ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS QUICK-SCORE ANSWERS | a WC TD 21 SDE AE 6 7D Be pile 2A 1B WC 32€ 42.¢ G2B 72A 82D 92 B 3B 13.D 23.B SA 434 @D 732A 83.8 93D 4B 148 24€ 48 644 74.0 4D 98D 3D 1D 2D a8 EGP 7A 6.8 95D 6F 16D 26.8 16 € C OE 76.8 RE 9B TP WA BP STA, SLA STA GRR OTR 87D STA BA ID 200 38D WB RR OE BE BR ORD OR DE 2E WA 49.¢ E69.D 72 A 89 98 E 30.4 40.D 50.C GC TD 80d WE 100A WE 20, eww petersonesenit 1. The correct answer is (C). Chloroplasts are the site of photo synthesis, a process that occurs in plants but nee in animals 2. The correct answer is (A). Ribosomes function as the sites for protein synthesis 3. The correct answer is (H). Ihe nucleus contaias DNA, whieh is packaged into chromosomes. The huse sequeice on the DNA molecule provides the cade for the specific proteins ter he manufactured by Une cell 4, The correct answer is (B), Respiraticn utilizes oxygen in the breakdown of onginic compounds (such as ghicase) to produce enengy (in the fori of ATP) for the function of cellular pro- §, The correct answer is (D). Photosynthesis iilizes carbon dioxide and water from the atmosphere and light energy eer duced by the sun in the formation of chemical energy that is stored as glucose. stasch, or other organic compounds in plant ceils. 6. The correct answer is (£), Lefinientation (sometimes refersed to as anaerobic respiration) allows far the prodiiction of ATP in the abscace af oxygen, Certain fungi and bacteria Gor example, brewer's yeast) produce alcohol as a result of fermentation, while huniaa nmiscle cells produce lactic acid. 7. The correct answer is (DJ, An clectton in a subatomic particle with a negative charge; an atom (composed of electrons, protons, ancl neutrons) i the suiallest part of an element that Tetuins the properti¢s of that element; 2 compound is 2 substance i Petersun's © SAT IP 248) Suecess: Biology E/T70, n 73. 74. as 76. PRACICE IES 1 thetic autotrophs and, therefore, make up the hase of the food. chain—the producers The correct answer is (D). lf 16 percent (.16) of the popula. tion shows the recessive phenotype ¢q"}. then the square root of 16 (0.40) would equal the frequency of the recessive allele, q. Because p + @ = 1, then p = = 0.60. The correct answer is (D). The frequency of heterozygotes in the population is email to two times the product of the frequen- cies of the recessive (g)and dominant (p) alleles. Thus, the frequency of hetcroxygutes is 2g = 2(0.6)(0.4) = O48. ‘The correct answer is (A). bor a population to remain in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, the individuals must be randomly mating; nonrandom mating (eg, positive or negative asworeative mating) leads to changes in allelic and genotypic frequencies within the populution. All of the other conditions listed above must be met for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to be maintained it 4 population. Failure to meet any of the conditions leas to microrvolution and changes in allelic and genotypic frequencies: in the population. ‘The correct answer is (A). Also in the cightkingdom system, the kingdom Protista, of the teaditienal five-kingdom system. hus been divided into three separate kingdoms (Archatzas, Protista, Chromista); the remaining kingdoms (Plantac. Fungi, Animalia) are the same im both the five- and eight-kingdom systems. Another system of classification, the three-somain system, uses a “domain” a8 a superkingdom taxa to ermphusize the significance to the evolulionary split berween the Bacteria and Archaea, In this system, the Bacteria and Archaea are each assigned a domain, the third domain (Eukerya) encompassing all eukaryolie organisms. Also, the three-domain system further subdivides the Iingilom Protista inte five separate groups (Archaexoa, Euglenozoa, Alveolata, Stramenopila, and Rhodo- phiytah The correct answer is (C), in this cxampie, 10 percent of the nergy is transferred from each trophic level to the next higher level. In actual ecosystems, the dechin: in productivity with the transfer of energy between trophic levels varies according to the species present, usually ranging from approximately 5 10 20 percent ‘The correct answer is (A). ‘The correct answer is (F). The consumption of primary producers is the most energy-efficient form of consumption, The higher up en the food chain consumption takes place, the less energy-elficient it becomes,BIOLOGY-M TEST Anewnena pi care 77. The correct answer is (E). Printary consumers do not phow- spnthesize (only producers carry out photosynthesis). Exeretion provides some metabolic waste materials that can be urilized by detritivores and, thus, are not lnsr from the ecosystem. Energy that goes into the metabolism and growth of an orgaatism contributes tw the biomass of the organism and is subsequently passed om to the next higher tmphic level. The energy uscd in respiration results in the production of inargani¢ molecules and heat; it is largeiy lose from. the flow of energy in the ecosystem. 78. The correct answer is (E). The heritability of variation i a bey component to the theory of natural selection and is necessary for evolution to occur. ‘Those indivichuals chat arc most adapted to their environment are most likely’ 10 survive and successfully reptociuce, passing on favorable genes to their offspring. As long as the selection forces ecmain in place, the number of incividuats. in the population with favorable genes will contimie to increase possibly icading to the development of a new species after many penerations. 79. ‘the correct answer is (A). 80, The correct answer is (D). B1. ‘The correct answer is (€). In the DNA moiccule, base pairing occurs between adenine and thymine, whieh are held together hy two hydrogen bonds, and hase pairing occurs between guanine anu eviosing, whieh are held tagethcr by three hydrogen bonds 82. The correct answer is (DP). Under normal conditions of DNA feplication, iclomeres that are present on the end af eaclt chromosome in eukaryotic cells hecome shorter and shorter with cach cycle af replication. The keagth of the teloméres typically predetermines the life span. of the cell by controlling the number ‘of possible cycles of DNA replication. Telomerase, an enzyme that catalyzes the Ienglliening of telomeres, is not present im the cells of most multicellular organisms other than those giving Hise to gametes, Telomerase has been found to occur in cells that ecome cancerous, suggesting 4 possible ink between “uncon- trolled” cel! division and the cancerous nature of the cell. 83. The correct answer is (18). ‘The process of transcription takes plice in the nucleus af eukaryotic cells. The mucicotide sequence on the DNA molecule is wanscrihed into aa RNA replica (messenger RNA, or mRNA. The mRNA transcript maves out of the musiews through pores in the nucicar cnvelope and attaches tg a nbosomecomplex, The mRNA is Lien translated into a polypeptide chain ‘consisting of atin acids in the sequence that is coded for by the sequence of hase triplets on the m&NA malecule 84, The correct answer is (D)- 85, The correct answer is (H). 86. ‘The correct answer is (E). 87. ‘The correct answer is (D). First, one must isolate the hactesial plasmid that is 10 be tlie cloning vector from its bacterial host and isolate the region of DNA that coatains the gene of interest Lo be cloned from cukaryatic tise cells. Next, both the plasmid and the cukaryotic DNA are digested with the same restriction enayme, creating sticky ends, When the two cell types ate mixed together in the prescnce of DNA ligase, the plasmid DNA and eukaryotic DNA may bind tagether (also, the eukaryotic DNA may reassociate anal the plasmid DNA may eeasscclate: tras, the mixture sill comain both recombinant molecules and molecules ‘ike the originals), Bacteria. that are bathed in a sohution of the naked DNA mixture will ake up the plasmid vector by transfor mation, As the bacterial cells eeplicate, $0, 10, will any plasmids that they contain. If the plasid(s) are secombinant, the eukary= otic gene of interest also will be replicated many times: Finally, the eukaryntic gene insort can be detected using cither mucleic acid hybridizarion or a similar method, 8. The correct answer ix (B). The union of the sticky ends of eukaryotic DNA and plasmid DNA i similar eo the formation of the DNA double helix, reiying on pairing between complemen lary bases (A with Ty G with ©. 89. The correct answer is (R). Each restriction enzymic recognizes 4 specific soquence of bases (usually four to Six nucteotides in Jength), Known as the restriction sife (ar target site), on a DNA mulecule; it docs not cleave LNA at random sites. 90. ‘The correct answer is (E). Transpiration, choice (A), is the loss of water vapor by plants to the almosphere. Fleetroponition, choice (H), is the application of electrical impulses to animal cells or plant protoplasts. This increases the permeability of their membranes thiat aid the mptike of foreiga DNA by transforma tion, choice (B), Une uptake by cells of soluble fragments af foreign DNA in solution. Translation, choice (C), is the proces by which the genetic information in living cells encoded in the form of base triplets in mRNA is converted to a sequence of anting acids in a polypeptide chain. Transduction, choice (D), & the transfer of genetic material from one bacterial ecll to using a phage as a vector.91. The correct answer is (E), Evidence from molecular genctic Studies stiggests cartier cvolutionary splits among prokaryotic Organisms and relatively simple cukarytic organist (primarily ‘those: organisms classified as Pratists in he five-kingdom systean) than Was pecviously thought. Such evidence has led many fesearchers to further subdivide these gromps of urganisms into Separate kingdoms, based on their ancient evolutionary tneges, 92. ‘The correct answer is (A). Competiion for a limited supply of feSourcrs and a mechanisin for passing on waits that confer an advantige for adaptation to environmental conditions from parents to offspring are necessary for evolution to accu at any level Protobionts Caugsregates of abiotic molecules thar paintain an inter ‘fal environment that is diffcrent from their surroundings) could noe have evolved inte canty living cells Cwith scuipermeable mem bbranes, the ability to reproctuce, the ability to catalyze chemical factions, OF uny other characteristics typically associated with li Jing cells) without competition among individuals for imiteal resources and the ability co pass favorable traits on ro oflspeing, 98. The correct answer is (1D). Cladistic analysis relies on hamol ‘ay (simtilurity of characteristics among species dne wo a shuiredl ancestry) iti the construction of phylogenetic trees while avoiding analogous characters (similarity of chamcteristics among species that are nor closely netated; these characteristics une usually artributed to convergent evolution). 94, The correct answer is (I), Lach tiipilet of hases ott the mRNA molecule (codon) codes for a speeitic amino acid. The cove hay been deciphered and is represenred in the table of genetic coiluns, with the first base along the left sidc, the second base scross the tap, and the third base aluny the right side of the fable: More than ene codon may code for the same amino acid The codon AUG may coke fur methionine or it may cade fur a Star itt, Signaling ribosomes to hegin translating: the mRNA at thal site, Three “stap” codans (AA, TAG, UGA), when present Within a genetic messige, signal the cad of the message andl termination of translation in that region 98, The correct answer is (D), ‘The substitution of an “A fora" in the third base position of the codon for Giy results in a codon ‘hat also codes. for Gly: this, the resulting polypeptide should ance Hon normally. All of the uther substitutions described above result in the replacement of the ‘correct’ aming aciel with an ‘incorrect amino acid in Use polypeptide chain produced in transiation. The felative ellects of such substinitions on an individual depend! au the degree to which the incorrect amino acid changes the function of the polypeptide. Hor example, a single base substitution (1! tor A)97. 100. results in the incorporation of Val in place of Glu in the sixth posi tion of the polypeptide: coding for the: primary structure of hemagh~ bin, resulting in the abaormally shaped cells that ae characteristic of sickle cell anemia the correct answer is (18), Rustriciion enzymes recunize specific base sequences along the DNA molecule (usually 4 to 6 hases fong) ane cleave the molecule at each of these sites, When the fmugmients of DNA that ure produced are separated electro- phoretically, a characteristic parern is produced. If two: species share a similar pattern, they maust share a 3i resteiction sites at cquivalenr distances along the DNA molecule ‘This suguests that the genomes of the two species are similar and tliat they most likely diverged in relatively recent history The correct answer is (A). In the Figure, maxon 7 represents the Guigroup—a species or group of species that fy Closely related to the other tasa being studied, but nat a8 closely related as each of the seudy taxa are t) each other, The pasition of taxon Zon the phylogenetic tree suggests that it possesses the peitni tive condition shared by all of the fara depicted and from which the other axe have diverged, The correct answer is (D). ‘The change from a primitive t a derived state of character T sepanites taxon Z (the outgroup) jaxa 8, ©, and 1 share we derived characters and. thus, are more closely related to cach other than cach és to taxon A. Following this reasoning, taxa © and D- appear 19 be the most closely relaied pair of taxa depicted. ‘These two taxa shire three derived characters (, I, and HD, suggesting that they are more closely related to each other than eather #8 to anon B. The correct answer is (E), The results suggest that species C shures genetic information with species A as well as with species 1B, whereas species A and Hare genetically distinct from one another. The most likely explanation is thar species ¢ inherited genetic material frm both species A and B, suggesting that it is a hybrid between the wo. The correct answer is (A). Some scientists suguest that the earth’s surface was inhospitable during the period in which life began. Recent molecular studies suepest that the ancestors uf modem-lay prokaryotes thrived in very hot conditions and possibly utilized inorganic sulfur compounds. These conditions ‘are common in deep sea vent environments, and the lacation also would have reduced exposure of carly life forms to the inhospitable conditions Uhal were present on the earth's surface ilar number of