Nhng thnh tu ch yu ca

vn minh Lng H c i
Nhm 8 : Lng Xun B
Hong Hng c
Phm Hng Hnh
Nguyn Th H Linh
V Minh Phng
Nguyn H Phng
Bi Th Trang
Nguyn Th Tuyt Trinh
Cao Th Tho Vn

Nm trn vng
chy qua ca hai
con sng ln l

Tigris v Euphrates.

L mt trong nhng ci ni ca nn vn minh nhn loi, vn minh

Lng H c i c nhiu thnh tu ng gp v cng to ln, c
nhiu nh hng ti nn vn minh ca cc quc gia Ty v nn
vn minh Hy-La...

Ch vit
Vn hc

Tn gio
Lut php
Ngh thut to hnh
Khoa hc t nhin

Ch vit

Ngi Sumer sng pha Nam Lng

H sng to ra mt trong nhng h
thng ch vit sm nht th gii.

Ch vit u tin ca ngi Lng

H do ngi Sumer sng to vo
cui th k IV TCN. Trong thi ki
u ch vit ca ngi Lng H
cng l ch tng hnh.

Biu th cc khi nim, ng tc

ngi ta dng phng php biu .
Dng hnh v mn m thanh.

Cht liu dng vit l cc

tm t st cn t v que
vt nhn.
Qua thi gian, ch vit thay
i v cc k hiu cng pht
trin hn. Loi ch ny c
gi l ch tit hnh hay ch
hnh nm.
n khong nm 1500 TCN
ch tit hnh thnh vn t
ngoi giao quc t

S pht trin ca ch vit

Khong 3100 TCN, con ngi bt

u ghi li s lng cc loi cy
trng. La mch l mt trong
nhng loi cy trng quan trng
nht Nam Lng H.

Ngi nng dn mang la

mch ti cc kho cha
n. Bn ghi chp ghi li s
lng la mch nhp vo v
xut ra.

Bn cnh k hiu la mch

thng c mt s ch s
lng la mch c cho
vo kho hoc ly ra.

K hiu la mch thay i

hnh dng khi nhng ngi
vit s dng cng c vit
c u cnh thay v u nhn
nh trc y.

u ca cng c vit c hnh

dng nh vy biu th hnh
nm trn cc tm t st.

Bt trm lm bng cy sy l cng c vit chnh.

Loi k hiu ny c gi l
ch hnh nm.

K hiu la mch c biu th bng

nhiu hnh nm.

H thng ch vit ca ngi

Sumer trong sut giai on
u c s thay i lin tc.
T trn xung di thnh t tri sang
phi (khong 300 TCN).
Cc k hiu u b quay 90 ngc
chiu kim ng h.
Cc k hiu ban u th hp di v u
nt , trong , cc nt bt to cc k
hiu thng v cong. Nhng bt u t
sau nm 3000 TCN, cc nt bt bt u
pht trin thnh cc hnh nm, v vy,
thay i kiu dng ca k hiu t nt k
thnh hnh nm.

Bng ch ci hnh nm c chun ha

Ch hnh nm vit hoa

c khc vo triu i ca vua Darius ca

Persia (522 482 TCN), chng bao gm cc
nguyn bn ng nht trong ba ngn ng :
Old Persian, Babylonian v Elamite.
Nhng kin thc v ch hnh nm gn
nh b chn vi, ch n nm 1835,
khi Henry Rawlinson, mt s quan qun
i Anh, tm thy mt vi bn ghi trn
vch Behistun Persia.

Sau khi dch ting Persia, Rawlinson bt

u gii m nhng ci khc. n nm
1851, ng c c 200 k hiu ca
Babylon.

Vn hc
Ni dung : thng gn lin vi tn ngng v phn nh i sng
ngi dn lao ng.

Vn hc dn gian

S thi (anh hng ca)

Gm c cch ngn, ca dao,

truyn ng ngn

Ra i t thi Sumer, n thi

Babylon chim mt v tr rt
quan trng.

Phn nh cuc sng lao ng

ca nhn dn v cch c x
i.

Chu nh hng ca tn gio rt

mnh.
Ch thng ca ngi cc thn.

Cc tc phm s thi in hnh : Khai thin

lp a, Nn hng thy, Gingamet.

Thin anh hng ca

Gingamet - tc phm
tiu biu nht ca vn
hc Lng H v l bn
s thi c xa nht th
gii.

Vn hc Lng H t c nhng thnh t ng k v

c nh hng ln i vi khu vc Ty .

Nhng truyn Khai thin lp a, sng to ra loi ngi, Nn

hng thy trong kinh thnh u bt ngun t nn vn hc
Lng H.

Tn gio
Ngi Lng H theo a thn gio.
H th nhiu thn nh: thn t nhin, thn ng vt, thn thc vt,

Shamash, thn Mt tri, xut hin vo bui sng t cc ngn ni pha ng gia (bn tri) thn
Ishtar (Sumer : Inanna), n thn ca nhng ngi sao bui sm v (ngoi cng bn tri) thn
Ninurta, thn sm, vi cung tn v s t v (bn phi) thn Ea (Sumer : Enki), thn nc, cng vi
t tng ca mnh, khun mt th hai Usmu.

Cc thn lc t nhin ch yu
Thn Anu : thn tri cha v vua ca cc v thn.
Thn Enlil : thn t .

Thn Ea : thn nc.

Thn Shamash : thn Mt tri.

Ngoi ra cn nhiu thn thuc cc lnh vc khc nh : thn sm st l lt Adad,

n thn sinh v s mnh Nintu, thn tr tu Tutu, thn n dch Ira

Danh sch mt s thn, n thn, yu qui v qui vt ca ngi Lng H

(Tn gi ca ngi Akkad, trong ngoc l tn gi ca ngi Sumer)

Th ngi cht
Vic th ngi cht
cng rt c coi trng.
Ngi Lng H rt ch
n l mai tng.
Khi cht h thng
chn theo n l, nhng
th qu gi, thc n v
xy dng cc lng m
ln

Lng m ca hong gia Assyria.

Sng bi d th
Tn d ca vic sng bi cc d th
c biu hin vic th hin hnh
tng cc thn nh thn Marduk,
thn Nergal

Qui vt mt ngi c sng b,

trn lng c lng, c cnh, c mnh
ca s t v c bn chn

Qui vt na rn
na chim d

Do s pht trin ca tn
gio tng lp thy cng
c hnh thnh.
Chia lm 30 loi, trong
thy cng c ba ch v
thy cng on tng lai
c trng vng nht.

Lut php
Lng H l khu vc c nhng b lut sm nht.
T thi vng triu III ca thnh bang Ur (th k
XXII n XXI TCN)

Vo khong th k XX TCN nc Etnuna ng

Bc Babylon cng ban hnh mt b lut. B lut
ny vit trn 2 tm t st, c pht hin Irag,
nay c trng by vin bo tng Bagdad.
B lut quan trng nht ca Lng H c i l b
lut Hammurabi.

B lut Hammurabi
Vn bn lut c nht
c bo tn tt, c
to ra vo khong thp
nin 1760 TCN
Babylon c i.
N c v vua th su
ca
Babylon
l
Hammurabi ban hnh.

Ch cn mt phn ca b lut ny tn ti cho ti nay c khc trn mt bia

bazan cao khong 2,44m c i kho c Php pht hin c Xuda (pha
ng Lng H), nay trng by vin bo tng Luvro (Php).

B lut Hammurabi
Phn trn ca bia l hnh chm ni
thp thng ca ngi Babylon
(hoc l Marduk hoc l Shamash), vi
vua Babylon ang b kin thng
v tay phi ca ng a ln ming nh
du hiu ca lng tn knh.

Vn bn ca b lut chim phn

di, c vit bng vn t hnh
nm trong ting Babylon c.

B lut Hammurabi
Phn m u ni v s mng
thing ling, uy quyn ca
Hammurabi v mc ch ban hnh
b lut.
Phn ni dung chnh gm 282 iu
lut, cp n cc vn nh th
tc kin tng cc ti hnh s nh
trm cp, gy thng tch, hoc
lm cht ngi, cc vn dn s
nh hn nhn, quyn s hu ti
sn, thu ngi lm, quyn li v
ngha v ca binh lnh, ch
rung t, t thu, n l...
Phn kt lut nhc li uy quyn,
cng c ca vua v tnh hiu lc
ca b lut.

Ngh thut
Ngh thut to hnh ca Lng H c i bao gm hai mt chnh
l kin trc v iu khc, trong c bit l kin trc. Cc cng
trnh kin trc ch yu l thp, n miu, cung in, thnh, vn
hoa.
Cc thnh tu v s pht trin ca ngh thut c th hin qua
tng giai on lch s ca Lng H c i.
Cc thnh tu ngh thut ca :
Ngi Sumer
Ngi Akkad
Ngi Assyria
Ngi Babylon.

Ngh thut ca ngi Sumer

Sumerian
Sculpture
Marble
Statues

T rt sm
ngi Sumer
c nhng
tc phm
ngh thut
bng cm
thch,
diorite, vng
v xanh da
tri.

Tng nh t Tell Asma.

(2700 TCN)
Tng nh v ngn.
Cnh tay gp li pha trc.
Trn lng khc : Lun lun
cu nguyn.
Mt m to vi ng t ln.
n ng t lu ru di
n ngc.
Mc vy.

Sumerian Painting: Ur Vase

Cc tc phm iu khc rt cng phu v phc tp.

Ngh thut phn ln c s dng v mc ch tn gio.

Tc phm ngh thut ca thnh bang Ur.

(2600 2400 TCN)
S phn cp trong x hi.
K chuyn bng ngh
thut.
Vua xem xt cc k th
b nh bi.
K th kha thn th
hin s tht bi v lm
gim gi tr ca k th.
Hnh thc lp li.

Cc cng trnh kin trc ch yu l thp, n miu, cung in.

White Temple and Ziggurat, Ur, 3200 -3000 B.C

White Temple and Ziggurat, Ur, 3200 -3000 B.C

Nn thp l mt hnh ch nht di

62,5m rng 43m.
Thp gm 4 tng, pha trong l li t,
pha ngoi xy gch, mi tng mt
mu:
Tng 1: mu en, i biu cho th gii
di t.
Tng 2: mu , i biu cho th gii
ca con ngi.
Tng 3: mu xanh, i biu cho thin
ng.
Tng 4: mu trng, i biu cho mt
tri. Tng ny ng thi l mt ci n
nh.
C thp c bc cp bn ngoi i
ln n nh.

Ngn thp l ni cng thn ng thi l

ni quan st thin vn.

Ziggurat, Ur (2100 B.C.)

Ziggurat, Ur (2100 B.C.)

Ngh thut ca ngi Akkad

Ngi cai tr Akkad s dng cc ngh s gip
cng c quyn lc.
Cc ngh s khc cc bc tng ca vua Akkad.

Vua Sargon ca Akkad

(2369 2314 TCN)

Bia chin thng ca Naram Sin

(2230 TCN)

Ngh thut ca ngi Assyria

Cc ph iu phc ha cc vn c hong gia quan tm nh sn bt th vt
hoc chin tranh.

Tc phm chm ni Vua

Ashurbanipal m s t
bng kim.

Tc phm chm ni
ca Vua TiglathPileser III Chariot,
thch cao tuyt
hoa, Nimrud 730
TCN.
Vua Tiglath-Pileser
III (744 727 TCN)
ci c xe nga v
ang gi tay th
hin s thng li.

iu khc Anh hng bt s t, thch cao,

Khorsabad, Neo-Assyrian, 721-705 TCN

Nhng con b u ngi c cnh cng thnh ca

th Sargon II, Khorsabad.

B khng l u
ngi c cnh
Khorsabad.
Tc phm iu
khc thuc loi
ny thng
c t cng
vo bo v
chng li cc lc
lng siu
nhin c c.

Tc phm chm ni t Cung in

ca Ashurnasirpal II Nimrud ca
mt thin ti c cnh u i bng.
N cng c gi l lamassu,
shedu v "kuribu rt ging vi cc
thin s ca ngi Do Thi.
Thn Nisroch ca Assyria c
miu t nh l mt v thn u i
bng c cnh v c bp n nang.
Trong tc phm ny t Nineveh,
ng ang nh tng git nc
thnh. ng cm mt tu nc
tay tri v bt bin tay phi.
Sennacherib, vua ca Assyria, khi
ang cu nguyn trc v thn
Nisroch sau khi tr v t chin dch
Israel th b m cht. Bi th t
trc ch ra rng cc Thin
s ca Cha n nh tan qun
i ca Assyria.

Ngh thut ca ngi Babylon

Bia lut Hammurabi
Phn trn ca bia l
hnh chm ni.

Vng treo Babylon hay cng

c gi l vn treo
Semiramis, mt trong By k
quan ca th gii.

Vn treo c xy dng bi Vua

Nebuchadnezza II khong nm 600 TCN. ng
xy dng vn treo ny lm va lng
ngi v b bnh ca ng, Amytis ca Media,
ngi lun ao c v cc loi cy ci v thc
vt c mi thm ging nh qu nh Persia.

Khu vn b ph
hy bi cc trn ng
t vo th k II TCN

Cng Ishtar, mt trong tm cng ca thnh

ph bn trong Babylon, c xy dng
di triu i ca Vua Nebuchadnezzar II
(604 562 TCN)

Cng Ishtar.
c xy dng vo khong
nm 575 TCN, cng kin c th
tm ca thnh ph. y l mt
trong nhng di tch n tng
nht c ti pht hin ti Cn
ng c i.
Cng Ishtar c trang tr bng
cc ph iu gch men theo
tng cc hnh con rng v hnh
con b c. Cng ny l mt
cng i v pha nam l mt
tin snh rng ln.
Vua Nebuchadnezzar II ca
Babylon dnh ring cng Ishtar
ln cho N thn Ishtar. y l
li chnh i vo Babylon.

Ishtar l mt n thn ca sinh sn, tnh

yu, chin tranh v tnh dc.
Trong n Babylon, b l hin thn thn
thnh ca sao Kim.

Khoa hc t nhin
Ton hc

Thnh tu ton hc u tin ca c dn Lng H l php m c o ca h.

Thi Sumer ly s 5 lm c s
ca php m. Bt ngun t
cch m s ngn tay ca mt
bn tay. Ln hn 5 th gi l
5+1, 5+2.
V sau li ly 60 lm c s. C
l v :
60=5 x 12,
5 l 5 ngn tay
12 l 12 thng.
ng thi php m thp tin
v (ly 10 lm c s) cng
c s dng.

Cch m ny cn gi li n
ngy nay trong cch tnh
(mt vng trn c 3600, 10 c
60 pht, 1 pht c 60 giy) v
cch tnh pht giy thi gian.

H thng s lc thp phn

Ngi Lng H bit

cch lm 4 php tnh, bit
lp cc bng cng tr
nhn chia gip tnh
ton c nhanh.
H cn bit phn s, lu
tha, cn bc hai v cn
bc 3; ng thi cn bit
lp bng cn s.

H cng bit gii

phng trnh c 3 n s.

Tnh din tch cc hnh

ch nht, hnh tam
gic, hnh thang, hnh
trn, nhng khi tnh
din tch v chu vi hnh
trn h ch mi bit s
pi = 3.
H cng bit tnh
th tch hnh chp ct.

YBC 7302 cho thy ngi Babylon

tnh ton cho gi tr Pi.

YBC 7289 v mt hnh vung

v ng cho ca n.
Th hin con s 1,24,51,10
m trong h thp lc phn
tng ng vi s 1,414219
(con s gn ng ca cn bc
hai 2).

Plimpton 322 dng nh cha cc k t th hin vic tnh ton

theo nh l Pithago ging nh cc s tng ng l 3, 4, 5.

Ngy nay pht hin c mt s tc phm ton hc chp trn 44 tm t st.

C th coi y l mt bng tng hp cc kin thc ton hc ca c dn Lng H
c i.

Khoa hc t nhin
Ton hc

Thin vn hc

Thin vn

Ngi Lng H c i cng t c nhng thnh

tu quan trng. Cc tng l thng ngi trn cc
thp cao quan st thin vn.
Trong mt nm, bu tri Lng H thng trong
sng c 8 thng gip cho cc nh thin vn vi
mt thng cng c th quan st cc tinh t.

Qua mt thi gian di tch ly kinh nghim, ngi Lng H cho

rng trong v tr c 7 hnh tinh l mt tri, mt trng v 5 hnh
tinh khc.
Xc nh c ng hong o v chia hong o lm 12
cung, mi cung c mt chm sao tng ng. H cn bit c
chu k ca mt s hnh tinh

Babylonian Star Calender

Sumerian Star Chart

Akkadian Assyrian Calender

Thi Sumer t ra m lch.

1 nm - 12 thng : 6 thng v 6 thng thiu.
Thng 30 ngy, thng thiu 29 ngy
1 nm c 354 ngy, so vi nm mt tri cn thiu hn 11
ngy nn thm thng nhun.
C Babylon thng nhun do vua quy nh.

Thi Tn Babilon, c 8 nm th nhun 3 ln, sau i

thnh 27 nm nhun 10 ln.

Thi Tn Babylon : 1 thng - 4 tun, 1 tun c 7 ngy

7 ngy ng vi 7 hnh tinh v mi ngy c mt v thn lm ch
Thn Mt Tri Thn Mt Trng Thn Sao Ha Thn Sao Thy Thn Sao Mc Thn Sao Kim Thn Sao Th -

ch nht.
th hai
th ba
th t
th nm
th su
th by.

Ngy bt u t lc mt tri ln.

Mi ngy chia lm 12 gi, mi gi 30 pht. Nh vy, mi pht ca
ngi Lng H c i bng bn pht ngy nay.
Lch ca ngi Babylon c i tuy l m lch nhng r rng l
tng i chnh xc.

Khoa hc t nhin
Ton hc

Thin vn hc
Y hc

 thy ni n cc bnh u, kh quan h hp, mch mu, tim, thn, d dy,

tai, mt, phong thp, ngoi da, bnh ph n...

Hin tng ca
bnh trng gi :
mm bnh nhn
mo xch, mt
nhm nghin, mi
mm cht, khng
ni c".
Bnh huyt thi
dng : Tai , mt
ny om m, v
no pha sau rt
au,... tim thn
thc, chn bn
rn".

Chuyn mn ha :khoa Ni,

khoa Ngoi, khoa Mt...
Phng php cha bnh :
ung thuc, xoa bp, bng
b, ty ra, k c gii phu.
Dc liu gm c nc,
du, cc loi thuc c
ch bin t thc vt, ng
vt, khong vt.

D on v tin rng gan l trung tm ca linh hn. Chn on v

tin lng bnh bng cch tham kho m hnh gan cu.

M hnh gan cu bng t st,

Babylon 1900 1600 TCN, Sippar,
min Nam Irag.

Cha thot khi

nhng quan nim
m tn : nguyn
nhn ca bnh tt
ngoi vic khng
iu ha trong c
th cn do ma
qy.

Cc thy thuc khng c cha bnh vo cc ngy 7, 14,

21, 28, 29, v nhng ngy y theo quan nim ca ngi
Lng H c i l nhng ngy xu.

Cu thn linh,
dng ba ch, v
dng nhng th
nh li chut,
mt g, ui ch...

Ngi Lng H tin rng cc con sng

c quyn lc xua ui t m, nhng
con qu tn c.

Nghi l cha bnh din ra trong mt cn chi lm bng cy sy. Con ch ca

n thn c cha bnh trn mi chi. Ngi bnh nm thng trn ging,
hai linh mc thc hin nghi l. Con du hnh tr t Tel Halaf. Na u ca
thin nin k u tin trc cng nguyn.
Chi nh c dng cho cc bnh nhn cnh sng.

Cc thy thuc thng

quy nh phi eo dy
chuyn tr t trong sut
thi gian b bnh hoc b
cng thng.

trang sc ca ngi Assyria khng ch mang tnh thm m. mu v

thy tinh c xem l c nhng c tnh c li : ngn chn t c v bo v
chng li nhng ci c hi.

Ch vit

Vn hc

Tn gio

Lut php

Kin trc v
iu khc

Khoa hc t nhin