MY BM PISTON

1.1. Vai tr, cu to, nguyn l lm vic v phn loi

1.1.1. Vai tr ca my bm piston trong cng tc khoan du kh
Trong cng tc khoan khai thc v khoan thm d my bm dung
dch khoan l b phn khng th tch ri v cng nh khng th thiu
c. My bm khoan c nhim v quan trng trong qu trnh thi cng
ging khoan. Trong qu trnh thi cng ging khoan, chong khoan ph hu
t y ging khoan, mn khoan ny phi c a ln b mt nh
mt loi nc ra gi l dung dch khoan. thc hin qu trnh trn,
chng ta phi s dng mt loi thit b trong my bm khoan ng vai
tr quan trng nht. My bm khoan c cng dng bm cht lng xung
xung ging khoan lm mt, lm sch chong khoan, lm sch y
ging khoan a mn t y ging khoan ln v c bit quan trng l gip
cho qu trnh khoan c d dng.
thc hin bm dung dch khoan xung y ging khoan, my
bm khoan thng s dng l my bm piston. My bm piston c nhng
u vit ring m cc my bm khc khng c c, v c s dng rng
ri trong khoan du kh:
- C th bm cc dung dch c trng lng ring khc nhau;
- C th bm c vi p sut ln;
- p sut v lu lng khng ph thuc vo nhau. y l yu t
quan trng p ng trong v yu cu v cng ngh khoan;
- Cu to n gin, d thay th, d sa cha v bo dng;
- bn cao v d vn chuyn.
1.1.2. S cu to ca my bm piston

9
6
2

1
3

B1

B2
S
7
Pa
8

Hnh 1.1. S cu to ca my bm piston.

1. Piston

4. Hp van

7. ng ht

2. Xi lanh

5. Van ht

8. B cht lng

3. Cn piston

6. Van y

9. ng y (x)

Khong khng gian gia piston v cc van c gi l khoang

(bung) lm vic ca my bm.
Th tch ca bung lm vic thay i ty theo v tr ca piston trong
qu trnh chuyn ng.
Trong qu trnh lm vic, piston chuyn ng tnh tin qua li trong
xi lanh. Nhng im tn cng bn phi v tn cng bn tri ca piston
c gi l im cht phi v im cht tri ca piston.
1.1.3. Nguyn l lm vic ca my bm piston
Xt trn hnh v 1.1, khi piston di chuyn t v tr B2 n v tr B1,
th tch bung lm vic s tng dn, p sut P trong gim i v nh hn
p sut trn mt thong ca bnh cha cht lng Pa (P < Pa). Do cht
lng t b cha s dng ln i vo ng ht, i qua van ht vo khoang lm
vic ca bm, trong lc ny van y ca bm vn ang trng thi ng.

Khi piston chuyn ng t v tr B2 n B1 th my bm thc hin qu trnh

ht v lc piston dng li ti v tr B1 th qu trnh ht s kt thc.
Sau pison i chuyn ng v i ngc t B1 n B2. Th tch
bung lm vic gim dn, p sut cht lng tng ln, van ht ng li v
van y m ra. Cht lng c p ln van y v i theo ng y ra ngoi.
Qu trnh ny gi l qu trnh y.
Qu trnh ht v y ca bm c xen k nhau. Mt qu trnh ht
v y k tip nhau c gi l mt chu k lm vic ca my bm piston.
1.1.4. Kh nng t ht ca my bm piston
Khc vi my bm ly tm, my bm pison khng cn mi (in y
cht lng) trc khi khi ng, m bm c kh nng t ht.
Tht vy, nu ta gi Vo l th tch khi khng kh trong ng ht v
bung lm vic (khi piston B2). Nu pison di chuyn n B1 v B1B2 = S,
th khng kh gin ra vi th tch l Vo + F.S (F.S l th tch ca xi lanh).
Khi p sut khng kh trong xi lanh l:
P = P a.

Vo
Vo F .S

(1.1)

T (1.1) ta thy P < Pa. Do cht lng t b cha s i vo ng ht

v dng ln theo cao c xc nh nh sau:

Pa P

(1.2)

Nu pison tip tc lm vic, cht lng t b cha s dng ln dn

theo ng ht v in y khoang lm vic ca bm. Khi xem nh my
bm t mi xong.
1.2. u v nhc im ca my bm piston
1.2.1. u im
- Cu to n gin, d thay th, bo dng.

- C th to ra p sut ln.
- C th bm c cc dung dch c trng lng ring khc nhau.
- p sut v lu lng khng ph thuc vo nhau.
- My bm c bn cao.
1.2.2. Nhc im
- Chuyn ng ca cht lng qua bm khng n nh, do lu
lng ca bm b dao ng.
- Kt cu ca bm cng knh.
1.3. Phn loi my bm piston
1.3.1. Theo phng php truyn lc
- My bm truyn ng bng tay.
- My bm truyn c truyn ng gin tip.
- My bm c truyn ng trc tip.
1.3.2. Theo cch b tr xi lanh
- My bm thng ng.
- My bm nm ngang.
1.3.3. Theo cu to ca pison
- My bm c piston dng a.
- My bm c piston dng trc.
1.3.4. Theo cht lng cn bm
- My bm dng bm nc l.
- My bm dng bm axit.
- My bm dng bm dung dch.
1.3.5. Theo cch tc dng (s ln ht y sau 1 vng quay ca trc)
- My bm tc dng n.
4

- My bm tc dng kp.
- My bm tc dng ba.
- My bm tc dng bn
1.3.6. Theo p sut
- My bm p sut thp (P < 10 at).
- My bm p sut trung bnh (P = 10 20 at).
- My bm p sut cao (P > 20 at).
1.3.7. Theo lu lng
- My bm lu lng thp (Q < 15 m3 / h ).
- My bm lu lng trung bnh (Q = 15 60 m3 / h ).
- My bm lu lng cao (Q > 60 m3 / h ).
1.4. Lu lng ca my bm piston
1.4.1. Lu lng l thuyt trung bnh
Th tch lm vic ca my bm tc dng n l:
V = F.S

(1.3)

Th tch lm vic ca my bm tc dng kp l:

V = (2F - f).S

(1.4)

F: din tch b mt lm vic ca mt piston,

F: din tch mt ct cn piston.
Gi n l s vng quay ca trc bm quay c trong mt pht.
a. Lu lng l thuyt trung bnh ca my bm tc dng n l:

F .S .n
60

(1.5)

b. Lu lng l thuyt trung bnh ca my bm tc dng kp l:

(2 F f ).S .n
60

(1.6)

c. Lu lng l thuyt trung bnh ca my bm tc dng ba l:

3.F .S .n
60

(1.7)

d. Lu lng trung bnh ca my bm tc dng bn l:

2.(2 F f ).S .n
60

(1.8)

1.4.2. Lu lng trung bnh thc

Lu lng trung bnh thc ca my bm piston bao gi cng nh
hn lu lng l thuyt tnh trn v nhng l do sau:
- C khng kh lt vo bm.
- B phn lt kn ca bm v cc van khng th m bo tuyt i
kn khi bm lm vic dn n r r cht lng.
- S ng - m chm ca van ht v van y trong qu trnh ht v
y k tip nhau lm tht thot cht lng.
V vy, lu lng trung bnh thc ca my bm piston c xc
nh theo cng thc sau:

Qt .Q

(1.9)

l hiu sut lu lng ca my bm,

= 0,85 0,90 ng vi my bm nh (D < 150 mm),
= 0,90 0,95 ng vi my bm va (D 150 300 mm),

= 0,95 0,98 ng vi my bm ln (D > 300 mm),

1.5. Ct p ca bm piston

PB, VB

PA , V A

ZA

ZB

Hnh 1.2. S tnh ton ct p

Kh nng truyn nng lng ca bm vi dng dung dch c th
hin bng s chnh lch nng lng n v ca dng dung dch hai mt
ct trc sau ca my bm.
Ta c nng lng n v ti mt ct (A - A):
PA v A .VA
lA

ZA

2g

(1.10)

Nng lng n v ti mt ct ( B - B) :
lB

PB v B .VB

ZB

2g

(1.11)

Trong
: p sut dng chy ti mt ct ( A - A ), (B - B);

VA; VB : Vn tc dng chy ti mt ct ( A - A), (B - B);

: H s iu chnh ng nng.
: Trng lng ring ca cht lng bm.
=> chnh lch nng lng hai mt ct ( A - A), (B - B ) l:
l

= lA lB =

+ (ZB - ZA)

(1.12)

- Nu l > 0: Th cht lng c my cung cp cho nng lng. Hay

l my thc hin qu trnh bm, my thu lc gi l my bm.
- Nu l < 0: cht lng truyn nng lng cho my thu lc, my
gi l ng c thu lc.
Gi H = lB - lA l ct p ca my thu lc (my bm). Ta c nh
ngha: Ct p H ca my bm l nng lng n v (tc nng lng) trng
lng cht lng ca cht lng trao i c vi my thu lc.
V

H = P B P A + BV B V A + (ZB - ZA) (m )

(1.13)

2g

Gi thnh phn th nng n v l ct p tnh:

Ht =

+Z

(m)

(1.14)

Gi thnh phn ng nng n v l ct p ng:

H =
=>

(m)

(1.15)

H = Ht + H (mt ct nc)

(1.16)

1.6. Cng sut (N)

Cng sut ca ng c (Nc) chi ph cho qu trnh bm lm vic bao
gm cc thnh phn sau:
- Chi ph cng sut nng mt lu lng Q ln cao H trong 1
n v thi gian c gi l cng sut thy lc hay cng sut c ch (Ntl);

 .Q.H
75

N tl

(1.17)

Cng sut thy lc chnh l c nng m cht lng trao i vi bm

trong 1 n v thi gian.
- Chi ph cng sut thng cc tn hao thy lc, tn hao th tch,
tn hao c kh, c nh gi bng h s tl, V v c.
+ Tn hao thy lc tl: bao gm chi ph thng cc sc cn thy
lc do ma st vi thnh ng v cc tn hao cc b do thay i tc dng
chy khi cht lng chuyn ng t b cha n ng y. Ngoi ra cn
thng lc qun tnh ca van.
tl

Ht
Hl

(1.18)

H t, H l: Ct p thc t v ct p l thuyt.
+ Tn hao th tch V: c xc nh bng h s ht y:
V

Qt
Ql

(1.19)

Q t, Q l: Lu lng thc t v lu lng l thuyt.

Nh vy, cng sut trn trc ca piston l cng sut lm vic hay
cng sut ch bo (Nlv):
Nlv

Ntl
tl .V

(1.20)

+ Tn hao c kh (c): l cc tn hao t ng c n trc ca piston.

Nh vy, cng sut ca ng c s l:
Nc=

N tl
.Q.H

tl .V . c 75.tl .V .c

(1.21)

1.7. Hiu sut ()

Hiu sut ton phn ca my bm c xc nh theo cng thc:

N tl
tl .V . c
N dc

(1.22)

Thng thng, = 0,67 0,85.

1.8. Phng trnh chuyn ng ca my bm piston (phng trnh vn
tc)
Ta xt hnh v sau:

L
S

O
B1

B2

x
S

Pa

Hnh 1.3. Qu trnh chuyn ng ca piston.

L: chiu di thanh truyn,
R: bn knh ca tay quay,
S: hnh trnh ca piston,
X: qung ng chuyn ng ca piston t v tr im cht
tri.

: tc gc ca trc khuu,
: gc quay ca tay quay t im cht tri.
T hnh v (1.2) ta thy:

10

- Mt vng quay ca trc khuu th piston di chuyn c qung

ng l 2S.
Vn tc trung bnh ca piston s l:
Ctb =

2 S .n
2.2.r.n
r.n
=
=
60
60
15

(1.23)

Gi thit chiu di thanh truyn ln hn tay quay nhiu ln, lc ny

khi tay quay quay c 1 gc th piston di chuyn c mt on l x.
Ta c:
X = AB = Ctb.t = AO BO

(1.24)

AO = r, BO = r.cos
Suy ra: x = r r.cos = r.(1 - cos )

(1.25)

* Phng trnh vn tc tc thi ca piston l:

C=
=>

dx
d
d (t )
r.sin
r.sin
dt
dt
dt

c .r.sin

(1.26)

* Gia tc tc thi ca piston l:

j

dc
d sin
d
.r
.r.cos
2 .r.cos
dt
dt
dt

(1.27)

1.9. Lu lng tc thi ca my bm piston

Ta c cng thc xc nh lu lng ca my bm piston l:

Q F .c

(1.28)

Do F l tit din ca ng ht (vi qu trnh ht) hoc ng y (vi

qu trnh y) l i lng khng i v c l vn tc tc thi ca my bm
ti mt thi im bt k, nn lu lng ca my bm piston theo cng thc
(1.21) l lu lng tc thi.
Thay gi tr c t cng thc (1.19) vo (1.21) ta c c:

11

Q F .c F ..r.sin

(1.29)

T cng thc (1.22) ta nhn thy lu lng tc thi ca my bm

piston l mt hm s ph thuc vo i lng sin . Do th lu lng
ca my bm s c dng th ca hm sin.
Gi m l h s lu lng ca my bm piston, m c xc nh theo
cng thc:

Qmax
Qtb

(1.30)

1.9.1. Lu lng ca my bm tc dng n

a1
Qmax

90

180 a2

Qtb

360

Hnh 1.4. th lu lng my bm tc dng n

12

Trong bc y, na u ca bc kp lu lng cht lng thay i

theo hnh sin oa1a2. bc ht khng c cht lng b y ra v c biu
din bng on thng a2a3.

Qmax F .cmax
Qtb F .ctb
m

F . .r.n
30

F .s.n F .2r.n F .r.n

60
60
30

Qmax

Qtb
1

1.9.2. My bm tc dng kp

Qmax

Qtb1

Qtb
Qtb2

180

360

Hnh 1.5. th lu lng my bm tc dng kp

13

Trong my bm tc dng kp gm 2 xi lanh tc dng n, cc cht

khuu c t lch nhau 1 gc 180 o . Nh vy, nu mt piston thc hin
bc y th piston kia thc hin bc ht. iu ny cng hon ton ng
vi bm 1 xi lanh tc dng kp.

Qmax F .cmax
Qtb F .ctb
m

F . .r.n
30

2.F .s.n 2.F .2r.n F .r.n

60
60
15

Qmax

Qtb
2

1.9.3. th lu lng ca my bm tc dng ba

Trong my bm tc dng ba, ba xi lanh tc dng n lm vic hon
ton nh nhau, nhng tay quay ca chng c t lch nhau 1 gc l
120 o .

Qmax

Qtb

60

120

180

240

300

360

Hnh 1.6. th lu lng ca my bm tc dng ba.

14

 nhng phn m hai xi lanh c cng bc y th ta phi dng cch

cng th tm Q tng cng trn ng y. Cui cng ta c ng
cong lu lng tng cng, c 6 ln cc i sau mi vng quay ca trc
khuu.

F . .r.n
30

Qmax F .cmax
Qtb 3.F .ctb
m

3.F .s.n 3.F .2r.n F .r.n

60
60
10

Qmax

Qtb
3

1.9.4. th lu lng ca my bm tc dng bn

Ngi ta ch to my bm tc dng bn gm 4 xi lanh tc dng n,
trc khuu ca chng t lch nhau 1 gc 90 o , hoc gm 2 xi lanh tc
dng kp v tay quay ca chng t lch nhau 90 .
o

Qmax

Qtb

90

180

270

360

Hnh 1.7. th lu lng ca my bm tc dng bn.

ng biu din lu lng tng cng 4 bung lm vic l tng
tung ca th lu lng do 4 bung lm vic sinh ra. N t 4 ln cc
i sau mi vng quay ca trc khuu.
15

Lu lng tc thi ln nht ca my bm th hin bng tung dc

v n c ln bng tng hai on db v dc (db = dc), tng ng vi =
45 .
o

Q db F ..r.sin F .

.r.n
1, 41.F . .r.n
.sin 45o
30
60

Qmax db dc 2.F ..r.sin

Qtb 4.F .ctb

m

1, 41.F . .r.n
30

4.F .s.n 4.F .2r.n 8F .r.n

60
60
10

Qmax 1, 41.

1,11
Qtb
4

i vi my bm tc dng 4 gm 2 xi lanh tc dng kp th mc

khng ng u ca lu lng s ln hn 1,11 ty theo t l ng knh
cn v ng knh piston.
* Nhn xt:
- Cc my bm c s xi lanh l th h s n nh lu lng nh.
- Cc my bm c s xi lanh chn th h s n nh lu lng ln.
- V mt kinh t k thut th my bm gm nhiu xi lanh tc dng
n s cng knh, phc tp nn vi my bm hin nay thng s dng
nhng loi sau:
+ My bm tc dng 3 gm 3 xi lanh tc dng n.
+ My bm 2 xi lanh tc dng kp (tc dng bn).
+ My bm tc dng kp.
1.10. Khc phc hin tng chuyn ng khng n nh ca cht lng
trong my bm piston
1.10.1. Tc hi ca chuyn ng khng n nh ca cht lng trong my
bm piston
- Lm tng tn tht thy lc.
16

- Xy ra s rung ng khi lm vic, gy ra va p thy lc lm h

hng cc b phn ca my bm.
- Trong trng hp dng nhiu bm lm vic, c th xy ra hin
tng cng hng bin dao ng ca p sut dn n gim bn ca
thit b.
1.10.2. Bin php khc phc chuyn ng khng n nh ca cht lng
trong my bm piston
1.10.2.1. Khi thit k
- Dng my bm tc dng kp.
- Dng my bm tc dng ba (gm 3 my bm tc dng n ghp
vi nhau).
1.10.2.2. Khi s dng
Dng bnh iu ha iu ha lu lng v p sut ca my bm
khi lm vic. C hai loi bnh iu ha gm:
- Bnh iu ha ht (lp trn ng ht).
- Bnh iu ha y (lp trn ng y).
1. Bnh iu ha ht
Trong qu trnh lm vic ca my bm, mt phn cht lng c
tch ly trong bnh iu ha. Trn mt thong ca cht lng trong bnh lun
c mng ngn cht lng vi khng kh c p sut chn khng. V th cht
lng t trong ng ht ln bnh c th xem nh l mt dng chy n nh..
Do s gim c tn tht nng lng trong ng ht.
Khi lp bnh iu ha ht, ta c th:
- Tng chiu cao ht ca my bm.
- Gim c dao ng p sut ca my bm trong qu trnh ht.

17

Px

(Px < Pa)

Px

Pa

Hnh 1.8. Bnh iu ha ht

Trong qu trnh lm vic ca my bm, mt phn cht lng c
tch ly trong bnh iu ha. Trn mt thong ca cht lng trong bnh lun
c mng ngn cht lng vi khng kh c p sut chn khng. V th cht
lng t trong ng ht ln bnh c th xem nh l mt dng chy n nh..
Do s gim c tn tht nng lng trong ng ht.
Khi lp bnh iu ha ht, ta c th:
- Tng chiu cao ht ca my bm.
- Gim c dao ng p sut ca my bm trong qu trnh ht.
2. Bnh iu ha y
Trong qu trnh y, mt phn lu lng ca my bm (phn ln
hn lu lng trung bnh) c tch ly trong bnh, mc cht lng trong
bnh dng ln, nn khng kh phn trn ca bnh v to ra p sut ln.
Khi van y ng, nh p sut ca khi khng kh b nn trong bnh th
cht lng tip tc c y ra ng y, dao ng lu lng v p sut

18

trong ng y s gim, dng chy ca cht lng trong ng y s iu ha

v n nh hn.

P > Pa

s
x

Px

Hnh 1.9. Bnh iu ha y

S dng bnh iu ha y c tc dng lm gim lc qun tnh trong
ng y ca my bm, do s gim tn tht lu lng v p sut trn ng
y.
* Ch :
- Bnh iu ha cng t st my bm th cng c li.
- Trong trng hp ng ht ngn th khng cn lp bnh iu ha
ht.
- Bnh iu ha y dng trong mi trng hp.
3. Tnh chn bnh iu ha
Kch thc ca bnh iu ha c xc nh da trn gi tr ln nht
ca mc khng n nh p sut. Trong bnh iu ha v c s thay i
mc cht lng lm cho khng kh trong bnh b nn v n ng thi s lm
thay i p sut ca khng kh.

19

V m in , P m a x

V tb , P tb

V m a x , P m in

V, P: th tch v p sut cht kh trong bnh 3 mc trong 1 vng

quay ca trc my bm.
Thc t, nu mc khng n nh ca p sut trong bnh nh th ta
coi nh l m bo c n nh:

Pmax Pmin
0, 025 0, 05
Ptb

(1.31)

Ta cho rng trong qu trnh thay i th tch, khng kh trong bnh

gin n ng nhit. Theo Booilo Mariot ta c:

Pmax .Vmax Pmin .Vmin Ptb .Vtb

Pmax

Pmin .Vmin
Vmax

(1.32)

p sut trung bnh ca khng kh trong bnh iu ha l:

Ptb

Pmax Pmin Pmin .(Vmax Vmin )

2
2.Vmin

(1.33)

Thay (1.25) v (1.26) vo cng thc (1.24) ta c c:

Pmax Pmin 2.(Vmax Vmin ) Vmax Vmin V

Ptb
Vmax Vmin
Vtb
Vtb

(1.34)

V l lng cht lng c tch li trong bnh iu ha.

20

* By gi ta s i xc nh gi tr V.
Ta xt cho trng hp my bm piston tc dng n 1 xi lanh.
th lu lng ca n c dng nh sau:

a
Qmax
1
0

Qtb

2
90

180

360

Phn din tch 1a2 l phn lu lng d.

Khi phn t th tch cht lng i vo bnh nh sau:

d V dQ Qtb .dt F ..r.sin dt

F .r.sin d

F .r.n
dt
30

F .r.n d
1
.
F .r.(sin )d
30 .n

30

Ton b khi lng cht lng vo bnh iu ha s l:

2

V F .r. (sin )d F .r.( cos )

1
T iu kin V = 0 ta c: sin 1

1
1 0,323rad

2 1 2,817rad
=> V = 1,1.F.r = 0,55.F.S (S = 2r)
* Vi phng php lm tng t ta c c cc kt qu sau:
21

- Vi my bm tc dng kp 1 xi lanh: V = 0,21.FS.

- Vi my bm tc dng kp 2 xi lanh tc dng n: V = 0,042.FS.
- Vi my bm tc dng ba gm 3 xi lanh tc dng n: V =
0,009.FS.
Da vo kt qu V tnh c trn v gi tr trong khong gii
hn 0,025 0,05 ta s xc nh c lng kh cn np vo bnh cho tng
loi my bm c th:

Vtb

Kch thc bnh iu ha c chn trn c s lng kh cha trong

bnh m ta xc nh cng thc trn ch chim khong 2/3 th tch bnh.
1.11. Qu trnh ht ca my bm piston

Hd
b

h
x
Pa
a

Ph
: l ct p trong xi lanh khi ht (m);

Pa: p sut mt thong (at);

Hh: chiu cao ht ca my bm (m);
22

C: tc chuyn ng ca piston (m/s);

Hoh: tn tht ct p trn ng ht (m);
Hv: tn tht ct p ti van ht (m);
Hqt: tn tht ct p do qun tnh chuyn ng ca khi cht
lng trn ng ht (m).
Vit phng trnh becnuli cho 2 mt ct (a-a) v (b-b) ta c:
Pa Ph
c2
Hh
H oh H v H qt

2g

(1.35)

Trong cc i lng tn tht c xc nh nh sau:

a. Tn tht Hoh:
H oh .

vh 2
v2
v2
m . h . h
2g
2g
2g

(1.36)

: h s tn tht cc b;

m : h s tn tht do ma st;

vh

F .c
: vn tc ti ng ht;
Fh

F: tit din b mt piston;

Fh: tit din ng ht.
b. Tn tht Hv:
Hv

GR
f .

(1.37)

G: trng lng van v l xo (N);

R: lc cng ca l xo (N);
f: tit din a van.
c. Tn tht Hqt:

23

H qt

L.F
.j
g.Fh

(1.38)

j 2 .r.cos

* Thay cc tn tht vo trong (1.28) ta c c:

Ph Pa
F c 2 G R L.F
H h 1 .( ).

.j

Fh 2 g
f .
g .Fh

(1.39)

* Nhn xt:
-

Ph
ph thuc chuyn ng ca piston (c) v gia tc ca n (j).

- Gi tr

Ph
cng nh th Hh cng ln.

* Bin php tng kh nng ht ca my bm piston:

- Tng p sut mt thong bng cch cho cht lng vo bnh kn.
- Gim chiu cao ht.
- Gim cc yu t gy tn tht (chiu di ng ht, van, ct ni,).
1.12. Qu trnh y ca my bm piston
Ta gi P l p sut trong xi lanh qu trnh y. Khi
tng ng vi P v n bng tng cc ct p sau:
- Ct p cht lng i qua van y (Hv).
- Ct p nng cht lng ln ti chiu cao y (H).
- Ct p thng tt c cc lc cn trong ng y (Hod).
- Ct p cn bng lc qun tnh (Hqt).
- Ct p thng p sut trc ca ra ca ng y (Pod).

24

P
l ct p

p dng phng trnh becnuli cho 2 mt ct (a-a) v (b-b) nh hnh

v mc 1.8 ta c:

c 2 Lod .F
p
F
F
P
H 'v H ( ) 2 ( ) 2 1 .

. j od

F
F

2 g g .Fd

(1.40)

* Nhn xt:
- p sut P c gi tr ln nht khi piston bt u chuyn ng (x =
S)v nh nht khi piston cui hnh trnh y (x = 0).
1.13. ng c tnh ca my bm piston
1.13.1. ng c tnh c bn H = f(Q) vi hai s vng quay lm vic
khc nhau n1 v n2 (n1 > n2)
H

n >n
2 1

Hnh 1.9. ng c tnh l thuyt

Theo l thuyt th ng c tnh l thuyt ca my bm l AB (n1)
v CD (n2) do H v Q khng ph thuc vo nhau.
Thc t khi p sut tng th s c tn tht lu lng do cht lng r
r qua b phn lm kn hoc van an ton m x bt cht lng v b ht
khi p sut bung lm vic qu cao, iu ny lm cho lu lng thc ca
my bm b gim. V vy ng c tnh c on AG v CR.

25

1.13.2. ng c tnh lm vic Q = f(H), N = f(H), = f(H) ng vi n =

const

N, Q,

Q = f(H)
N = f(H)

Hnh 1.10. ng c tnh lm vic.

- iu chnh Q bng cch thay i H, vi n = const.
- Khi H = const th Q, N, s t l thun vi n.
1.13.3. ng c tnh xm thc ca my bm
Hin tng xm thc my bm l hin tng xut hin bt kh
trong cht lng c bm. Nguyn nhn chnh gy ra hin tng xm
thc l do s xut hin cc bt kh, xy ra khi:
- Chiu cao ht qu ln lm gim nhit si.
- Nhit cht lng qu cao.
- Trong cht lng c kh ng hnh.
- ng ng ht qu nh, qu di lm tng tn tht thy lc.
ng c tnh xm thc cho thy kh nng lm vic bnh thng
ca my bm ng vi s vng quay khng i v nhit lm vic nht
nh ph thuc chn khng ca my bm.

26

Q
n2 >> n1
Q2

n2

Q1

n1

Kgh

K2 K1

Hnh 1.11. ng c tnh xm thc ca my bm

K 1, K2 l im gii hn phm vi lm vic an ton ca bm ng vi
tr s p sut chn khng gii hn. Nu chn khng vt qu cc tr s
gii hn th bm s lm vic trong tnh trng b xm thc.
1.14. Ghp my bm
Trn hnh v 1.12 biu din s ph thuc gia p sut trong h tun
hon v lu lng trong qu trnh khoan (biu din qua ng Oa).
P
a

Po

2(//)

Po
_
2
P1
O

1(nt)

No
N1

Qo
_
2

Qo

Hnh 1.12. c tnh khi ghp my bm

27

Gi s trong qu trnh khoan, chng ta cn mt lu lng l Q o, khi

p sut v cng sut thy lc tng ng s phi l Po v N o. Nhng ti
thi im lm vic, ch c my bm c N1 no , gi s l N1 =

No
.
2

Nh vy, c th t c gi tr cng sut N o th ta phi tin

hnh kt hp lm vic nhng my bm c N 1.
1. Ghp ni tip hai my bm
Khi tin hnh ghp ni tip hai my bm, mi my bm s c lu
lng l Qo v p sut l

Po
. Khi s lm vic ca mi my bm s
2

c xc nh ti im 1 trn ng N1.
Tuy nhin, khi cho hai my bm ghp ni tip nhau lm vic, nu
mt my b s c khng hot ng c th lu lng ca my kia khng
i nhng my bm ch c p sut bng mt na p sut yu cu cho nn
my bm khng lm vic bnh thng c.
khc phc hin tng trn ta cn lp thm my bm trn ng
ht ca my bm piston (c th lp my bm ly tm).
2. Ghp song song hai my bm
Khi tin hnh ghp song song hai my bm, mi my bm s c
lu lng l

Qo
v p sut l Po. Khi s lm vic ca mi my bm s
2

c xc nh ti im 2 trn ng N1.
Khi mt my bm gp s c m khng hot ng c th lu
lng s gim i mt na, cn p sut s gim i 4 ln (im P1). Khi
qu trnh khoan khng m bo nhng s khng xy ra hin tng phc
tp g i vi my bm.
1.15. iu chnh lu lng ca my bm piston
Ta c cng thc:

28

i.F .S .n
60

T cng thc trn ta thy thay i gi tr lu lng Q, ta c th

thc hin nhng phng php sau:
- Thay i s cp piston-xi lanh (i): s cp piston xi lanh t l
thun vi lu lng ca my bm, c th tng thm 1 hay 2 cp ty theo
thit k ca my bm ang s dng.
- Thay i cp piston xi lanh: phng php ny chnh l thay i
ng knh cp piston xi lanh (thay i tit din F ca piston). Mi my
bm u c thit k sao cho ph hp mt vi b piston xi lanh (trong
cng tc khoan du kh thng c t 6 n 12 b) vi ng knh cp
piston xi lanh thay i trong khong d = 10 12 mm.
- Tng chiu di hnh trnh piston (S), phng php ny thc hin
trong qu trnh thit k my bm cho t hp hay nhim v nht nh.
Trong cng tc khoan ti khoan trng, phng php ny khng s dng
c.
- Thay i t trng ca cht lng cn bm: khi t trng cht lng
gim th lu lng ca my bm s tng ln v ngc li.
* Ch :
My bm dung dch khoan l b phn quan trng nht trong qu
trnh tun hon dung dch khoan. My bm cn cung cp lu lng dung
dch cn thit trong qu trnh khoan. Lu lng ca my bm khoan c
la chn da vo cc thng s tiu chun sau:
- Vn tc nng dung dch khoan trong khong khng vnh xuyn
gia ging khoan v ct cn khoan;
- Ra sch dng c khoan;
- Thi gian ti a nng ht mn ln mt;
- Dng dng chy trong khong khng;
29

- n nh thnh ging khoan;

- Khoan bng ng c y.
p lc y ca my bm lin quan trc tip n tn tht p sut
trong h thng tun hon dung dch, tn tht vi cc vi phun dng c ph
, vi s st p ng c y, vi lu lng v cc tnh cht vt l ca
dung dch.
1.16. S lm vic ca van trong my bm piston v tnh ton van
1.16.1. Cu to van (van ht v van y tng t nhau)
3

1
4

H
d1

v1

2
v1
f1

Hnh 1.13. Cu to van

1. a van

3. L xo

2. van

4.Thnh bung lm vic

V 1: vn tc qua van;
F1: din tch thot ca van;
L: chu vi a van;
H: chiu cao nng ca a van;
V: tc qua khe h van;

30

 : h s dng chy khi cht lng chuyn ng trong khe h

van.
1.16.2. Tnh ton van
Trong my bm piston, van ht v van y c cu to tng t nh
nhau v dng ngn cch cc bung lm vic ca my bm vi ng ht
v ng y. Van t m di p sut cht lng, l xo lc ny s b nn v
a van t m. Van ng li nh trng lng ca a van v sc nng ca
l xo.
Do dng chy ca cht lng l u v lin tc nn ta c:
v1. f1 F .c

(1.41)

Khi van nng ti cao H th cht lng khi lng cht lng do
piston y ra v i qua khe h van l:

F .c .v.L.H
F .c
F ..r.sin
H

.v.L
.v.L
Khi

(1.42)

F ..r

th H max =
.v.L
2

Cng tc thit k van gm cc vic sau:

- Xc nh ng knh l van.
- ng knh a van.
- Chiu cao nng ln nht.
- Kch thc l xo.
- Thit k cu to v tnh ton bn cc phn t ca van.
iu kin tnh ton thit k van: L van phi lm vic m v
khng c ting g p khi ng van. S pht ra ting g p c lin quan
mt thit n tc khi a van h xung . Mun khng sinh ra ting

31

g p th theo Kykoleb s ph thuc gia H max v s vng quay ca trcuj

khuu ca bm s l:

n.H max (800 1000)

Khi xc nh c Hmax th ta s xc nh c chu vi a van L:
L

F ..r
.v.H max

(1.43)

Tc cht lng qua khe h van c xc nh da vo loi cht

lng v chiu cao ht ca my bm:
- i vi my bm piston c cng sut nh th v = 6 8 m/s.
- i vi my bm piston c cng sut ln th v = 12 14 m/s.
Gi tr Hmin c ly ph thuc vo kch thc ht mn ln nht,
thng th chn Hmin 2,5 mm.
Khi bit L th ta s tnh c ng knh a van t cng thc:
d

Khi cht lng i qua van c chnh p, v tc v lin quan n H

theo cng thc sau:
(1.44)

v 2.g .H

Gi tr H trong cng thc trn cn phi ln thng trng lng

van (G) v sc cng ca l xo khi m van (R):
H

GR
f .

(1.45)

T ta c c:
v 2 g.

GR
v2
R
. f . G
f .
2g

Ta s c Rmax tng ng vi vmax.

Khi ng van th sc cng ca l xo s l Ro vi:
32

(1.46)

1 1
Ro ( ).Rmax
2 3

Cn c vo Rmax, Ro, v cc thong s d1, s vng l xo I, ta s chn

c l xo cho van ca my bm.

33