32.1 Gradient of a curve In Chapter 7 you measured the gradient of a stright line graph by dividing the height rise") by the horizontal distance (‘run’). The gradient of a curve can be measured in a similar way, but you have to draw a tangent firs: this is a straight line touching the cu-ve at the point of interest, Then measure the ‘gradient of the tangent, and tnke this as the gradient of the curve at that point. EXAMPLE “The diagram shows part of the curve of y=? + 1. By drawing suitable tangents estimate the gradient of the curve: a) atte point (1,2) ') a the point (2 5) SOLUTION a) by ao 3 at ao 3 4° Atthe point (1.2) the gradient of At the point (2,5) the gradient of 4-04 =1_8 the tangent is, faa the tangent is 2—" een 07 ees 2 Hence the gradient ofthe curve at Hence the gradient of the curve at (1.2) is estimated as 2 2,5) is estimated as 4You can also use gradients to measure rate of change in real-life graphs, for ‘example, distantce-time graphs. The gradient of a distance-time graph gives velocity (‘speed’), and the gradient of a velocity-time graph gives acceleration EXAMPLE ‘The distance-time graph shows the distance travelled by a cyclist during the first 12 seconds of a journey. The distance s metres travelled is plotted against the time r seconds, o>? & 6 & wm nl a) At what times is the cyclist stationary? ) Estimate the cyclist’s speed at time T seconds. SOLUTION st is stationary when the graph is horizontal, (and again when = 10, uu At time r= 7 the gradient ofthe tangent is Hence the speed at time 1 = 7 is estimated as 1EXERCISE 32.1 1 The diagram shows partof the graph of y = 22 + 2, a), Write down the gradient ofthe graph when. )_ By drawing a suitable tangent on a copy of the _araph, estimate the gradient of the graph when x 0 2 The diagram shows partof the graph of y = x2 — 3, By drawing suitable tangents on a copy of the graph, ‘estimate the gradient of y = 12 — 3x when: ax bx 3 The diagram shows pactof the graph of y =x? — 1 4) Draw a tangent at the point 2. 3) on copy of the sarah. bb) Hence estimate the gradient of y= 32 — 1 at the point 2,3). 4 The distance-time graph shows the distance travelled by an athlete daring the first 12 seconds of a training run, ‘The athlete runs away from his start point for a time, then turns around and runs back, ‘The distance s metres travelled is plotted a the time f seconds. a) At what time does the athlete tum around? b) Write down the distance travelled when ¢ = 10. ©) By constructing a suitable tangent on a copy of the graph, estimate the vel when t= 6. Beas. inst32.2 Gradient of a curve - differentiation Ir you were to draw the graph of y =x? you would obsain a distinctive curve, called a parabola: o 2° ‘The gradient of the curve may be found at various places, such as A, B,C, D above, by constructing and measuring tangents. The table shows the results: Point A B c D xeoordinate | —1 0 L 2 Gradient =2 0 2 4 [Note that in every case the gradient is twice the x value. Tt turns out that this relationship holds at every point on the graph of y = 1? (though the IGCSE does not require you to he able to prove this). We say that =2 y= x7 has a gradient funetion a ‘The process of finding a gradient function is called differentiation, Here is a ‘general rule you can use for differentiating any power of x: EXAMPLE Differentiate: a) y= ort Be + 4a? SOLUTION 36° by ty fe Ay then 8X3) 10-9 + (4 2) ¥-D Mat + 8xIF you need to differentiate a constant, for example y = 4, think of it as y = 4 Then 2 = 4 x0)x-4 =O. ax It follows that any constant will differentiate to 0. EXAMPLE Differentiate: a poet Se Ot by yas —50-7 SOLUTION aw ya845e—20b4 S57 Thon ® = 392+ 108 8-208 de EXERCISE 32.2 Find in each cae: Lyae tor RysM-wWee — Byaae SHO 4 y=as— Se 6 y=8 Gr t8 Ty=xl4 a0 8 y=60+ 12x WW y=P— x +20 32.3 Harder differentiation ‘The rule that if y = ax then 2 = nax*~ may be extended to negative powers of as wel EXAMPLE Differentiate oye byes SOLUTION a y=? » x = tor a a 8 gu yee ® 40x -pet Boex nett = 1007 =-160"Special care must be taken when expressions are written in brackets. If you nnced to differentiate the product of two brackets you should multiply out and simplify the brackets first. EXAMPLE a) Multiply out and implity (x+ 524 b) Differentiate y = (x + 5)Qx~ 1). SOLUTION a) (e+ S)Qv— 1) = 20? + 10K 2+ 9r-5 b) y= +5)2x-1) =e + or ‘y tis a9 ‘Some questions may give you a string of algebraic terms as the top of an algebraic fraction, with a constant denominator. In such cases, simply differentiate the whole of the top, and divide this by the same denominator at the end, EXAMPLE Differentiate vasa SOLUTION EXERCISE 32.3 1 Find py = 42 +5¢44, dy x 4 2 Differentiate 8x +. ay 3 3 Find Sify =? —= av x 4.5 4 Differemtiate 2x +3 +— +. x85 a) Multiply out and simplify (x + 3)(2x + 1, b) Find 2 ity (e+ 3)2r+ 1). 6 a) Multiply out and simpiify (2x — 5)ir+ 1). b) Differentiate (2x — 5)\r + 1). 7 Find 2igy — 2 Se4 4, ae 3 2e + at Srt 8 Differentiate 2+ 3° S84 6 B47 9 y= 32 4847 pina te value of & when x 4 ad Sa 5e 105 +1 Find the value of © when x “1 2 32.4 Maximum and minimum points on curves When a curve passes through a maximum or minimum point, the gradient of, the tangent becomes zero. This means that sch points can be found by solving dy the equation <* = 0, We equation imum point Gradient Maximum and minimum points are known collectively as turning points, since the curve changes direction there. A quadratic will have only a single turning point. This will be a minimum if the + coefficient is positive, and a maximum if the x? coefficient is negative. ¥ coelficiem postine 2 covfficient negative og y= 2b 36-2 eg.y= 28+ 3x-2EXAMPLE A-curve has equation y ar +3, 1a) Find an expression for 2 ') Work out the value of + for which © = o ay ©) Find the coordinates of the turning point of this curve d) Sketch the curve, SOLUTION ay ay qa 2es8 dy b) When 5 = 0. 2w-8=0 Ww=8 x4 6) Atthe turning point, x =4, so yo 8043 = 16-3243 =-13 ‘The turing point is at (4. ~13) 4) Since the curve has a positive x* coefficient, the turning point minimum, 7 i Minimum at(4, =13) EXAMPLE Qe + 3x? = 36r + 1 A curve has equation y dy ‘a) Find an expression for ) pre © dy 1) Work out the values of « for whieh $= ¢) Find the coordinates of the tuming points of this curve. d) Sketch the curve,SOLUTION ® » B62 464 de dy b) When——=0, ) hen oe 6x2 + 6x ~36=0 BHr-6=0 (+ 3)a-2)=0 or ©) Atthe turning point given by x= — = 2h + 3x 36+ 1 =54+27+ 108 +1 =82 AL the turning point given by x 23+ 3x7 — 360+ 1 = 16+ 12-7241 —43 ‘The tuming points are at (~3. 82) and at (2. ~ d) One of these turning points is a maximum and the other a minimum. The y greater y coordinate shows that (—3, 82) is the maximum, and (2, ~43) the minimum, s0 the curve looks like this. Maxima at-3.82) > a $ Minima a2, 43) EXERCISE 32.4 1 Find the coordinates of the minimum point on the curve y = 3? ~ 6x + 11. 2 Find the coordinates of the minimum point on the curve y= 2x? — 8x + 7. the coordinates of the maximum point on the curve y= —s? + 10x ~ 23. the coordinates of the maximum point on the curve y = 3 + 2x —5 Acurveis given by y= 3x7 + 6x + 5. a) Find ae b) Find the coordinates of the turning point on this curve. €). State whether the turning point isa maximum or a minimum. 2x2 + Lox — 28, 6 a) Find the coordinates of the turning point of the curve y 1b) State whether the turning point is a maximum or a minimun 7 Acurveis given by y= x? + 12x + 45. dy Find =. a) Find > 'b) Find the coordinates of the turning point on this curve. ©). Sketch the curve. dx? + 8x41. 8 A curve is given by y= dy Find 2, a) Fin 1b) Find the coordinates of the turning point on this curve. ©). Sketch the curve. 9 Acurve is given by y= 2x) — 9x2 + 12x — a) Find, de 1b) Find the coordinates of the turning points on this curve. ©). Sketch the curve, 10 A curve is given by y= 20° + 1512 + 24x dy a) Find ) Find 1b) Find the coordinates of the turning points on this curve. €) Sketch the curve. 32.5 Further problems on maximum and minimum Calculus problems about graphs normally use and y as the variables, but other. symbols might be encountered in different situations, especially practical (or ‘applied’) problems. EXAMPLE An economist reckons that the (otal revenue €R generated by selling goodsat a price of £m each may be modelled by the equation R = 2000 + 500m — 200m. aa) Find the value of m for which the revenue €R is a maximum. b) Hence find the maximum revenue.SOLUTION = 0 fora maximum ‘Then 400m = 500 1b) Then R is 2000 + 500 (1.25) — 200 (1.25)? = 2312.5 So the maximum revenue is £2312.50. In some questions you might not be given the expressions, but would need to obtain them first from the context of a particular problem EXAMPLE A rectangle has perimeter 40 cm. The length along one side is.xem. a) Obtain an expression for the area, A cm®, in terms of x, bb) Find ) Find the maximum value of Q, and the value of z for which it occurs. 6 A square card of side 8em has four small squares of . sem: . side vem removed from the comers as shown opposite. ‘The card is folded along the dashed lines to make an open box of volume Vem? a) Show that V (8 — 2x, 1b) Expand this expresson for V, sn av whence Find ©) Find the maximum volume of the box.7 The diagram shows a rectangular field ABCD. 8 c al D War ‘The sides AB, BC and CD are to be enclosed using fencing. The side AD does not need to be fenced. as there is an existing wall along this side. The tots length of fencing to be used is 60 metres. 1a), Find an expression forthe length BC. in terms of x 'b) Show that the area A of the field is given by A = 3160 — 2x), ©) Multiply out and simplify this expression, Use your esutto find an expression for 4) Hence find the value of x for which the area of the field is 8 maximum, ‘€)_ State the dimensions ofthe field when the areais a maximum, 19200 8 The demand M for electricity s hours after midnight is modelled by the equation M = 12000 + aM 4) Find an expression for >) Find the minimum value of M, and the value of ¢ for which it occurs 32.6 Distance, velocity and acceleration ‘Suppose a particle is travelling in a straight line ~ the ¢ axis ~ and that its distance s from the origin at any time is wiven in terms of 1. For example,» =P + 5, as ‘The velocity isthe rate at which distance changes, in cther words, 5 ds So, for this example, the velocity vof the particle is v= S* = 37+ 100, ‘Similarly, the acceleration isthe rate at which velocity changes, in other dv words, a Se risen ace tt ces = B= +10 ‘You might be asked to find the distance, velocity and aa specified value of f. The method isto use differentiation frst then substitute the given value of # into the appropriate formula atthe end, sceleration of a pasticle EXAMPLE A pasticle travels such that its distance s metres from te origi 1 seconds is given by the equation s = 1) + 10?" — 32. a) Find expressions for: the velocity i) the acceleration of the particle at time 1) Find the veloc! ©) Find the acceleration whenSOLUTION a) Gi) Velocity »= =3F= 201-3 a Gi) Acceleration a = =61+20 by When r= 3. velocity y= 3X9 -+20x3—3 27460 - =84ms-! ©) When =4, acceleration a = 6X +20 =24) 20 = 44s EXERCISE 32.6 1 A particle moves so that its distance s metres from the origin at time £ seconds is given by y= s6P+51=1. aa) Find expressions for: (dy the velocity (ii the acceleration of the particle at time 1. 1b) Find the velocity when 1= 2. ©) Find the acceleration when ¢ 2 A particle moves so that its distance s metres from the origin at time # seconds is given by the equation sae + 16+ 2. '8)_ Find an expressior for the velocity v in terms of 1 b) Find the value of tie velocity when f= 3, stating your units clearly. ©) Find the value of te acceleration when # = 4, stating your units clearly. 3 The dispacement s metres of a particle at time # seconds is given by the equation s 4) Find the velocity ef the particle after 3 seconds. 1b) Find the acceleration ofthe particle ater 2 seconds 4 The displacement s metres ofa particle at time 1 seconds is given by the equation s= 12 — 81 — 10. 4) Find the velocity ef the particle after 5 seconds. 1b) At what ime isthe velocity equal to zero 5A stone is thrown from a cliff. Its distance s metres from the point of projection at time # seconds is given bys = 492 +21, ‘8) Find the velocity when bb) Prove that the acceleration is constant, and state its value,REVIEW EXERCISE 32 1 The diagram shows part of the graph of function y= f(x). 8) Copy the graph, Draw a tangent o the curve at the point (3,0) 1b) Hence estimate the gradient of the curve at the point 3,0) 2 Differentiatex’ + 54°, ay 3 Find Dity= a? +8 Bae oe 4 Differentiate + > 5 ia ity a+ or Pesta t7 oS 7 Find an expression forthe gradient of y 88 Find the gradient of y n° = 12 +3 at the point where x 9 Expand and diferente (x + 3) + 5). 10 Find the gradient of y it = 1208 + Tr at the point (1,3). 11 Expand and differentiate (2x ~ 3) ~ 1, 12 A curve has equation y= 32 — 10x-+ 1 ion tor 2) Fin an expression for 1b). Work out the x coordinate of the minimum point on this curve, ©) Work out the y coordinate of the minimum point on the curve, 13 A curve has equation y= 3? — 10x + 4 dy a) Find an expression for 0) indie ae oor wen 2 0 Poe ©) Obvain the coordinates ofthe turning point of the curve y 14 Accurve has equation y= 5 + 4x — dy 1) Find an expression for ) P on 'b) Find the coordinates of the turning point of the curve y= $ + 4x — x2 ‘whothor this turning point is @ maximum ora minimum. Give a season for your answerb) ©) When the graph of. the result is a parabola, Explain briefly whether the graph looks like parabola A or parabola B, Parola ParabolaB ul the value of x for which 2 ar (+ 3)2r — 5) is plotied, 16 Two quantities P and z are related by the equation P ap Find a sion for, 4) Find an expression for F- 1b) Find the wo values of ©) Find the two corresponding values of P. 17 Two quantities £ and rare related by the equ y= 2 +50, Find the minimum possible value of E. ion E= 18 The displacement s mettes of a particle at time f seconds is given by the equation 5 = a) Find the velocity of the particle after 2 seconds. 1b) Find the acceleration of the particle ater 5 seconds, State the units of your answers clealy. +5143, eared 19 The displacement s metres of a partiele at time # seconds is given by the equation s a) Find the velocity of the particle after 5 seconds. 1b) At what time isthe velocity equal 10 2er0? 20 The velocity v metres per second of a particle at time f seconds is given by the equation 18 = 121+ 20, a) Find the velocity of the particle at time 4 seconds. ind the acceleration of the particle ater 2 seconds, um value of the velocity, giv w the time at which this occurs. 21 Acurve has equation y = 32 — dx + 1. a) For this curve find: oF i) the coordinates ofthe turning point. }) State, with a weason, whether the tuming points a maximum ora minimum, ©) Find the equation of the line of symmetry of the curve y= 3? ~ 4x + 1. [Edexcel] 22 A body is moving in straight line which passes through a fixed point O. ‘The displacement, s metees, of the body from O al time f seconds is given by s=P44P— 5 a) Find an expression for the velocity, v ms 1b) Find the acceleration after 2 seconds. time # seconds,