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H3PO4
Ca(OH)2 (0.4-0.8% tebu)
Tebu
(95-96%)
Milling
Bagas 2%
suhu = 343 K
Serat
Liming
SO2
Nira + Air
Ca3(PO4)2
suhu = 387 K
Sulfitasi
pH = 7.2
Nira + Air
Ca3(PO4)2
CaSO3
Klarifikasi
Ke stasiun pembangkit
tenaga uap
Filter cake
Ca3(PO4)2
CaSO3
Steam
suhu : 387 K
Gula
Centrifuge
Gula
Kristalisasi
Evaporasi
(0.01-0.03 % air)
Suhu boiler
=323 K
Mollases
Nira
Jernih
(85-90% air)
suhu = 383 K
Item No
Air Pendingin
Air Umpan Boier
Air Umpan Boier
Air Umpan Boier
Air Umpan Boier
Air Umpan Boier
Air Umpan Boier
Air Umpan Boier
Electricity
FE- 404
E-101
FE -401
FE -402
FE-403
FE-404
VE-101
VE-102
Pu-101
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
Pu-102
Pu-103
Pu-104
Pu-105
Pu-106
Pu-107
Pu-108
Pu-109
Pu-110
Pu-111
Pu-112
Pu-113
Equipment Name
Condensor Evaporator 4
Heater
Evaporator 1
Evaporator 2
Evaporator 3
Evaporator 4
Vacum Pan 1
Vacum Pan 2
Pompa Sentrifugal
Pompa Bak Penampung Air
Sungai
Pompa Air Pelarut Tangki Alum
dan Natrium
Pompa Tangki Alum
Pompa Na2CO3
Pompa Clarifier
Pompa Sand Filter
Pompa Air Proses
Pompa Air Domestic
Pompa Air Kation Exchanger
Pompa Air Anion Exchanger
Pompa Air Umpan Boiler
Pompa Deaerator
Total
Usage
Rate
satuan
264,77 kg/jam
10977,8 kg/jam
144 kg/jam
129,36 kg/jam
150,11 kg/jam
159,29 kg/jam
95,36 kg/jam
88,73 kg/jam
2,05 Hp
1,21 Hp
0,0021 Hp
0,006
0,006
0,191
0,195
0,442
1,85
0,16
1,14
0,29
0,72
8,2621
Hp
Hp
Hp
Hp
Hp
Hp
Hp
Hp
Hp
Hp
Hp
Annual
Unit
Quality Per
Year
kg
1,65E+09
kg
207.900
kg
316.800
kg
158
kg
40
Total Raw Material
Quality
Unit
Per Year
Operating Labor
Operating Supervision
Electricity
Fuel
Refrigeration
Steam
Unit Prace
Rp
300,00
Rp 5.000,00
Rp 1.500,00
Rp 20.000,00
Rp
300,00
Rp 495.000.000.000,00
Rp
1.039.500.000,00
Rp
475.200.000,00
Rp
3.168.000,00
Rp
11.880,00
Rp 496.517.879.880,00
Unit Prace
Rp
and Disposal
Water Process
Water Cooling
Maintence and Repairs
Operating Supplies
Laboratury Charges
Royalties
Rp
Rp
Total DE
5.814.250.000,00
872.137.250,00
28.994.710.678,00
14.497.355.339,00
21.746.033.009,00
21.746.033.009,00
21.746.033.009,00
21.746.033.009,00
14.497.355.339,00
Rp
381.485.388,00
Rp
872.137.500,00
Rp 28.994.710.678,00
Rp 181.908.274.208,00
Depreciation
Takes
Financing
Insurance
Rp
Rp
Rp
Rp
Rp
Total IDE
Tabel 2.1-3. Equipment Schedule
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Item No.
DC-101
C-101
SR-101
C-102
SR-401
TT-601
D-102
J-101
E-101
No.Registered
5.086.471.840,00
1.017.294.368,00
2.543.235.920,00
406.917.747,00
9.053.919.875,00
Size
Care Crane
Conveyor
Hummer
Elevator
Chrusher
Bagas Storage
Penampung
Pump 1
Heater 1
10
M-201
Defactator
11
M-202
Defactator
12
13
M-203
J-102
Defactator
Pump 2
14
15
16
17
18
M-204
D-103
J-103
E-102
TT-101
Sulfitator
Penampung
Pump 3
Heater 2
Expander
120 in x 216 in
28,90 in
104,361 in x 16,039
in
104,361 in x 16,039
in
104,361 in x 16,039
in
0,057 in
2,379 m x 14,411485
m
0,057 in
300 in x 360 in
19
20
21
M-401
D-104
D-105
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
DD-401
J-104
E-103
FE-401
FE-402
FE-403
FE-404
D-106
J-105
VE-101
VE-102
VE-103
K-205
K-206
M-207
FF-401
FF-402
FF-403
FF-404
FF-405
J-106
DE-401
E-104
E-105
TT-602
TT-603
Clarifier
Penampung
Penampung
Rotary Vacum
Filter
Pump 4
Heater 3
Evaporator 1
Evaporator 2
Evaporator 3
Evaporator 4
Penampung
Pump 5
Vacum Pan 1
Vacum Pan 2
Vacum Pan 3
Crystalizer
Crystalizer
Mixer
Centrifuge
Centrifuge
Centrifuge
Centrifuge
Centrifuge
Pump 6
Cooler 1
Cooler 2
Cooler 3
Sugar Storage
Mollase Storage
28,90 in
14,35 ft
14,35 ft
14,35 ft
14,35 ft
20,01 in
20,01 in
120 in x 144 in
180 in x 288 in
48
M-101
Splitter
Item No.
No.Registered
Size
1
2
3
DC-101
C-101
SR-101
Care Crane
Conveyor
Hummer
No.
Item No.
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
C-102
SR-401
TT-601
D-102
J-101
E-101
M-201
M-202
M-203
J-102
Elevator
Chrusher
Bagas Storage
Penampung
Pump 1
Heater 1
Defactator
Defactator
Defactator
Pump 2
14
15
16
M-204
D-103
J-103
Sulfitator
Penampung
Pump 3
No.Registered
Size
120 in x 216 in
28,90 in
104,361 in x 16,039 in
104,361 in x 16,039 in
104,361 in x 16,039 in
0,057 in
2,379 m x 14,411485
Delivered
Cost
500
750
Delivered
Cost
500
800
1500
5404,7
120
3000
120
m
0,057 in
5404,7
120
17
18
19
20
21
E-102
TT-101
M-401
D-104
D-105
22
DD-401
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
J-104
E-103
FE-401
FE-402
FE-403
FE-404
D-106
J-105
VE-101
VE-102
VE-103
K-205
K-206
M-207
FF-401
FF-402
FF-403
FF-404
FF-405
J-106
DE-401
E-104
Heater 2
Expander
Clarifier
Penampung
Penampung
Rotary Vacum
Filter
Pump 4
Heater 3
Evaporator 1
Evaporator 2
Evaporator 3
Evaporator 4
Penampung
Pump 5
Vacum Pan 1
Vacum Pan 2
Vacum Pan 3
Crystalizer
Crystalizer
Mixer
Centrifuge
Centrifuge
Centrifuge
Centrifuge
Centrifuge
Pump 6
Cooler 1
Cooler 2
3000
300 in x 360 in
5404,7
5404,7
28,90 in
14,35 ft
14,35 ft
14,35 ft
14,35 ft
20,01 in
20,01 in
1400
120
3000
15000
15000
15000
15000
5404,7
120
2000
2000
2000
900
900
900
900
900
120
1580
45
46
47
48
E-105
TT-602
TT-603
M-101
Cooler 3
Sugar Storage
Mollase Storage
Splitter
120 in x 144 in
180 in x 288 in
Tabel.2.1-5
1. Raw Material (50% Full)
Material
Tebu
H3PO4
CaO
Sulfit
Flukola
Needs (Kg/year)
Cost @
1,65E+09 Rp
300,00
207.900 Rp 5.000,00
316.800 Rp 1.500,00
158 Rp 20.000,00
Total
Rp 495.000.000.000,00
Rp
1.039.500.000,00
Rp
475.200.000,00
Rp
3.168.000,00
Rp
40
11.880,00
Rp 496.517.879.880,00
n
Total
2. Good in process
3. Product Inventory
4. Gross Sales
Rp
300,00
2290
2290
54.000
90.000
14.000
27.000
10.000
15.000
8.000
15.800
600.000
7.500
26.400
82.900
60.000
1.033.500
5.327.822
799.173
Sum of 1 and 2
4. Working Capital
Raws Material Inventory
Good in process
Finished product inventory
Store supplies and all other items at 3% gross sales
Total Working Capital
6.126.995
52,502
949.150
6.327.650
Manufacturing Capital
$ 6.327.677
$ 10.219.843
Gross Profit
0,11
SARE @ 10%
0,11
10.219.842
Income Tax
107.570
Net Profit
5.340.612
9,3%
Evaporator
@ 1.200
FE-1
up FE-4
13
15.600
@150.000
4
600.000
Pumps ( process)
P-1 up P-22
@ 1.200
22
26.400
Pumps (Total)
Heater
E-1
up
E-3
42.000
@30.000
3
Exchanger
90.000
E-1
564
E-2
564
1.128
Deaerator
600
Centrifuge
FF-1
up FF-3
Reactor
@ 9.000
3
R-1
24.000
R-2
30.000
54.000
Tanks
27.000
Clarifier
Conveyor
C-1 up C-3
D-1
22.900
D-2
60.000
D-3
22.900
10.000
@ 5.000
3
15.O00
D-4
12.887
Crusher
8.000
D-5
12.887
Drying
15.000
D-6
1.450
Hammer Crusher
7.500
D-7
1.450
Bak Penampungan
D-8
17.137
D-1
20.545
D-9
17.317
D-2
54.047
168.748
74.592
1.188.428.000
21.746.033.009
14.497.355.339
36.193.388.348
73.625.204.696
872.137.500
872.137.500
Rp.1.744.275.000
50.864.718.400
WCI
Rp.
8.976.126.776
TCI
59.840.845.176
Rp.
Taxes, Insurance =
Repairs =
Miscellaneous =
Payroll Charges =
Total =
406.917.747
3.560.530.288
4.397.183.600
7.248.677
8.371.880.312
SARE =
Catalyst =
Total
=
Material
/ Year
3.168.000
3.168.000
Tebu
Rp. 495.000.000.000
H3PO4
Rp.
1.039.000.000
CaO
Rp.
475.200.000
Sulfit
Rp.
5.168.000
Floculant
Rp.
11.880
Total
Rp.496.517.879.880/year
Utilities
Rp.144.973.553.392/year
Rule Of Thumb
Evaporator
1. Panjang tabung evaporator vertikal dengan baik alam atau dipaksa sirkulasi yang paling populer. Tabung 19-63mm diameter, 12-30 panjang
ft.
2. Dalam sirkulasi paksa, kecepatan linier dalam tabung 15-20 ft / detik.
3. Peningkatan titik didih dengan hasil padatan terlarut dalam perbedaan dari 3-10 F antara larutan dan uap jenuh.
4. Ketika kenaikan titik didih yang cukup, jumlah ekonomi efek secara seri dengan umpan maju adalah 4-5.
5.
6.
Ketika kenaikan titik didih kecil, biaya minimum diperoleh dengan 8-10 efek dalam seri.
Di belakang memberi makan larutan yang lebih pekat dipanaskan dengan uap suhu tertinggi sehingga permukaan pemanas berkurang, tapi
7.
8.
Pengeringan Padat
1. Pengeringan rentang waktu dari beberapa detik dalam pengering semprot untuk 1 jam atau kurang dalam pengering rotary, dan sampai
beberapa jam atau bahkan beberapa hari di rak pengering terowongan atau belt.
2. Terus menerus nampan dan pengering sabuk untuk bahan granular alami ukuran atau pellleted untuk 3-15 mm memiliki pengeringan kali
dalam kisaran 10-200 MNN.
3. Pengering silinder Rotary beroperasi dengan kecepatan udara yang dangkal S-10 ft / detik, kadang-kadang sampai 35 ft / sec padahal
bahan yang kasar. Waktu tinggal adalah 5-90 menit. Holdup padat adalah 7-8%.s
Ca3(PO4)2 + 6H2O
CaSO3 + H2O
dll
6. Physical properties
1. Asam Posfat
Rumus molekul
Berat Molekul, kg/mol
Fasa
Densitas (30OC), kg/m3
Visikositas (30OC), cP
Titik Leleh,OC
Titik Didih, OC
2. Kalsium Hidroksida
Rumus Molekul
Berat Molekul, kg/mol
Fasa
Densitas (30OC), kg/m3
Kelarutan
: H3PO4
: 98
: Cair
: 1688
: 11,73
: 42,35
: 407
: Ca(OH)2
: 74
: Padat
: 2.211 g/cm3
: 0.189 g/100 mL (0 OC)
0.173 g/ 100 mL (20 OC)
3. Sulfur Dioksida
Rumus molekul
: SO2
: 64
Fasa
: Gas
Cp, kJ/kgK
: 1.84
Bahan penunjang :
1. Alum (tawas)
Rumus Molekul
: K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
Power =
1.188.428.000
Taxes, Insurance =
Berat
: 948,75
Steam
= Molekul, kg/mol
21.746.033.009
Repairs =
Fasa
:
Padat
Fuel =
14.497.355.339
Miscellaneous =
Kemurnian, %-berat
: 90%
Water =
36.193.388.348
Payroll Charges =
Kelarutan
: 86,9 g/100 g H2O (0OC)
Total =
73.625.204.696
Total =
: 110,4 g/100 g H2O (100OC)
7. Produk Samping : Molasess
Labor =- Harga
872.137.500
SARE =
: Rp.123
Supervision
=
872.137.500
Catalyst =
- Equipment
Total =
a. Reactor 1.744.275.000
: $ 54.000
b. Heater
: $ 90.000
c. Filter
: $ 14.000
d. Centrifuge
: $ 27.000
e. Clarifier
: $ 10.000
f. Conveyor
: $ 15.000
g. Crusher
: $ 8.000
h. Drying
: $ 15.800
i. Evaporator
: $ 600.000
j. Hammer Crusher : $ 7.500
k. Pumps
: $ 26.400
l. Tanks
: $ 82.900
m. Vacum pan
: $ 60.000
- Utilitas
406.917.747
3.560.530.288
4.397.183.600
7.248.677
8.371.880.312
3.168.000
3.168.000
- Milling
Tebu
Nira
Ampas tebu + air imbibisi
- Liming
2H3PO4 + 3Ca(OH)
-
nira
Ca3(PO4)2 + 6H2O
Sulfitasi
SO2 + Ca(OH)2
CaSO3 + H2O
2. Suhu
-
Sulfitasi
SO2 + Ca(OH)2
CaSO3 + H2O
Klarifikasi
Nira + Flokulan
Berfungsi mengeluarkan gelembug gelembung gas dan udara yang tetrdapat dalam nira agar tidak menghalangi pengendapan pada
clarifier
-
Evaporasi
Nira kental (mengandung85 -90%)
Kristalisasi
Pembentukan kristal gula
b. Temperatur masuk
- Defakator : 313 K 343 K
- Sulfitator : 376 K
- Evaporator : 383 K
c. Selektivitas
Konversi : 80%
d. Fasa padat
e. Katalis yang digunakan SO2
2. Laju alir : 80 kg/jam
3. Kemurnian produk : 89,3 %
4. Bahan baku :