behar. und Rebrleitungsbau e.V, Dilsseldort Wf there is any doubt regerding the interpretation of this shest, the German warding shall govern Contents 8. Design temperature 8, 10, mW 12, 13. Annex 1 ~ Calculation for cyclic leading due to pultsting Internal pressure or combined changes of internal pressure and temperature Annex 2 ~ Caleulati Allowable stress Wall thickness allowances Allowable minimum wall thicknesses Maximum wall thickness for boiler tubes Literature of tube bends System vibrations are not covered by the following calcu: fations, They would have to be encountered, for example, by design measures, 1.4. On cylindrical shells without openings, the design esl culations for which are mace under thete rules, and apply jing the given safety factors, an insignificent yielding will only oceur within the renge of non-time-dependent design strength values. On cylindrical shells with openings, the areas of maximum exposure, especially upon initia loading, may be subject to plastic deformation whieh, with these sign rules applied, will remain within tolerable limits 2) 1.8. TRD 306 shall apply to eylindeical shells under external pressure. 2, Design vatues and units ‘See TRO 300,, Section 2, Furthermore, Table 1 shall appiy. Cylindcical shale om whieh deformations must be a. because of 9 4 i Symbot Design value Voit ey ‘Theimal diffusivigy at 0” ramn2/min with 2 thermal conductivity, 4! Wik =dfmsk) @ tue specific heat capactty,4) and kak density’) 6-107, kg/mm? Tete inthe thermal dtr 9g-S=107 6 ‘The numerical factor results from using the standardized units for A, ¢, ane p. [This sheet shall only appiy Ta conjunction with TRO SOOT l and 18 19 TRO ar Conyrlane © 1960 by Vulkan-verieg, POBox 102962, 4200 Exzen 1 replaces the April 1875 edition; Amandmants No. 14, 16) incorogratedPage 2 TAO 301 of allowances Symbol Design value Unie by th of reinforcement pads me 4 Wall thickness allowance to account for wail thickness under-tolerances mm 4 Allowance for corrosion and wear mm 4, ‘Outside diameter of eylindrical shell om @ Inside diameter of cylindrical shel! mm dy Mean diameter mm die Outside diameter of a branch fo on Diameter of openings, or inside diemeter of branches; for elliptic openings — | mm the axis in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the shell on Maximum length of a branch which is effective as compensation mm 8G Maximum length of main body which is effective as compensation mm 4 Outofroundness factar - fh Assessment factor for supporting ability of pad or rib shaped reinforcement | mm under predominantly static loading fk Costficient for temperaturedependent values f Factor to account for influence of surface _ fe Factor to account for influence of root gep _ je: LLenath of eylindrieal projection on main body mom he Length of eytindricat projection on branch men bes Actual length of ceintorcament on branch mm be Length of inward projection of reinforcement on branch, mm . Envisaged or likely expected of allowable number of cyelie loads for = specific lad eyele, a Maximum number of cyclic loads until crack formation, tor specitie _ load cycle ’ Governing internal pressure for catculation in accordance Nie? with Annex 1 t0 this TRO 4 Design wall thickness for calculation in accordance with Annex 1 mm to this TRO 8 Wall thickness of main body. with openings, and without allowances ram A Required wall thickness for branches, with allowances mm a Wall thickness of branches, without allowances men tae ‘Actual wall thickness of branches om te Minimum throet thickness of fillet weld mm 5 Thicknass of reinforcing pad : mm 1 Distance between centres of adjacent openings in the axial direction mm e tonsa pen a Distance between centres of adjacent openings in the circumferential ram direction, referred to wall centre, without allowances {cireurnferential pitch) | " Distance between centres of adjacent openings, offset by angle y, mm Feferres to wall centre, without allowances 4 Diameter ratio d4/¢} — v Efficiency coefficient for 2 single opening oe 4 Ligament efficiency for rows of holes and arrays of holes oe vn Weld joint factor oe ws Rate of temperature change for fluid or wall in quasi-staticcondition vn {> 0) Rate of temperature change at beginning of startup from minimum, essitg B or smallest rate of temperature change during startup for p to B , respectively vor ($0) Rate of temperature change at beginning of shut-down from maxi- K/min mum pressure 2, oF numerically smaliest rate of temperature chenge ‘ducing shut-down trom 5 to pe respectively Ay Pressure loaded area, without consideration of allowances mm? A Cross-sectional area, effective as compensation without consideration. m2 oOPa 37R0 301 ° Degree of exhaustion due to resp and fatigue — & Modulus of elasticity at 9° 50 Safety agtinst exhaustion due to ereep and fatigue & Load cycle safety ae u Out-ofroundness of cylindrical sll % « Strat concantrtion fector for simplified calculation fr eye loading — % Steess concentration taetor for bending strates — &n Stress concentration factor for membrane stresses, _ with consideration of dimensions ono Strass concentration factor for membrene sverteswith consideration of design | — ” Serass concentration factor for thermal stresses — fo Differential near thermal expansion coeffcane®) at 0° VK 7 Ratio — Allowable stress range for unnotshed bars Nimm2 \deal-lastic total hole edge stress, Nim? Allowable upper stress or maximum value for oy Némm2 Allowable lower ste oF minimum value for Nima? } Ideaelastic hole edge rss de to interna presse Win? Minimum vatue for ojp (Begin of start-up) Némen2 | to Maximum value for cip (Begin of shut-down) N/mm? ong Absolute maximum value foro, at working gauge pressure p, lon ae leeaeacticthecmal stress at hale edge Nien? cy Mean nominal stress without consideration of openings N/mm? fos Mean stressin ligament between two adjacent openings, 2 angle vg, Nira felatve to axis of main body vs Anglé of eonnseting line berween two openings, ralatve to exiset ms degrees , 8 Shape factor fea * Angle of incination of branch, relative to generate of enn body | doscees Yar | Angle of inctination of anc, relative to tangent on cieaumferenvl degrees lice of main body v Governing temperature for calculation in ac ordancewith Annex t tothisTRO | °C a Momentary temperature at Internal fibre “c een Momentary mean temperature of cross-section °c | é Maximum temperature of fluid °c ee Minimurn temperature of flu °c | ae Difference between Bn, and 3 K | 0m Quasistatic temperature sitference K ae Allowable reduced stress rango, or tue stress range of respectively N/mm? an Allowable scess range for bars with a technically rough surface Nima Please nate thac in all ilusrations the wall thickness is shown without slowence i 3. General 3.1. Where applicable, th for eylindsical shells without openings 3.2. For eylingricat shel the main body can be accounted for by the following mea- [1]. by an increased wall pared with that of ‘or other openings. 7 least upto a distoncs si the opening, as shown in Fig. 1, ae (2) by branches which, joint etticiency shall be considered lls with openings, the efficiency of Regd Bog Kee Il thickness of the main body, com- the cylindrical shell without hales ‘hiswell thickness shall be present at 2 of eg, measured from the edge of over a length of (43 ~ measured —Fig.t: Reinforcement by increasing the from the exterior wall of the main body — have been the main body with opening LL wall thickness ofPena 4 TRO 201 made with @ wall thickness in excess of that required (on account of the internal pressure, without or in cone ‘ection with an increased wall thickness of the main body, as shown in Fig. 2 to 4. The welded joint bet- ween the main body and the branch shall be full Hrength, where @ residual gap on the root side of < 1.5 mm may be present for branches in accordance with Figure 3. A wall thickness ratio of a0 /5y up to 2 shall be allowable for dai < 50 mm. This shall apply also to branches with da; > 0mm, provided the diameter ratio daild) is € 0.2. For branches with da; > 50 mm and ¢ diameter ratio of daild; > 0.2 the ratio saq/s, shall ‘not exeed the value of 1. These requirements do not apply to sccess and i spection openings. Expanded or setin and only seal welded branches which are attached to the main body by means of fillet welds having a residual gap of more than 1.5 mm on the root side shall not be considered a8 contributing to the reinforcement, The cylindrical fength of branches up to the weld shall be fo # Sy OF tag > sag respectively, see Figures 2 through 4, For branches with dai/d; > 0.7 that are calculated with Proof stress values at elevated temperatures, refer to Section 5.3.7. For branches calculated with ereep rupture values, the requirement shall be das/d) < 0.8 anda) > en. For daild; > 0.5 the condition saq > s, additionally be met, Generally, special emphasis shall be placed on smooth ‘rarsitions. Wall thickness transitions shall be made at an angle of © 30°, a6 shown in Figures 2 through 4. ‘The reinforcement of openings by means of internally welded rings or pads respectively is unacceptable, ail shalt a by increasing the thickness of the highly loaded zones within the area of the opening, as shawn in Figures 5 ‘and 6, which can be achieved by forging, er by forging and subsequent machining. Reinforcement by secthrough and full penetration welded branch Fig. 4: Reinforcement Fi Design a = (| E Cy Design b Fig. 3: Reinforcement by welded-on branch af £208 2 main body | | A! Neat jd | | ~! i by branch welded to extruded L) Fig. S: Die forged branch 6: Branch, forged from solid material, and subsequently ored and turnedeg Fig. 7: Opening with reinforcing pad (allowable for 9 << 250°C} Design a Design» Fig. 8: Opening with rafntorcing pad and set-through full penetration welded branch (welds shown for ey. lindrical shells providing access from inside) (4) by reinforcing pads, as shown in Figures 7 and 8, These {ypes shall only be usd for design temperatures of '§ 250°C, Annex 1 to this TRO shall not apply to this {ype of design, Reinforcing pads chall have close contact with the main body. At the most, their width con sidered as contributing to the reinforcement (Figures 7 and 8) shall be introcuced into equation (10) at b, = 6. The thickness s, of such reinforcements shall not be introduced into the calculation ata value exceeding the actual wall thickness ¢ of the main body. Such reinforcements have little effect to encounter beading moments acting upon a branch welded to an opening ‘3. The differing effectiveness of reinforcements shall be sccounted for in the calculation, using the assessment factor A according ta Table 2. 34. In the case of elliptical access and inspection openings ic is assumed that the ratio becween the major and the minor axis does not exceed 1.5. For elliptical openings i ction of the generatrix is usd as the design diameter, (For oblique nozzles tefer to Sections §.2, and 5.5), 2S: The calculation procedure assumes the existence of a largely notchtree surfaceS), Edges shall be rounded. 3.8: Openings shall be located at an adequate distance from the ‘welds (longitudinal or circumferential welds) of the main body. The distance shall be cagarded as adequate, if the outer edge of @ oranch or ¢ welded reintorcemant a¢ 2 ‘wall thickness of the main body-of sy 25 mm shows distance of 2. sy and atleast 50mm at sy > 28 mm from che ‘adge of the weld, eit shall Be considered as largely noteh-ree If they are ree {fom undercutting and rect notches Shallow seating Seance eee ‘hall not come under the term “uncarsectog™ Poge 5 TRO 201 I" = for dasign reasons ~ this distance must be reduced, this shall be allowable only for welds wich, within the area of opening influence, are subjected to non-destructive testing and then meet the requicementof vy © 1. Production ed. Furthermore, the cover pass of the weld within the area of the opening shall be ground te Feegarding the weld factor vi, longitudinal and ciccumferential welds shall be treated identicely in this case, Extruding shail be allowable only at dail, < 0.8, waver, those calculated with creep rupture strengeh Yalues shall be allowable only at dai/c S07, In the eae of extruding it shall be made sure that he actwal sna thickness will not significantly differ from the wall thick. ‘ness specified in the drawing and that on which the cates tation is bated, Regarding the efficiency coefficient va to be considered in the calculation, reference is made to Sectiny 5.3.3. Furthermore, reference is made to Section 8 ragere, ing Hlanged-out branches which ace eslculated with creep rupture strength values, 3.8. The imposed restrctions in respect of extruded branch shall nat apply to forged branches accocding to Figures § and &, provided that the material accumulations imputed ‘thereby can be ensured too. 4, Required wall thicknesses ‘The required wall thickness shall be estate or i} het ete where s oF ey shell epply tot 5a0 te connected nozzles. respectively, 2 '# main body, and sq and Fer verifying the calculation for completed components With the wall thickness sy of sas, Bene o a i shall be used, 5. Calculation for predominantly static loading due to internal pressure®? 5.1. Cylindrical shalls without opening 5.11, The wall thickness without ellowsnces shall be Ab te é Coan =e Fi i Ca) Equations (5) and (6) will only produce identical results when using dnd 2s, ro SE Cea = ay rer TS 5.2. Cylindrical shells with oblique single branch 5.2.1. The calculation procedure outlined hereunder shal be allowable if angle Y, & 45°, a shown in Fig, 9 Geneve. 51 In all gatas the calculation shalt be made in sccordanea with he eheory of the oiaximum shear avers, Por ae ganesh In eesrcince with the mathod of tne compen Sate Sale ta esl seoroewic Figure according We Pires Beet 18 tall septPage 6 TRO 301 ly, in the case of an oblique branch without or with an additionally applied reinforcement, a direct calculation of the walt thickness of the main body is impossible because of the variety of parameters, Provisionally, the wall thick ‘ness Sy must be assumed on the basis of experience, and the Correctness of the assumption must be checked. 5.2.2. With the pressure loaded ares Ay (single hatched) and the cross sectional areas considered 8 contributing to reinforcement Ag {cro:s hatched), the strength stipulation for Zone I in Fig. 9 shall be — it Aan eT Aa a=o 4 +3) Son (3) whereas for Zone It in Fig. 9 it shall be Z As 1 a ~lnamatrs +) Sem (9) Fig, 9: Oiagram of stresses for e cylindrical shell with oblique branch ‘At the most, the lengths considered as contributing to the reinforcement may be used for the main body at oe VGFaS and for the nozzie et eo (1402588) aah 1 @ nozzle section protruding inwards, only the share Of (a2 5 0.5 @q shall be introduced into the calculation 3s ‘the length contributing to the reinforcement, ‘The assessment factor f, shall be taken from Table 2, The wal thickness sy determined by means of equation (8) or {9} shall not be fess than tha wall thickness so which is re- Quilted for the cylindrical shell without openings and with: out allowances, (10) my 5.2. If the main body, the branch, and the reinforcement consist of materials with different allowable stress, and if the lowest allowable stress ogy applies to the materiel of the main body, that stress shall govern for the calculation of the entire design, provided thst the ductility of the branch and the reinforeement is not significantly lower") than that of the main body. 7) Oiitecences of up to 4 % in the elongation of the maceiels wed for main body, branch, and reinfarcemant are rst reporsee as / aniline giferences in the ductility of the materisls proves 85 14% may not be exceoded (Cr. Sack. 12) 5.2.4. If the allowable stress ojy for the mater branch, or ogy for the material of the additional rein- forcemant is less than ogy for the material of the main body, then dimensioning may be made on the basis of the Strength stipulation for Zone I, i, (ea -$) et (tu 2) aer + bir —B)n-asee. and for Zona secrdigty, a2 5.3. Cylindrical shells with single opening and single vert cal branch 5.3.1. Fer the single opening with a vertical branch and an ‘additionat reinforcing pad Zones | and II in Fig, @ become symmetrical. For materials with identical allowable stress, Equation (8) is used for the calculation, Where materials with different allowable stress are used, Sections 5.2.3. and 5.2.4, shall apply. 5.3.2. For the single opening with a vertical branch without additional reinforcement, strength requirement otha eee shall apply. Where materials with different allowable stresses are used, Sections 5.2.3, and §.2.4, shall apply. ‘The langths considered as contributing to the reinforcement shall be determined by means of Equations (10) and (11). Where for extruded branches the preswure-ioaded areas Ay ‘and the cross-sectional areas Ag contributing to the rein forcement are determined as for welded-on OF set-througn branches, i.e. without any consideration of the extrusion radii, then the cross-sectional areas Ag contributing ta the reinforcement shell be multiplied by 0.9 in order to take account of the los in cross-section due to the normal forming operations. If, however, the areas Ap and Ag have ‘been determined exactly (9. by planimetering) the factor of 0.8, need not be used $) Soy (13) 5.3.3. The wall thickness of the main body conferming to Equation (13) may also be calculated os for which purpose theefficiency coefficient for non extruded branches va for sy/d <0.05 may be taken from Figure 10, Intermediate values shall be interpolated, Figures 11 to 16 are suitable for checking the calculations for completed Sesigns, (Please note the differences between Fig. 10 and Figures 11 t0 16, regarding the different reference values 4y and go). Inall cases the figures apply to identical materials ‘used for main body and branch. For extruded branches the va value shall be multiplied by 0.., to take account of the loss in cross-sectional area when applying the usual forming methods, 5.3.4. For equal allowable stresses of the materials of main body and brench, the efficiency coefficient may also be calculated as dicho tet et st Ge Ge tot not Bly ts) + (5)Pate 77RD 20 For sold = 0.08 as per Fig, 12, full agreement result for the elticlency coetficiet as per Equation (15) and those 26 ger Fig, 10 and 11. For sy/di < 0.05 the calculation may oro luce slightly higher values then as per Fig, 10 and 11, ig gaits of doubt, the value determined in accordance with Equation (15) shall govern, finer the main body and the branch consist of moterals paving different allowable stresses, Sections 5.2.3, nds 9 Aull sonly. Fallowing Equation (12), the efficeney cost ficient resules in Sa a 4 eet pero ean cree Fig. 17: Diagram of stresses for a branch with conical asta Sa ue ttansitions and fillets tA, +, The method tor determining the well thickness shall be branches at the angle of wa with the generatrix, shown in ated in the documents of the preliminary examination. Fig. 18 and 18, the strength stipulation in such case being — wich Te gtlney concent shall apply te branches aya Ps All eorns)+14,-424,, which are flush with the interior wali ‘of the main body, 2 feat dar hex 2 thsou a7 ER Gleulation purposes, ctagonal oF ciccumferentiel pie GREE ar feduced to a longitudinal pitch, where the prow Gated prea Dag in the mrengtn stipulation according re toe Tost eee 28 Eauation (13) shall be used Beste F4U8Sh (17) wl be conected by tetany he fact that the diamater of the apening inthe min bee (14001) may be < das, the value of day shall be uted inthe cole? lation. S53. For branches in accordance with Fig, § and 6, or for simile: desis, the calculation shall be mace 9 per cute fon (13). For this purpose, drawings shall be produced which ave suitable for planimetering, When conducting the com parative calculation of areas, caniesl transitions end round, {ngs shall be replaced by identical cross-sectional areas, a4 shown in Fig. 17, o, 5317. For branch pipes with did; > 0.7. and simultane. Ously Saalsy < dale), that are calculated with provt serece values at elevated temperatures, the following additional Zendition in the cross-section perpendicular to the axis of 2 the main body within ihe wansion tore of te wait est n fontormanee with Eauation (16), the efficiency cost ‘and the branch shall be complied with NCAT may be determined 2s follows: 2 eos? PF (Ay (cosy) +24,,424,,] Asa gil Aas + Bh A a) Hae 5 (Ape (earPe24, fae wa + So, (156) Tey Seas a When verifying completed components, the actual well thickness shall be used in Equation (158) for the trensivion zone in place of sy, Where the main body and the branches are made from Tans s having cifferent allowable stress values, the lowest 6.4.3, For a jacent openings or branches with identical di. value for ogy shall be used in Equation (18) ‘Raters, made of materials with identical sllowable stresaa, jad with a centre distance ¢, which isles than that accord, Sct Cylindrical shells with multiple openings and branches Ing to Equation igh the mean stress Gin the cross. S4-1. Adlacent opanings or branches shal be regarded as single openings or single branches, ifthe relation Wa(Gten)+(B bnu) 2G TOE ye) a F Aellbeeadesa,Pogo 8 TRO 201 "dy gi-———->4 itor 5.46. In cases where tubes with an outside diameter of da, are attached to the openings and, because of thelr wall thickness ¢a0, can only be subjected to internal pressure, the resulting mean leading will be BPW CO) ty oo Ug — au) FE S20 Applying the ligament efficiency 2! — das) NV nen het at a QO whats Saga] Aa a= P| : e hae (22) Fi 18 Aciecnt opening with diferent branch amgtart for longing pteh (va =O), and i {shown for vq =0) ied) na kent gy (231 | Tonghncdin for a circumferential pitch (ya = 90°), the resting wal Ceaacey ara thickness will be { dup = &” We pyw (24) 2. For arays of holes with a symmetrically staggered arrange. OY g ‘ment, te vs value shall be the lowest igoment aficiensy ES taken from Fig, 21 for circumferential, longitudinal or din 5s seraligemane 3 5.4.7. The method used to determine the wall thicknese shall be specified in the documents of preliminary examineti te | aa BE. Crate salt win wach unten arranged Fis: 18: Adjacent openings itn diffrent branch diemeters 5.5.1. In the case of eylingsicl shells (Fig. 22) partial views (shown as development} 8 and b on which the branch is not arranged in 3 radial ction, ut at the angle Way with the tangent to the main body, the higher loading may occur in the lateral section (Fig. 22) partial view a or in the longitudinal Section (Fig, 22) parcial view b. In both cases the strength Stipulation as per Equation (13) shall epply, with the areas 2 ae Ag and Ag, as shown in the illustrations, to be used in the 5s i caleulston, eB + “ At ee ay « a mos, the ngs conered ws contbuing tothe |g SBN Se ‘inorrent may Be esnleed fore eBoy - j—t accordance with Equation (10), and for the branch in accor- @! son th Saunton a Ve Oe 5.5.2. The wall thickness aq of the branch shall not exceed the well thickness s, of the main body. The weld between the main body and the branch shall be full strength Tongitudinel 45 indicated in Fig, 22, irection 5.6. Cylindrical shells with Y_ shaped branch® 56.1. Cylindrical shells with 2 Y shaped branch may be made as forgings (os per Fig, 23), or as a welded design (eg. 88 per Fig, 24), with Yq 2 45° The strength stipulations for the two zones | and It (Fig. 23 Shag ng, main Body shall exist onal sis up toa length and 26) whieh eee regarded as endangered, shall be Of ag according to equation {10}, measured from the edge i of the openings ($8 +4) seu (25 EERE: For arrays of holes the strength considerstion shall for Zone |. or be conducted for the ligaments extendingin the longitudinal, foosiny trential and alagonal direction, with the maximum > Ty dan ruts folowing hereafter wil be supplemented in #8 teadicg €@ govern the cimensioning of wall thickness 2), "ues, fatemion heey Fig. 20: Adjacent openings with different centre distances (shown as development)og o| 07 igament efficiency ° ° oa 02] ome (atiag respectively, and for Zone Il 03 08 Page 9 TRO-01 Jongitudinel eae eae direction clrcumterentiat direction Os 08 07 oe as +0. halt Fla. 21: Ligament efficiency for hole arrays witha symmetrically staggered arrangement (26) (27 At the most, the lengths considered as contributing to the feinforcement may be introduced into the caleulation according to Equation (10) for the main body, and accord ing to Equation (31) for the branch, 5.6.2. A fin shaped reinforcement shall be attached to the main body and the branches with 2 full strength weld, For the width 6, of apply. the reinforcement fin, 5, 1.5 mm 50 (on the root side) 10) The sitowable fatigue strength uncer aulsting setts By hae been Gerived from Fig. 8 of Annex t to (his TAD ee ae 10000 and’ 9° = 250," for egmmornts within the sturmee Beam range, and 3° = 40050 tor components wake ne Superhested earn songg Page 11 TRO 301 For parts in contact with water ~ in view of the protect: ive magnetite coating ~ also the condition of a 3p © 500 N/mm? shall be met, apart from the stipulation of ‘equation (29) 6.2.8, For eylindrical shells with openings which either do ot meet the requirements of section 6.2.2., or which have 10 met requirements differing from thos stipulaeed in section 6.2.1,, the allowable number of load cycles n shail be determined in eccordance with Annex 1 to this TRO. (section 5.2.), without consigering the thermal stresses. ln ‘his calculation the wall thickness sy shall be used instead Of the design wall thickness s» defined in Annex 1 to this TAD, 6.24. The intended number of load cycles shall be speck fied in the documentation for the preliminary anelytic Checks if it differs from the stipulstions of Section 6.2.1. 8.3. Calculation for eyctie losding due to combined chances of internal pressure and temperature ‘The calculation shall be conducted only for those compo nents which restrict the mode of operation of a boiler sallstion, 53.1. The allowable startup and shutdown rates for the cylingricsl components which shall only meet the stipu- lations of Section, 6.2.1. shall be determined in accordance ‘with the relation of Yor mar =A Sai Bo (30) 4p this calculation Gy shall be used in accordance with Fig. 25 or 26, and fz in accordance with Table 4. For cam. Ponents in contact with water the additional requirements shall be a Yor S227 fa ph, SO an ra | 200 Yer 22 te (32) 6.3.2. Annex 1 to this TRO shall be used for cylindrical shells with openings if (1) an inadequate startup and shut-down rate results in aceardance with section 6.3.1., oF (2) the calculation must be based on other numbers of load cycles than those specified in section 6.2.1., ar (3) knowledge of the temperature differences is req) for the supervision of components. ed 6.3.3. The allowable temperature change rates or tempera: ture differences, respectively, and the temperature measur: ing points on the components shall be specified in the docu- mentation for the preliminary anaiytie examination, Table 4: Coefficient 4219 Saturated ‘Superheated | steam steam temperature temperature range range §$330°c__|330 <5 s 530 °c| Ferritic steels 4 82 K 20CrMov 121 66 53 Austenitic steels 28 30 7. Caloulation pressure . See TRO 300, Section 7, 8. Design temperature ‘See TRO 300, Section 8, 9. Allowable stress See TRO 300, Section 9. Furthermore, it must be noted that in the case of extruded bbrenches, for the esleulation of which creep rupture strength Values are used, the value for K in equation (1) of TRO 300 shall be multiplied by 0,9, {in the calculation for cyclic loadings, the stipulations of Annex 1 to this THO shall apply in respect of the allowable stresses, 10, Wail thickness allowances ) See TRO 360, Seetion 10. 10.1, Allowance for allowable wall thickness undertolerances Deviating from clause 10.1.1. of TAD 900, the sllowance £1 may Be.omitted in the case of heated cylindrical shes with dy S 44.5 min unless the dxil load governs in the set sian of the cylindrical shell. Furthermore, in the cate of cy. lindrical shells without a longitudinal weld, the conside tion is necessary only of deviations which are sllowable for lengths in excess of 2, 3200 eum, 10.2. Allowance for corrosion and wear Deviating from clause 10.2.1, of TRD 300, the sllowance of 27 1 mm shall not apply to seamless tubss, and to lonatte dinally or spirally welded tubes a5 well as for headers in dependent from the diameter 11. Allowable minimum wall thickness The allowable minimum wall thickness se, oF Sae, respect ively, shall be (1) 3mm for fervitie steeis, (2) 2 mm for non-ferrous metals, and (3) 11mm for stainless {austenitic and ferrtie) steels, These allowable minimum well thicknesses may be further reduced if the sctual wall thickness 3, or Say, respectively, is atleast 2 +5, or 2 +549, respectively, 12, Maximum wall thickness for boiler tubes The actual wall thickness for boiler tubes subjected to com siderable heating (e.g. in the case of water tube hoilers with 2 flue gas temperature in excess of 800°C) shall not be more than 6.3 mm. This shall not apply to super tubes, 11) The epetticients fg have been determined in accordance with sauation 04 Bagi| ' | | | | | i Page 12 TRO OE 13, Literature (1). Schwaigerer, S.: Erléuterungen 2ur TRO 301 “Zylin- derschalen unter innerem Uberdruck", Mitt. VGB 52 (1972), Issue No. 4, p, 352/58. (2) Schwaigerer, S.: Festigksitsberechnung von Bauele- menten des Dampfkessel-, Behilter- und Roh; bbaus. 2nd Revised Edition, Springer B: berg/New York (1970), (3) Schwaigerer, S.: Festigkeitsbarechnung von Abzweig- stdeken unter Innendruck, Techn, Oberwachung 9 (1088), tsue No. 11, pp. 972/77, 426, (4) Siebel, E. und Schwalgerer, S.: Festigkeltsverhaiten ausgehalster Abzwelgsticke, VAB-Mitt,, 2nd Edn., Issue No, 1 (1954). (5) Siebel, £, und Hauser, H.: Versuche aber die Bean. spruchung ven Zylindern mit eingeschwelften Stutzen. Mitt. GWK-Verband (1980). (6) Weltinger, K., Krigeloh, E. and Beckmann, G.: Innen- 0.5 and simultaneously >. 300 mm or for welded-on stubs of nozzles respecti- vély with da; > 120 mm, provided, the main body con. sists of a material having @ guaranteed minimum yield strength of #> 385 N/mm? at 20°C. 2mq* 8.0. for expanded or expanded and welded tube Joints. Ik the stress concentration factor ay has not be deter- mined either by measuring or by calculation, dy = 2.0 shall be used for all branches ‘The our-of-roundness factor fy for elliptical deviations from circularity as per Fig. 6 shall be 2) 3) care fonts. cc) Fig, 3: Branch forged from solid material and subsequently bared and turned NT Cae a y Tas Design a Design & Fig. 4: Reinforcement by means of welded-on branch Fig. &: Reinforcement by means of branch welded fo flanged-our main boeyPoge3 TRO 301 Annex t cn Seti TS st Fig, 6: Outetroundness factor fy O5x10 3.1.2, For the time being, cylindrical shells with obliquely 9.1.4, For the time being, cylindrical shells with shaped and/or nanradially arranged branches shall be calculated as branches under an opening angle of Ya thall be calculated per pare 3.1.1. above. ts follows 3.1.3, tn this connection, fields of holes in cylindrical shelts ‘all be treated fike single openings a per para 3.1.1, above (6Page 4 TRO 901 Annex 1 Herein shall be uses in = 25 +O m but not less than 3.2. ‘A wold root in the gusseted area shall be machined. If this is impossible, mq shall be multiplied by fq = 1.2. 3.2. Ideatelastic thermal hole edge stresses ‘These stresses solely depend on the radial temperature Characteristics within the vessel wall. For the inner wall, and assuming a rotation-symmettical temperature chertc. teristic (also under thermal shock), ay mas Bt-E 9, 9) 8) shall be used. Herein, the stress concentration factor of ay = 2 shall be used, unless another value can be proved to be correct by calculation, Assuming 2 quasistationsry temperature characteristic for ‘an insulated outer wall, the temperature differential will become Ay = bm — 9) * const. = 48x and, as @ function of the rate of temperature change vg can be stated as fol: Mg Ee Droty sh ©) te this ate &; is @ shape factor in sccordnce wt Fig. 7 For the metrologea! persion Bq can be ensured in the centre of the wall, with adequate sccuracy, t 4. Total stress condition If no considerable exterior forces and moments exist exe ~0.48 12 13 ia ‘cept the internal pressure, then the total hole edge stress can be determined as follows: B= te bey (19) 5, Allowable stresses and load cycle numbers 5.1, Stress limits with known load cycle numbers 5.1.1. Hf only the number m of the startups from cold is stated which are provided or may be expected, then the incipient crack formation load eyele number # > 3 - a Shall be used as basis, so as to ensure adequate reserves for startups from warm (Cf. TRO 301, Clause 8.2.1) However, if collective load cycles have to be assumed. con. sisting of ny startups from cold and ng,ng .. startups from warm (with possible differences between the inital and the final conditions), then the incipient crack formation load cycle numbers Ay, 2, A3, atc., shall be so selected ‘that the stipulation of equation (25) is met. In accordance with Clause 6.1.2, the reduced alternating stress ranges shall be determined for the load cycle numbers 1,2, ec, 5.1.2. For unnotched bars, and in accordance with Fig. 8, the allowable alternating stress canges of 20, shall be deter ‘mined as a function of the incipient erack formation load cycle number A. For construction components, these shall ‘be reduced because of surface influences, This shall be done. bbe using the correction factor f3 3+ per Table I and results a alternating stress range Ao* shall be subjected to the correction indicated in Fig, 7. SS oy 1 (uati(us-t)-4u$ nash aoe (uA -lug-t? 75 ve WT 18 132.0 ty Diameter ratio ug=St 3 Fig. 7: Shape factors for eylindrical shells eo. e® Page § TRO 301 Annex 1 {1 In the elastic case of .A ot $230.1" @ correction is, required in order to take account of the influence’of the maximum possible mean stress. The result upon using the Gerber parabola is the allowable reducad al- ternating stress range of the ideal-elastic stresses in the form of Bom 2a ott hor (2 Q In the superelastic cate of Ao" > 2é_.2/9* it must be considered thet, in fact, the calculation must be con- ducted with a higher extansioa than that in the icealis- ed alestic case. Then the following applies: bq Wife ae 43) 5.1.3. Alter the allowable reduced alternating stress ranges a) have been determined for the individual load cycles, the allowable maximum stresses @ and the allowable mini mum stresses & shall be determined, by means of which 2} 9; shall be limiced during stereup and shut-down and b} finally the allowable temperature differentials are to be calculated. ‘As the stress limits for the individual cycles can be influenc- ed by the selection of the start-up and shutown spead, they may be froely selected within a certain range. tn this cate, it is recommended to determine & as follows, using 3 factor 7: 14 7 > O's the absolute relation between the allowable thermal stress a¢ the beginning of shut-down and the allowable ther- imal ste at the beginning of starcup, With 7 = 1 2 certain, symmetry is achieved between startup and shut-down, With 7 <1 the cesult is a retatively higher allowable abso. lute value for the thermal stress upon startup, aad with 71 > 1 upon shut-down. Uniass otherwise agreed between the boiler manufacturer, the purchaser, and the inspecting authority, the csloutstion may be conducted with 7 = 1, With the minimum stress & and the alternating stress cange 9} also the maximum stress & is given as im Ao bh i) 5.1.4, For parts in contact with water which are manufac: tured from noneustenitic steels, special care shall be reken to preserve the magnetite protection layer. Theratore, the stress limits for these parts are additionally restricted as, Tollows: 2, Reig, ~ 609. N/m? 18) 4 So9, + 200.Nimm? a7 5.1, Equations (14) to (17) provide the allowable maxi- mum aad minieum stresses for the individual load cycles. Therefrom, and using equations (B) and (10}, the allowable temperature differentials upon startup and shut-cown can, be calculated as follows: Startup: tar bao. Aoi ba ae BS (a) Shutdown: 30 =8,— (19) Tasty oe 5.2, Allowable number of load cycles for given stresses 5.2.1, If for a load cycle the stress limits 6, and 8 are known, then the incipient creck formation load cycle number A for this cycle can be determined as follows: Based on the existing alternating stress range Bema 5 (20 there is (1) for the superelastic case of & a, >2-eo.29¢ De = dehy ete en (2) for the elastic case of 8 oj $2-ea)o" oe dohy Gis) (22) Ci = Riese = Say Using the value of 2c, the incipient erack formation load cycle number fis decvied from Fig, 8, Theretrom, the allowable number of load eveles eesults, for starcups from cold only, a5 = For collective load cycles the allowable load eycle nu bers ny, a2, 03, .» shall be so selected thst equation (25), Ismet, $22. For preliminary calculations, the stress limits of & and B;, based on the temperature enange vates ot v9) and vga, essuming quasi-stationary conditions, can be estimated as follows: de, Boobs Boag p Ee tay Bitte Braye (23 Bim te Boe 0y Peet Be vngg tt (281 The results as per equations {23} and (24) are on the safe side, because the maximum thermal strast and the maxi ‘mur mechanical sess are edded without the consideration ‘of an additional phase advancing. For moce sccurate ulations, the actual time phasing must be taken into account. 5.2.3. For parts In contact with water, 8; and dj shail not exceed the limits stipulated in Clause 5.1.4, which, under certain conditions, can be achieved by limiting the ideat- slastic stresses, 6, Superimposing of different load cycles A given collection of load cycles with irregularly fluc: wating stresses, regarding magnitude and feequency, is subdivided inta load cycles with an identical or simost identical alternating stress range [such as, for example startups from cold, oF from warm), and evaluation is made fn the basis of the linear demage accumulation hypotnesis, According thereto, the dagree of exhaustion O of all load cycles shall remain restricted to ty fe 4 Om Rte Se (23: with the exhaustion safety being Sq & 2 Table 1: Correction factor fa for taking account of the in fluence of the surface as a function of the yield strength 4 10 i > 360 t0 800) 1.2 i I > 600Pege 6 TAD 201 Annex 1 s ne o} siqeay|dde oste Butoq aupiouun 40) ‘sEues srons Guneuaye ay Jo UoLIOUR) e+e y JequUNY 8j9K9 peo} LONeWLO) yOesD 1 cy 7 a6ules ssa.ns Bun eusare s1gem w/w 882 3 00001Pave 7 TRO 301 Annes 1 Form 1 for calculation of allowable number of load cycles at specified temperature differentials or tem- perature change rates, respectively 3) Design snd ealeulation dara ‘Type and (nominal) dimensions of vessel fy = 4.2 Yebranch {unmachined) 2 Waeerial amie tongitudinally welded 3 Dasign wall thickness Se (measured) (without thermal stress: 5, =5,) 5, % 1.15 {seamless} te men ae ! 4 _ Inside diameter (for outside diameter Od a ae | 5_ Maximum diameter of opening a mm 6 Outofroundness u % 7 Opening angle for V-shaped branches ve ‘ Working pressure Pe Nant] 3 Minimum cyele presvure (ersurvuptromeoid P= 0) z Nima | 10 Maximum cycle pressure 1 B Nimmi_ | 11 Minimum eycle temperawre # oc 12__ Maxim eyele temperature é “ 18” Govwring epee temnerare = al [Ta Starcup speed te B 1 ipostvel) vei jin 15 __Shut-down speed {at B ) (negative!) Yin K/min 18 Modulus ofelaxiaty (oO) & Nimme 17 Minimum proof stress at elevated (at O°) Fo. Nimm? | temperatures | Earns wm he | 19 Thermal diffusivity fat 8") es snm?/min 20__ Minimum tensile strength (Gt room temperatarel En Naw} & ={9(l sO Ninen : 21 Factor fy 8 312 le0'S 5, 5 600 Nims) 5 - B= th (iF 8, 660 Niemmty ; 2 ie ical ren concentration Srna tecker on unin aed no o factor for membrane streszes eesoag feoen 7 = 10 (unmachined root 1 23 Factor fe fh 4 tunmachined) 7 1Page 8 TRO 30! Annes 1 b) Calculating procedure if ba # Ries 4,050, +4) dn mm 2S yatere % - nak ww ies w “ 4 (uh = 1) Bug = 1) ~ hug in vo Obtain fram diagram o i [7 erg a dee orcompute! 2 Yon mw vege v fi al a, hod - 960) = 1S a 0 t re ouss(2) (2) 30 ee lPe) = ong Fa 2-fulou) an) - I : Nf? bing = 5b: Ba GE sa 2) é fr 4 £6) - 32 h(i) = 15-1, fv Troas2) ey 33 olf) = ono fa + 2-4) en(8) - u a Nymet u f - 8 ww 0) 7 - : = % ores = (232 OB) on) oa 22 7 as Nien x8 eo Nim » ae: Nirame ny 7 Ninn a, Nim a ; r a Bei Nimes if 80,2255. é 2 2a, Nie Incipient crack formation load cyeles A for 2a, at 43 Allowable number of cycles only starvup fromecold: a sz “isos See aka notes to clavte $2.2 of Annex |Page 9 TRO 301 Annex 1 = 600 5 Newt] [@ Sea, 4200 & Ninn | 48 For parts wetted by water, the additional requirement i 85% SBAPoge 10 TRO 201 Annex 1 Form 2 for calculation of allowable temperature differentials and temperature change rates at specified number of load cycies al Design and calculation date ‘Type and {nominsl) dimensions of vessel TWareriat ame longitudinally welded (rneasured) 2 Design wall thickness 2S Temes 5 mm REF Vondinany weldeat Taide diameter Tor outiae a am 3 Waximam diameter of opening das om @_ Aras of opening tor ¥ shaped branches 7 7 Working presure 7 Nine © Minimum cycle pressure Tor sarcupteomeold b= 0) > Nine 3 Maximum eyele pressre F Nim 10 Minimum cycle temperature 3 7 11 Maximum cycle temperature 6 “c 12_ Specified numberof load cycles (forstartup romeo S00) = ; only nertup from cold AS 5-0 13. Incipient rack formation number Collective loading. elect ns ‘ - oad eyetes 3) 14 — Governing cycle temperature Ot = 0.75540.255 o ae TE Medulus ef easity Te) @ Tima 16 Whinimur proof ness at elevoted Feu Nina temperatures: (ate 7 Ditterentat thermal expansion coefficient (aor fo | 18 Thermal dusiviy (rr) a | [5 (inimom) tensie strength (at roarn tarmperaturel 7 (normal ese J 70 Ratio y y <4 (for faster startup) ¥ Sat L 7 [for faster shut-down) 72 (F 3. 330 Nines) a Factorr, 12 eo Sein) - EL GSS Nemeth | 22 Allowable alternating stress range (2a, fur f bel O*) 2a, Nimm? T_Outofroundaess u % [THO Theoretical sires concentration ang = 16 forged/setahrough i | factertor membrane steste: alg = 2.9 welded.on without 3p a - | So 5.33 Mingee j f= 1.0 (enachined root 1 —— ar lunmachined) as Facer mas] ‘ - fe = 1.2 Yebranch (unmachined)Pega 11 TRO 301 Annas 1 b} Calculation procedure e % Osa + a) ee am v to = 2 7 mark Ny WG-1) Awginwy Obtain from diagram = 8a GT eat or compute! o 30 v 4y/min ” Sem Nim (forthe superalestic cate) Ga" B 2Za.a8) 2 +f +e fen? 210) do, Nimm? {for the east case 3 foo - 4 - 38 Sine Nimm= 36 £0) - 7 onl) - 8 ae Nimo 1 » 40) - a « oni?) - ! 1 “ Nien? 2 s, Nim | (es Es Nim? I (pat waned by water | “ 425.) cr waned by water Nine | % 5 Nem | ie & Slee | Trot warted By water) 1 + TS SE } it werd by water 4 Nien @ aa K ® a, K e 30 ‘0; K 3 EA K }Page 12 TRO 301 Annex 1 S20 vo, S VAG, ‘) Yo, K/min Bom vee] vs jin 3 vag = V0, rs Kirin SS vag = VADL Vou K/min 77 Sen ao nots wo Cause 5.2.2 of Annex €} Graphical presen 4a 0 x K/min 4 von Il s “eo . i ¢ P PA s iF & 3 Internal pressure Po Internal pressure —t 8 a Par ae rar Fig, 1: Allowable temperature differentials Literature Makinejad, N.: Dynamische Lochrandspanaungen und 2u- Jassige Temperaturdifferenzen in catationssymmetriseh be. ‘exan zylindrischen Baureilen gréGecer Dampferzeuger. +8 Kraftwerkstecnnik 8d, 84 (1974) H. 3, S, 186/94 Fig. 2: Ahowabie temperature change rate2) ina retrial system, or transmitted in any form oF by any means, hour the prior written permission ofthe publishers, [All cightsrosonved, No part of this publi tion may be repraduced stored ving. recordin or otnerwise, UDC 621.181.02.001.24:621.643.4,062:539,4 Edition October 1976 Technical Rules for Design of TRD 301 Steam Boilers ‘tube bends Annex 2 (TRO) Design The Technical Rules for Steam Boilers (TRO) reflect the present state of the safety requirements for the materials, manu- facture, design, equipment, erection and testing as well as the operation of steam boilers. They are prepared and updated according to the most recent technical development by Deutscher Dampfkessel-Ausschu8 (DDA). The TRO sheets are published on behalf of “Deutscher Dampfkesselausschut” by \Vereinigung der Technischen Oberwachungs-Vereine e.V., Essen Translated by: Fachverband Dampfkessel-, Behiits 3, Required wall thickness 1, Scope ‘This Annex 2 shell supplement the design rules for eylin- arical shells in accordance with TRO 301, Edition 4/75, ard shall be used only in conjunction therewith, ‘These design rules shall apply to tube bends for butt weld ing, 2g, to DIN 2605, and to bent tubes. Exempt from these design rulos shall be bent tubes with dy 70 mm. This shall also apply to bent tubes with 70 14 %)'). They may also be applied to less openings, the maximum loeded areas may, especially upon ductile materials, if the minor ductility is accounted for by initial loading, be subjected to plastic deformation which a higher safety factor (see TAD 300, table 6) and the wall will remain within tolerable limits when applying these thickness of the main body is 5, < 80 mm. design rules). 1.3 The design rules only refer to stresses caused by internal @ ind external pressures. Additional forces and moments of @ 2. Design values and units considerable magnitude shall be considered separately?) See TAD 300, paragragh 2. Furthermore, table 1 shall In this ease, the boiler manufacturer shall specify the mag: apply. nitude of the forces and moments and prove that they have 3) Sohail sell and lied ads on which deformations mut 16 more comprehensive cafinition of ductility ie envizaped. ted, 4g, dus to brittle ning, shall Se Cesignes vith ok 2) Design rules are being prepared, increased wall thickness, if necessary. “Table 1: Design valves with symbols and units Symbol Design value Unit bs Width of reinforcing pad om ey Wal thicknes allowance to secount for wal thickness under-tolerancos men cy Allowenee for wear mm @, Outside diameter of spherical shal or shed head me aq Outside diameter ofa branch mm dq; Diameter of openings or inside diameter of branches ae nN Maximum length ofa branch contributing to the reinforcement mm This sheet shall only apply in conjunction with TRO 300; it replaces, together with TAD 300, the May 1976 edition of TRO 303 with the 16th, 17th, and 19th amendment to TRO being incorporated. Copyright ©1981 by ValkanVerog, 0.80% 103962, 4300 Essen 1Poge 2 TAD 309 Design value Unit ‘Maximum length of main body contributing to the reinforcement, mm Assessment factor forthe ability ofa reinforcing pad to contrite tothe 7 feinforcement under predominantly static losd Length of skirt of dished or spherical head mm Depth of crown of dished head mm Lngth of eylinrica runout on branch om Actual length of a tubular reinforcement of an opening protruding outwards mm Actual length of a tubular reinforcement of an opening protruding inwards mm ‘Buckling pressure upon buckling of knuckle {internal pressure) Nimm? ‘Buckling pressure upon buckling of spherical shell (external pressure) Nim? Inside knuckle radius of dishes heads mm Outside radius of spherical shell or of crown of cished heads, respectively mm lnside radius of spherical shell or of erown of dished heads, respectively mm Wall thickness of main body with openings and without alowences mm Sao Wall thickness of branches, without allowances mm SairSaq Required wall thickness of branches, without allowances mm Spe Actual wall thickness of ranches mm fe Required wall thickness of knuckle of dished heads without allowances men iN imum thicknas of filet weld am 55 Thickness of reinforcing pad om t Distance between centres of adjacent openings, elated to wal centre mm “s Efficiency coefficient fora single opening = “ Weld factor i A, Presture loaded area (without consideration of allowances c, andc,) ne A Cross sectional area contributing to the reinforcement (without consideration of mm? allowances, ande,) Ey Modulus of elasticity at design temperature Nlenen? s. Safety factor to account for ease buckling of spherical sell or soherical shell - section under external pressure Sg Safety factor to seeount for elastic buckling of spherical sell or spherical sell - section under external pressure ~ for pressure testing Bx Shape factor for loading of knuckle of head - Bee Shape factor for loading of knuckle of head including the calculation against - formation of folds 3. General Table 2: Lengthof skirt hig asa function of wall thickness sx 3.1. Generally, the following conditions shall be met for diched heads with a head diamater of d, (fig. 1) Inside radius of spherical shell ry; 3.5 gy for torepher sal heeds and > 3.0 sy for deeply dishéd torspherial heads (Korbbogenbsdon)\ but need not exceed the dimen: sions shown in able 2. For predominantly static toad under internal pressure the length of skirt values may be less than those given in storementioned table, if the connecting weld is nonoe destructively tested and ground over to produce a notch- free surtace'?, thereby meeting the requirements of vy = 1. Production weld tests No skirt is required for hemispherical heads. 3.3 For plain spherical shells and dished heads, the weld factor, If any, shall be taken into consideration. 3.4 For spherical shells and dished heads with openings as shown in figs.2 to 4 the reduction of strength of the main, body shall be taken into account by the following measures: not required. (1) by an increased wall thickness as compared with the plain spherical shell or the plain dished head, respec: tively. This wall thickness shall exist up to a length of eg, measured from the edge of the opening. (2) by branches made with thicker walls than required by ‘the internal pressure, without or in connection with fan inerease in the wall thickness of the main body. ‘An inwardly protruding part of a branch may only be included in the calculation as constributing to the reinforcement with the portion of the length 1,2 < 0.5 ¢, in accordance with equation (12). de thal —h Fig. 1: Dished head nat dn Fig. 3: Inwardly flanged dished head with manhole 4) welds snait_be consisered tergaly naten: from undercuts ond root notches. Shallow, malting depression shall not be covered by the tarm “undersut™ Poge 3 TRO 303 For satthrough or sot-on nozzles, a wall thickness ratio of s.o/5, UP to 2 shall be allowable for da, < 50 mim This shall also apply to branches with ‘>-50 rim, iftheratio drwy, <0.4, For branches wih dg; > 80 mm and a ratlo BF dy fry, > 04, the ratio of bof, shall not exceed the Value of 1, Thee conditions ‘do’ not apply to inspection and. access openings. Generally, special emphasis shall be placed on gradual transitions. Wall thickness transitions shall be made at an angle < 30°. On branches, the lenath of the ey lindrieal section up to the weld shall be Ing >Spq shown in figs, 4f and 14, (8) by reinforcing pads. These types of design shall only ba used up to design temperatures < 250 °C. Reinforce ing pads shall have close contact with the main body. [At the most, thelr width considered to be contributing to the reinforcement shall be introduced into the cal- culation b, = @g in accordance with equation (11). The thickness f of euch reinforcements sall not excoed the actual wall thickness s, of the main body. Such reinforcements have only Wile effect against bending moments acting on a branch set on an opening. 8. Unreinforced A Ae 96" Ps © Extruded47RD 302 {Seton tubular reinforcement Fig. 4: Openings in spherical shells The reinforcement of openings by pads welded-on inside are unacceptable 3.5 The differences in effectiveness of the reinforcements shall be taken into sccount in the calculation by applying the assessment factor f, according to table 3. 3.6 In the case of elliptic inspection and access openings it shall be assumed that the ratio between the major and the ‘minor axis does not exceed the value of 1.5, For elliptic Openings, the major axis of the opening shall be used as design diameter, 3.7 Transitions with @ largely notch-free surface) are a ‘batic assumption for the following calculation, Edges shall be rounded, 3.8 Openings shall be adequately away from the welds of the main body, i.e. from both the longitudinal welds {vertical welds) and the circumferential weids (horizontal welds). The spacing shall be considered adequate, if, at a wall thickness of the main body of s, <25 mm, the outer edge of a branch or set-on reinforcement has a distance of 2-5, from the edge of the weld, or of at least 60 mm for 5, >25 mm. If, for design reasons, this distance must be reduced, this shall be permissible only in the case of welds which can be non-destructively examined within the area of influence of the opening thus meeting the requirement of vy = 1.Praduc- tion wold tests are not required. Within the area of the ‘opening, the cover pass of the weld shall be ground to. Femove all notches. Regarding the weld fector v,, the longitudinal and circumferential welds shall be treated identically in this case 4, Required wall thickness ‘The required wall thickness for a spherical shell or a dished head shall be watote o The required wall thickness for a branch shall be he hot tes @ The equation BERG a) shall be used for verifying the calculation of actual sphe- rical shells or heads with the wall thickness 5, For a branch hho =a = (3) shall apply. 5. Design 5.1 Sphorical shells 5.1.1 Plain sphorical shells ‘The wall thickness without allowances shall be wate It ae 1) 8 (6) "Ae Tore Equations {5} and {6) will only produce identical results upon using Fa = Fon 8 a For thinavaled shells up to about s, [ry < 0.1, the wal thickness canbe calculated approximately 2s fon D Ca = PIve be QOfun D. =" Gaai= D vee _ 5.1.2 Spherical shells with openings 8.1.2.1. Spherical shells with vertical branch and additi- ‘onal reinforcement (fig. 6). 5.1.2.4.4 Due to the various parameters a direct calculation Of the wall thickness of a spherical shall is impossible. At first, and based on experience the wall thickness, shal be assumed and the correctness’ of the sssumption’ shall be verified by means of equation {10}, or the calculation shall be repeated with an improved aisumption, respectively. With the pressure loaded area A, (single hatched) and the cross sectional areas jg, Ay,’ and A’, (cross hatched) which are considered t8\be contriouting’to the reinforce: mant, the strength condition i +4) Seen (10) onl aeteme z, Page § TRO 303 Fig, &: Load diagram for a spherical shall with tubular and ‘pad type reinforcement of a single opening Toble 3: Assessment factors fy for spheries! shells with a pad type rainforcement of openings Type of design : ‘Assessment (Schematic outline only) Prarecuisiees factor fy 1, Opening with pad type reinforcement 1. 95250°C | 2, Pad positively adapted to main body o7 2, Opening with pad type reinforcement and 1. -theough and full penetration welded 2. branch 3 \a 4a, 42. 9 3260°C Pad positively adapted to main booy Full penetration welded Branch protrusion faa 2 sp0 (Design a) 08 —— Hn +S) + ru +5 ow + SE 42> Vr tS) So (22) Otherwise, the strength calculation shali be conducted in accordance with fig. 13, with the strength condition being emo [gapitceas +3) sem -@ If main body, branch, and reinforcement consist of ma terials with different allo value applies to the mater k ble stresses, and if the lowest Lf the main body, the caleu- shall be made in accordance with paragraph 8.1.2.1.2. If the allowable stress of the branches is less than that of ‘the main body (a shall apply. Tir should be noted that the reverse function ar sin will esute inthe eiroular moscure, mastured Unit circle, Where the angle results In mesures of degrees fall be converted {ato the creular measure by sultiestion By the quotient 22/960. Ley eh TH y= 2g — Fig.14:Load diagram for a spherical shell with 3 Y-sheped branch,Page 8TRO 303, 5.1.25 Spherical shells with Y-shaped branch Using the symbols shown in fig. 14, the strength condi shall be forte aanp-(AL+4) sou 0 forte aano-(Se8-+4) —— ameter of opening a Fig. 9: Efficiency coefficients for spherical shells with vertical branch, as @ function of dai/rwi and sqo/sy, with sy/ry, being constant.Page 12 TRO 303 Related diameter of opening Twi Fig. 10; Efficiency coefficients for spherical shells with vertical branch, as a function of dai/rw; and Sao/sy.with Sylrwi being constant.Pega 13 TRO 903 all thickness fati0 lo 0s 10 15 28 g, Related diameter of opening oa —_ 11: Efficiency coefficients for spherical shells with vertical branch, 8s a function of daslnw: and sao/5y, with sylnwi being constant,Page 14°70 203 ‘Wall thickness ratio t oO < O 0 Os 10 15 2,0 4, r 4 of opening D (Fig.1) ‘The required wall thickness s is: pik = 200-5 The maximum allowable working pressure is: te a - @ 42. Freube nade with A°< 0 and wale inforing tgs (ig The eared wal hckoss 5 is: o 28 By, ° «oo. ‘The maximum allowable working pressure p is: K, 100» Flere iw Frege It is essumed, that the welded-in tubular reinforcing ring meets the following requirement: bh ay - (S40) is) o-p-f' where HF 16) woo. £ and h shall be selected according to the actual value, but snot greater than 2s where s means the thickness of an unpierced head for heads with openings. In addition, the wall thickness s» to Figure 1 a shall be equal to or greater than the required well thickness 9 of the connected shel. 3.1.3, For heads with a relief groove effective re welds shall be ensured, Therefore, the thickness of the wall at the relief groove s, shall moat the conditions #, < 0.77 $2 for circular heads and s; <0.55 9 for rectangular heeds. heeds. of the For the radius r of the ral dition 02 5, O8 the plate Shall be calculated lice Mange, 1.526. openings not bing treated lke convl openings 152. Bar says, tay tubes, and stybolts 83.1. When dimensioning bar stay, stay tubes, and stay bots the proportional Toads dur to the working gauze pressure ai well a the tomporature to which thy are txpoted shal be taken into consideration. The supporting ttfect of ater bor parts may aso be conatered. contrat position may bePage 8 TRO 206 Design Figure 15: Loaded area Apa, acting on a tube ire 16: Welded crown bars Figure 17: Welded girder stay 5.3.2. According to Figure 15 the load acting on a bar stay, stay tube or staybott shall be Fa = Asn +p (12) 5.3.3. For adge areas the flat area up to start of the knuckle ‘of the head shall be taken into consideration, For the calculation of edge areas it can be assumed thot up to half of the load is absorbed by the adjoining boiler wall In this ease, the other half shall be absorbed by the bound: ary tubes or stays. 5.3.4. The required crossection of bar stays, stay tubes fr staybolts shall be: (13) 5.3.5. Expanded tubes shall be adequately safeguarded against being pulled out of the tube plate. This can be safely expected if the allowable stress of the supported ‘areas does not exceed the values given in Table 8. The tube force Fa is obtained from equation (12). The tube force Fp shall be checked particularly at the edges of the tube ‘areas, For unequal adjoining tube plate areas the mean ‘value of the individual strasses shall not exceed the values iven in Table 5. The following shall be used as supported area: A= (b= d)e be (4) ‘but not more then AON eh, 3) Where an increase of the tube diameter to raduce the strats acting on the supported area is not practicable. tha ox: panded length or the thickness of the tube plate shall be selected correspondingly (see paragraph 5.1.). Howover the expended length shall be taken not more than fo = 40 mm forthe caleulstion of the supported area Table &: Allowable loading of the supported Allowable loading of the Type of supported area in Nim? ‘expanded joints smooth < 180 grooved < 300 fenged < 400 5.4, Girdor stays (erown bars) 5.4.1. The unsupported girder stay according to Figures 18 ‘and 17 shall be calculated like a simply supported beam within the distance of /y, In this case, the load carrying capability of the crown pate may also be considered 5.4.2. The dimensioning of the girder stay results fromm the maximum bending moment M, to be withstood and the section modulus # of the gieder stay M, We aay tt6) ‘The factor z takes into account the increase in the resl- stance of the design due to the crown plate. In general it may be used as z «5/3.=) 5.4.3. The maximum bending moment Mfy to be withstood shall be Frey ya fegh 7) with Frm pehok 9) 5.44, The section modulus W of the girder sty shall be by +h? wet ro) ‘where > shall be used in the calculation to exceed 8 by. a value not 6. Design pressure Flefor to TRD 300, Paragraph 7 7. Design temperature Refer to TRD 300, Paragraph 8 and Table 4 8. Allowable stress Refer to TRD 300, Paragraph 9. The following shall apply additionally: 8.1, For bar stays and staybolts made from copper without certification of quality, K shall be used with not more than 87 N/mm? for strength calculation purposes. 82, Devisting from Table 6 or TRD 300 a safety factor 'S= 18 shall be used in the calculation of flat walls mede From cast steel, 8.3, The following safety factors shall apply to the calcula- tion of bar stay, stay tubes, and stay bolts: For bar stays, staybolts, end stay tubes for the net erossection S=15 Page 9 TRO 306 Design For screwed in-bar stays, staybolts, and stay tubes at the root of the thread For welded in-tubes, stay tubes, and bar stays with acceptance test certificate A or B to DIN 50049 within the area of the welded joint For welded-in tubes and stay tubes without acceptance test certificate A or B to in area of the welded $#20 $= 1.65 8-20 9, Wall thickness allowances Refer to TRD 300, Paragraph 10. The following shall apply additionally; 9.1. The allowance c, required in Paragraph 10.1, of TRO 300 to the wall thicknesses calculated according to Para {graph § to allow for the wall thickness minus tolerances par- mitted by DIN 1543 shall be applied only to flat walls made from plate which have not been machined from both sides. 9.2, Deviating from paragraph 10.2.1. of TRD 300 the allo- wance ¢2 to the wall thicknesses calculated according to paragraph 5 shall be omitted. 10. Allowable minimum wall thickness/maximum wall thickness 10.1. For expanded tubes the minimum plate thickness {nominal wall thickness) shall be 12 mm, For the safe ‘guarding of the expanded tubes against being pulled out tee paragraph 5.35. 10.2, The wall thickness (nominal wall thickness) of flat ‘walls shall not exceed 30 mm in the heated portion. 11, Literature See Footnoteupc-621.18 Edition June 1977 Technical Rules for Cylindrical shells under external” TRD 308 Steam Boilers pressure Design {TRD) The Technical Rules for Steam Boilers (TRO) reflect the presant state of the safety requirements for the materials, menu- facture, design, equioment, erection and testing as well as the oparation of steam boilers. They are pragered and pected according to the most recent technical developments by Deutscher Dampfkessel-Ausschu® (DAI, ‘The TAD sheets are published on behalf of , Deutscher Dampfkesseleusschul” by Vereinigung der Technischen Oberwachunge-Versine e.V., Essen i + Transoced by: f Fachverband Dampfkest, Bohlter. und Rohiletungsbey eV, Disseldort is It enee is any doubs regoring the interpretation ofthis shee, the German wording shal govern, £3 2 ae Contents mS 1. Scope 7, Design presure 2, Design values and units 8. Design temperature : 3, General 9. Allowable stress 4. Required wail thicknesses 10, Allowances on wail thickness 8. Calculation for predominantly 11, Minimum efowable wall thickness! static loading maximum wall thickness 8. Calculation for eyetie loading 12, Literature 1. Scope 4, Required wall thicknesses The following design rules spply to cylingsieal shells with 2 The required wall thickness d svaight or corrugated generatrix (tubes, desuperheaters, og. 4g “ furnaces and the like) under external gauge pres: eee 3EGrrewtin te tsgtgle, <0 or eargucafersos TNA coments with te wall ihre sal be 2 Selém S0.1) anc dy 5200 rim. The presute shall acton ¥#tfed os foliows Ep eanuieceeumerece nannone 0 ES Where no elastic buckling isto be expected. for normal 23 walled eubes according to OIN 2448), cylindrica sels hey. #5 ing outside diameters of 200 mm and less are alculated in Fable 1. Design values with symbols and units accordance with TAD. 301, using pas internal gauge pres: [5 ae sure. Where the possibility of elastic buckling exists, a.g. for Sy pean as bal vary thinwalled tubes [1], the allowable external gauge { [WIG of ang sUMTener am bresure p shall be adltioaly checked in accordance with | ¢, wat ahisknes allonence to account| on Section 83 for wall thickness undertolerances Tae oyinvca shale may ba made without or with ses | |afowance for covovon ena cen | am ners Furnaces ae cylindrica! shall which are exposes to | furad or ancurnisaiap reeeed otgeione 1, JOursde diameter of eyindrica shell] mm : 4, internat diameter of cylindrical shell| nm 2, Design values and units dy |tean eames saat Refer to TRO 200, Seton 2. Table shall spay adeon: |” hsane ore rig ster a aly. 1 | Maxienum untifened length om 3. General in {Number of buckling ripples - 3.1. The weld efficiencies shall not be taken into account in. @ [Maximum deviation from circularity | mm the calculation for exaernal pressure. 1 |Piteh ot corrugations a ‘3.2. Openings shall be checked in accordance with TRO 301, .W |Depth of corrugations mm Using ps intaral gauge presure, The edges of theoneninos | 's, |setety factor againt elastic bucking | shall be adequately reinforced i necessary. Openings for cross tubes in firaboxes shall not be taken into account in the caleuistion of the wall thickness. ‘This shea shat only be used in conjunction with TRO 300%i¢ rapisss together with TRD 200 the July 1968 edition of TRO 202 Copyright © 1978 by VulkansVerleg, 9.0. 80x 7088, 4300 Erman |OL 08 ox 97 05 oF ost og 0 Page 2 TRO DesignPage 3 TRO Onsign 5, Calculation for predominantly static loading due to external pressure 5.1, The calculation of cylindrical shells shall be performed against plastic deformation accarding to Section 8.2. and ‘against elattic buckling according to Section 8.3. The smallest value for p or the greates value of s respectively ‘obtained fram both numbers shall govern. 6.2, Calculation against plastic deformation 5.2.1. Cylindrical shells with straight generatrix (Z:3]. The allowable external gauge pressure is toa fe Pale eer & 44002 0 @ wee 5.2.2. Cylindrical shells with corrugated generatrix [4 to 8). ‘The allowable external gauge pressure is Table 3: Moment of inertia / and eross-tectional area A ‘of one corrugation for Fox type furnaces with 200 mm corrugation pitch and 75 mm corrugation depth 7 7 7 enm4) (mm?) (oun) eit eI? it 143.8 26 2 158.0 309 8 1673 Bat 18 1748 Baa 15 130.2 387 16 185.2 38.9 7 135.4 an 18 1920 433 18 196.2 458 jartia I and cross-sectional area. A of fone corrugation for Morison type furnaces with A Pde “ 202 mm corrugation pitch and 0 mm corrugation ie . depth. e % 7 z 7 4) 2; Fox {om} fom?) ) ‘type Umm) x 104 «102 9 40.6 20.2 0 433 22 i " 436 243 £ b+ 2 475 265 Y 8 492 235 ) Morison type 1 507 308 8 520 206 4 532 346 7 543 366 8 36.1 386 8 587 407 ¥ Fig. 1: Corrugeted furnaces For corrugeted furnaces according to Fig. 1, the cross: sectional area A and the moment of inertis / of one corre ‘gation may be takan from Tables 2 to 4. Table 2: Moment of inertia / and cross-sectional area A fof one corrugation for Fox type furnaces with 181 mm corrugation pitch and 50 of 75 mm cor- rugation depth. 7 A (m4) tanm?) x 104 x 102) km) |w=50 mm |w=75 mm_ | we5O mm jwe7S mm 8 30.0 | 100.0 155 | 19.4 io 323° | 109.8 17.8 | 21.8 u 33,7 | 115.0 19.0 | 236 12 347 | 120.7 20.7 | 25.6 13 35.7 | 125.7 228 | 275 14, 96.6 | 130.0 240 | 293 18 37.6 | 134.2 25.6 | 31.1 6 385 | 138.0 27.2 | 329 7 395 | 1415 28.7 | 34.7 18 406 | 1450 30.2 | 365 19 43 [1479 316 | 38.1 5.3, Calculation against elastic buckling [7; 8] yy wel 8 (78) go cahvta Cs 5.2.1. Cylindrical halls with straight generatrie 5.3.1.1, The alloweble external gouge pressure.of stiffened! eylingrical shells is and (1) 9 integrat (en Z2 a >x shall be 20 selected, that p becomes the smallest value. is the number of buckling ripples occuring on the circumte- ance in the case of failure. The equation ante VS) ©Page 4 TRD atin may be used for the evaluation of n {applies to v = 0.2) The required wall thickness for general dimensions and ¥ = 0.3 may be determined in accordance with Figure 2. 5.3.1.2, For tubes, the allowable external gauge pressure may also be calculated according to equation (7) we y 0 Psa ay 5.3.2. Cylindrical shells with corrugated generatrix, ‘The allowable external gauge pressure is WE+1 Psa ar 7 Corrugated furnaces in accordance with Tables 2 to 4 need ‘not be checked for elastic buckling. 5.4. Out -of-roundnest ‘The following applies to the outof-roundness U in %; in the case of ovality d=, ‘and for local flattenings, Figure 3 ast. t00 19) - oper tee ple a> The value of U shall be introduced into the calculation against piastic deformation taking 1.5 % for new cylindirea shells with straight generatrix and 1.0 % for those with ‘corrugated generatrix. For second-hand furnaces, the out: of-roundnesses shall be determined on the basis of diameter measurements. {In the calculation against elastic buckling the out-of-round: nesses are taken. into consideration within the scope of the safety factor, refer to Section 9 55, Stiffeners 55.1. The greatest unstiffened length I to be introduced in- to the ealeulstion shall be (1) for cylindrical shells without stiffening rings the evlin- drical length of the shell, see Figs. 4 and 5. (2}) for Fireboxes I= 1.8 1, oF! = 2 lg . respectively, which- ‘the grestast, see Fig. 6 (Only eross tubes with outside diameters of 108 mm and over i into consideration, for which the condition 360/> 2m is additionally complied with, Hereby, of buckling ripples shall be determined in accordance with Section 53. using 7= 1.5 /g) ® -—___,____| Fig, 4: Shelt with flat heads ~ 1 Fig, 5: Shell with dished heads Section A-A, 9 > Angle of greatest unsupported segmentHS (3) for cylindrical shetis with stiffening rings the distance between the centres of two effective stiffeners, Fie gure 7. W864 y —— N- J ajay ade Rings as stiffeners 5.5.2. Where a plain furnace is welded to a corrugated fur- ace section, 1.5. times the length of the plain cylinder shall be used for the calculation of the plain furnace section. Since in the manufacture of corrugated furnaces the plai art remains necessarily thicker (as a rule by approxima: tely 1.5 mm) than the corrugated part, this plain part need ‘Rot be caleulated according to the equations for plain furnaces, provided its loaded length does not exceed 250mm. from the centre of the attachment to the heed up to the beginning of the first corrugation, 5.5.3, Flat and dished heads shall be considered effective stiffeners, 5.5.4. Welded cing stiffeners which effectively restrict the Jengch | snall be so dimensigned that they are neither sub- ject to deformation nor to buckling {9]. The required second ‘moment of ares ofthe Flag Is 1m 2.0083 Sept YT an 2. “ where the crosssection of the ring shall mest additionally the following eonaitians: Ap oid Vd, (2) eu ‘A. maximum height of h = 6b shall be used in the calcula: tion of rectangular cross-sections. The seconé moment of area J shall be based on the axis of the centre of gravity of ‘the stiffening cross-section parallel to the axis of the eylin- er, 520 axis xox in Figure 7 Stiffening rings for furnaces, if required, shall be made with WP 5 sq and > 25, 5.5.5. The material of stiffening rings shall have the same modulus of elasticity and the same coefficient of linear thermal expansion as the material of she cylindrical shell Moreover, the effectiveness of the stiffening shall be gueran- teed by full strength welding to the cylindrical shel, 6. Calculation for cyclic loading As far as necessary (refer to TRO 301, Section 6) a caleu lation for eyelic loading due to changes of the internat Page $ TRO Ostisn Bressure and temperatiny mm: injeonformanee with Tit, pressure, ‘ay be performed accordingly 1 301, using p as internal gauge 7. Design pressure Refer to TRO 300, Sectiny 7 8, Design temperatury Refer to TRO 200, Su: shall apply additionally 8 and Table 5. The following ‘The temperature allows aces with 9. Allowable stress Refer t0 TRO 300, Seis, Sadklonaine ‘m8. The following shall apoly Persie soa een teh oe 17 9.2, The safety factor is snpue scrength tor rolled and forged steals tiny so eee atl be S=2.0 tor vertical furnany ee S'= 25 for horizantal funn rsee The safety factor In req fecrous metas sha be $4.0 for unheated eying S* 255 inthe testing conte gat elt $5: Independent trom a terial used a satey factor of al! be used he calculation appt eerie Suekling and a eatery faues gf gy = 22 inne resign ikon. These values apeiy vs bot pecem ee 18% Sy" 40 ands, roundnails 1B Meh 4 20 Mall Be used for outs! "of the tensile strength for non: 10. Allowances on thickness Refer to TRO 200, Secti, 0. 1 Minimam alowaes walt evcknessimexin wall thickness ‘The minimum allowable w», ness) shall be 2mm for pls gated furnaces. If in the of volume and allowable | thicknats (narinal wal tic furnaces and 0 mm for cor. svt of steam boilers the procae: 7 ing gauge pressure ls 3 = oes te minum oyable wal tckress me 2 fess than 7 fm: che ate at ats to steam bee fom gonferovs mets <4 ails ety I sal, oes crcnese Sik COMPLY wii swicw the required design thickness, where the sllovsae for wear isto Be taken se consideration once only. 1.1 taverns 0 gem i oomencean | thicknesses of less than 3 The maximum wall thiclsary thickness) shai! be not more than 26 eof," laominal wall thickness st ‘or furnaces and not more tne 30 mm for other hested c:earigal cherls‘age 6 TAO Design 42. Literature {1] Meincke, H.: Stabilitit dinner Rohre unter AuBendruck, VDI-Z, 113 (1971) Ne. 8, 8. 93/97. [2] Siebel, €., u. S. Schwaigarer: Untersuchungen Uber das Einbeulen von glatten Flammrohren, Die Warme 62 (1939) Nr. 17, S. 285/90. [3] v. Rath, Th.: Unmittelbare Berechaung der Wanddicke aylindrscher, durch Aueadruck beanspruchter Wane dungen. Techn. Obarwach. 7 (1966), Nr. 12, S. 431, [4] Siebel, &.,u. S. Schwigerer: Die Barachnung gewellter Flammrohre, Archiv f. Wirmewirtschatt 24 (1943) H, 12, 8. 297/81. [5] Schwaizerer,S..u. A. Konejung: Die Festigkeitsberech- ‘nung von Flammrohren. Konstruktion 2 (1950) H. 1, 8.17/23, {8] ¥. Reth, Th.: Vereinfachte Berechnung der Wandsicke von Wellohcen. Techn, Uberwach. 2 (1961) Nr. 2, 8. 65/68. : (7]w. Mises, R.: Der kritische AuRendruck rytindrischer johre. VDI-Z. 58 (1914) Ne*19, S. 750/56. ¥. Reth, Th.: Unmittelbare Berechnung der Beulwellen in Gl, (1) des AD-Merkblatres 8 6. TU 12 (1971) Nr. 12, 8.362, [8] Physikhdcee 1, 29, Auflage (1971), S. 250 ff. @UDC 621.882.1:621.18 Edition June 1965 Technical Rules for TAD 309 Steam Boilers Bolts Design (TRO) Tae Technical Rules for Steam Boilers (TRO) reflect the present state of the safety requirements for the materials, manu facture, design, equipment, erection and testing as weil as the operation of steam boilers. They are prepared and updated ‘according ta the most recent technical developments by Deutscher Dampfkersal-Ausschud (ODA). The TD sheets are published on behalf of ,Deutscher Dampfkessolausschut” by \Vereinigung der Technischen Oborwachungs-Versine e.V., Essen Translated by: Fachverband Dampfkessol., Behalter- und Rohrleitungsbau » Dissoldort 1f there is any doube regarding the interpretation of this sheet, the German wording shall govern. Contents 1.Scope 2. General 3. Notation 4, Calculation of bolt diameters 5, Coleulstion of bolt load 1.Scope This sheet applies to the calculation of bolts which, being frictional fasteners, are subjected, due to the internal ppresture, to tension and thus predominantly to static loads. Normat ‘conditions are assumed. They exist if the design temperature exceeds 300°C or if, for exemple, an exces- 5 sively short starvup period is to be expected, 2. General 2:1. In order to keep a bolted joint as flexible as possible ‘St is'recommended for the bolts to be designed as exp: ‘on balts according to DIN 2510. Highly loaded bolts shall be expansion bolts. This applies particularly to bolts: (1) with a dé temperature exceeding 300° C, or (2) for a meximum allowable working pressure exceading 80 atm gauge or (3) with dimensions exceeding M 30. 2.2. Bolts having a shank diamater of less than 10 mm are unacceptable. 2.3. Bolts shall not be located within the flow of heated oses. 2.4, Where standard pipe flanges are used, the strength requirements for the boits shall considered to have been ‘met, if bolts according to OIN 2401, sheet 2 are used, with the materials") specified therein for @ maximum allowable working pressure specified therein and the corresponding working temperature, 2.5. There shall be at least 4 bolts; the number shall be as large as possible with respect to the tightness, since many 1) itn exception of the matecals for bolts 4.8 formerly 4D) and the 1C 38 and C45 ~ 388 TRO 108. 6. Design temperature 7. Design sirangth value K 8, Safety factor 9. Quality factor bolts having smaller diameters with a consequently smaller pitch are more favourable than a few large diameter bolts, 2.8. In order to obtain small sealing loads and in conse- ‘uence small bolt fosds the flange facings shall be relatively arrow. The types tongue and groove” (DIN 2681) or umate and femsle’* are in general preferable to the ,fiat Contact facing" (DIN 2680) unless gaskets made from me- tal or metal/soft material ae used 3. Notation 35! Sao way Ps — bolt load (generat) inks sq ~ bolt load under operating condition inky sq — bolt load in bolting-up condition prior to application of pressure inkg Pop ~ bolt load under test pressure in kg Pos— operating sealing force inks Pov~ or Pov’ gesket seating load inks Pr = ring surface load inks Pr — pipe force (hydrostatic and forcsl in kg Pax adeltionst pipe force inks p ~ maximum allowable working pressure in atm. gauge pi = test pressure in atm, gouge D = inside diameter of shell inmm Dg — mean ciameter of gasket inmm dq — diameter st root of thread inmm d, — diameter of shank of expansion bolt in mim K- ~ design strength value of material S = safety factor in kale? Copyright © 1976 by Vulkan-Verleg, P.0 fox 7048, 4200 Essen 1age 2 TR9 308 f= design temperature inte (9) for the bottingup condition 8 = quality coetticiant rior tothe applic i ky — gasket characteristic for the ope- eee ed rating condition (operating sealing load) inmm 5, Calculation of bolt load kq — gasket characteristic for gasket The bolt load shall be determined for the operating condi- seating load inmm tion, the tert pressure and the boltingup condition prior Ko ~ deformation esstance of gosket to the application of pressure. The following formulae material inkg/mm2 apply to circular bolted joints, A — factor for the calculation of the ‘5.1, For theo perating condition~see4.1 (1) — sealing load. = amanutacturing allowance = number of bolts 4, Calculation of bolt diameter 4.1. The core diameter of the bolt shall be calculated (1) for the operating condition with the maximum allows ble working pressure p and the design temperature t from the bott load Pq (2igigr the test pressure 1p’ and 20°C from the bolt load ip (necessary only for p’>1.3 - p) (3) for the bolting-up condition prior to the application of pressure with p = Q and 20°C from the bolt load Psa 4.2. The required bolt diameter at the root of the thread in bolted joint with n bolts is og = cy For expansion bolts the shank diameter dy = 0.9 dx (see DIN 2510), |i order to facilitate the calculation a coefficient =i. 2-VF-5 (2) may be introduced, see table 1. Then Pee we @ aq 2 2 gre section 8) e Coalfelene 2 et ‘Test pressure and Coscia] Opeaingcancivone| ,ZesePresureand 7 S215 S216 S211 S=12 ors | 100 ves | tar yaa to | tse tas | tte ae 4.3, For the manufacturing allowance ¢ the following va- luas shall be used (1) for the operating conditions up to M 24 c=3mm M 48 and over cel mm in the intermediate range = 5-0.1 dx apalies. (2) for the test pressure c=Omm Poa = Pa + Pog + Pr “a ‘The following vaiues shall be inserted (1) ‘the gipe force Pa with 2m Be Bt Pas 8) Pas ‘The additional pipe force Paz shall be calculated from the bracing conditions of any connected piping. Pra is 0 for bolted joints to which no piping or only piping without additional longitudinal forces are connected. For normally installed connacted piping, for which exists @ possibility of the’ transmission of additional longitudinal forees to ‘the bolts due to thermsi stresses, Paz may be taken 2s Oe a (2) the operating sealing force Pog with Pon =m Og - 12 ky Be 6) (for the value 1.2 = Sp see DIN 2505) Ie is necessary in order to ensure continuous tightness in ‘operation. The value of ky shall be taken from table 2. For welded seating slits (e.g, welding lip seals, membrane seal welds), (3) the ld on ring area Pp = (042-02). 2 Pe aE t0g202) Be a {ts caused by the intarnal pressure p and is exerted on the ring area, wiich is formed by the circular gasket die- meter Dg and the inside dlameter 0. ‘The gasket diameter Dg shall preferably be taken a¢ the ‘mean diameter of the gasket, since it cannot be predeter- mined exactly up to which point of the with of the gasket the internal pressure is effective, For welded seals the dia- meter of the cutermost welded seam shall be taken, since it is to be assumed that the entire seal is subject to inter- nal pressure. B. Bq {see also DIN 2505) S52. Forthetest pressure —see 4.1. (2) —is p + Poe, a rr) (8) 5.3.Forthebolting-up condition prior to the application of pressure—se4.t. (9) — the following cases shall be taken into consideratior ‘The bolted joint shall be tightened so, that on installation the gasket seating is ensured, that any pipe forces Pag pre- sent in the piping system can be absorbed and that the joint remains tight under operating conditions.Paga'3 TRO 309 ‘Table 2: Gasket cheracteristies (Extract from DIN 2505 — Design of bolted flange connections). The gasket charac- teristics correspond to the present state of technology and are currently amended. Gaskee characteristics Tor figuids Tor gases and vapours Type of gasket | Form of gasket | Designation [Material [Gasket seating [Operation] Gasket seating | Opération| ko [koko | ky tko koko | A rmm_|kg/mm2)| mm [rom _|a/mm?| mm icapres- nated - [20 a - ‘ Frat asker: [PAPE Geskotsot “Ly, [romance pe faa ~PIN2692 ruber | _lo.tan [oso | _|0.2% | 0.569 tion [= ]260 | 1100 |= [2.800 | 1.180 Bop Ik fk ts | bo fe |B)2 | 1.260 Spiralwound [Carbon asberor —Ieteel «| [1.800 | bo [+ 580” | 1.260 fied : [Atumini. = 0.869 |0.8 |- |360 | 0.85 Corrugated ee ring gasket [goprer. I —|0.9b9 0.89 |- |3509 | O25. Gaskets of eaten Mid sea | 460 bo |- [70 | 1.860 materials, jaw a poaaloaa pla dacketed geatee (092 | Yan | ty |= feb | 1.800 Mild seal [85 a So aay Fist metal fa | gasker = |os|- foots foo |- ens DIN 2604 Angular <= [erosesection | - —fooo|- s |; |- 5 metal gasket ‘Oval coss- ES [action - fre [- 6 i. |- 6 etal gasket | ‘Metal -0— gasket - fra fe 6 jis | 6 Mesa bie Ringjoint | a = susker gasket 18 6 iz 6 Lens gasket | _ IN 2596 tt ae i Grooved metal] _ - — fovw.2z — — |oo2z Number of grooves! Metal gasket Yi Membrane wadgaser | - |o |- o fo |- ° SS DIN 2695 They apply 10 machined, fat and undamaged contact faces 11 Kp eannot nthe product Kg « Kyi sted here 3 Gastlgne quality sssmed.Page 4 TRO 309 In order to mast these three requirements, the following is required: Ps = Pov oF Poy’ 2! respectively ° (For Poy see also OIN 2505) but at least Psy = 1.1 Pop + Pe + Pal (10) Where Poy or Poy, is the gasket seating load, which Is re- quired to ensure an adequate fit to the contact faces. Poy = Dy ++ Ko + Ko ay It has been shown in practice, however, thet for geskets made of soft materials itis not required, in order to control low pressures, to have complete fit of the gasket to the contact face according to formula (11). In order to avoid uneconomically large bolt diameters, it Is possible for pras sures «100: ko - Ko On A = 0.1 for liquids and A = 0.2 for gases and vapours Where required, Paz shall be used according to 5.1 (1). The factors ka, ky end Kp ate dependent on the type and. the form of the gasket and the filling medium, (see table 2) 6. Design temperature ¢ The temperature to be used in the bolt calculation denends (on the type of bolted joint and on the thermal insulation. where no special indication is given as to the temperature it may be assumed to be lower for bolted joints loose type flange + loose type flange by 30°C integral type flange + loose type flange by 25°C integrat type flange + integeal type flange by 18°C than the maximum temperature of the flowing medium. ‘These deductions allow for the drap of the tempersture for insulated bolted joints. As non-insulated joints, which are 2) if tre piping must be elastically braced on installation, the load Felted for this shall be added fo formule (9) usual only at low steam temperatures, result with certainly ‘older bolts in correspondingly higher temperature stresses of the entire joint, further deductions are unacceptable in such cases, 7. Design strength value K ‘As Kovalue the following epplies: 7.1. For design temperatures t up to 350°C the yield strength or the 0.2 % proof stress (minimum value) respe vely at the design temperature (see section 6). 7.2. For design temperatures t exceeding 350°C the lower of the following values (1) the 0.2 % proof étress (minimum value) at the design temperature t°C (see section 6). (2) the creep rupture strength #B/100000 (mean value) at the design temperature t °C (see section 8). In addition ie shall be verified, if there is a safety factor of at least 1.0 for (3) the creep strain stress 21/100000 (mean value) at de- sign temperature t °C, and (4) the creep rupture strength 98/100000 at the design temperature t+ 18 °C. 7.3, The design strength values shall be taken from TRO 108 — Steel bolts and nuts — ferritic steels 8. Safety factor S ‘The following safety factors shall bo used For expansion] Condition bolts | Fer full core (DIN 2510) | __ bolts For the operating seis | S=16 conditions For the test pressure) For the presture less sa14 bolting up condition! 9, Quality factor y Full core bolts shall have at least the machining finish mg according to DIN-267. Expansion bolts shall bs machined on all sides. For unmachined plane parallel bearing surfaces p = 0.75 shall be used. For machined bearing surfaces for the mating surfaces y= 1.0 may be used. Bearing surfaces Which are not plane parallel (e.g. for angular structural shapes) are unacceptable,ENE EEE eee eee eee TE Tee ET eee eee UDC 621.181.021.001.2:539.4 Edition April 1975 ‘Technical Rules Plain rectangular for tubes and sectional TRD 320 : Steam Boilers headers under Design (TRO) internal pressure The Technical Rules for Stearn Boilers (TRO) reflect the present state of the safety raquiremants for the materials, manu- facture, design, equiament, erection and testing as well as the operation of steam boilers. They ere prepared and updated according t0 whe most recent technica! developments by Deutscher Dampfiessel-Ausschu (DA). The TRO shoets are published on behaif of Deutscher Dampfkessalausschug” by \Versinigung der Technischen Uberwachungs-Veraine 0.V., Essen Translated by: Fachverband Dampfkessel-, Behilter- und Rohrleitungsbau @.V. Oisseldort 11 there is any doubt regarding the interpretation of this sheet, the German woording shal govern. publisher Contents 3 1. Scope 7. Design pressure -§ 2. Design values and units ist ieagatmeannas 23. General 44. Requirad wall thicknesses 9. Allowable stress e J 5 cledon for predominant sate ledge 1946, a kn sown $F iernal pressure ; § 6. Celeulation fir eylie loading due to pulsating internal 41, Allowable minimum wal thickness “E_pressure'or combined changes of internal presure and 2 temperature . 12, Literature wall thickness ¢¢ < 30 mm. with ign rules contained herein apply to the calcu- 1.2, The design rules solely consider loadings caused by In: in rectangular tubes and sectional headers with ternal pressure. Additional forces and moments of @ signi and without rows of openings. Primarily, the design rules ficant magnitude shall be separately considered!). In this shail apply to ductile materials 5, > 14%). Also, they may case the boiler manufacturer shall specify the magnitude of bbe used for lass ductile materials if the lesser ductility is forces and moments and prove that hey have been taken compensated for by a higher safety coefficient, and if the into consideration. ayn punt an nai aerate a, ing, tbeaeding of others 2, Design values and units ‘See TRO 300, Section 2, Furthermore, Table 1 shall apply. Fj tate + oesan vtues with symbole and units $4 symbet Desian Value unit e z 6 Hilf the Inside width of the rectangular tube, parallel with the wall to be caleulated mm 25| dar _ | Diamsterof openings, or inside diameter of branches mm q e Distanca of openings or row of openings under consideration, from centreline of side to be calculated _mm | 2] 1 | Hatt the inside width of the rectangular tube, perpendicular tothe wall tobe cleulaed mm | = |_| internat corner radius mm = Sy Wall thickness of rectangular tibe, with efficiency, and without allowances mm < t Centre distance between adjacent openings, in the axial direction mm te | Centre distance between adjacent openings, at angle mm “iL | Efficieney coetticient fr a cow of openings, in the axial direction a Ya _| Btfcioney coetfcient fra single opening i vo | Efficiency coefficient for two openings with diagonal pitch, arranged at angie y at x, 8, 82| Calouation factors _ | Angle berwaan connecting line between to openings and the axe ofthe rectangular tube Ligrees 1) Design rules are in preparation. ‘This sheet shall only apply in conjunction with TRO 300, replaces the July 1988, edition of TRO 308, Coprilght © 1876 by Vorkan-Vereg, POdax 7049, 4200 Ewan 1Poge 2 TRO 320 3. General ‘See TRD 200, Section 3, 4. Required wall thicknesses See TRO 300, Section 4, Furthermore, easy Sesyterteg yor a F=5o +e + ey respectively, (2) shail be used for the required wall thickness, For verifying the calculstion of completed components with the wall thickness f use Sythe e4 02 (3) 5. Calculation for predominantly static loading due to internal pressure 5.1, Maximum values of loading can occur: (11 @rre corners, (2) "Wn the centre of the lateral surface, (3) in the ligament between two openings, with the calcu: lation to be performed for the points identified as | to UL in Fig. 1, depending on: the arrangement of the ‘openings. rectangular tube, with rows of openings, 2. In accordance with the stipulations of Clause 8.1, the all thickness shall be determined (1) in the corners as pb Wom Bb. fo 2 Ae ay V 827 + Pe i (2) in the centre of a lateral surface as [at AB + Oa (5) ? (a) in the ligament between two openings in the centre of the lateral surface (Fig. 1, Section I=!) as Pigtail allaaal agin a Vet 6 (3b)in the ciagonal ligaments (Fig, 1, Section ~Il} as aE fe Tan vy “Oe V 57 eH e 3 a (3c)in the ligaments, in the cate of offcentre rons of ‘openings (Fig. 1, Section I11—II!), with e not to exceed 05,3 2 eb | fP, doa ey Be carn, VERT Lew tBwtBiclGs (8) 5.2. In accordance with Fig. 1, Section I-I, or Section M111, respectively, the efficiency coefficient for two ad. jscent openings shall be we apie (9) ‘whereas, In accordence with Fig. 1, Section II=Il, it shall be ferent (10) % and for a single opening fat ay var 1-3 5.4. If the value resultant from equation (9} or (10) exceeds ‘that resultant from equstion (11), then vq according to ‘equation {11) shall be used in equations (6) to (8), instead Of v, according to equation (9) oF vp according to equati- ‘on (10) 5.5. The calculetion factors 8x, By, and Bz shall be ob- tained from Figures 2, 3, and 4. 6. Calculation for cyclic loading due to pulsating internal pressure or combined changes of internal Pressure and temperature, Clause 8.1. of TRO 301 Shall apply accordingly to rectan- gular headers subject to cyclic loading due to chenges of internal pressure and temperature, in this case the nominal sress calculated in accordance with equation (4) or (5) shall not exceed 180 N/mm2. Where there conditions are ‘rot met, rectangular headers shall be unacceptable, 7. Design pressure ‘See TRD 300, Section 7.oO oy e Page 3 TRO 320 8, Design temperature Ses TRO 900, Section 8. 9, Allowable stress ‘See TAD 200, Section 9, 10, Wall thickness allowances See TRD 300, Section 10. in accordance with Iron-Steel Conditions of delivery 610-63 the allowance o; shall be zero, 11. Minimum allowable wall thickness ‘The minimum allowable wall thickness s5 shall be 3 mm. 12, Literature ‘Schwaigerer, S.: Festigkeltsberethnung von Bauelementen, des Dampfkessel-, Behdlter- und Rohrleitungsbaues. 2nd revised edition, Springer, 1970, on sle= lo sos on 5 a2 aig ba s joe 3 bs 8 d esas a7 as as 40 me Fig. 3: Calculation factor 8x for the calculation of the wall thickness of rectangular tubes vibe as » T 1 a 1o. ¢ : 8 S: rd —— z lo. a Mee c 2 = s, : oS i SSS; 2 3 Sea Son os 8 3 i q a a saa ass w w Fig.2: Calculation factor By for the calculstion of the ‘wall thickness of rectangular tubes. Fig. 4: Calculation factor Bz for the calculation of the wall thickness of rectangular tubes,cetrieval system, oF 3. in any form or by any means, a Photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior wttten permission of the publishers. ‘electronic, mechanic 4 i 2 . : 2 $ z UDC 621.18.05-98.005:621.646.28:620.1:614.8 Edition September 1992*) Technical Rules Pressure sf devices for ~ safety valves — eae ‘Steam Boilers for steam boilers eau (TRO) of groups f, Ill and IV See Draft TRD Sheet This draft of Technical Rules for Steam Boilers (TAD) has been submitted to the Federal Minister of Labour and Social Affairs for accomplishing the notification procedure required by the EC Directive on Information Procedures (83/189/EEC reworded as Directive 88/182/EEC). This draft will not become effective as Technical Rule under the Rules edited by the German Steam Boiler Committee (DDA) before the notification procedure has been completed by its publication in the journal “Bundosarbeiteblatt”. The Technical Rules for Steam Boilers (TRD} reflect the present state of safety requirements for tha materials, manu- facture, design, equipment, erection, inspection, and testing as well as the operation of steam boilers. They are pre- pared and updated according to the most recent technical developments by Deutscher Dampfkesselausschué (DDA) The TRD sheets are published on behalf of "Deutscher DampfkesselausschuG" by V., P.0.Box 10 38 34, 45038 Esson inigung der Technischen Uberwachungsvereine Tanlted by: Fectvetband amptese, Baht und Rohistungshau eV, isola e 1 eras any doube regarding te Itrrtaton ofthis sheet, the German wording shal app. The DIN standards fisted in the Technical Rules for Steam Boilers {TRD) give an example of how to meet the require- ‘ments fixed. This does not exlude other solutions which may be laid down in standards and technical rules of other EC member states and are at least as safe as those given in the DIN standards. Contents: 7. Materials 8. Manufacture and testing of valve bodies 9. Dimensioning 10. Marking 11. Inspection and testing at the location of installation 12. Safety shut-off vaives 1. Scope 2. General 3. Classification of safety valves 4, General requirements for safety valves 5. Special requirements for pilot-operated safety valves ‘and measures to be taken 6. Installation, pipework, cross-sections 1, Scope 2. General!) This TAD sheet shall apply to safety relief devices for steam boilers of groups |, Ill and IV where an inadmissi- ble excess of pressure is prevented by the opening of safety vaives or closing of safety shut-off valves. This TRO, sheet may also apply to other parts of steam. boiler plants where the maximum allowable working, pressure exceeds 1 bar or the allowable flow temper ture exceeds 120 °C. 1 For definitions see DIN 3320 2) applications shall be submitted Technischen Uperwachunge-Vereine 47179 Essen, 3) For procedures and extent of componant tasting s9e VATOV- Instiucton Sheet 100; obtainable trom Verlag TOV Rheinland GmbH, Postfach 90 20 60, 51123 Kain to Ve 2.1. Safety valves shall conform to the generally 2c. cepted rules of engineering practice (e.g. TAD 110 for valve bodies) and be suited for the intended use which ‘means: thay shall meet the applicable requirements for materials and design and, taking into account the appro- priate mode of operation of the steam boiler plant — es- pecially pressure and temperature -, reliably operate, and ‘be capable of discharging the mass flow in the case of upset conditions without danger within the allowable ex- cess of pressure range. As a rule, reliability with regard to prope ‘mass flow for the intended use (pressure, ternperatue) is proved by component testing”? *), Regarding the design approval (§ 10, paragraph 3 of the Steam Boiler Reguie tions (DampfkV)), the report according to § 12, pare raph 4, Sth sentence of the Steam Boiler Regulations, fr the acceptance test (5 15, paragraph 2 of the Steam functioning and *) Intended to replace the September 1990 edition; atl amendments inserted including those subject to 32nd DDA me ing 11.91 1 = changed with respect to previous edition Copyright © 1994 by Vuikan-Verlag, P.O.Box 10 99 62, 45089 EssenPoge 2 Draft TAD 421 ‘See notice on Page 1 regarding the EC notification procedure and its effects on the applieabilty of this TRD sheet, Boiler Regulations) the correct dimensioning, setting, to- cation and suitability for the intended operating condi tions will be examined. 2.2. Safety valves shall be so dimensioned and set that the mass flow corresponding to the allowable steam ‘output be discharged without allowing the allowable working presura to be exceeded by more than 10 %. Where two safety valves are proscribed or the steam generator output requires several safety valves, thelt total cross section shail meet this requirement. At least fone safety valve shall respond if the maximum allowable working pressure Is exceeded. 2.3, Safety valves shall open within an opening pressura difference of 10 % of the set pressure. For set pressures

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