2ianns Lesson 1 ‘The Basis of Are Welding Lesson 2 Common Elsctric ‘Are Welding Processes Losson3 Covered Electrodes for Welding Mild Stools Lesson Covered Electrodes for Welding Low Alloy Steels Lesson 5 Welding Filer Metals for Stainless Steels Fux Electrodes Carbon ‘Low Alloy Steels Lesson Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Metal Costs Lesson 10 Reliailly of Welding Filler Metals hipiwwu.esabna.comiouwstiawtalessont_1.hm Lesson 1- Basies of Are Weleing BASIC WELDING FILLER METAL TECHNOLOGY A Correspondence Course LESSON I THE BASICS OF ARC WELDING + An Introduction to Metals + Electricity for Welding a ESAB Welding & = Cutting Products Current Chapter Table of Contents GoTo Test Print Glossary ‘Turn Pages Search Chapter (Faster Download) Search Document (Slower Download) mn2ianns Lesson 1 ‘The Basis of Are Welding Lesson 2 Common Elsctric ‘Are Welding Processes Losson3 Covered Electrodes: for Welding Mild Stools Lesson Covered Electrodes for Welding Low Alloy Steels Lesson 5 Welding Filer Metals for Stainless St Lesson 6 Carbon & Low Attoy ‘SteolFller Metals GMAW.GTAW,SAW Lesson 7 Flux Cored Arc Electrodes Carbon ‘Low Alloy Steels Electrodes Lesson Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Filler Metals 1412 145 121 43 45 182 185 156 46 soa 184 Lesson 1- Basies of Are Weleing TABLE OF CONTENTS LESSON | THE BASICS OF ARC WELDING ‘Section Ta ‘Source and Manufacturing, (Capped Stoel Vacuum Decne Steal Caron Sto. Low Atoy Stet High Aloy Sto ‘Specifications Cystine Structure of Me Heat Treatment Hardenng Tempering nealing Normalzing Properties of Metal. Tense Stange timate Tense Srengts Peroertage of Engin hipiwww.esabra.comiouwstiawtatessont_2.hm Current Chapter Table of Contents GoTo Test Print Glossary ‘Turn Page Search Chapter (Faster Download) Search Document (Slower Download) mn2ianns Lesson 1 ‘The Basis of Are Welding Lesson 2 Common Elsctric ‘Are Welding Processes Losson3 Covered Electrodes: for Welding Mild Stools Lesson Covered Electrodes for Welding Low Alloy Steels Lesson 5 Welding Filer Metals for Stainless Steels Lesson 6 Carbon & Low Attoy ‘SteolFller Metals GMAW.GTAW,SAW Lesson 7 Flux Cored Arc Electrodes Carbon ‘Low Alloy Steels Electrodes Lesson Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Metal Costs Lesson 10 Reliailly of Welding Filler Metals 166 169 162 172 174 177 1730 a 1795 PART Section Nr 18 saa Lesson 1- Basies of Are Weleing TABLE OF CONTENTS LESSON I - Con't. ‘charpy Impacts Fatgue Srength Oxdaton Resistance ‘Thermal Conductty Ssubtur. Manganese. chromo Movibdenum Seon opper| ‘coumum, Vann trogen ‘Nbyeg Ebments summary ELECTRICITY FOR WELOING Section Tite Elstricty for Welng Prnopis of Becirety hipiwww.esabna.comiouwstiawtalessont_Sikm 13 1“ 1“ 5 16 15 6 6 " 10 Current Chapter Table of Contents GoTo Test Pri Glossary ‘Turn Pages Search Chapter (Faster Download) Search Document (Slower Download) mn2ianns Lesson 1 ‘The Basis of Are Welding Lesson 2 Common Elsctric ‘Are Welding Section Nr Processes Losson3 : Covered Electrodes: as for Welding sar Mild Stools 18 19s Lesson saz CoveredElectrodes. 493 for Welding Low Alloy Steels 194 ‘pene A Lesson 5 Welding Filer Metals for Stainless Steels Lesson 6 Carbon & Low Attoy ‘SteolFller Metals GMAW.GTAW,SAW Lesson 7 Flux Cored Arc Electrodes Carbon ‘Low Alloy Steels Electrodes Lesson Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Metal Costs Lesson 10 Reliailly of Welding Filler Metals Lesson 1- Basies of Are Weleing TABLE OF CONTENTS LESSON I - Con't. Section Tite Recttyng AC to DC Constant Curent Charaterstes constant Voi coarcteratos Power Source Conte Gbesary of Tes hipiwww.esabra.comiouwstiawtalessont_4ihm 26 2% 29 Current Chapter Table of Contents GoTo Test Pri Glossary ‘Turn Pages Search Chapter (Faster Download) Search Document (Slower Download) mn2ianns Lesson 1 ‘The Basis of Are Welding Lesson 2 Common Elsctric ‘Are Welding Processes Losson3 Covered Electrodes: for Welding Mild Stools Lesson Covered Electrodes for Welding Low Alloy Steels Lesson 5 Welding Filer Metals for Stainless Steels Lesson 6 Carbon & Low Attoy ‘SteolFller Metals GMAW.GTAW,SAW Lesson 7 Flux Cored Arc Electrodes Carbon ‘Low Alloy Steels Electrodes Lesson Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Metal Costs Lesson 10 Reliailly of Welding Filler Metals Lesson 1- Basies of Are Weleing LESSON ILPARTA, AN INTRODUCTION TO METALS 4.1 SOURCE AND MANUFACTURING Notas come om natural deposits ofr inthe earth’ crust, Most oes are contaminates wn puri tha mut ba removed by mache ‘rom te pete oes krona primary oF vgn mata, and metal hat comes fom scrap 's cales secondary metal, Most ming of matalbsarng ores s dane by ether open pt or underground methods. The Me metiods of mining employed ae known a “selection ‘which smalvens or beds ofigh grade os are werked, and "bukin whch larg quits of ow grad re ere mings to extracts hgh gre poton 1110.1 Thereare wo types of ors, erous and nonforrous. Tho tem fous comes contol. Nonferrous metas, such as copper and alumicum, as thse hat contain le or rnolrn, Thera apercximatly 20 nes te tonnage of ron the ears crust compared oat ane nonferrous products combined therefore, the moat inportant and widely eed ata 11.02 Aluminum, borause ofits tractive appearance, Ih wight and strong ste next most wily used meta. Commercial tuminum ee, known 3s bauxite, residual topo formed 3 or nos the evs surace, turing the weling operation ana an undarstancng of waking metaliry canbe ganed by lnapning he weking areas minature see mil. 4104 Thelaegest percentage of commercial reduces ron comes fom the blast fumace process. A ypical bie furnaces cc sha approxtatey 9010100 fel hgh with an ineral gamater of p5roxmatel 28 feet, The seal shall fthe firnace is Ind wih a rtractry materia usuly 2 hard dense cy feeb 4408 Thelron lat turnace vtizes te chemical escton betes aot ue charge tho charge are oro, fx an coke. The os cons f kon oxo about our nches in ameter. The fxs imestane hat decomposes no eabum oxte and carton done slag, Coke, whch sprmarly carbo, he clue for Hast funaces because it produces carton monoxide gas, he main agent for resin on oe nt en mela hpiwwu.esabra.comiouwstiawtatessont Sim Current Chapter Table of Contents GoTo Test Pri Glossary ‘Turn Pages Search Chapter (Faster Download) Search Document (Slower Download) mn2ianns Lesson 1 ‘The Basis of Are Welding Lesson 2 Common Elsctric ‘Are Welding Processes Losson3 Covered Electrodes: for Welding Mild Stools Lesson Covered Electrodes for Welding Low Alloy Steels Lesson 5 Welding Filer Metals for Stainless Steels Lesson 6 Carbon & Low Attoy ‘SteolFller Metals GMAW.GTAW,SAW Lesson 7 Flux Cored Arc Electrodes Carbon ‘Low Alloy Steels Electrodes Lesson Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Metal Costs Lesson 10 Reliailly of Welding Filler Metals Lesson 1- Basies of Are Weleing 1.108 Thebasc cporaton othe bbs furnaces to roduc on oxo to ron metal and to remove mpurtes ram tha mia. Reduced laments pass rio the Yon an oxizes ion ang i used a a starting matoralfofurhorpurfcaton processes. 1.1.07 Pla Fon contane excessive amounts of ements that mst be reduced before stool can be produces. Diferent:ypes of umaces, most rotably the open haat, electe ask of removing or roducing elements suchas carbon, sion, phesphows, suf and trogen by saturating the maten meta wth oxygen and slg forming neds. The nygon reduces elements forming gatos tat re own away ard te gatas Impurties 2s & separates fom the maton meta 1.1.08 Depending upon he ype of slag thats uses, refringfrraces are cassod as ther ald or base. Large amounts of ne re contained in base slags and igh quanites of tea ace presontin acs sags, This ferential between acid and base sages also pert tin woking dctroses for much ofthe sams refing process occur inthe wing 4.108 Ater passing trough ie refing furnace the metals poured nto east ron ingot is saturated wih oxygen. To avo the formation fargo gas pockets nthe cast metal a substan pet ofthe onygen must be removed. Ts process i known a decedan, ana ie accomplished tough adves ha i yp the oxygen eter hugh gates of slag, Tere ar varcus ogroos of axidaton, and he commen gat sung rom each 114 Rimmed st tho ngos soli, alayer of nearly pure tons formed on ts walls ad bt of her, and pracaty atthe carbon, phosphorus, and slur segregate tothe canvalcore, The Tho making of immed steak involves to ast dexidton. As ‘oygen fas carbon monoxide gat a repped in he slaying metal a blow hols that sappoarin ts hot rong process. The ci advantage of ma steals tho excsl- lent defectee surtace that canbe produced withthe ade of the pure on skin. Most 2 Ganpad Stes}- Capped soa rqusos tne amount of oxygen inthe man tal rough house ofa heavy cap thats locked ontop ofthe mol aftr the metals slowed io rach a skrtevelofrmming. Capped se conta more uniform ore hipiwwu.esabna.comiouwstiautalessont_Siim Current Chapter Table of Contents GoTo Test Pri Glossary ‘Turn Pages Search Chapter (Faster Download) Search Document (Slower Download) mn2ianns Lesson 1 ‘The Basis of Are Welding Lesson 2 Common Elsctric ‘Are Welding Processes Losson3 Covered Electrodes: for Welding Mild Stools Lesson Covered Electrodes for Welding Low Alloy Steels Lesson 5 Welding Filer Metals for Stainless Steels Lesson 6 Carbon & Low Attoy ‘SteolFller Metals GMAW.GTAW,SAW Lesson 7 Flux Cored Arc Electrodes Carbon ‘Low Alloy Steels Electrodes Lesson Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Metal Costs Lesson 10 Reliailly of Welding Filler Metals Lesson 1- Basies of Are Weleing that require excell surfaces, amore homogenous compsion, and boter mechanical propertes tan immed sto, 2 Wed Stes -Untko ried or capped soa kt stools made by compa ‘removing oyeg up the oxygen before the hg oldies lo pevent he ring sean ‘Ths removalis accomplshod by aeng forro-sionalby that combins wih oxygen farm a sog, eving a danse and nomoganous meal stool. A smallanout of deoxdiing agent. general fronton oF alumi, added The amourtis just sufcent io killary ening ace, leaving soma Ss6oNad oxygen, The cbject of vacuum deoxdaton sto remove oxygen forthe maken scl without ading an element that fom normetallc clusions. “Thi e done by increasing the carbon conta ofthe sel an nen subjecting the mote ‘tat vacuum pouring or stam dogassing, The carbon reacts wih he oxygan form carton monoxide, nd a reaul. a carbon and oxygen eves al win species Its stool produced by tis process is quite can, 1.2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF STEEL “The tee cameron used eaesivenon for sll are: carbo, low aly, and ih aly These ars refer oath typo" ef see Stel basiaty an ato a en an carbon, anit atians ts strangn and hardness ves primary trough the addon of carton. Carbon staesare Low carson Up100.15% carbon Ns Carton Steels 15% 00.20% caron acon Carbon Stal 20% 1 0.5% carbon High Carbon Sia 0% 01.70% carton 124.4 Thelargesttnnage of sac produced falta the ow an mil carbon ste! bo welded, 2 Lowey Staet- Low aly sie, a he name imple, contas smal amounts of aloyng laments tat produce remarkable mproverents ther proper, Aloyng Current Chapter Table of Contents GoTo Test Pri Glossary ‘Turn Pages Search Chapter (Faster Download) Search Document (Slower Download) hiplwww.esaba.comiouwstiawtatessont_Tiim mn2ianns Lesson 1- Basies of Are Weleing Lesson 1 es ‘The Basis of Are Welding ements are adod to improve strongh and toughness, t dcroass or ncoase the ponae taht eatment, endo rear ustng and corrosion. Low aly steels gene Losson2 ly dened a having # 1.5% ot olay conten. Common albying mens re Common Elsctric " te coe vr "Are Weide ‘manganese, sion, cromum, nickel, molbdonim, and vara. Low aly sess may Processes conta aa many 28 ou or fve of these loys in varying amour dye strange tan mt steel carbon Lesson 3 struchralseel. Sine they have hih strent-4o wet ais, thy reduce dead weight in Covered Electrodes: Since hay have Hig srengt-4o-veg ” 7 for Welding raoad cars, ruck frames, heavy equpment, a. Mild Stools 1222 — Orsnary carbon stk, that exit tones alow empeatires are unraliabe Lesson in crtcalapploations. Therefore, bw aby steels wih nickel addons are often used for Covered electrodes bw temperature stato. for Welding Low Alloy Steels 41223 Stel tse much of her srengn a gh tempers. To provide ori os of trong a lvates omeratures, smal arcunts of chromium or melybdenum ae Lesson 5 ed Welding Filer Metals YorStainiuse gtosls, 422.‘ Alloy teal- This group of expensive and specalzed secs cont aloy Iovate in excess of 10%, ging ham oustanding popes. Lesson 6 41234 Austen manganese ste cons high carbon and manganese lve, that Carbon & Low Alley gi tap exeaptonl quales, he abil le harden whe undergoing cold work ane reat ‘SteolFller Metals onl quate, th abily harden whe undergo cols work a GuAW.OTAMESAW —— Wughoess, The tem austente refers tothe crystals structure ofthese steele 41232 Stes stools are gh ally stecthat nave the ally to rsist corasion. Ths Lesson? haracteriae a may ue ote igh amu content, 10% or gear Nickels Flux Cored Arc " mi ‘a * Electrodes Carbon ako used n substantal quantnsn some stains stools ‘Low Alloy Steels 1233 Toolstos aroused for cutng and forming operations. Thoy ars high quay stools used i making 008, punches, forming ds, exuding is, forgegs and sofort Depending upon her properties ans usage, thay ave sometmas referred to 35 water Electrodes harden, shock resisting, hardin, a hardin, are hot work tool stoo, 1234 Because ofthe hghlovab oabying eaents, special car ad practices are Lesson requrea when waking high alloy stool Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Metal Costs Lesson 10 Reliailly of Welding Filler Metals ipiwwu.esabra.comiouwstiawtalessont_Bikm Current Chapter Table of Contents GoTo Test Pri Glossary ‘Turn Pages Search Chapter (Faster Download) Search Document (Slower Download) mn2ianns Lesson 1 ‘The Basis of Are Welding Lesson 2 Common Elsctric ‘Are Welding Processes Losson3 Covered Electrodes: for Welding Mild Stools Lesson Covered Electrodes for Welding Low Alloy Steels Lesson 5 Welding Filer Metals for Stainless Steels Lesson 6 Carbon & Low Attoy ‘SteolFller Metals GMAW.GTAW,SAW Lesson 7 Flux Cored Arc Electrodes Carbon ‘Low Alloy Steels Electrodes Lesson Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Metal Costs Lesson 10 Reliailly of Welding Filler Metals Lesson 1- Basies of Are Weleing LESSON I. PARTA, 1.3 SPECIFICATIONS Many steal producers nave devebped steele that ey market underage name such at (or-Tan, HY-80, Tt, NAXTRA, or SS-100, but sual typeof sels aero by ts pecfeatons for he supose of casing malar by ter chemical composton, proparies or usage, The apweteaion agencies most ley rela ote sel dustry othe American ron and Sta tite (AIS), Society of Automotive Fnghears (SAF) American Soci for Testing ané Matar (ASTM), an ho American Socily of Mochancal Engineers (ASME) 1.3041 The American ton and Steels (AS!) are the Sooty of tombe Engines (SAE) have colboratedin proving iencal maria designations for hot specfcatons. Tha est mo digs ofa four digtndex nanber rater toa sates of stool sed by tek composi rally combination. Whi helss wo gt, whi ea change wihin he sare sos, give an approximate average ofthe carbon ange. For cexampb, tha fest wo dts 2a ype 1010 oF 1020 steal cate 10" sre het has erbon ait man ally. Theta wo ats ndeate an approxate average conten! of 10% or 20% carbon, respoctvehy. Ukowisa, ho "41" of 4130 type soorofrs to 8 group Ina has chorion and ml/bdenum a8 th ma aly combination wih proxy 1302 TheAlslasercatons for coin aby, such a shines slel se somewhat torr. Thay flow ate dat ssteaton wih to rst egtsesignating the man soy compostion or series. The bst wo dts wilchange win a series, but are ofan srbirary nate being agread upon by ndusy as a designatn fo corn conposions tin he sere exam, the “ina 200 seis of tans tel incates chromium nd nko es the mab lays ba 208 stares has a dere overal composton than a 247 typo, The 4" of 2400 series indicates th main lay a chromien bu hee are cerent ype such as 410,420, 90, and eo forth win the sete. 13103 The American Soci fo Testing and Matra (ASTM is the gest otgenzaton of kn the wor thas compl sme 48 volves standards for raters, spcticatens, testing methods and recommends practices fora vail of ‘maar ranging rom tates and plates to concrete and metas 13.04 Two ASTI designated stools commonly species for construction are A367 an ALIZ-79, The pref ter ndcates the class of 2 materi. this ease, he leer “A ‘dieses a forous metal the clas of widest neat in welling, The numbers 36 and 242 hipiwwu.esabna.comiouwstiawtalessont_Siim Current Chapter Table of Contents GoTo Test Pri Glossary ‘Turn Pages Search Chapter (Faster Download) Search Document (Slower Download) mn2ianns Lesson 1 ‘The Basis of Are Welding Lesson 2 Common Elsctric ‘Are Welding Processes Losson3 Covered Electrodes: for Welding Mild Stools Lesson Covered Electrodes for Welding Low Alloy Steels Lesson 5 Welding Filer Metals for Stainless Steels Lesson 6 Carbon & Low Attoy ‘SteolFller Metals GMAW.GTAW,SAW Lesson 7 Flux Cored Arc Electrodes Carbon ‘Low Alloy Steels Electrodes Lesson Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Metal Costs Lesson 10 Reliailly of Welding Filler Metals Lesson 1- Basies of Are Weleing LESSON ILPARTA, ‘wor orgnaly adopted or the dato of thor ltost vs. 1305. TReASTM cesignaton may bo fuer svbdvod nl Grades or Glasses. Since many standards fr fous mata are writen to cover forme of to, set ba, lt, se or particu pret abies Hom steel, letra, pipe, chal, ee), be usar may selec fom a numberof ferent types o tal under the same clasifaton. The torent ypes are han placed under grades o easses as away ofndcalng ne {ullesnaion i A285-78 Grade A or 486-79 Cass 70, 13.08 The American Socisly of MechancalEngnoors (ASME) mantans a witely used ASME Bole and Pressure Vessel Cade, The mati epecleaton es adopted by te ASME i denied wth 8 prof har“ white rane i ential wth AST with the exception athe aa of adopton or roviion by ASTM isnot shown, Thertore,@ common axanpe of n ASME clastaton e SA387 Grade 11, Class 1 41.4 CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE OF METALS Wen a gu metal cooled ste wl ssombl to regu crystalpator and we ay the Iqud nas soles or erystalied. Almetls soldly 352 crstaline mate. ne 8 are the roles ofa lqud or gas. The fixed poston calla a crystalatics, As be lemperatue of crystals raised, ore thc energy a absebad by he sts or ‘molecules and the movement nereases, Ashe dstance a0 betwoon the atoms ereasas, the atic beaks down ane \ the eye mets Wa ltice contain anyone ype of lo, tow ‘as n pure Fon the conions aro the same all pits a ee ought he bce, and the eystal mets ata single ¥ temperate (S00 Figur 1). htpiiwwu.esabra.comiouwtianteessont_10;Aim Current Chapter Table of Contents GoTo Test Pri Glossary ‘Turn Pages Search Chapter (Faster Download) Search Document (Slower Download) mn2ianns Lesson 1 ‘The Basis of Are Welding Lesson 2 Common Elsctric ‘Are Welding Processes Losson3 Covered Electrodes: for Welding Mild Stools Lesson Covered Electrodes for Welding Low Alloy Steels Lesson 5 Welding Filer Metals for Stainless Steels Lesson 6 Carbon & Low Attoy ‘SteolFller Metals GMAW.GTAW,SAW Lesson 7 Flux Cored Arc Electrodes Carbon ‘Low Alloy Steels Electrodes Lesson Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Metal Costs Lesson 10 Reliailly of Welding Filler Metals Lesson 1- Basies of Are Weleing LESSON ILPARTA, 160.1 Howoves he hice contains two or mare typas of atm, mary ally-teeL bo comply moton unit has boon heated toa hghortomporaire (Soe Figure 2). The combination of quis ard sols witin a range of tnperates. TENPERATURE*F 4.402 Een metalnas a craracerste soldicaton and fen remains the permanent Tm {orm of mater as lang 28 rams at ‘Soleus Tanstonmaton, Alay Mtl ‘may undergo an atraton nthe crystal form a8 the trnpacaure is changed. This known a phase ranstormaton, For axa, {gamma ron, Gammaitonis common know as austente aris a nonmagnetic structe. Ala temperate of 570°. the pure ion tutu Warsi back tothe on form, but a is temperature, te mola known as alpha kon. These two phases are ven aterant cams tafe between te Nigh tenparstire phase (Get) end the lbw omperature pase (aa). The capedity athe atoms of materi towansform to |wo or more crystalne stucuss at diferent temperatures is dofned as altopic. Stels and ron ae alton metals 144 on 1 Grain Boun sailgroup of atoms bogh to assemble ht cystine orm (oro Figure 3). These smallerystas scatradtrauphout tha body oft ud ae oriented in allractons and 55 soldfcaton contnues, more crystals ar formed om the surrounding qu. Ofer, crysis bog ouch ae anther, he rs growth hampered, andthe ramaning Iqud ‘teezes to the adjacent crystals unt sols compl, The al naw composed ind ey thal usvaly mest a ferent renlatons, Where these cyst moet is cales a gran boundary 1412 —Arumborofcondions intuencs hei rain sie. tis important to krom hat cool a sd temperature hes an important istuence on the newly soles grain truce and gan size, To tae dileerces'n grain foemation, te ok athe coolng phases na walt htpiiwww.esabra.comiouwstiantelessont_11.Aim Current Chapter Table of Contents GoTo Test Pri Glossary ‘Turn Pages Search Chapter (Faster Download) Search Document (Slower Download) mn2ianns Lesson 1 ‘The Basis of Are Welding Lesson 2 Common Elsctric ‘Are Welding Processes Losson3 Covered Electrodes: for Welding Mild Stools Lesson Covered Electrodes for Welding Low Alloy Steels Lesson 5 Welding Filer Metals for Stainless Steels Lesson 6 Carbon & Low Attoy ‘SteolFller Metals GMAW.GTAW,SAW Lesson 7 Flux Cored Arc Electrodes Carbon ‘Low Alloy Steels Electrodes Lesson Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Metal Costs Lesson 10 Reliailly of Welding Filler Metals Lesson 1- Basies of Are Weleing 1.41.3 Intel crstal formation bogs tthe cocoa spot inthe wold. That spots ate te soll, you wil noo that he grains in ho cantar are sale an fern txtre than he 1gfdhs tthe outer boundais ofthe wel! dopost. Ths expand by the fact hat 38 te ‘wold metal coo, the heat rom he cena ofthe wo! depos wl disipale nt the base eta trough te cute grain that scl est. Cansaquny, the grain ht soa fest were a igh temperatures fora bnger te we the Sol staan ths & 8 ‘tuton ha encourages grain growth, Gran size canhave an elec onthe soundness of the welt. The smaler grains are stronger and mare ducts han th ger grans. fa of crystal of grains. The shape and charactors of crystals are determine bythe trrangement of ther ators, The atom pattem ofa angle leant can change = otrmins tho properies ofthe eta 4.5 HEAT TREATMENT the atehatitis cones, al have an afoct ona metas eystalnestructire, This exystalne structue, commen relered ta a mkrostuctr,*detaminas the spect propa of or nthe woking procedure. Soms ofthe mor common ways area flows: 151 Praheat - Most mia re rater good conductors of het, AS esl, the heat othe weld eee rap persed thvough be whol welément oa srtaces where fis radiate othe atmosphere causing comparatively rapid colng. In some meas, rapid cooing may contbute othe formation of merostuctres nthe weld zone tat re det renal. reheating the walmart before te welds ee mshod of skawng te cath htplwww.esabna.comiountianteessont_12:him Current Chapter Table of Contents GoTo Test Pri Glossary ‘Turn Pages Search Chapter (Faster Download) Search Document (Slower Download) mn2ianns Lesson 1 ‘The Basis of Are Welding Lesson 2 Common Elsctric ‘Are Welding Processes Losson3 Covered Electrodes: for Welding Mild Stools Lesson Covered Electrodes for Welding Low Alloy Steels Lesson 5 Welding Filer Metals for Stainless Steels Lesson 6 Carbon & Low Attoy ‘SteolFller Metals GMAW.GTAW,SAW Lesson 7 Flux Cored Arc Electrodes Carbon ‘Low Alloy Steels Electrodes Lesson Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Metal Costs Lesson 10 Reliailly of Welding Filler Metals Lesson 1- Basies of Are Weleing rate ofthe metal The pret trperature may vary fam 160° to 1000, but more commonly Ris hal the 00°F to 40°F range. The thicker he wel et, he more kal willbe necessary to peohoat,bacause he hat wllbe conducted away tom the weld 2on8 mare apy a6 the mase neveases. 152 sass Ralevng- Metals expan when healed and corral when cooked. The mount of expansions dee propronata the amount heal applied. Ina welent the metal hse tothe wel! i subjcte to he hignes emparatre, anda th detance form heating causes nonuniform expansion and contraction and can cause dtcion an veal stresses winn the waldnant. Depending one composion and usage, the el nay not be able a resist these svesses and cracking o ear fare ote part may occu (One way to mine tase stesses oF forelave them s by uniform heating te suctre ster thas been welded, The metals Rested to tomperatrs ist bbw Ne pont where 8 153 Hardening. Tho rarénoss of stool mayb hereasodby heating tie SO 0 {00°F above tho temperature hat a microstructure chango occurs, ag then pacing the moana Iqu soliton that rapa cools. Ths rapa caalng. known as “uenchig, characteristic. The quenching solutions used inthis process are rated according tthe spead thal hey cool metal Le, Of (fst), Water (ate), Salt Brin (lastest, 454 Tampering Ator a metals quercnes, is then usualy tempered. Tempering tur fora ng of io, arden cook to room temperature. Tempering reduces tho bites thats charactarite mi argened tel, hereby produc a good bakes btwoan bch stengh and toughness. The frm oughness a apples to etl, uly rofrstoresitanc obit facture or noch toughness under ceria environmental subwequart lessons. Stel tha respond otis ype of astent are known a8 “quenched and tempared stots” 458 Annealing -Arvatalhas annealed heated oa temperature 50"t0 100" shove where a microstucure change occu, hel a that ompestue for ascent tne for» uniform cnange ake ace, and then cooked at avery show rae, usualy ina fr 9 to soften steeLand create a uno fe gran structure, Welded parts ae seldom anne forthe igh enperatres wou cause dstorton htpiiwwu.esabra.comiounstiantelessont_13:nim Current Chapter Table of Contents GoTo Test Pri Glossary ‘Turn Pages Search Chapter (Faster Download) Search Document (Slower Download) mn2ianns Lesson 1 ‘The Basis of Are Welding Lesson 2 Common Elsctric ‘Are Welding Processes Losson3 Covered Electrodes: for Welding Mild Stools Lesson Covered Electrodes for Welding Low Alloy Steels Lesson 5 Welding Filer Metals for Stainless Steels Lesson 6 Carbon & Low Attoy ‘SteolFller Metals GMAW.GTAW,SAW Lesson 7 Flux Cored Arc Electrodes Carbon ‘Low Alloy Steels Electrodes Lesson Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Metal Costs Lesson 10 Reliailly of Welding Filler Metals Lesson 1- Basies of Are Weleing 58 Mnmataina-The min ference between normszing and annealing she retnod of cooing, Noralzad soois nated to a lamratireapproneatey 100" above ‘hore he mecrostuctre transfor and hen cook n tla rather hanna furnace 1 Mast Taatment Trade-OM- must be ote hat hese varous ways of conto Ing be heating and catng of melts can produce a desred property, bu omatines atthe expense of anaherdesable property. An example of this ade eisent ine fact that eran heat roatmens can neroase the svength orharénoss of moa but the sare \resimens wi alo make the metallas ducts or move brite and ero, susceptble 1.6 PROPERTIES OF METALS ‘Tne vaetuhess of partousr metal’ determined by tn clmata and condone whi & lable than aoe pate tat must winstand an exphehe force, othe materl used for an ole on the Asks Nach Slopa mst perform a qute diferent clmate an a stam Physical ard mochancel propertos ofthat meta andthe wal mata signed tin rust be evaisted. Some o te more marin! prepertin of mata and the means of ‘vahnon aro as follows 161 Tanai Stengin Tensile strength sono ofthe mest mpotant deterning {actors sobcing a meal, specially Fits to bo a srucral mambo, part ofa machine, or par ot pressure vesse, 51's performed as shown h qu 4 The test specimens fonds. The spacimen's then fq ule othe ok of acture 642 Thelen strength test ges us 4 primary ploces otnormaton: (1) Ves Sangh (2) Utiate Tense Strong (8) Ebgaton, an (4 htpuiwww.esabna.comiouwtianteessont_14:im Current Chapter Table of Contents GoTo Test Pri Glossary ‘Turn Pages Search Chapter (Faster Download) Search Document (Slower Download) mn2ianns Lesson 1- Basies of Are Weleing Lesson Lesson ARTA current The Base of Are Chapter Welding Table of Vials Svan - hen meta ped ners, tacts soma Ke 8 Contents rubererd bens fined magne apted. he mata stlches, ard when Common Elect alan rornsind by ir An Finca. Asa greta ple, ra roceeens each pont where mi nolongerretento ¥ agalshae bu wert tech, Yall steht pelvis ll rachs the tt ost chara cotwten Lesson ite and wl no Engr et ori shop. covered Electrodes wah 482 Uismate tna suena -Oncea meta has exceed 8 yl pong wt a i Steels continue to tteh or deform, andthe lose sudcenyrlasad, the metal wilnot tum Lesson the metal and i eprsertesby te itr Bh Figure S.A this plate deformation = Covered Electrodes for Welding Low Alloy Glossary Stele a acaba ce ogee, rd FF tl an rereasdbod ustte fale same 3 appt stn ra A Lessons = i r Welding Filer Metals Lh . the od is nereased the metal forStaniess Stecls, 8 wnat reach a ont ar Ee NOME STRESS. STRAN CURVE ‘thor load applied willrapidly ‘Turn Pages Lesson ROUE Ss ‘cause the metal to bresk. That Carbon Low Aoy Stet rile Metals pobtat wiht mata as GMAW.GTAW.SAW vito creed he maxinum pla ad iss uals serah. Th er Lesson7 ructoeuhse ASA atest tnaaten Bore fre secon phen a onal Bectredes Carbon lester, two marks at a measured distance are placed on the opposing ends of the circular tow Ally Stele Search shat, Afr specinen fated he tence Stren te marks neared and Chapter rectéedan ucentage the orl tance, See gue. The she percentage of fen elngon andi ves an inéaion of he cy of he ml econ onprtre Trctrodes 185 sadsedonatang. tosh spocinens machined rat senso, The tototts mporton-secon atom fue. As he pecton kad he pot search esnons ct tach rea were ibeaks i redicotin se, Seo Fe 6. Th reduced areas (Slower esineng& cabulated ond recorded as a percentage of the eigna cross-soctona area, This norms: Download) Comparing Weld ntact rare dcr ronan oft metal otal Coste $86 lam ingacts- Mea at noma song and ute tam enperae Lesson 10 " ¥ erat Retaby of Welding File Matate htpiiwww.esabra.comiounstiantelessont_15.m mn2ianns Lesson 1 ‘The Basis of Are Welding Lesson 2 Common Elsctric ‘Are Welding Processes Losson3 Covered Electrodes: for Welding Mild Stools Lesson Covered Electrodes for Welding Low Alloy Steels Lesson 5 Welding Filer Metals for Stainless Steels Lesson 6 Carbon & Low Attoy ‘SteolFller Metals GMAW.GTAW,SAW Lesson 7 Flux Cored Arc Electrodes Carbon ‘Low Alloy Steels Electrodes Lesson Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Metal Costs Lesson 10 Reliailly of Welding Filler Metals Lesson 1- Basies of Are Welding LESSON ILPARTA, sharp abrupt ad apd tot. An impact tstr moasures ts gros of suscopbity ‘ovat called bt ractre, 1864 The mpactepecmen a machned to axact dmensions (gue 6) and hen riches on one sito. Cute often, he nach sn the frm a 2"V" ed the ost in thc is roferrostoas a Charpy V-Notch Impact Test. Tho spocien cools toa preetermned temperature and then paced na staonry clamp athe base ofthe esting machine. The spoctnen si he ect path a weight hanse®atached a pendulum Figure 8), SK ~ LUPE SS 11562 The hammer a released rom ae height andthe energy required tscture the specnen i ecorded nubs. A specimen thai cook to -60°F an sbaorbe 40 fs of nergy more dite, and heefre, more stable for bw temperature serves than 2 specimen thet withstands ony 10 fb atthe semetemperatre. The specinen hat \witstod 4 tbe energy aid to have beter ughness o note ouphiness. 4.62 Fatigue Stronath- Atal wilwihstand a bad ss than ts utiato tonsio strong but may break that load fs roroved andthe apples severltines. For ox: mpl tin wee eben once, butt bent back and for repeated, tw eventual race ands sao have oxceaded is Sie sang, Acommon st for ths strangthis to place a specimen i a machine that repeatedly apps the samo fad fst e tension and tne n compression. The fig strengths caused fiom te numberof yeh the moll wihstands bore the po of ares reached htplwwu.esabra.comlouwetiantelessont_16\Am Current Chapter Table of Contents GoTo Test Pri Glossary ‘Turn Pages Search Chapter (Faster Download) Search Document (Slower Download) ”2ianns Lesson 1 ‘The Basis of Are Welding Lesson 2 Common Elsctric ‘Are Welding Processes Losson3 Covered Electrodes: for Welding Mild Stools Lesson Covered Electrodes for Welding Low Alloy Steels Lesson 5 Welding Filer Metals for Stainless Steels Lesson 6 Carbon & Low Attoy ‘SteolFller Metals GMAW.GTAW,SAW Lesson 7 Flux Cored Arc Electrodes Carbon ‘Low Alloy Steels Electrodes Lesson Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Metal Costs Lesson 10 Reliailly of Welding Filler Metals Lesson 1- Basies of Are Welding LESSON, PARTA rsep Stang - Had below o msats tense trength # apple at oom temperature (72°), twit cause some niebogston, but thre wie no futher measur sbi alongutbn # te badie Kop a contatloval thal same bad were apptedto 8 ‘otal heated to argh temperature stun woul change. Athough the oa is held at constant level he meta wil gradulycontinve to longate. The characerste's «ales crop, Eventually, the rater may ruptre depending on he tomperatre ofthe otal, ho gro oad apo and thelongth oft that is apple. Altivoe ofthese {aclrs determine a mats aby to est crap, and therfore, ts creep srengh, 183 Ouidation Resistance Th alos of melalhave a tendency o unite wih oxy- 1g0n the aro orm oxide compounds, he mat vb Being ust an seal. some ere very ight tothe skin ofthe metal and aechvay sali ‘tom tur extn fs vient stains stl, These mala have high oxfaton resistance, Inoter metab, te bondi vry bose, creatng a station where the oxides illfsko of, and he motl radualy dterorats as tre timo of exposures extonded rae, these oxides wl L610 Hardnass Test. Tha reestane ofa malo ndenton & a mesure of hardness and an heaton ofthe material's strength To test for hardness fed ad forces an indorier nto tos material aque 7). The depth of he peneaion or he size of he mpressons measured. The measuramentis converte io aharénas number through he use of vary of elabahes lables. The mest common lables ‘kere, Knoop and Rockwol, The Rockwols ther vided into deren seas, tod “3 8 om '} . saa e oO rect Oo ones Qn cane | “Types otinderir arose Tests htpwww.esabra.comiouwetiautelessont_17Am Current Chapter Table of Contents GoTo Test Print Glossary ‘Turn Pages Search Chapter (Faster Download) Search Document (Slower Download) ”2ianns Lesson 1 ‘The Basis of Are Welding Lesson 2 Common Elsctric ‘Are Welding Processes Losson3 Covered Electrodes: for Welding Mild Stools Lesson Covered Electrodes for Welding Low Alloy Steels Lesson 5 Welding Filer Metals for Stainless Steels Lesson 6 Carbon & Low Attoy ‘SteolFller Metals GMAW.GTAW,SAW Lesson 7 Flux Cored Arc Electrodes Carbon ‘Low Alloy Steels Electrodes Lesson Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Metal Costs Lesson 10 Reliailly of Welding Filler Metals Lesson 1- Basies of Are Weleing opening on be materi beng sig, he shape ofthe indenter and the bad apple, tho convarsion ables ray fer. For axel, a mara lted as having a hardnass of Re ot * scab, 1841 Costiient of Expansion - Ames expand whan hes and contact whan ‘cooked This rmanional chang relatos the erste structure and wl vary with tecert wateale, Te diferent expansion and contraction aes are expressed numer «aly bya coofiont of thermal parson. When to dfernt metas ars hoatd ote same temperate and cooled athe sare rte, te ne win the hgner numerical ost 41612 Thermal Conductivity - Some moa wilabsorb ans tarsmt heat more readily than others. Thy ae categorized as having high tara conductivity. Tis characterise connie othe fact tht sam meal wl al or undergo Wanatoratene at much wee 1.2 EFFECTS OF THE ALLOVING ELEMENTS Aloyngis ts process of adie a metal boimproves by aking ater elomets, alo stool has increased by popuary.Infack eae tat are wales sonrestalo pure mas such as copper, rarely nk pue stats. The mapr properties hat canbe Inproved by asng sm acuns flying mens are hardness, tense strength, uct and corson resistance, Conenonalbyig ebrants and thot fect on tho properties of melas areas fatbws: 124 Gatbon - Cartons the ros eectve, ast widely sed and bwestin cost loyng element avaible fr increasing th hades and svengh of meal, An alloy contaring upto 1.7% carbon comiation win kon krown asta, whereas tho combination above 1.7% carbon known as eat Kon. Athaugh carbon a desabie loyng element igs level ft can cause problems: therefore, special aris requires ‘whan woking high carton stools and cast kon, 4122 Sulphur-Suphur & normaly an undeskate elmer n ste! because causes britness, nay be debra acd to mprove ha machnablly ofthe ates, The subhur causes te machine chips te break rater than form ng curs and cog te macrine. Normal, every titers made to reduce the suphut content tothe lowest posse vel bacause can htpiiwwu.esabra.comiountiantelessont_18:Am Current Chapter Table of Contents GoTo Test Pri Glossary ‘Turn Pages Search Chapter (Faster Download) Search Document (Slower Download) mn2ianns Lesson 1- Basies of Are Weleing Lesson 4 LESSON PART A current ‘The Basics of Are Chapter welding Tabi of crete wong dees. Contents Lesson? 123 Manganese Manganese cons upto 1% unualy reer low toy opmontletic aa vara ev, Ta say tray cane th ae Are Welding ted sur to ap negate unde abl fl ete elements have when th a Inst, Manganese alo hereaes he tea song and arena of ste corotest Lesson3 124 chromlum - chemin a conten wth ton a ponertutardeing Covered Electrodes: n tots hardening propertis, chromium increases corrosion sede slaying eloment, nado tot hardening oop M vn tind Swen (ebtance and tester ste aligh enperaies. Chor sth xy along chor sae ts Lesson4 125 Mto-The greatest hol propery of tet morved by he presence of Glorsan Covered Electrodes " ile property " "ye br y ‘Sewing Low Alloy lle uct or cen ougnes, Int respect. ihe ost ete ol aly Stools ig eeers in tnrovinga lets reitance a tract alow emperas. Elecodes ‘thigh rickelcortnt reuse towel cast ron mater. Ncklis so usin cor Lessons raion wi ctvomlum to erm a gfoup known as austen stabess sleet mb Welding Filer Metals orStanlecs Stecls. 28 Molybdenum -Netybsenum strongly hereases the depth of he hardening re ‘strength of the steel at high temperatures. This group of steels is usually referred to as ‘Turn Pages: Lesson 6 chrome-moly steels, Carbon & Low Alloy " Stealer Metals 4.7 isan- Sion ur conrad nto 2 dexter. Sicon wat song test excessive arouns cn edict dct. ona arent of sesso? Hen are somtimes add to wong electrodes ora he hi ow of wel et Fux Cored Are . cE: a7 phosphorus. Prosphausiconsdered harmftesal amertin seet sun Low lly Soels because greay reduces duty and outa, Er are nado redice Bi ev ar by crety ty ana 0 cry een ‘ons bb; hove, phosphors adds vary sa anno sone sek o eee icreats srg Download) arauuracn 429 Auuminum- Aur pinay uted deocizer nse tay tobe usedin vary smatanous to coo eof be rane. search Document eson’ 1219 capper- Copper conrbutes geal te coreonresktanceofcarton te! em, Estimating & by retacng he ate of tn oom tect, bt igh el of oper ean cause Comparing Wels dng ais Lesson10 Relabity of Welding File Matate tepihvwn eat comlaavetautcesson_ 18m mn2ianns Lesson 1 ‘The Basis of Are Welding Lesson 2 Common Elsctric ‘Are Welding Processes Losson3 Covered Electrodes: for Welding Mild Stools Lesson Covered Electrodes for Welding Low Alloy Steels Lesson 5 Welding Filer Metals for Stainless Steels Lesson 6 Carbon & Low Attoy ‘SteolFller Metals GMAW.GTAW,SAW Lesson 7 Flux Cored Arc Electrodes Carbon ‘Low Alloy Steels Electrodes Lesson Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Metal Costs Lesson 10 Reliailly of Welding Filler Metals Lesson 1- Basies of Are Weleing 412.11 Cotumbium - coum wad asta tans stelto ato ast cf making carbon ieiectve must be fund. Columb has a gestern for carbon than chrom, leaving ths hromium free forcorosion erofecon. 4242 Tungsten -Tungeten le used steel gen tenth at high emperatres Tungsten alsa ons wh carbon o farm carbides tat are exceplonaly hard, and therfore L142 Vanadlum- Vanadium lps koop soln he sirable gran corston aor heat eaten, [also hebs ine stool during tampering tresiments, tho depth ofhardring an resists sotring of he trom lee because the presence can cause tans. Nivogen has the ally to frm austen structures; herafor, tis sometimes added to aston tales stele rice tne amount a ree needed nd rare, the preducton costs of ht see, 1218 loving Elements Summary I shoul! be understod ha he don of ‘sans toa pure metal may influence the erystalne form of he resuant ally. 8 pure tal hasalbropl charactors (he ably ofa roa o chango ts crystal structure) at a spec temperature, han that characters wi occur over ange of amparat opanding on ays ard he quantes in which tay are adéed. The aleying elomen nay aso eet he erystline changes by ether suppcessing te appearance of cela ysis forms or even by erating ental row forms. Athos Wansformatons iced by aby coments are dependant on heat np and coslngrtes. Thess factors are bey contd at te heating and coolng of metal, speci care ofan nsdn the woking of low and high but since the wal operaoninvlves a nanuntorm hipiiwwu.esabrna.comiouwtianteessont_20:Am Current Chapter Table of Contents GoTo Test Pri Glossary ‘Turn Pages Search Chapter (Faster Download) Search Document (Slower Download) mn2ianns Lesson 1 ‘The Basis of Are Welding Lesson 2 Common Elsctric ‘Are Welding Processes Losson3 Covered Electrodes: for Welding Mild Stools Lesson Covered Electrodes for Welding Low Alloy Steels Lesson 5 Welding Filer Metals for Stainless Steels Lesson 6 Carbon & Low Attoy ‘SteolFller Metals GMAW.GTAW,SAW Lesson 7 Flux Cored Arc Electrodes Carbon ‘Low Alloy Steels Electrodes Lesson Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Metal Costs Lesson 10 Reliailly of Welding Filler Metals Lesson 1- Basies of Are Weleing LESSON | PARTE Current Chapter Table of 4.8 ELECTRICITY FOR WELDING Contents 418.41 Principles of Electricity - Are woking ls a mstos of orng met secon ples by applying sullen eoczal pressure to an lectede to maint a.curent pat (are between the electrode andthe work ice, In this process, eletical energy ie changed nto nat enery,seagng he mea toa men sae; whereby ney ar nes. The elackade (conductor tether meted and ade fo the bate met or rms GoTo Test sold tae, Alar walang utlzas the transfer of lctial energy to het energy, ando understands prince basic knowledge of lect and weling power sources is Pri 181.4 The tree basis princpes of static electey reas flows: 1. There are wo kins ofaleccalcharges in extence- negative an postive Glossary 2. Unike charges atract an Ike chargos repo {Charges can bo transfor fom one pace fo acter. conta fundamersalparichs. Ons ofthese paris the lector which has tho ably re to mave tom one place to anater, The econ cana a a negate ebctrcal charge, Anater patel, about "800 tnes as heavy nthe econ, the proton ana ‘Turn Pages under normal contin the proton wil rem stationary. 181.3 Natorilis salto be nan okra uncharged stato whan fs atoms conan an ual umber of sve charges (plans) and negate charges (elsckans). This babe ls upset when pressure foroes the elacvons to move rom atom to ator, This pasture, somtimes refered toa electomatve fore, commony known as votage, shoud be rood that vag hat dos net move trough a condutr, but wihoutvoago, thar woul be no current hw, For ou purpose, tis ease o thnk of votge as the ele Search ar Chapter ressre that forces the lectrons to ave, (rater Download) {forthe electrons fomove tom poston of over-supey (negate charge) oan atom that lacks sectrns (poslve charge. This tendency bacon realy when a suabl path search provided forthe movement ofthe elections. The ransler of econ rom a negate to.& sumer postve charge toughut he both of @ conductor consties an elect current. The Download) is ofan used synanymously wth he trm curent. To gva an ikea of te quanti of eto nat ow tough accu, thas been thoretelyeatebaned that one ampere ‘ua 83 quntin(6,800,00,000,000000.00) etron fing past afd pot na conductor every second htpiiwwu.esabra.comiountiantelessont_21:Aim mn2ianns Lesson 1 ‘The Basis of Are Welding Lesson 2 Common Elsctric ‘Are Welding Processes Losson3 Covered Electrodes: for Welding Mild Stools Lesson Covered Electrodes for Welding Low Alloy Steels Lesson 5 Welding Filer Metals for Stainless Steels Lesson 6 Carbon & Low Attoy ‘SteolFller Metals GMAW.GTAW,SAW Lesson 7 Flux Cored Arc Electrodes Carbon ‘Low Alloy Steels Electrodes Lesson Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Metal Costs Lesson 10 Reliailly of Welding Filler Metals Lesson 1- Basies of Are Weleing 1815 Dforentmatorae vary intr abity to ransereleors. Subslances, suchas, wood and rubber, have wnatis cab ait election bond and tar sions greaty rest Nota, on the thes hand, nave large aunts of cio that ante feels. Thi comparstvey bw elctrcalraisance classes em a8 good etl conductors 4181.8 Ehetrcalresitanceis primary due othe relctance of toms to ge up tel 1817 Tobeter understand ine elect! terme cussed above, we ma compare tho closes waar syst wih ho slocticsl dapram shown i Fgure 8. You can see hat 2s the pump sunning, he water wilmove nthe dracon ofthe arrows, moves because pressure has boon produced sn thal pessure can be ened to volage nan ect! xc, The pum can be compared to batry oF # DC generator, The water hs rmoasure know asthe ampere. The smal pp inthe id crcut esr th fom rat nd ‘valve in he hil excl we sop the lw, and i can be compare lo opening a swich an oketral rout (ins Law - Resistance i bai lect! theory and io understand his Principle, wa mutt know the Os Law, which salad a folows: In any saci ecu the currnt win amperes is dolly proportoalte he cut vokags apa ars verse proparnalto the crcl resstance, Dracty roparional mans that ven theugh the vote and amperage may change, te aol ek eatorsip wilt. For exameb, "we have accu of one vok and tres amps, we say th rato sone tote. Now wo lrease the vols othe, ow amperage wilierease proportionately tonne amps. As ‘ato didnot, Tho tox "verse proportonal snp means thal fie resstancols htplwwu.esabra.comiountianteessont_22:m Current Chapter Table of Contents GoTo Test Pri Glossary ‘Turn Pages Search Chapter (Faster Download) Search Document (Slower Download) mn2ianns Lesson 1 ‘The Basis of Are Welding Lesson 2 Common Elsctric ‘Are Welding Processes Losson3 Covered Electrodes: for Welding Mild Stools Lesson Covered Electrodes for Welding Low Alloy Steels Lesson 5 Welding Filer Metals for Stainless Steels Lesson 6 Carbon & Low Attoy ‘SteolFller Metals GMAW.GTAW,SAW Lesson 7 Flux Cored Arc Electrodes Carbon ‘Low Alloy Steels Electrodes Lesson Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Metal Costs Lesson 10 Reliailly of Welding Filler Metals Lesson 1- Basies of Are Weleing 1815 Dforentmatorae vary intr abity to ransereleors. Subslances, suchas, wood and rubber, have wnatis cab ait election bond and tar sions greaty rest Nota, on the thes hand, nave large aunts of cio that ante feels. Thi comparstvey bw elctrcalraisance classes em a8 good etl conductors 4181.8 Ehetrcalresitanceis primary due othe relctance of toms to ge up tel 1817 Tobeter understand ine elect! terme cussed above, we ma compare tho closes waar syst wih ho slocticsl dapram shown i Fgure 8. You can see hat 2s the pump sunning, he water wilmove nthe dracon ofthe arrows, moves because pressure has boon produced sn thal pessure can be ened to volage nan ect! xc, The pum can be compared to batry oF # DC generator, The water hs rmoasure know asthe ampere. The smal pp inthe id crcut esr th fom rat nd ‘valve in he hil excl we sop the lw, and i can be compare lo opening a swich an oketral rout (ins Law - Resistance i bai lect! theory and io understand his Principle, wa mutt know the Os Law, which salad a folows: In any saci ecu the currnt win amperes is dolly proportoalte he cut vokags apa ars verse proparnalto the crcl resstance, Dracty roparional mans that ven theugh the vote and amperage may change, te aol ek eatorsip wilt. For exameb, "we have accu of one vok and tres amps, we say th rato sone tote. Now wo lrease the vols othe, ow amperage wilierease proportionately tonne amps. As ‘ato didnot, Tho tox "verse proportonal snp means thal fie resstancols htplwwu.esabra.comiountianteessont_22:m Current Chapter Table of Contents GoTo Test Pri Glossary ‘Turn Pages Search Chapter (Faster Download) Search Document (Slower Download) mn2ianns Lesson 1 ‘The Basis of Are Welding Lesson 2 Common Elsctric ‘Are Welding Processes Losson3 Covered Electrodes: for Welding Mild Stools Lesson Covered Electrodes for Welding Low Alloy Steels Lesson 5 Welding Filer Metals for Stainless Steels Lesson 6 Carbon & Low Attoy ‘SteolFller Metals GMAW.GTAW,SAW Lesson 7 Flux Cored Arc Electrodes Carbon ‘Low Alloy Steels Electrodes Lesson Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Metal Costs Lesson 10 Reliailly of Welding Filler Metals Lesson 1- Basies of Are Weleing 1832 For exampl.itanapplace is designs or the common howl! primary votage of 115 and he wattage stamped on the applance faceplates 5 tan the mperage drawn by the apelance whan operation detormined a shown 142.3 Klowats another term common n elecircalusaga, The preface “ko"s 2 ete csignation thal man 1,000 units of someting threlor, ane Kowa 1,000| ses ay supped other as erect current (00) 0: aerating currant (AC). Wh eroct creche electron meverant wen he conducts bone drecton only. Wh aerating curen, the electron fw reverses perodcaly, AE thaugh some types of lctial gone dry ole, or DC generator), ast rect urent devpac rom aternating curt, ors wl produce cxrrent Set (uch a balers 1844 Through expermantaton kwas discovered that when a wee moved trough @ magnet fot an electrical urent's meuced no tha wie, maximum when the maton a he condita at ight anghe tothe magnetic Ines force. The sketch sauvmoneen bo Fgure 9 nlp to musate epee 4842 ithe conductor moved upwards ¢ the magn fel etwoen the N ad S obs, oy tho gaWvanomster noodle willtbct ps (+). the needle willtct mins). Wit priaple of convareng mechanical enery ino letra emery understocd we can apply 2 the workings of an AC generator. 1843. Faure 10i nsiplfod sketch of an AC roure 8 generator. Staring at 0° rotation, he cal wre is moving pralelto the magnate nes of force and cling area ar, T bing nduced no tho wing, 1844 From "to 90" roan the col wes cuts an nereasing uber of magete Ios of free and reaches tne maxnum number at 0" eaten, The cutentneraasas one maxirum because be eee now ath ang tote Ins force htpilwww.esaba.comiouwtianteessont_24:m Current Chapter Table of Contents GoTo Test Pri Glossary ‘Turn Pages Search Chapter (Faster Download) Search Document (Slower Download) mn2ianns Lesson 1 ‘The Basis of Are Welding Lesson 2 Common Elsctric ‘Are Welding Processes Losson3 Covered Electrodes: for Welding Mild Stools Lesson Covered Electrodes for Welding Low Alloy Steels Lesson 5 Welding Filer Metals for Stainless Steels Lesson 6 Carbon & Low Attoy ‘SteolFller Metals GMAW.GTAW,SAW Lesson 7 Flux Cored Arc Electrodes Carbon ‘Low Alloy Steels Electrodes Lesson Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Metal Costs Lesson 10 Reliailly of Welding Filler Metals Lesson 1- Basies of Are Weleing LESSON |, PARTB “a ft a GE EEE 4845 From 90°to 180 relation, te col wre cue mining number of Ines ot because now th wires in cleserproxty tthe opposte pol, 1847 Ona.cycteis completes asthe cl wre moves from 270"to 0" an the curon gan crops to 200, 41848 vito ai of raph, wo can visualize tho rato at wich to Ines of rc are uttwouptout te eel. we pl the cure vera degree af lan, we gle {amar sie wave as soonin Fars 1 1849. Wintis sno wave, we can 68 that one comple cycle of postive and one nogalve wave (negate ana postve meaning secon Now oppoting rection) Toe equoncy of atemaing eure the numberof auch compte eyes ppleatons, 60 cys par second (60 Har) the standacd rguaney a Nort Ameria htpiiwwu.esabna.comiountiantelessont_25:m Current Chapter Table of Contents GoTo Test Pri Glossary ‘Turn Pages Search Chapter (Faster Download) Search Document (Slower Download) mn2ianns Lesson 1 ‘The Basis of Are Welding Lesson 2 Common Elsctric ‘Are Welding Processes Losson3 Covered Electrodes: for Welding Mild Stools Lesson Covered Electrodes for Welding Low Alloy Steels Lesson 5 Welding Filer Metals for Stainless Steels Lesson 6 Carbon & Low Attoy ‘SteolFller Metals GMAW.GTAW,SAW Lesson 7 Flux Cored Arc Electrodes Carbon ‘Low Alloy Steels Electrodes Lesson Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Metal Costs Lesson 10 Reliailly of Welding Filler Metals Lesson 1- Basies of Are Welding LESSON, PARTS 4184.10. Somo wolters use athroephaso AC supply. Thoe-phas is simply tres sources of AC power as Mental votages bout n by twee wes, he hee voages or pases bing topusted by 120 docialdgroas. tho sino wav for hot phases are plod on one ee tno, they wi appear as shown n Figure 12 . 14411 The ustaas et tee phase powers L smoother han shga-phate because the averpping tora three prasos prevent th currant and votage fom eccrine he {ating to zero 120 tesa cond, tery eroding @ vou 12 smoother woking ar: 414.12 Shee all shops do not have three-phase pow single-phase and three-phase power are avalable, 185 Transformers - The func oa wanstoemer it nerease or decreesevotsge to. sate vale as ne condtons demand, Common housahls votage s vauly 115 or 230 vots, whereas dustrial power equrements may be 28,290, 380, F480 voKs “Transmitingsuen relay lw vallages over bg distances woul requr a condctor of enormous and inprectclsize. Therefore, power vansmites toma power plant must be stepped up for lng stance waramission and then stepped down fo: Fal ut 4151 As canbe soonin igure 13, the vokage generated athe power plant 13800 ots, lis nreased,tarsmtas over bg dances, and hen reduced in steps for tne end user. power supe oa anslormes eure hel steady, hen secondary urent(ampores)decreatos atthe pinay voage nereases, an conversely, secondary Curent creases as primary vetage decreases. Since ne current ow (amperes) Astrmines ta wie or conduc Sze, be gh velage ae may be of lav amt ameter, hpiwwu.esabna.comlouvetiantelessont_26\Am Current Chapter Table of Contents GoTo Test Pri Glossary ‘Turn Pages Search Chapter (Faster Download) Search Document (Slower Download) ”2ianns Lesson 1 ‘The Basis of Are Welding Lesson 2 Common Elsctric ‘Are Welding Processes Losson3 Covered Electrodes: for Welding Mild Stools Lesson Covered Electrodes for Welding Low Alloy Steels Lesson 5 Welding Filer Metals for Stainless Steels Lesson 6 Carbon & Low Attoy ‘SteolFller Metals GMAW.GTAW,SAW Lesson 7 Flux Cored Arc Electrodes Carbon ‘Low Alloy Steels Electrodes Lesson Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Metal Costs Lesson 10 Reliailly of Welding Filler Metals Lesson 1- Basies of Are Weleing LESSON |, PARTB 1852 Thelransermorina woking mactine performs mich the same 35a large power on vestormer. The primary votagecomng no he machine to high forsale ‘wang, Thersor, ts stepped downto a useable volage, Tht best tuted with an xpbnation of how a singh rantormer works 1853 Inthe preceding paragras, we havs found han an okra current canbe lnducedno a candutor when tht conductor 8 moved tvough magnate td. pulang magnet fas wl uroune he exterer of hat conductor, hat s the magnetic ‘tl wloul! tnt trough th feat 90 eh degrees or he ea cycle, From hat ches 270 at 10 ebcteal degrees, Immediately, the curent ection reverses ana the magnet fed weg to buld ag ul reaches thaxlnum at 70 eect grees bnthe cycle, From tht pol the curren andthe magnate feH again beso decay vn they reach 2er at 360 electrical degrees, whee he cyte begns a 41854 het conductor wound aroun a mater wth ign magnet permeabity (ragnte permeadity the abity to accep ge amounts of magnate nes of force) such as slel he magne fat permeates that core, Soe gure *4. This conauctar is ales primary col ana t sve cae volage & apple acne of ternal andthe eet it rw scone compltos, current wllfow. When a socond cals wound vee i, round nat sme tel core, tb energy that sored in this secondary col 1855 isthe bul-up ans colps0 of tis magnetic ‘that exc the electrons inte secondary ol ot the {ow whon te secondary cutis completed by srkng the woking ar. Roemer bat fl vanstrmars oprae only on aman cure. 1858. Asinpied version of @ wag transformers schematealy shown Fgue 16. 14 80 vat for ritting te arin he secondary or wolsng eu thas we nave 20 tu cf wre nthe secondary wing of be co ie on the core, on no current amperage) tows url ne waking circu is completed by stking tho ar, htpiiwwu.esabra.comiounstiantelessont_27:m Current Chapter Table of Contents GoTo Test Pri Glossary ‘Turn Pages Search Chapter (Faster Download) Search Document (Slower Download) mn2ianns Lesson 1 ‘The Basis of Are Welding Lesson 2 Common Elsctric ‘Are Welding Processes Losson3 Covered Electrodes: for Welding Mild Stools Lesson Covered Electrodes for Welding Low Alloy Steels Lesson 5 Welding Filer Metals for Stainless Steels Lesson 6 Carbon & Low Attoy ‘SteolFller Metals GMAW.GTAW,SAW Lesson 7 Flux Cored Arc Electrodes Carbon ‘Low Alloy Steels Electrodes Lesson Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Metal Costs Lesson 10 Reliailly of Welding Filler Metals Lesson 1- Basies of Are Weleing 1857 Sno the AD vot rocassary for atng ho are — ‘wong, some means mustbo seconour ved to bowers voage os * stale oval Theory, 2 aan vatabl resistor ofthe proper cea ‘versely ropetonalto resistance at we saw when stuayeng Ohm's Low. Oho Law al stata tal he amperage is deectyproprtoral ots voags. This being so, youcan soe that adstng tho outpt conta i also aust the amperage o weldeg current 1858 tert arcs intted and current begins to ow through he secondary oF weléng evel, he vallagein Wat ecu wllbe 32 vals because is ten Beng convaled by te output cont 4 Power Requements- We can make another calculation by looking back at Fur *5, and tats powor consumption. Earls, wo explines that he watt was he unt 41864 From Figure 15, we can see thal he ntananeous power the secondary Wats =22 » 300 4186.2 The primary side of ow tansfarmer must be capable of supaying 9800 wats abo (erogarding sees duo to heating power fact, te.) 50 by earangng tho formu, we can calcutta recuited suppl Ine curent or ampere: ‘Aperage = Wats» Vas n= 9600+ 230 41,74 Ape ans hobs to determine the put cab ad use size necossary htpiiwww.esabra.comiounstianteessont_28:m Current Chapter Table of Contents GoTo Test Pri Glossary ‘Turn Pages Search Chapter (Faster Download) Search Document (Slower Download) mn2ianns Lesson 1 ‘The Basis of Are Welding Lesson 2 Common Elsctric ‘Are Welding Processes Losson3 Covered Electrodes: for Welding Mild Stools Lesson Covered Electrodes for Welding Low Alloy Steels Lesson 5 Welding Filer Metals for Stainless Steels Lesson 6 Carbon & Low Attoy ‘SteolFller Metals GMAW.GTAW,SAW Lesson 7 Flux Cored Arc Electrodes Carbon ‘Low Alloy Steels Electrodes Lesson Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Metal Costs Lesson 10 Reliailly of Welding Filler Metals Lesson 1- Basies of Are Weleing LESSON |, PARTB 187 Recti¥ving AG to DC - though much weking i accomplshed wih AC weldng ower sources, the marty ofndustal welding s dane wth machines hat produce Aiec current are. The commercaly produced AC power that operates the waking machine ‘rust then be changes (ctf) to direct urentfor the OC ae, Thi is accom Plea win advice cll a rect Two types of etfers have bean used extonsivaly hweldng machines, the ot selenium rect and he more stow RECMAER tos dados. See Faure 16 187.1 Thefincton ofa rectrin the cream best be shown byte us of he +f \ f\ ff argue 17 cute 17 hakwaverectfcaton takes place as shown 11872 Thenegatvenanavolsskmpy cutoff and a pulsating DC produced. Durng hat-oyel, th curtis blocked, This produces a DC composed of 80 postive pubes per 1873 By usig fourrecitrs connected na clan manne, 9 bidge fetter eaats, products LY fullwaverectfcaton. The bridge rector resus > 120 postwehat-eycles per sacond, produc a sn considerably smoother det curen th rectfeaton. Soe Figur 18 1874 Tiros phase AC canbe rected to sores produce an even seater DC tan singh phase times as many hal-cycbs por second as single Ty Ns phase power, araatvely smooth OC valage sak htpiiwwu.esabra.comiouwtianteessont_29:Am Current Chapter Table of Contents GoTo Test Pri Glossary ‘Turn Pages Search Chapter (Faster Download) Search Document (Slower Download) mn2ianns Lesson 1 ‘The Basis of Are Welding Lesson 2 Common Elsctric ‘Are Welding Processes Losson3 Covered Electrodes: for Welding Mild Stools Lesson Covered Electrodes for Welding Low Alloy Steels Lesson 5 Welding Filer Metals for Stainless Steels Lesson 6 Carbon & Low Attoy ‘SteolFller Metals GMAW.GTAW,SAW Lesson 7 Flux Cored Arc Electrodes Carbon ‘Low Alloy Steels Electrodes Lesson Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Metal Costs Lesson 10 Reliailly of Welding Filler Metals Lesson 1- Basies of Are Weleing 4 INSTANT CURRENT OR CONSTANT VOLTA¢ Woking power sources ae designed in many sizes and shapes. They may suepy ether ‘AG or, or bot, and they may have varios means of cntoig the votage and producing te proper are characters forthe weldng process beng sed. A power source hat praduees a salstactary are when waking win coal lectodes wi be than satstctry for wolng with solar ux cored wos. 494 cons primarily wih coats elctrodes. This typo of power source has 2 aaivey srl changoin amperage and are power fra corespondhg relavaly ge change'n are vatage a te longs tha the nara constant current, Th characte of tis power source ate bast itusrated by observing a graph het hs the vot nt Curent charat sles - Constant current power sources ere used curve a constant current machine drops dow ‘un cae ward rater sharply and otis reason, is type of machine ten cal a trooper” . 1.1 Inweldng wih coated alecredes, the ” ouput curront or amporageis sat by th operator : sie whl the votage is desgne in he unt. The . operator an vary the ce volage somehal by Ireasing or decroasng the ae bngth. A shh erease are ng wi cause an nr 235 to nar impos, the votage ouput eran relay constant Ont typ of power souce, he votage ssa at he machine and angerage sdeteminad Wy the speed tat the wos fea fo the woking gun. Inerasing the wre food speed rereases te amperage. Decreasing the wre feed speed decreases the amoerage, 1821 clang plays an important partin woking wth sold and fx cored shades, ust as ideas n welang wh a coated electrode, However, when using @ constant valage power source and» wre foode hat debors te wre ala constant speed, a nth caused by operator err, pi regubrtes, and puddle movement are automatically htpiwww.esabra.comiouwtiantelessont_30\m Current Chapter Table of Contents GoTo Test Pri Glossary ‘Turn Pages Search Chapter (Faster Download) Search Document (Slower Download) mn2ianns Lesson 1 ‘The Basis of Are Welding Lesson 2 Common Elsctric ‘Are Welding Processes Losson3 Covered Electrodes: for Welding Mild Stools Lesson Covered Electrodes for Welding Low Alloy Steels Lesson 5 Welding Filer Metals for Stainless Steels Lesson 6 Carbon & Low Attoy ‘SteolFller Metals GMAW.GTAW,SAW Lesson 7 Flux Cored Arc Electrodes Carbon ‘Low Alloy Steels Electrodes Lesson Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Metal Costs Lesson 10 Reliailly of Welding Filler Metals Lesson 1- Basies of Are Weleing ‘omponsate or by the characters of is process. To understand tis, keepin mind that wt he proper vatage sting amperage Setng, andar natn, te rte hat the wee ocreases and to amperage rerease, 59 69s he maf ao 1822 _ InFiqwo21,wo sce that condton #2 produces th desta arc nat, vokaps nd amperage, ithe arc length is areased as #1, vokage creases slg the amperage decresies consisrab¥, and therfore, he mao rate ofthe wee decreases. Toa wr is now feadig faster than itis meting oft, Ths conden wl advance te and of he longs reached where agai the mak of ato uae the feodng rata. the are ents dooreased asin #3, th vokage cops off sony, the arperae is nveased considera, and te mata ra of he wie beraases, Shee the wre now mang of fastartnan ts beng fs, mats back oho ‘ua tho feoing rata, This soften refrrd tii to2e aset-agustg ac, Thats automatic eres ans usual without he operator bing ava 4923 Thareorea vary of ferent weg machines, ach wth sown unique lomphasize that her main erence is inthe way they conel he vllage and apsrage oupu. 122 Types otwtdingPowar Sources Agron varity of woking power sources se being bil nday for ocr ae welng and we shall mention tome othe mae ype rity. Wellng power sources canbe dvded nto twomain categories: state types and rotating types. 1221 State Tunes Stati type power sources ae allo hose hat use commercially own o useable woking votages. The two major categories of ttc powar sources are the ransormer type end the rete ype btpiiwwu.esabra.comiounstiantelessont_31:Aim Current Chapter Table of Contents GoTo Test Pri Glossary ‘Turn Pages Search Chapter (Faster Download) Search Document (Slower Download) mn2ianns Lesson 1 ‘The Basis of Are Welding Lesson 2 Common Elsctric ‘Are Welding Processes Losson3 Covered Electrodes: for Welding Mild Stools Lesson Covered Electrodes for Welding Low Alloy Steels Lesson 5 Welding Filer Metals for Stainless Steels Lesson 6 Carbon & Low Attoy ‘SteolFller Metals GMAW.GTAW,SAW Lesson 7 Flux Cored Arc Electrodes Carbon ‘Low Alloy Steels Electrodes Lesson Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Metal Costs Lesson 10 Reliailly of Welding Filler Metals Lesson 1- Basies of Are Weleing 193.141 The wanstomer ype produce ony steratng curr. They are commonly the constant curent ype. 1912:12 Theractfar ype are common called "Welling Recters" and produce DC or ‘AG and DC wating curert. They may utze ether singe phase or ve phase nput power. They conlaina warsfoar, but rectly the AC oF OC by te ue of sloum rectfers, son odes or slcon conralle recfers. Avalablen ether he constant curent or be constant voage ye, some manuacturers ofr units ha area combination of toth and canbe sed for coald electrode wektng, on-consumbh electrode weling ane for waldng wih sole fx cored wires. 1. Motor-ceneratrs 2 Engine Devon 193.21 Motor generator ypes const of an etc motor coupled to a gonestr or woes, but de to he maving pars requred consierele malnorance, Few, fan. are beng but oa. 1193.22 Engno drvon types consist of agascln or dase engine couplo a gsnerator aerator at produces the desired weling power. They are use extensively on obs beyond commercial power nes and ao as bil ropa unis. Bh rotating types can atver eter AC or DC wellhg power ora combnaton of bath. Bath types ee avaiable 8 consiantcurontor constant votage model nls - Webing powar sources er ako nthe metiod of conrling ts utptcurentor votage. Oufput may be conrad mochanialy asin machines havig @ tapped reato, 2 moveable shunt or dvertr, or @ movesbls col, Be and the mest modern ype, containg leon con recttes,gva precise electronic 41944 Adetad @scussion ofthe many types of weldhg power Sources onthe market tei mach oo ogy subj fortis cours, atbough adoration on the ype of powar sours for he varous weg processes wilbe covered in Lesson I 1942 Excl’ arturo avaible rom power source ranuact rowover, and htpiiwwu.esabra.comiountianteessont_32:hm Current Chapter Table of Contents GoTo Test Pri Glossary ‘Turn Pages Search Chapter (Faster Download) Search Document (Slower Download) mn2ianns Lesson 1 ‘The Basis of Are Welding Lesson 2 Common Elsctric ‘Are Welding Processes Losson3 Covered Electrodes: for Welding Mild Stools Lesson Covered Electrodes for Welding Low Alloy Steels Lesson 5 Welding Filer Metals for Stainless Steels Lesson 6 Carbon & Low Attoy ‘SteolFller Metals GMAW.GTAW,SAW Lesson 7 Flux Cored Arc Electrodes Carbon ‘Low Alloy Steels Electrodes Lesson Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Metal Costs Lesson 10 Reliailly of Welding Filler Metals htpiiwwu.esabra.comiounstianteessont_33:hm ‘Aotropie “Ampere sme asTM carbon Stel Conductor Lessont_93. 38 LESSON, GLOSSARY APPENDIX A LESSON | - GLOSSARY OF TERMS re capable of ranstarming no Wo ‘An electteslournt which abana travels ear deectn condetor. In 0 eyes par second (60 He) AC, the Faquoney Used nthe USA the current rection reverses 120 ties every Unt of eberial ato of fo. Amperage & commen reforod to as ‘merean Sooty of Mechanal Engosars ‘eran Society for Testng and Matera, characterises ofthat lament consists of protons, neuen, (Sorstnes refered cas mil steel) An lly of ton and carbon [Amaterialwhich has arelatiely bre numberof bosel bonded atv which may move ely whan volage (lca pressure) Is apes, Molas are good conductors. (is sppled toweling machines.) Aweling power source wich wilprosuce a rlthely sal change in amperage despits changas n votage caused by a varying ar length. Used mosty Current Chapter Table of Contents GoTo Test Pri Glossary ‘Turn Pages Search Chapter (Faster Download) Search Document (Slower Download) mn2ianns Lesson 1 ‘The Basis of Are Welding Lesson 2 Common Elsctric ‘Are Welding Processes Losson3 Covered Electrodes: for Welding Mild Stools Lesson Covered Electrodes for Welding Low Alloy Steels Lesson 5 Welding Filer Metals for Stainless Steels Lesson 6 Carbon & Low Attoy ‘SteolFller Metals GMAW.GTAW,SAW Lesson 7 Flux Cored Arc Electrodes Carbon ‘Low Alloy Steels Electrodes Lesson Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Metal Costs Lesson 10 Reliailly of Welding Filler Metals Direct Curent Electron Ferrous Hertz High Alloy tools Induced Curent oF Ingot Insulator htpiiwwu.esabrna.comisuntianteessont_34:hm Lessont_24 34 LESSON, GLOSSARY (sapped to woking machines) welling power source which wilprosuce 2 relay smal change vatage when the amporagete changed subelantaly. Used mest or woking wi 0d fax core aletodes An lett current which ows in onl one érecton na conductr. Drecton of current depandent upon the elec connactons tothe batt o othr DC power source. Teminals on a1 0G devices are ususly masked +) 0). Reversing he ads ‘wlleverse the crecton of current ow Nopatvely cargos partes that revo arcund the postvaly charged mucous nan atm CConanng ton. Exate: carbon steel bw alby stds staross Hert (He) ho symbol whch has replaced tho term eycls por second” Tedey, rather han sayng 60 cycles per second or amply ‘Stele conahing in excons of 10% slo conten. Stale steels considered a igh ally because contains excess of 10% chron, The phenomena a aushg an lca urantto ow trough a conductor whan thal condueter i ejected oa varying magne fet Casting of sta (veining upto 200 ons) ered al milfrom mek of or, scrap Imestno, cok, [Amalia whies has Eg bcron bond, ‘kectons which wllmve when valtage (ebetcal pressure) apples. Wood, la, eeranies and most pastes a6 good sults. As, rly fw Current Chapter Table of Contents GoTo Test Pri Glossary ‘Turn Pages Search Chapter (Faster Download) Search Document (Slower Download) mn2ianns Lesson 1 ‘The Basis of Are Welding Lesson 2 Common Elsctric ‘Are Welding Processes Losson3 Covered Electrodes: for Welding Mild Stools Lesson Covered Electrodes for Welding Low Alloy Steels Lesson 5 Welding Filer Metals for Stainless Steels Lesson 6 Carbon & Low Attoy ‘SteolFller Metals GMAW.GTAW,SAW Lesson 7 Flux Cored Arc Electrodes Carbon ‘Low Alloy Steels Electrodes Lesson Estimating & ‘comparing Weld Metal Costs Lesson 10 Reliailly of Welding Filler Metals htpiwwu.esabra.comiouwtiantelessont_35:m Kilowatt Non-Ferrous ohm Transformation Proton Rect Lessont_95.35 LESSON |, GLOSSARY 1,000 watts ‘Steals conan small aunts of yng ements (usualy 14% 5% total aloy contd which crastcaly improves ir roperts. CConaringnoiron. Example: Amina, copper, copper loys Unt feel resistance to exernt ow. ‘The changes ithe crystallin structure of mata caused by Postvly charged paces whien are par of he nucleus atoms ‘An cleticalseves uses to change atoraing curentte direct Socity of Automotive Enginoers An eleticaldovice used to raise or lr the vokage an versely changa the amperage, Unt of electromotive force oF ect! pressure which causes cuentto fow nan eecircal cut Auniofelecticslponer. Wats =Vots x Ampores Current Chapter Table of Contents GoTo Test Pri Glossary ‘Turn Pages Search Chapter (Faster Download) Search Document (Slower Download) mn