CHAPTER I- ORIGINS OF LIFE ON EARTH

THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF LIFE1)

CREATIONISM- A BELIEF THAT A DIVINE BEING
CREATED EACH TYPE OFORGANISM SEPARATELY
AT THE BEGINNING OF THE WORLD.

MICHAELANGELO- THIS CREATIONISM WAS HIS

AND REMAINEDUNCHALLENGED NOT UNTIL 18TH
CENTURY.2)
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION- ARISTOTLE
BELIEVED THAT LIFE COULDCOME INTO BEING BY
ITSELF FROM NONLIVING MATERIALS.

JEAN BAPTISTE VON HELMONTWHEAT KERNELS + DIRTY SHIRT + 21 DAYS= MICEAPPEARANCE OF MAGGOTS IN MEATAPPEARANCE OF BEETLES AND WASP IN COW
DUNGMICE ARISE FROM THE MUD OF THE NILE

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK- DISCOVERED

ANIMALCULES OR LITLEANIMALS WHILE USING
LENSES.

JOHN NEEDHAMBOILED MEAT BROTH = TRANSFERRED CONTAINER

= INCUBATE =CLOUDY BROTHBOTH GAVE RISE TO ANIMALCULES.3)
BIOEGENESIS- EXPLAINED THAT LIFE COULD
COME ONLY FROM PRE-EXISTING LIFE.

FRANCESCO REDI- NO MAGGOTS GREW ON THE

CLOSED CONTAINER.

LAZARO SPALLENZANIREPEATED NEEDHAMS EXPERIMENT WITH

DIFFERENCE: CONTAINER WAS SEALED AND BROTH
WAS NOTTRANSFFERED.

LOUIS PASTEUR- TESTED YEAST SOUP IN A VARIETY

OF CONTAINERS.HETEROTROPH- AN ORGANISM
THAT IS UNABLE TO MAKE ITS OWN
FOOD.AUTOTROPHS- ARE ORGANISMS THAT ARE
CAPABLE OF PRODUCING THEIR OWNFOOD.

CHAPTER II- MANIFESTATIONS OF LIFE

MANIFESTATIONS OF LIFE1)
CELLULAR ORGANIZATION

CELL- BASIC STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT

OF LIFE IN NEARLY ALLTYPES OF ORGANISMS.

CELL THEORYALL ORGANISMS ARE COMPOSED OF CELLSCELL IS ALSO A UNIT OF FUNCTION OF ALL
ORGANISMSCELLS ARISE FROM PRE-EXISTING CELLSCELL CONTAINTS CONTAINS HEREDITARY
MATERIAL(NUCLEIC ACID)THROUGH WHICH
SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS ARE PASSED
FROMPARENT TO DAUGHTER CELL2)
METABOLISM- SUM TOTAL OF ALL CHEMICAL AND
PHYSICAL PROCESSESWITHIN THE BODY.

ANABOLISM- BUILDING PROCESSES LIKE

PHOTOSYNTHESIS.

CATABOLISM- BREAKDOWN PROCESSES LIKE

CELLULAR RESPIRATION.

AUTOTROPHIC- ORGANISMS THAT CAN CAPTURE

INORGANIC ENERGY.3)
REPRODUCTION- A PROCESS IN WHICH ONE OR
TWO PARENT ORGANISMSFORM A NEW ORGANISM.

ASEXUAL- AN ORGANISM FORMED BY ONE PARENT.

SEXUAL- TAKES PLACE WHEN NUCLEI OF AN EGG

AND SPERM FUSE TOFORM A NEW INDIVIDUAL.

GAMETES/SEXCELLS- WHEN TWO CELLS FUSE

THROUGH COPULATION.4)
GROWTH- OCCURS IN CELL DIVISION.5)
RESPONSIVENESS- STIMULI, THE LIVING
PROTOPLAST IS CAPABLE OFRESPONDING TO
EXTERNAL CONDITIONS.6)

EVOLUTION- THE ABILITY OF THE ORGANISM TO

EVOLVE.