.

1.
1 (atomic mass unit) u -12
1 u
1u

-12 1

-12 1

=
=

()
= 931x106 eV

931 MeV

= 931 MeV
(1)

2.
2
1

2.1
2.2
2.3

1.6x10-19 C 1.67252 x 10-27 kg

1.007277 u
1.67482 x 10-27 kg 1.008665 u

1.6x10--1919 C 9.1x10-31 kg
0.000548 u

3.
3.1

(Nucleon)

3.2

(Atom mass number)

A

3.3

(Atomic number)
Z

3.4

(Nuclide)
X A Z

3.5 (Isotope)

4.

 2
r A

(2)

1.2x10-15 1.5 x10-15

5.
(Nuclear Force)

(mass defect)

M A Z Z

(A-Z)

(3)

u (atomic mass unit)

(Binding Energy)
B.E.
(MeV)
931 MeV
=

2 2

u
(4)

= 4.0015 u

= (4.0320 u) (4.0015 u)

=
= 0.0305 x 931 MeV

2(1.0073u) + 2(1.0087u) = 4.0320 u

=

0.0305 u

28.39 MeV

28.39 MeV

6.

1.

0 26

2.

60

3.


7.
.. 1896 (Antoine Henri Becquerel, 1852-1908)

CT SCANNERS
7.1
(Radioactive Elements)

(Radioactivity)
3


4

4
. (Alpha Ray)

 2 +2e 2 (2n)
7000

5

+

(5)

. (Beta Ray) 2
1.

6

+

2.

(6)

 7

+

(7)

300,000

. (Gamma Ray)

8

+

(8)

(Decay)

 Daughter Nuclide

Parent Nuclide

7.2

N

- N

(9)

(decay constant)

t = 0

t
=

ln

=
=

(10)

 9
(Half Life)

t=0

t = T1/2

t = 2T1/2

Polonium (214Po)

1.64 x 10-4s

Krypton (89 Kr)

3.16 min

Radon (222Rn)

3.83 da

Strontium (90Sr)
Radium (226Ra)

28.5 yr
,

Carbon (14C)
Uranium (238U)
Indium (155In)

1.6 x 103yr
5.73x 103 yr

4.47 x 109 yr
4.41 x 1014 yr

 t =

(7.10)
=
=
=
=
=

(11)

(Activity) A

(12)

disintegration per sec (dps) (Becquerel , Bq) (Ci)

1 Ci

3.7 x 1010 dps = 3.7 x 1010 Bq

1.

(13)

(14)

A0 (t=0)

m0 (t=0)
2.

()

()
= 6.02x1023
()

(15)

7.3
1. (Rontgen unit , R) 1 cm3
1 / (3 x 109) (2.58 x 10-4) C/kg 1 R = 2.58 x 10-4 C/kg
2. (rad) radiation absorbed dose 1 rad
1 kg 10-2 J 1 rad = 10-2 J/kg SI (Gray, Gy)
1 Gy

1 J/kg

100 rad

3. (rem) (Rontgen Equivalent Man) (Dose Equivalent)

1 rad
(rem)

= (RBE) (1rad)

(16)

RBE Relative Biological Effectiveness RBE RBE

RBE (Range )
7.2 RBE

RBE

30KeV

30 KeV

1.7

(thermal to slow, < 0.02 MeV)

2-5

(fast , 1-10 MeV)

(1-10 MeV)
1

10 ()
30 ()
10 ()
30 ()
10-20

8.

(7.17)

X , , Y

1.

7+2

8+1

14 + 4

17 + 1

2. - (mass energy)
2

7.0160 u

1.0078 u

4.0026 u

= 7.0160 u + 1.0078 u

= 8.0238 u

= 4.0026 u + 4.0026 u

= 8.0052 u

= 8.0238 u - 8.0052 u

= 0.0186 u

(0.0186 u )

17.32 MeV

14.003074 u

4.002603 u

18.005677 u

1.007825 u

14.003074 u + 4.002603 u

18.005677 u

18.005677 u + 1.007825 u

18.006958 u

(18.005677 u 18.006958 u)

-1.193 MeV

8.1

1. (Nuclear Fission)
2
2 3
(chain reaction)

10

2. (Nuclear Fusion)

9.
(Nuclear Reactor)

2

11
1. (Fuel)
2. (Moderator)

3. (Control Rods)


4. (Coolant)


5. (Shield)

1%

1 2

12

10.

2
10.1
(fibrosis of the lung) (leukemia) (cataracts)

10.2 (chromosome)

11.


1. (time of exposure)

2. (distance)

3. (shielding)

12.


1. (Tracer)

15.1

2.

(hyperthyroidism) (131I)
30% 60%
10% hyperthyroidism
70%



131I

(60Co) 5.3
60Co 60Co
60Co 60Co
60Co

(198Au) 2.7

(32P) 14.3
32P