UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA PEPERIKSAAN AKHIR SEMESTER II SESI AKADEMIK 2008-2009 IJAZAH SARJANAMUDA DENGAN KEPUJIAN APRIL/MEI 2009 MASA: 3JAM KODKURSUS + ~——STAB2003 TAJUK KURSUS : — BIOMETRI DAN REKABENTUK EKSPERIMEN ARAHAN : 1. Kertas ini mempunyai Bahagian A, B dan C. 2. Jawab soalan Bahagian A dalam borang OMR dengan menggunakan pensil 2B. 3. Jawab SEMUA soalan Bahagi: disediakan dalam kertas soalan. B dan C dalam ruang yang a. Kertas soalan tidak dibenarkan dibawa keluar dari Dewan Peperiksaan. wo.revatarn: LL | [| TT) (dengan perkataan) Set: Kertas soalan i ‘mengandungi 13 muka surat bercetak, tidak termasuk muka surat ini. Sz)No, Pendaftar STAB2003 SECTION A (30 MARKS) Instruction: Choose the most correct answer for each question. 1. Whatis a hypothesis? A. A statistical inference B, A tentative explanation for a scientific phenomenon C. The results that you get from an experiment D. _A thesis based upon deductive reasoning and hypothetical situations EF. — Anestimate of mean 2. Without replications we are unable to find A. standard deviations for the groups B. pooled standard deviation C. MSE D. — Ftest statistic E. — Allof the above 3. ANOVA isa statistical procedure used to compare the of different groups. A, means B. variances C. sample sizes D. standard deviations E. standard error 4. We grow radishes in solutions with no magnesium, a normal concentration of magnesium, and double the normal concentration of magnesium, This is an example of A. level of treatment B. replication C. control group D. dependent variable E. randomization 5. In an experiment, each tub of nutrient solution is feeding two pots, and each pot contains several plants. This is an example of A. level of treatment B. replication C. control group D. dependent variable E. randomizationNo. Pendaftaran; STAB2003 6. Whatis the difference between independent and dependent variables in an experiment? A B. c. D. E. ‘The independent variable is quantitative and the dependent variable is not ‘The independent variable is what is changed and the dependent variable is what is measured The independent variable has disowned his parents and the dependent variable still relies on them for food, shelter, and gas money The independent variable is graphed on the y-axis and the dependent is graphed on the x-axis ‘None of the above 7. The error line on the ANOVA table represents mDOD> 8. __Ingeneral, the Least Squares Regression approach finds the equati moo wD the possibility that the person making measurements made a mistake the variability due to non-random error all possible sources of variation that were not measured in the study conscious efforts from the subjects to deviate from the means of their group the fixed effect contained in the model that includes the best set of predictor variables of the best fitting straight line through a set of points with the highest R , after comparing all possible models that has the smallest sum of squared errors that describes the intercept and the slope 9. Which of the following is NOT CORRECT about a randomized complete block experiment? mo ADP Every block is randomized separately from every other block Every treatment must appear at least once in every block Blocking is used to remove the effects of another factor (not of interest) from the comparison of levels of the primary factor The ANOVA table will have another line in it for the contribution to the variability from blocks Blocks should contain experimental units that are as different as possible from each otherNo. Pendaftaran: STAB2003 10. WL 12, A nutritionist wants to study the effect of storage time (6, 12, and 18 months) on the amount of vitamin C present in freeze dried fruit when stored for these lengths of time. Vitamin C is measured in milligrams per 100 milligrams of fruit. Six fruit packs were randomly assigned to each of the three storage times. The treatment, experimental unit, and response are respectively a specific storage time, amount of vitamin C, a fruit pack a fruit pack, amount of vitamin C, a specific storage time random assignment, a fruit pack, amount of vitamin C a specific storage time, a fruit pack, amount of vitamin C a specific storage time, the nutritionist, amount of vitamin C moOw> ‘A survey is to be undertaken of recent nursing graduates in order to compare the starting salaries of women and men. For each graduate, three variables are to be recorded (among others) namely sex, starting salary, and area of specialization, A. Sex and starting salary are explanatory variables; area of specialization is a response variable B. Sex is an explanatory variable; starting salary and area of specialization are response variables Sex and area of speci response variable lization are explanatory variable; starting salary is a D. Sex is-a response variable; starting salary is an explanatory variable; area of specialization is a possible confounding variable E, Sex and area of specialization are response variables; starting salary is an explanatory variable An experiment was designed to investigate the effect of the amount of water and seed variety upon subsequent growth of plants. Each plant was potted in a clay plot, and a measured amount of water was given weekly. The height of the plants at the end of the experiment were measured. Which of the following is NOT CORRECT? ‘The response variable is the plant height The explanatory variables are the amount of water and seed variety Randomization was used to eliminate the effect of other possible factors upon, the growth of the plants A possible uncontrollable factor in this experiment is any nutrients that might be present in the clay pots The plant represents a form of pseudoreplication moo ARDSNo. Pendaftar 13. 14. STAB2003 Consider an experiment to investigate the efficacy of different insecticides in controlling pests and their effects on subsequent yield. What is the best reason for randomly assigning treatment levels (spraying or not spraying) to the experimental units (farms)? A. Randomization makes the experiment easier to conduct because we can apply the insecticide in any pattern rather than in a systematic fashion B, Randomization makes the analysis easier because the data can be collected and entered into the computer in any order C. Randomization is required by statistical consultants before they will help you analyze the experiment D. Randomization implies that it is not necessary to be careful during the experiment, during data collection, and during data analysis E, Randomization will tend to average out all other uncontrolled factors such as soil fertility so that they are not confounded with the treatment effects The plot below refers to an experiment on the effects of type of popcorn and amount of oil on the yield of popcom. Which of the following is NOT CORRECT? Profile Plot 20.0: 17549 1505 gourmet 12544 et ae 1005 * 3 plain 735 50 T Little Lots Mean Yield Oil Amount A. Because the lines are not parallel, there appears to be evidence of interaction between the two variables B. The two explanatory factors are the amount of oil and the type of popcorn The response variabie is the yield of popcorn C. The difference in yield between gourmet and plain popcorn is estimated to increase by about 6 g when lots of oil was used D. There was little change in the yield for plain popcom when either little or lots, of oil were used E ‘An interaction would exist if the increase in yield from going from litte to lots of oil were the same for both types of popcorn.No. Pendaftaran:, STAB2003 15. 16, 7. 18, 19. Which of the following purposes are served by replicating an experiment? L IL. mL. Provides a means for estimating experimental error Increases the number of treatment effects Improves the precision of estimates of treatment effects Land IL and II and IIT I, Mand Il Tonly ‘The main reason to use a factorial design instead of two separate experiments (with one independent variable per experiment) is to mOOD> A A. B. G. D. E. find the main effects of each independent variable find an interaction between the independent variables have fewer subjects increase the efficiency of the experiment All of the above 3” experiment means that we are considering two levels of three factors two dependent variables and three independent variables, two categorical variables and three continuous variables three levels of two factors a total of nine experimental units ‘The essential difference between an experiment and an observational study is A roo observational studies may have confounded variables, but experiments never do in an experiment, people must give their informed consent before being allowed to participate observational studies are always biased observational studies cannot have response variables an experiment imposes treatments on the subjects, but an observational study does not A Latin square design is an experimental design which mMoOOp> cannot be used when estimation of interaction effects is desired affords a good estimate of interaction effects may not permit all treatments in every block block only one known factor that may affect the outcome of the experiment is an example of a complete block designNo, Pendafiaran: STAB2003 20. An experiment with two factors, in which all levels of one variable are run at each level of the second variable is called a A. one-way experiment B. Latin square experiment C. factorial experiment D. fractional factorial experiment E, nested experiment SECTION B (20 MARKS) Instruction: Answer ALL questions in the space provided. 1. Define briefly the following terms. (2 marks each) a. Factor b. Levels c. Observational unit 2. What is the difference between a one-way ANOVA and a factorial ANOVA? (2 marks)No. Pendaftaran: STAB2003 3. Indicate whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE. Justify your answers. (2 marks each) a. A Latin square design is an example of a complete block design, b. A factorial and split-plot treatment structures have all combination of treatments 4, List one advantage and one disadvantage of each of the following designs. (2 marks each) a. Completely Randomized Design b. Randomized Complete Block Design c. Latin Square Design Split Plot DesignNo. Pendaftaran: STAB2003 SECTION C (50 MARKS) Instruction: Answer ALL questions in the space provided. 1. You plan to lay out an experiment on growth of 5 varieties of wheat using plots in a square field divided into 25 square plots. Because the field is on a slant, plots near the south edge are likely more fertile than those near the north. Other than that, the field is, quite uniform. Yield in each plot is the response. @ Using the information so far, given the choice, would you use rows of 5 plots running north to south or rows running east to west as your blocks? Why? (5 marks) b. Now add the information that water will be applied daily from a perforated spraying pipe running along the west side of the field. Areas near the pipe get ‘more water than areas farther away. You still have the fertility gradient. Would you change the design? If so how? If not, why? (5 marks)No. Pendaftaran: STAB2003 2. A researcher is concerned with immune abnormalities in autistic children. As part of their research they took measurements on the serum concentrations of an antigen in three groups of children (autistic children, normal children and mentally retarded children), all of whom were 10 years old or younger. The serum antigen levels measured in units per milliliter of serum are given below. The researchers would like to know if the autistic children have different antigen concentrations as compared to other children. Autistic Children Serum: Normal Children Serum Mentally Retarded Antigen Levels Antigen Levels Children Serum Antigen | _ Levels 755 165 380 380 390 510 212 290 315 400 435 565 | 343 235 75 a. State the null hypothesis in sentence format. (1 mark) b. State the alternative hypothesis in sentence format. (1 mark) ¢. State the statistical method that is most appropriate for providing the solution. Why? (3 marks)No. Pendaftaran:_ STAB2003 d. Obtain the complete ANOVA table for the data. (5 marks) e Now imagine that the researcher is interested in the differences in serum concentrations in males and females. How would you design a research project, to include this new factor into the research design above? (3 marks) £ What would be the appropriate statistical method for analyzing the data? (2 marks) 10‘No. Pendaftaran: STAB2003 3. An agricultural study was recently carried out to investigate how the weights of radish plants while growing are affected by the type of nitrogen applied (factor B), and also the quantity of nitrogen (factor A) in milligrams per kilogram applied over the study period. Both factors were fixed effects. The data is as follows: (note that some observations are missing due to hungry insects!) Factor A Factor B ‘Ammonium sulfate Potassium nitrate 143. 176 7 159 24.0 148 13.5 20.8 179 65.8 473 562 65.6 408 45.1 69.8 375 957 95.2 819 92.7 B00 96.1 32.9) 91.6 An output is given but with a few values missing. Answer parts (a) to (g) below. Source DE SS MS) F value Type 1 173.51_| 173.51 3.43 Level Vv 2028.22 x Z Level *Type 2 21.29 10.64 0.21 Error 16 WwW Y Corrected Total 21 21231.91 a, Identify the design of experiment. (1 mark) b, Identify the treatment structure. (11 mark) c. What is the total number of observations that were collected? (1 mark) uNo. Pendaftaran: ‘STAB2003 d. Is this observational or experimental data? Briefly justify your answer. (2 marks) ©. Find the missing values denoted by V, W, X, Y and Z in the output. (5 marks) £ Carry out an appropriate test to see if the main effects are significant. (G marks) g. __Isthere evidence of interaction between the two factors, type of nitrogen, and level of nitrogen? (2 marks). 12No. Pendaftaran: STAB2003 4. A-company markets frozen crab meat, The company wants to investigate differences among five types of packaging and two storage temperatures. There are six freezers available to do the tests. Each freezer can hold five packages of crab meat. Meat will be stored for 100 days then evaluated by a panel of taste test judges. a, Explain how you would set up the experiment to run in one 100 day time period using the split-plot treatment structure. (5 marks) b. Give the sources and degrees of freedom for the resulting analysis of variance table. (5 marks) ‘SELAMAT MAJU JAYA’ B