Industry Overview

Chapter II

Section A: Pharmaceutical Industry

Introduction

The Indian pharmaceutical industry ranks among the top five countries by volume (production) and accounts for about
10% of global production. The industrys turnover has grown from a mere US$ 0.3 bn in 1980 to about US$ 21.73 bn in
2009-10. Low cost of skilled manpower and innovation are some of the main factors supporting this growth. According to
the Department of Pharmaceuticals, the Indian pharmaceutical industry employs about 340,000 people and an estimated
400,000 doctors and 300,000 chemists.

Industry structure

The Indian pharmaceutical industry is fragmented with more than 10,000 manufacturers in the organised and unorganised
segments. The products manufactured by the Indian pharmaceutical industry can be broadly classified into bulk drugs
(active pharmaceutical ingredients - API) and formulations. Of the total number of pharmaceutical manufacturers, about
77% produce formulations, while the remaining 23% manufacture bulk drugs. Bulk drug is an active constituent with
medicinal properties, which acts as basic raw material for formulations. Formulations are specific dosage forms of a bulk
drug or a combination of bulk drugs. Drugs are sold as syrups, injections, tablets and capsules.
Formulations can be categorised under various therapeutic groups (Exhibit 2.1):
Exhibit 2.1: Therapeutic groups in the Indian formulations market

Source: D&B Research

Based on the pharmaceutical customer base, the Indian API manufacturing segment can be divided into two sectors
innovative or branded and generic or unbranded. In 2009, the global generic drug market was estimated to be US$ 84 bn,
of which the US accounted for 42%. Indias generic drug industry is estimated to be US$ 19 bn and it ranks third globally,
contributing about 10% to global pharmaceutical production.
Pharmaceutical manufacturing units are largely concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat. These states account for about
45% of the total number of pharmaceutical manufacturing units in India.

Chart 2.1: State-wise number of pharmaceutical manufacturing units in India

Source: Department of Pharmaceuticals, GoI

Chart 2.2: Concentration of pharmaceutical manufacturing units in India (%)

Source: Department of Pharmaceuticals, GoI

SMEs in the pharma industry

According to the Confederation of Indian Industries (CII), there are around 8,000 small and medium enterprises (SME)
units, accounting for about 70% of the total number of the pharma units in India. Indian SMEs are also opening up for
emerging opportunities in the pharmaceutical industry in the field of CRAMS, clinical research etc. These would drive
them to play a definitive role in the transitional global pharmaceutical environment, where a sizeable number of drugs are
expected to go off patent in the coming years. The Indian government has been making every attempt to support SMEs
through several incentives. One such effort is the development of SME clusters in various parts of the country.

Investment in the Indian pharmaceutical industry

100% foreign direct investment (FDI) is allowed under automatic route in the drugs and pharmaceuticals sector, including
those involving use of recombinant technology. Also, FDI up to 100% is permitted for brownfield investments (i.e.
investments in existing companies), in the pharmaceuticals sector, under the Government approval route. The drugs and
pharmaceuticals industry attracted foreign direct investment to the tune of US$ 9.17 bn for the period between April 2000
and January 2012.

Chart 2.3: FDI inflow in the drugs and pharmaceutical industry (US$ mn)

*Fiscal year; Cumulative: April 2000 to January 2012

Source: Ministry of Commerce & Industry

The Indian pharmaceutical industry enjoys certain advantages, which attracts FDI in the country: 1) low cost of innovation
and capital expenditure (to operate good manufacturing practices-compliant facilities) which provides leverage in pricing
of drugs 2) transparency in the regulatory framework 3) proven track record in bulk drug and formulation patents 4) strong
domestic support in production, from raw material requirements to finished goods and 5) India emerging as a hub for
contract research, bio-technology, clinical research and clinical data management.

Factors influencing growth of the industry

The Indian pharmaceutical industry ranks 14th in the world by value of pharmaceutical products. With a well-established
domestic manufacturing base and low-cost skilled manpower, India is emerging as a global hub for pharma products
and the industry continues to be on a growth trajectory. Moreover, India is significantly ahead in providing chemistry
services such as analogue preparation, analytical chemistry and structural drug design, which will provide it ample scope
in contract research and other emerging segments in the pharmaceutical industry. Some of the major factors that would
drive growth in the industry are as follows:
Increase in domestic demand: More than half of Indias population does not have access to advanced medical services,
as they usually depend on traditional medicine practices. However, with increase in awareness levels, rising per capita
income, change in lifestyle due to urbanisation and increase in literacy levels, demand for advanced medical treatment is
expected to rise. Moreover, growth in the middle class population would further influence demand for pharmaceutical
products.
Rise in outsourcing activities: Increase in the outsourcing business to India would also drive growth of the Indian
pharmaceutical industry. Some of the factors that are likely to influence clinical data management and bio-statistics
markets in India in the near future include: 1) cost efficient research vis--vis other countries 2) highly-skilled labour
base 3) cheaper cost of skilled labour 4) presence in end-to-end solutions across the drug-development spectrum and 5)
robust growth in the IT industry.
Growth in healthcare financing products: Development in the Indian financial industry has eased healthcare financing
with introduction of products such as health insurance policy, life insurance policy and cashless claims. This has resulted
in increase in healthcare spending, which in turn, has benefitted the pharmaceutical industry.
Demand in the generics market: During 2008-2015, prescription drugs worth about US$ 300 bn are expected to go off
patent, mostly from the US. Prior experience of Indian pharmaceutical companies in generic drugs would provide an
edge to them.
Demand from emerging segments: Some of the emerging segments such as contract research and development, biopharma, clinical trials, bio-generics, medical tourism and pharma packaging are also expected to drive growth of the
Indian pharmaceutical industry.

Foreign trade in pharmaceutical products

The Indian pharmaceutical industrys growth has been fuelled by exports. Its products are exported to a large number
of countries with a sizeable share in the advanced regulated markets of the US and Western Europe. India currently
exports drug intermediates, active pharmaceutical ingredients, finished dosage formulations, bio-pharmaceuticals and
clinical services to various parts of the world. The top five export destinations of Indian pharmaceutical products are USA,
Germany, Russia, UK and China. Indian exports of drugs and pharmaceuticals grew at a CAGR of 16.5% to ` 451.4 bn over
FY02-FY12 (up to Dec 2011).
Chart 2.4: Export of drugs and pharmaceuticals from India

*Up to Dec 11
Source: Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics (DGCIS) Kolkata

Import of drugs and pharmaceuticals into India recorded a CAGR of 17.6% during FY02-FY12 (up to Dec 2011). During
FY12 (up to Dec 2011), pharmaceutical products worth ` 102.2 bn were imported into India. India is almost self sufficient
in formulations; its imports mostly comprise bulk drugs and some intermediaries. These imports are freely permitted,
except those that are restricted in the foreign trade policy. Import restrictions are mostly on drugs that contain narcotics
and psychotropic components.
Chart 2.5: Import of drugs and pharmaceuticals into India

*Up to Dec 11
Source: Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics (DGCIS) Kolkata

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Major challenges faced by the industry

The Indian pharmaceutical industry was on a strong growth trajectory in the last decade. It has achieved several milestones
and is well positioned to leverage emerging opportunities. However, the industry needs to tackle various issues related to
its operations and regulations. It faces several challenges in the form of pricing of pharmaceutical products and impact of
some agreements. This section touches upon several key issues and challenges faced by the industry:
Impact of GATT-TRIPS agreement: The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade1 (GATT) and Trade Related aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights2 (TRIPS) have an adverse impact on pricing of pharmaceutical products. Pharmaceutical
companies are not allowed to re-generate existing drugs and formulations and change the existing process and
manufacture the same drug. New investments are required to perform research. This is a major obstacle for pharma
companies, especially the micro, small and medium enterprises. Moreover, transfer of technology from abroad is difficult
and expensive. Consequently, revenue of the pharma companies is impacted. Hence, adequate measures should be
taken to support the industrys revenue and minimise losses.
Pricing: At present, pricing of 74 bulk drugs and their formulations, which account for a large share in the retail pharma
market, are controlled by the Drug Price Control Order (DPCO)-1995. The Government had considered reducing the
number of regulated drugs, but it has not been implemented. There is a need to reduce the number of regulated drugs
to facilitate the growth of the pharmaceutical industry.
Drug diversions by institutions: Most of the institutional clients of the Indian pharmaceutical companies comprise
government hospitals, the Indian defence service and private hospitals; the defence sector is mandated to buy drug stocks
through tenders in quantities twice as large as the projected demand for those drugs in the following year at a discounted
price. At the year-end, surplus available at the institutions is pushed to regular channels by leveraging the price discounts,
resulting in a loss for companies through the regular distribution channel.

Indian pharmaceutical industry: SWOT analysis

The SWOT analysis of the industry reveals the position of the Indian pharmaceutical industry in respect to its internal and
external environment.

Strengths

Low cost of innovation, manufacturing and operations

Low cost of skilled manpower and proven track record in design of high technology manufacturing devices.

Weaknesses

Stringent pricing regulations affecting the profitability of pharma companies

Presence of more unorganised players versus the organised ones, resulting in an increasingly competitive environment,
characterised by stiff price competition.

Opportunities

Opening of the health insurance sector and increase in per capita income - the growth drivers for the pharmaceutical
industry
India, a potentially preferred global outsourcing hub for pharmaceutical products due to low cost of skilled labour.

Threats

Other low-cost countries such as China and Israel affecting outsourcing demand for Indian pharmaceutical products
Entry of foreign players (well equipped technology-based products) into the Indian market.

GATT came into existence in 1948 with 23 countries as founding members. Later, more than 100 countries joined in. GATT was the only multilateral instrument
governing international trade from 1948 until 1995, when the WTO was established.

2
An intellectual property right refers to any creation of the human mind, which seeks legal recognition and protection such that the creator of the intangible is
protected from illegal use of creation. TRIPS include several categories of property such as patents, copyrights, trademarks, geographical indications, designs,
industrial circuits and trade secrets.

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Outlook

Overall growth outlook for the Indian drugs and pharmaceutical industry appears positive. Pharma manufacturers are
likely to benefit from rise in demand for generic products. Some of the factors that would drive growth in the domestic
pharma industry are: 1) low cost operations 2) research-based processes 3) improvements in API and 4) availability of
skilled manpower.
The domestic formulations and bulk drugs markets are currently facing price pressure as benefits of cheaper drugs have
been shifted to end-users and trade channels. Hence, consolidation, partnership and alliances are expected to gather
momentum in the near future. Off patenting of branded drugs would increase demand for generic drugs. This provides
immense opportunities to the Indian pharmaceutical companies especially given their prior experience in generic drug
development. Some other factors such as high penetration in the global markets and increase of share in Abbreviated New
Drug Application (ANDA) filings are likely to power growth of the formulations market. Major growth drivers for the
Indian bulk drug industry include rise in demand for contract manufacturing, increase of share in Drug Master Files (DMF)
filings and process innovation.
Furthermore, initiatives of the Government will act as a backbone for growth. Some such initiatives include: 1) allowing
100% FDI under the automatic route in drugs and pharmaceuticals including those involving use of recombinant technology
2) increasing weighted tax deduction on expenditure in in-house R&D activities to 200% in the Budget 2010 and 3) setting
up a US$ 639.56 mn venture capital fund to support drug discovery and strengthen pharmaceutical infrastructure.

Section B: Textiles & Garments Industry

Introduction

The Indian textiles industry plays an important role in the countrys economic growth. The industry is important in terms
of output, foreign exchange earnings and employment. It contributes around 14% to industrial production, 4% to GDP and
10.6% to the countrys export earnings.
One of the key trends witnessed in the liberalised post-quota period is that India emerged as a major sourcing destination
for new players. With growing interest in the Indian textiles and clothing sector, a number of buyers opened their sourcing/
liaison offices in India. The recent couple of years were challenging for the Indian textiles industry as a result of the global
economic slowdown. Back home, the industry faced challenges of strong demand side pressures due to inflationary trends
and volatility in commodity prices.

Size and structure of the industry

The Indian textile industry is fragmented, with only a few large players and numerous small and medium-size companies.
The industrys size is estimated at US$ 55 bn with 64% of the companies catering to domestic demand. The textiles industry
provides direct employment to more than 35 mn people and indirect employment to 47 mn people. In addition, the
industry generates significant employment through forward and backward linkages, both in traditional (production of
cotton and other natural fibres) and modern activities (textile design, etc). In fact, the textiles industry is the second-largest
employment generator after agriculture.
The clothing sector is the final stage of the textiles value chain, with maximum value addition at this level. It is a low
investment and high labour-intensive industry; an investment of ` 0.1 mn creates 6 to 8 jobs. The industry employs around
5 mn workers, of which, around 2.5 mn are in the export sector. The clothing industry consists mainly of knitted and woven
garment segments. This industry is fragmented and is predominantly in the small scale sector.

Apparel clusters in India

The apparel industry is concentrated mainly in eight clusters: Tirupur, Ludhiana, Bengaluru, Delhi/Noida/Gurgaon,
Mumbai, Kolkata, Jaipur and Indore. While Tirupur, Ludhiana and Kolkata are major centres for knitwear, Bengaluru,
Delhi/Noida/Gurgaon, Mumbai, Jaipur and Indore are major hubs for woven garments.

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Industry structure

The textiles sector in India comprises both organised and unorganised segments. More than 70 textile and clothing clusters
account for about 80% of total production in the country. There are nearly 40 powerloom clusters in the country. Major
states with a number of clusters are Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Uttar Pradesh. The
textiles industry is extremely diversified with hand-spun and hand-woven sectors at one end and the capital-intensive,
sophisticated mill sector at the other. The de-centralised powerloom/hosiery and knitting sectors form the largest section
of the textiles industry.
Major sub-sectors of the textiles sector are organised cotton/man-made fibre textiles mills, man-made fibre/filament yarn,
wool and woolen textiles, sericulture and silk textiles, handlooms, handicrafts, jute and jute textiles and textiles exports.
Exhibit 2.2: Textile industry value chain

Source: D&B Research

Table 2.1: SWOT analysis of the Indian Textile industry

Strengths

Opportunities

Various types of raw materials are available in abundance

Government initiatives to encourage exports and upgrade
technology
Low cost of labour
Strong presence across the entire value chain, from fibre to
garments

Favourable demographics in the domestic market; increasing young

population coupled with rising income levels
Emergence of retail industry as a whole and development of various
malls provide huge opportunities for the apparel segments
Opportunities in product diversification (for e.g, Technical Textiles)
Increasing working female population with higher propensity to spend
compared with home keepers
Change in consumption pattern, including rising demand for highquality premium fabrics and development of various products cater
to global needs
Replacement of the Multi Fibre Agreement (MFA) and integration of the
textile industry resulting in huge opportunities for exports. Moreover,
gradual development in the technical side of the industry provides an
opportunity

Weaknesses

Threats

Low cotton yield per hectare, high financing cost and lack
of adequate technology
High dependence on EU and US for exports
Highly fragmented industry with large number of smallsize and technologically-outdated plants, lacking benefits
of economies of scale
Infrastructure bottlenecks for handling huge volumes
Lack of trained manpower and low labour productivity due
to lack of technological development

Increased, cost-based competition from other countries (Bangladesh,

Vietnam, and Sri Lanka)
Pricing pressures due to removal of US and EU quotas on imports from
China
Fluctuations in the demand in exports due to the elimination of quota
regime
Higher borrowing cost which affects the profitability of the small and
medium firms
Rising input costs

Source: D&B Research

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Chart 2.6: Trend in cloth production

*Provisional; FY12 data is up to Jan

Source: Office of the textile commissioner

Between FY03 and FY12, Indias cloth production recorded year-on-year growth in each of the years, barring FY03, FY09 and
FY12. After the 2% decline in production in FY09, cloth production grew by 9.8% in FY10 and 3.7% in FY11, respectively.
Data for FY12 available up to January 2012 reflects cloth production of 50,492 mn sq metres, 4.1% lower than production
in the corresponding period of FY11.

Composition of cloth production

The composition of cloth production has remained more or less unchanged during the past decade. The average share of
cotton in total cloth production was around 47.7% during FY02-FY12. Average share for non-cotton cloth was 37.6% during this
period. During FY12 (Apr-Jan), production of cotton cloth declined by 5.1% to 25,150 mn sq mtrs, as compared to production
in the corresponding period of FY11. Production of non-cotton cloth also declined by 4.7% to 17,637 mn sq mtrs.
Chart 2.7: Composition of cloth production (mn sq mtrs)

*Provisional; FY12 data is up to Jan

Source: Office of the textile commissioner

Exports scenario

Textile exports play an important role in overall exports from India. The Indian textiles and clothing industry is one of
the largest contributors to the countrys exports. Indias share in the world textile and clothing market, although small, is
rising steadily. Indias share in the global textile and apparel markets is around 4% and 3% respectively. The export basket
of the Indian textiles industry consists of a wide range of items: readymade garments, cotton textiles, handloom textiles,
man-made fibre textiles, wool and woollen goods, silk, jute and handicrafts, including carpets.In the global exports of textiles,

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India ranked as the third largest exporter with a share of 5.1%, trailing EU-27 and China. In the global exports of clothing,
India ranked as the sixth largest exporter with a share of 3.2%, trailing Turkey, Bangladesh, Hong Kong, EU-27 and China.
Box 2.1: Basic facts: Indian textiles and clothing (T&C) exports
Indias share in global T&C trade: 4% in textiles and 2.8% in clothing
Indias rank in world trade: 7th in textiles and 6th in clothing
Share in the countrys total exports basket: 12%
Readymade garments share: nearly 50% of total textile exports
Indias textiles products are exported to over 100 countries
Two-third of Indias textiles are exported to the US and EU
Other major export destinations include Canada, UAE, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Republic of Korea, Bangladesh and Turkey.
Source: Ministry of Textiles

Indias textile exports

Indias textile exports declined in FY09 mainly due to fall in demand owing to the global slowdown. However, during FY10,
exports recovered and recorded a marginal increase of 0.6%. With economic recovery, exports of textiles rose sharply by
33% in FY11. During FY12 (Apr-Dec), textile exports recorded healthy growth of 18% at US$ 10.7 bn, over exports in the
same period of FY11.
Chart 2.8: Exports of textiles (US$ bn)

*Up to Dec-11
Source: DGCI&S

Chart 2.9: Composition of textile exports FY12* (%)

*Up to Dec-11
Source: Office of the textile commissioner, GoI

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The USA and the EU account for about two-third of Indias textiles exports. The other major export destinations include
China, UAE, Sri Lanka, Saudi Arabia, Republic of Korea, Bangladesh, Turkey, Pakistan, Brazil, Hong Kong, Canada and
Egypt.
Although India exports textiles to more than 100 countries, they are heavily skewed in terms of export destinations. The top
10 destinations for Indias readymade garments exports account for nearly 80% of Indias RMG exports. Even among the
leading 10 export markets, the US accounts for the largest chunk; readymade garments exports from India to the US had
the largest share of 23% during FY12 (up to Dec).
The Middle East, particularly UAE, is another important destination for Indias readymade garment exports. UAEs share
in total RMG exports from India had halved from 10% in FY01 to around 5% by FY06. Nevertheless, since FY07, there has
been a reversal in trend; UAEs share recovered to 10% during FY11 and FY12 (up to Dec).
Chart 2.10: Major destinations for Indias RMG exports* (%)

*For FY12 (up to Dec-11)

Source: DGCI&S

Chart 2.11: Top-10 destinations for Indias RMG exports* (US$ mn)

*For FY12 (up to Dec-11)

Source: DGCI&S

Major government policies/initiatives

Post liberalisation, Government of India (GoI) has undertaken several key initiatives to boost the industrys growth. It has
removed barriers that hindered growth and expansion. Some major policies include:

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National Textile Policy - 2000

In 2000, GoI announced the National Textile Policy 2000, which replaced the previous Textile Policy of 1985. One of the
main objectives of the new policy is to enable the textile industry to attain and sustain a pre-eminent global standing in
manufacture and export of clothing.
Some other key objectives of the policy are:
- Equipping the industry to withstand pressures of import penetration and maintaining dominant presence in the
domestic market
- Liberalising controls and regulations so that different segments of textile industry are able to perform in a greater
competitive environment
- Developing a strong multi-fibre base with thrust on product upgrade and diversification
- Sustaining and strengthening the traditional knowledge, skills and capabilities of the weavers and craftsmen.

De-reservation of the garments sector

Prior to the National Textile Policy 2000, Indian garment sector was reserved for the SSI sector; large enterprises could
manufacture apparels, provided they met the export obligation of minimum 50% of output. This policy acted as an
impediment to growth by preventing capacity expansion and technological upgradation of garment manufacturing units.
To improve competitiveness of garment manufacturers, the Textile Policy 2000 removed this restriction and de-reserved
garments, hosiery and knitwear from the SSI sector.
Foreign Direct Investment 100% FDI is allowed in the textiles sector under the automatic route; this encourages international
textile companies to set up base in India. The chart below depicts inflow of FDI into the Indian textiles industry:
Chart 2.12: FDI inflows in the textiles sector (` bn)

*Up to Oct
Source: Office of the textile commissioner

Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (TUFS): TUFS was initially commissioned in April 1999 for five years to facilitate
modernisation and upgradation of the textile industry. It is a flagship programme of Ministry of Textiles and has acted
as a catalyst in attracting investments into the textiles sector. Under this scheme, GoI provides credit to manufacturers in
the organised and unorganised sector at reduced rates. It provides capital subsidy of 10% and interest subsidy of 5% on
installation of machinery for manufacture of technical textiles, garmenting machinery and processing machinery under
TUFS. The Government has recommended continuation of TUFS with an allocation of ` 158.9 bn for the entire 12th Five
Year Plan.

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Chart 2.13: Share of major textile sectors in TUFS (%)

Source: Ministry of Textiles

Scheme for Integrated Textile Parks (SITP): This scheme has been implemented to facilitate setting up of textile units with
appropriate support infrastructure. The total project cost (including land, infrastructure, buildings and common facilities,
factory building for production and installed plant and machinery) is funded through a mix of equity/grants - from the
State Industrial Development Corporation, Industry and Project Management Consultant and Loan from banks/financial
institutions. GoIs support under the scheme is via grant or equity, limited to 40% of the project cost, subject to a ceiling of
` 400 mn.

The way forward

As per the Strategic Plan (2011-2016) of the Ministry of Textiles, the industry needs an investment of ` 1,990.0 bn till the
end of the 12th Plan (2016-17) to cater to the expected growth in demand. The spinning, weaving and processing segments
would require a significant portion of this investment.
In a bid to provide a boost to the sector and generate more employment, the Government plans to increase the investment
in the textiles sector through various schemes i.e. Scheme for Integrated Textiles Parks (SITP), Technology Upgradation
Fund Scheme (TUFS), Integrated Skill Development Scheme (ISDS), Technology Mission on Technical Textiles (TMTT) etc.
The allocation during the 12th Five Year Plan is proposed to be increased to ` 496.5 bn, as against an allocation of ` 140.0 bn
during the 11th Plan.
Notwithstanding the bright prospects, on the export front, the industry faces certain critical constraints: lack of proper
infrastructure, high power and transaction cost, incidence of state level cess and duties, lack of state-of-the-art technology
etc. To reduce over-dependence on the EU and US markets, thrust should be on tapping new markets such as Japan, South
Asia, Australia, Latin America and South Africa to promote exports.
To ensure sustained growth and expansion of the Indian textile industry, it is necessary to maintain healthy export growth
momentum, increase production and productivity in cotton yarn, enhance value addition in garmenting and apparel
sectors, promote the rich heritage of handlooms and handicrafts, institutional strengthening in the jute sector, and enhance
acreages under mulberry production and safeguard employment opportunities. More concerted efforts need to be taken to
bridge the skill gap in the textiles industry.

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Exhibit 2.3: Future growth drivers of readymade garments

Source: D&B Research

Going forward, the domestic readymade garments industry is expected to be driven by a buoyant economy, increasing
purchasing power and increase in retail activity. India is still a relatively small but growing player in the global apparel
market. With recovery in the world economy and anticipated increase in demand, particularly in the emerging economies,
prospects for growth of the Indian readymade garments industry and the overall textiles industry look bright.

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