T HE

ES
ETYM
OLOGY OF LOCAL NAM

W I TH

S HORT

INT RO D U C T ION

T O T HE

RELA T I ONS HI P OF LA NG U A G ES

NA

T EU T O NIC

MORRI S

BY R

ORMERLY

S T UD ENT

0F

MES

T RA I NI NG

BA T T E R S EA

O LLEG E

e s h e ll s o m e m e i g whe rs t i mp o s ed ; d whe pl ce i s m ed for the

ly t i e s g e er ll y de s cri p t i e
rs t t im e b y
y peo p le the y pp l y to i t s o m e te m i
of i t s t l p e li ri t e s or s o m et hi g el s e
cco u t of whi ch i t is re m rk ble fro m
the r w l gu e W he we d therefore th t the old m es of t ur l object s d
loc li t i es i co u try belo g for the m o s t p rt to p rt i c ul r l g e we y co cl u de
wi th cert i ty t h t p eo p le s p e ki g th t l gu g e form erl y occ u p i ed the co u try O f
t his t h
m es the y h e s o i mp re ssed
sure p roof it the y h d lef dis t i c t
r cord of the ir e is te ce i word s e gr v e
the roc ks S u ch old me s of p l ce s ofte
lo g o u tli v e b th the p eo p le th t be s towed them d e rl y ll the m teri l m o u m e t s
of the ir occ u p c y T h l gu ge
v eh i cle of or l co mm u i ti o
y gr d u ll y be
for gott e
d be he rd
m ore where i t w o ce i u i vers l us e d the old

t o p o gr p h i c l o m e c l t r
P t ri "
H t y f E gl d
re
m
i
u
ch
g
e
t
ll
d
y
Nam

av

an

n a u ra

ag

n a

a n

an

na

na

e ar

on a

an

cu

an

an n

u ag

an

n a

an

m a

na

av

ar e

an

n on

an

as

S l

na

as a

no

a u e m a

an

a n

t a

an

as

as

re o

an

n ca

is o r

n, m a

an

an

LOND ON :

JU

DD

G LA S S ,

NEW

BRID GE

BLA C K F RI A RS , E C

STREET

C O N T ENT S

PA G E

I NT R OD U C T I O N

W OR KS C O N S U LT ED
T HE V

ALU E

10

N AME S
LO C AL NAME S

L O C AL

OF

T HE C O MP O S I T I ON

OF

11
13

D I V I S I O N I D ES C RI PT I V E ELEMEN T
.

(A ) NAME

T RI BES , I ND IV

OF

I DU

AL S

F AM I L IE S,

A ND

G OD S

T R I B ES

14

(b)
(c)

F AM I LI ES

15

I ND I

(B ) NAMES

(C ) NAMES
(D ) NAM E S

ID U AL S
18

NAM ES

0F

A NIMAL S

0F

T R EES, PL NT S , & c

0E

MINERAL S

32

OF

Q U AL I T IES

33

19

D I V I S I ON I I

(A ) NAMES

(B) NAMES
(C ) NAMES

(D )

14

(a)

(d) G OD S

(E)

NAMES

G EN ERA L ELEMENT

OF

R IV E R S, LAKES, &c

0F

MO U NTAI NS HI LL S

0F

0F

35

A LLE Y S PL AIN S
HAB I TAT I ONS

&c

W OOD S & c
,

53

59

I NT ROD U C T I O N

T HE RELA T I ONS HI P O F LA N G U A G ES
"

LA NG UA G ES ,

"

says the auth o r o f The C o sm o s

co mpared
with ea c h o ther and cons idered as Obj e c ts O f the natu ral his t o ry
o f the human m i n d bein g d
i vided in to fam ili es a cco rdin g t o the
ana lo gy o f the ir internal stru c tur e have be co me a ri c h s o ur c e o f
P r o du c ts O f the mental p ow ers they le ad
his to ri c al kn owledge
u s ba c k by the fu ndamental c hara c ters O f t heir o rgan isati o n t o
an o bs c ure and o therwis e u nkn o wn dis tan c e The co mparative
s t u dy O f languages sh ow s h ow ra c es o r nati o ns n o w separated
by wide regi ons are related t o ea c h o ther an d have pr oc eeded
fr o m a co mm o n seat ; it di s clo ses the dire c ti o ns and paths o f
an c ient m i gratio ns 3 in tr a cin g o ut ep ochs 0 1 develo pment it
re co gn is es in the m o re o r less altered c hara c ters Of the language
in the pe r manen c y O f c ertain fo rms o r the alr eady advan c ed de
parture fr o m them whi c h p o rti o n o f the r ac e has preserved a
language neares t t o that o f the ir fo rmer co mm o n d w elli ng

p lac e
,

The co in c iden c es b etw een the languages Of the glo be have

b een made the subj e c t O f c arefu l study by e m in ent s c h olars
who have established C o m pa r a tiv e Philo log y up o n the foo tin g
o f a ne w s c ien c e
,

I t has been fo und that mere verbal co mparis o ns are utterly

wo rthless in determ ining either the fo rmati o n o f g r oups O f
languages o r their relati o ns t o o n e an o ther
T he di c ti o nary o f
a nati o n may be b o rr ow e d, fo r wo rds are s oo n lo st and eas ily
.

IN T R O D U C T I O N

repla c ed ; but the grammar o f a lan guage that is t o say its

synta x co nj ugat io ns and de clensi o ns the fo rmati o n o f new
wo rds fr o m c ertain primit ive fo rms and th o se re lati o nal wo rds
w hi c h perfo rm a similar fun c ti o n as pr o n o un s numerals and
parti cles is as co nstant and invariab le as the nati o n itself
G rammati c al analysis an d co mparis o n is therefo re the o nly true
meth o d fo r the c lassi cati o n o f languages a cco rding t o the ir
radi c al a f n ity ; mere super c ial resemblan c es o f w o rds pr o ve
n o thi ng n o r have they any value unless tes t ed and co n rmed by
arguments drawn fr o m gramm atic al stru c ture
,

O n the eviden c e affo rded by a sear ching gr ammatic al analysis

the lan guages o f the greater part o f E ur o pe and A sia have been
divided int o three great families wh o se grammatic al fo rms are
perfe c t ly clear and distin c t T hey have been named I ND O
EU R O PEAN o r A RI A N S EMI T I C and T U R AN I A N
,

EU R O PE AN

o r A R I A N fa m i ly o f languages e x
tends fr o m the m o uth o f the G anges t o the Brit ish I sles and
the N o rthern e x trem ity o f S c andin avia T he term A rian is
derived fr o m A R Y A the o riginal name o f this family I t
signi es ho n o u r a ble o r of a g o o d fa m ily I n A sia we n d t wo
great bran c hes o f this fa m ily
H
A
T
E I
( )

ND o

I T he I n dian This bran c h in cludes the S an skrit (the

language o f the V edas the r st literary m o nument o f the A rian
w o rld) with its living representat ives the H industani M ahr at t i
Bengali G u ze r at i S in gha lese & c ; the P rakrit and P ali
i di o ms , the S iah P o sh (Kar diale c t) an d the language o f
the G ipsies
.

II T he I r an ia n 0 7 Pe r sia n
T o th is bran c h belo ng the
Z end o r O ld P ersian (the langu age o f t he Z e n dav e sta) w ith its
representatives the language o f the A chaemenians w ritten in
the C une ifo rm c hara c ter 3 the spee c h o f H uz varesh o r P ehl evi 3
the P azend o r P arsi 3 and the m o dern P ers ian T he fo llo wing
diale c ts th o ugh n o t very im p o rtant in a ph il o lo gi c al view
belo ng t o this c lass the A fghan B o khara Kur di an A r
m e n ian
and O sse t ian
'

he

I n E ur o pe there are n o less than

I

C e lt ic

six

b ran ches

of

the

A rian

Th o ugh the C elts see m t o have b een the

r st

IN T R O D U C T I O N

ii

Eur o pe very fe w o f the ir diale c ts are n ow sp o ken

having been superseded by the T eut o ni c i di o ms
M o dern C elti c dial e c ts are di vided int o tw o classes 3 (a) the
G alli c o r A n c ient British in c luding the W elsh (C ymr i c)
C o rnish an d A rm o ri c an o f Brittany 3 (b) the G ali c G adheli c o r
E rse in cludin g the I rish (F e n ic) the Highland S co ttish (G aelic)
and M an x the diale c t o f the I sle o f M an
inhabitants

of

II T he T e u to n ic T his bran c h is divided int o thr ee dia le cts 3

(a) the H igh G erman in cluding the O ld High G erman the
M iddle H igh G erman and the M o dern H igh G erman 3 (b) the
L o w G erman in cluding the G o thi c the A nglo S a xo n and
E nglish the Old S a xo n and P latt D euts ch the F r isic the
D ut c h and Flem ish 3 (c) the S c andin avian in cluding the O ld
No rs k the I c elandi c the N o r w egian S wed ish and D ani sh
.

III T he I talic T o this class belo ng the O s c an U mbrian and

L atin diale c ts 3 the O ld P r o ven cal and the R o man c e languages
(P r o ven cal and F ren ch I talian and W alla chi an S panish and
P o rtuguese ) fo rmed during the de c ay o f the L atin
.

Iv

le c ts ,
v

T he He lle n ic This bran c h in c ludes

the A e oli c, I o ni c, D o ri c, and A tti c
.

the G reek and it s dia

A lban ian 3 in cluding the G e g hi an

sp o k en in I llyria and Epirus

he

d ial e c ts

and the

T o skian

S lav o n ic o r Win dic bran c h is divided int o t wo

diale c ts 3 (a) the L etti c, in cluding the L ithuani an , O ld P russian,
and L ettish 3 (b) the Slav o ni c P r o per, whi c h is again divided
i n t o t wo bran c hes , te r med the E astern and W estern
V I

T he

The Eastern diale c t in c ludes the Russian (G reat Little and

W rite R us sian ) the S ervian Kr o at ian and S lo venian 3 and the
Bulgarian o r in its o ldest fo rm the E cclesiasti c al S lav o ni c
T he W estern dia le c t in cludes t he P o lish the B o hemi an the
P o labian and the L usatian
,

E S EMI T I C F amil y
B
T
H
s
o
c
a
ed
fr
o
m
S
hem
o n e o f the
ll
( )
(
s o ns o f N o ah) is n o t s o wide ly e x tended as the A rian family
but the nati o ns co mp o s ing it were the first t o appear u p o n the
theatre o f hist o ry I t co mprises the fo llowing bran ches 2
,

I T he A r a bic,
an d the M a ltese
.

wh ic h in cludes the Ethi o pian

or

A bissin ian

IN T R O D U C T I O N

v iii

II T he C ha lde an w hi c h in cludes the Old Babyloni an the

C haldee o f Babylo n and M es o p o tamia the C haldee o f D aniel
and o f the T argums and the Syrian (A ramai c)
,

III T he He br e w the language of

P hoenic ian and C arthaginian
,

whi c h in cludes the

C anaan,

IV
T he B e r be r diale cts, whi ch
T he
A lgiers, T unis , T rip o li, an d F e z
are n o w co nsidered as S em i ti c idi o ms

are sp o ken in M o r occo

H aussa and G alla diale c ts
,

i
stinguished
T
H
E T U R A NI AN fami ly o f languages is d
C
( )
the A rian and S em iti c in the t o tal absen c e o f in e ctio n

fr o m

T o e x press the variati o ns fo r c ase m oo d & c Turanian wo rds

underg o n o in e c ti o n 3 but an additi o nal wo rd is g lu e d as it
w ere t o the n o un verb & c as the c ase may be in o rder t o
e x press the relati o ns o f c ase m oo d & c H en c e these have b een
termed agg lu t in izin g lang uages
,

co nne c t the idea o f p lurality w ith the English wo rd bo y

we merely in e ct it and o btain the wo rd bo ys ; but up o n the
prin c ip le o f agglutinati o n a syllable indi c ative o f p lural ity must
be afx ed e g singular bo g ; p lural bo g cr o wd T hus the
r oo ts are never o bs c ured while they admit o f a v o cal har m o n y
w hi ch is alt o gether pe culiar t o this family o f languages 3 e g
Turk
i
sh
ag hd a lo rd
be
co
mes
in
the
p
l
ura
l
a
ag ha lar 3 e r
)
(
man be co me s in the p lural e r le r and n o t er lar as in the
fo rm er c ase
To

The v o wels o f the agglu t in ize d syllab les it is easil y seen

M
agyar
h
er t a
m ust harm o niz e with th o se o f the r oo ts ; e g
)
(
garden mak es he r teazn e h t o the gardener and n o t he r t ase n ah
,

There are two great divis io ns o f this family

I T he N o r the r n o r U r a l A lta ic d ivis io n in cludes (a) the
Tun gusian diale c ts sp o ken in U pper and L ower T ungusk a o n
the co ast o f O kh o tsk and by the Man t cho o s o r Man dshu s (in
C hina) 3 (b) the M ong olian diale c ts sp o k en in the N o rth and
S o uth o f G o bi in Tibet and Tangut in the p lains o n ea c h side
o f the V o lga (by the O lOt s o r Kalmuks ) an d by the Buriats o f
L ake Baik a l 3 (c) the T ur k ish dia le c ts sp o k en in D erb e n d
Kr im e a A n t o lia and Rumelia 3 (the Ya k uts the T atars o r
-

IN T R O D U C T I O N

ix

o r T urks o f S iberia the Kir ghis the Bashkirs the Ku m ian s

the No g ais and the Kar at schais the U sbegs U igurs and T ur k
O mans speak T urkish diale cts ) 3 (d) the Finnish diale cts sp o k en
by the H u ngarians L apps F inns Est hs V o guls P ermians &c 3
e the d
a
e
c
s
f
the
am o ie de s an d O st iake s
i
l
t
o
S
()
,

II T he S o u the r n
and the Malay
.

div ision

co mprises the

T am u l,

the Bh o tiya

T he C au c asian di ale cts are degenerated bran ches o f the T ura

nian family ; they in clude the idi o ms o f the G e o rgians o r
G rusians , the S u an s, the L azes, the Le sghi, the Mit sge ghi, and
the Ke r ke ssian s and A b asian s
.

W O RKS C O N S U LTED

lt

by H Le o
Ev i S axo n i ci Ed i te d by Pr o fesso r Ke m b l e
C o d e x D iplo m at icu s "

T he G e r m an i a o f T acit u s
e di t e d by D r Lat h am
B o s wo rt h s
A n g la S axo n D i ct io n ar y
Me idin g e r s C o mpar ativ e D i ct i o n ary o f t he G o t h i c T o n g u e s
Jain i e so n s S co t t i s h D i ct i o n ar y
T he S ax o n s in En g lan d
by Pr o fe s so r Ke mb l e
W o r saae s D an es an d No r we g i an s in En g lan d "
by R F e r g u s o n
The No r t h m e n in C u m b e r lan d an d W e st mo r e l an d
W ri g h t s Pr o v in ci al D i ct i o n ar y
Lo cal No m e n c a

u r e o f t he

An g

S ax o n s,

T HE

ETYMOLOG Y OF LOCA L NA MES

gre t m e sure belo g t o the olde s t d m o s t p rim i tiv e e vide ce s of

of the highe s t imp ort ce i
h s tor y of i o s d d lect s
d the y
l gu ge
H L
d tho s e de v oted t o dis ti guis h the
c o t be do ubted th t lo l
t ur l
I
fe t ure s of co tr y p o ss ess i here t i t li t y wh ich ev e the u rg e c y of co q u e s t is
ble to re m o v K bl
t i o m us t be s o ught i t h l gu g e of t he
T h g eo gr p h y
d hi s tor y of
of th co u tr y or i tr s l t i o of the l gu g e of the m e gi ver s of th t
gi e
co u try P k
br ch of geo gr p h y ge er ll y left to ch c or c p ri ce ;
G eo gr p hi c l o m e cl t ure is
be e s y to d y de p rtm e t s o left wh i ch h b e m ore b us ed W here
d i t w il
e v er m e s e is t d where thes e me s y h v e e is ted for
b
of g e s i t
pp e r s s o m eth i g li ke s cr i e g e to dis t u rb or ch g e them such m e s be si de s the
s cred e ss of tiq uity ofte si g ic t d co t i i them s el ve s i form t i o to
the migr ti o s of the h um r ce d the for m er co e i o wh ich e is ted betwee
t i be s w f s e p r ed N m e s
s eldo m v ul g r or r id ic ulo u d the y f is h
c p i o us fu d of dis tr ib u i e ter s to ob i te the co fusi o wh ich ris e s to geo gr p h i c l
o m e cl t ure i the rep et i t i o for the h u dredth t i m e of ri ver s h m e s T re t d
Ty e &
tely h pp e s th t i
co u try howe v er b rb ro u or th i l y
d i t fort u
p eo p led
the g re t fe t ure s of t re ri ver s d m o u t i s w i tho u t m e s d
the m e of ri v er or m o u t i
y be pp ro p ri tel y pp li ed ls o to the di tr i ct i whi ch
i t occ ur C pt F t h
f places

Na m

an

es o

un

at

n at

an

ia

an

na

a na

n a

na

l n ot

an

an

an

an

no

na

n am e

c;

na

ar e

e c

as

an

a n

na u

an m

n o

as

an

n as

s,

an

ur n

an

er

na

a n um

nn

v a

an

ar e

n a

an

an

t v

an

an

an

a at

ar e

ar

n a

an

an

an

an

o co c e.

an

v rs

an

em

n a m es ,

ca

u na

t he

an

an

ar e

an n

an

eo

in

an
n

na

; an

H e who c alls departed ages again int o being says Nie bu hr

"
T he study o f w o rds
enj o ys a b li ss lik e that o f c reating
d o es this 3 it re c alls the past with all its ass ociati o ns s o that fo r
a t ime it be co mes a part of the present I t c ann o t be o therwise
fo r every w o rd rests up o n s o me fa ct 3 s o that when we attempt
t o a cco unt fo r the meanin g o f a w o rd we only g o ba c k t o the
fa c t up o n whi ch it rests T here is o ne class o f w o rds whi c h is
very suggestive we mean th o se n am e s whi c h have been
atta c hed fo r ages t o p la c es famili ar t o us fr o m the days o f
co urse
o u r c hi ldh oo d fr o m o ur p leas u re e xcursi o ns o r fr o m o u
o f reading T he th o ughtful mind c ann o t remain long co ntented
with names tha t co nvey n o meaning with them 3 there is alway s
the desire t o retain them in the mem o ry by s o me prin ciple o f
,

12

ET Y M LO G Y

LO C L

OF

N AMES

asso ciat o n ,

and this leads t o an in q uiry co n c ern i ng their o rigin

and his t o ry o r when and why they w ere im p o sed T he study
o f p la c e names is o ne then o f great interest t o the his t o rian
and t o t he tea cher The signi c ati o n o f a single name thr o ws
muc h light up o n the hi st o ry o f nati o ns and their migra t i o ns
I n p o int o f fa ct there is o ften m o re dependen c e t o be p la c ed
up o n w o rds than up o n hist o ry 3 fo r says Halb e r st m a it p leases
n o t the muse o f his t o ry t o spea k but late and then in a very
co nfu sed manner yet she o ften de c eives 3 and befo re she co mes
t o maturi t y she seld o m distin c tly te lls us the truth L an g uage
never de c eives but speaks m o re dis tin c tly th o ugh rem o ved t o a
h igher anti q ui ty
T h e o bj e c t o f the fo ll owing pages is t o supp ly tea c he r s with
the c hief r o o t o r he y w o rds whi c h are ne c essary fo r the e x pla
natio n o f loc al names in England and su c h k indred fo rms as are
t o be m et with in th o se co untries occ upied by nati o ns be lo ngin g
t o the same family and usualy termed T euto n ic I t is a we ll
kn o wn fa c t that many o f the names o f p la c es in England are
als o co mm o n t o G ermany V e r st e g an in his s c ar c e w o rk
T hus the
printed in 1 6 05 very p lain l y alludes t o it
S a xo ns he says w h o at rst c ame unt o the aid o f t he Brito ns
be c ame ab o ut tw o hundr ed years after t o be the p o ssess o rs
and sharers o f the best part o f the I sle o f Britain am ong them
se lves A n d as their language was alto gether different fr o m
that o f the Brit o ns s o left they very few c ities t o wn s villages
passages river s w oo ds e lds hills o r dales that they gave n o t
new names u nt o su c h as in their o wn language were intelligible
and either given by reas o n o f the sit uati o n o r natur e o f the
p la c e o r after s o me p la c e in s o me s o rt lik e unt o it in G ermany
fr o m when c e they c ame as the name o f O xfo rd o r O x enfo rd
o n the river
Thames after the t o wn o f the same name in
G ermany situated o n the O der ; o u r H erefo rd near unt o
W ales after He r v fo r d in W estphalia A n d s o in like ma n ner
may be said o f S taffo rd Swinfo rd Bradfo rd N o rden N ewark
Bentham O x e n b r idge Bu chu r st S co r e t ho r pe H o lt M ans e ld
S win e e ld D aventry H ampstead Rad cliff Ro senda le and a
great number o f p la c es in o u r co untry that yet retain the names
o f p lac es in G ermany and the N etherlands (albeit the an c ient
o rth o graphy may in s o me o f them be a little varied) as here t o

be re c k o ned up woul d be t edi ous

W e have ch o sen English names as the bas is o f co mpar is o n
b e c aus e they are m o re familiar and indeed o f m o re imp o r t an c e
,

O O

E YM L G Y

OF

O A L N A MES

L C

13

than any o thers

Emers o n speaking o f them says
The
names are e xc ell ent 3 an atm o sphere o f legendary melo dy
spreads o ver the land
O lder than all epi c s and his t o ries
whi c h c lo the a nati o n this under shirt sit s clo se t o the b o dy
V h at hi st o ry too and what st o res o f primitive and sava e
o bserva t i o n it un fo lds
The names o f p la c es in England and am o ng the Teuto n i c
tribes generally are co mp o sed o f tw o parts The rst member
is a descr ipt iv e w o rd referring t o s o me partic u lar histo ri c al
c irc umstan c e t o pers o nages t o an imals vegetables o r minera ls 3
The se co nd member de
o r it may be mere ly an
adj e c tive
sigm ates by s o me g e n e r a l and appr o pria t e term either the
natural features o f the co un try sett lement o r neighb o urh oo d t o
be des c ribed as hill m o untain river & c o r s o me arti cial
co n str u c ti o n s as to wn b o ro ugh e ld 85 0 T he r st member
is generally prex ed t o distin guish pla c es having s imilar
p o siti o ns
S tap le fo rd N o tting ham Ne w ar k & c S o me
times the names o f p la c es are represented by a single w o rd
e g
Slo ugh F o rd H olt D o wn Berg F urt & c
A ll p la c es d o n o t adm it o f e x planati o n
T h o se ending with
I n g o r having afte r it Ham o r T o n are derived fr o m the names
o f tribes
fa m ilies o r individuals
The subj e c t is naturally
divided int o
,

,,

I T he D

escip t iv e

E le m

en t

o f P ers o nages (His

t o r ical o r Myt hi c al)
(b) A n imals
V
0
( ) egetables
d
M
inera
s
l
()
(e ) A dj e c tives

(a)

Names

II

T he G e n e r a l E le

m en t

) W ater R iver Br oo k
b) M o un tain Hill & c
(c) V all ey Pla in & c
d
( ) H abitati o ns
a

&c

D I V I S I ON I

D E S CR I P TIVE E LE M ENT
(A ) NA M E S

OF

TR I B E S

F A M I LI E S , I N D I V I D U A LS , A ND G O D S

T r ibes

(0)

ER M AN This n am e was n o t applie d to t he p e o p l e o f

G e r m an y b y t he m s e lv e s b u t t he y r e c e iv e d it fr o m t he C e lts
o n acc o u n t o f t he ir t e r r ible wa r cr y
T he r o o t o f t he wo r d is

t he C e lt ic v e r b G a ir m e a n
t o cr y o u t
2
D
U
T
CH
D
e u t s ch Thi s t e r m
W
h
c
h
i
i
s n o w app l ie d to t he
()
)
(
p e o ple o f H o llan d is li te r all y an adje c tiv e s ign i fyin g

"
t
h
e
D
I
t
i
u t isc
w
as o r igin al ly
app lie d t o
po pul ar
(
)
lan g u a g e o f t he T e u to ni c p e o p le in o r de r t o distin gu is h it
fr o m t he Latin
T he wo r d TE U T ONE S t he L atin fo r m o f t he
n at iv e
wo r d T he o tis ci T e u t isci & c is de r iv e d fr o m t he

"
G o thi c r o o t D iu t a p e o p le o r n at io n
I t o ccu r s in th e
m o de r n n am e TE U T o
b e r ge r
T he fo llo win g t r ib e s h av e le ft th e ir n am e s as an e l e m e n t o f
lo c al n o m e n clatu r e
N G R I V A R I in A N G ERN E N G ERN A N G ER m u n de
3
A
)
(
e
NG ER fO I d
H
A
G
LE
S
A
N
G
LE
S
E
N
G
A
N
G
ELN
4
N
i
n
l
an d
U
()
y
A
N
G
LE
S fo r d
(
)
A
n a v r scr in t he r iv e r R AAB an cie n t ly A R A B O
5
)
(
(6 B U RG U XD I A NS in B UR G UND Y
C
HER
U
S
CI
i
n t he H AR T Z m o u n t ain s H A R M b u r g
7
r he r st im
C
(
(
)
an d HER z b u r g
T he r o o t s e e m s t o b e t he G o t hic Ha r

"
I n t he p o e m o f B e o I V ulf it o ccu r s as
Ha r u c a t e m pl e
t he n am e o f t he g r e at p alatial hall o f Hr o thgar
(8 G A U C I in C U x hav e n
1
()

FA MILIE S
C A TT I

in

H E SS E

15

EUD O S ES , in Exp e r , EUD in g, an d D o ssn

F RI S I AN S, in F RIE S lan d, F RI s b y, an d F RI s th o r p e
G o r n s, in G o r H lan d, G o m
N bu r g, G O T H a
LA N G O B A R D I , in LO M BA R D Y, B A RDEN g an , B A R B Wick
1
MO NA V I (Me n api), in MA N, M ONA, an d M ENAI str aits
1 5 ) S ax o n s , in Es sn x (Eas t S ax o n s ), S us S E X (S o u th S ax o n s ),
Middle S EX (Middle S ax o n s ), Ho nsr m N
H o lt S A S S EN, o r

"
O lt S ASS EN,
O ld S e tt le r s
T he in h ab it an ts o f H o lst e in we r e calle d HO LS A T I o r Ho lzat i,

"

fr o m t he Platt D e u ts c h S i e n , S a tte n t o sit

(1 6 ) S u i o NEs, S u Ev r, in S W EDE N, S U A B I A , O D ER, at o n e t im e
call e d S U EV U S , an d t he V I A D RU S, who s e m o u t h is st ill calle d
-

S U A R D O NES in S CH WA R T au
T HU R I N G I in T HU RIN G I A N W ald
RU G I I , in t he is lan d o f R U G EN
20 LEMO V I I , in t he r iv e r L EBA
2 1 D U LG I B I NI , in t he r iv e r D U L M EN
2 2) S I T ONES , in S I G TU N, S I T U N
-

(b) F a m

T he

tes

f ilie s an d in div idu als e n te r lar g e l y in to t he

co m po s itio n o f lo c al n am e s T he y m ay b e e as ily dis c o v e r e d b y
th e p ar ti c le I NG b e fo r e HA M T O N H A LL & c
Thu s BI RMI N G
ham was o r ig in ally t he h o m e o ft he B EO R MI NG A S t he de s ce n dan ts
o f Be o rm ; B ALDIN G ham
B U CKIN Gham o f
o f t he BA ED LI NG A S
t he B U C I N G A s ; LlTT LI NG t o n was o r igin ally t he e n c lo s e d r e s i
de n ce o f t he LY T HI NG A S
ELV I N G to n o f t he ELF I NG A S an d
KI LLIN G h all t he fo r t ie d r e side n c e o f t he C Y LI NG A S
Pr o fe ss o r s Le o an d K e m ble hav e thr o wn m u c h light o n this
s u bje c t t he lat te r wr it e r has fu rn ish e d u s wit h a v alu ab le lis t
o f th es e fam ily n am e s in his S a xo n s i n E n la n d
g
n am e

o f am

fo llo win g e x trac t fr o m t he pe n

s e r vic e to t he stu de n ts o f n am e s

T he

so m

of

Mr Wr ig ht
.

will b e

of

Th e fa m ily or cl an did n o t alw a y s t a k e it s nam e from t h e c hi e f w h o

ob ta in ed t h e all ot m e n t of land ; i t w a s ofte n b ut a br an c h of a m u c h o l d e r
He n ce we n d p at ro
fam il y in t h e l and fro m w hi c h t h e s e t tle m e n t c am e
.

E TY M OLO GY

16

LO C A L NA ME S

or

ym i e s in di st ant p a rt s of E n g land whi ch w oul d s eem t o in di cate t ha t

d iffe r e n t m em b e rs of t h e s a m e or i g inal fa m il y had jo in e d in v a ri ou s
s ep a r a te
expe dit i o ns t o B r it ain ; and i t is st ill m or e c ur i ou s t ha t t hi s
id e n t i t y of nam e is fo und in di s t ri ct s pe o ple d s e v er all y by t h e diffe r e n t
r a ce s A n gle s S ax on s or Jutes Thi s adm it s of tw o expl anat i on s ; i t
s h o w s th e c los e r ela ti o n shi p b etwee n t h e th r ee r a ce s t h e s el v e s an d i t
p rov e s p rob abl y t ha t wh e n a gr e at C hi eft a in of o n e r a ce an A n gle for
ins t an ce pl ann e d an expe dit i o n t o B ri t ain subor dinate lea d e rs fro m t h e
o t h e r S ax o n s Ju te s or o t h e rs we r e r e ady t o enli s t am o n g hi s fol owe rs
T hus we n d t h e Em m e as a t B I LLIN G ham in D ur ham a t B IL LIN G le y
in Y orkshir e a t B I LL IN G ha y in Lin c oln shir e a t B ILLIN G t o n in t h e
co un ti e s of B e dfor d S t affor d and Lan c as te r as well as at o t he r place s
all w i t hin t h e dis tr i ct o ccu p i e d by t h e A ng le s W e n d a s ettlem e n t of
t h e s am e fam il y a t B i LLI NG hu r st in S u ss ex and som e of t h em a ppe ar t o
hav e e s t ablis h e d t h e m s el v e s in t h e o ut sk ir t s of London and t o hav e g iv e n
nam e t o B IL L IN GS g ate (T h er e w as a fam i ly of BI LLU NG o n t h e C o n
t in e n t
and He r m ann B ill un g w as inv e ste d wi t h t h e D u c hy of S ax o ny by
O tt o I
I n 1 1 0 6 t h e m ale lin e of t hi s h o us e b ec a m e ext in ct o n t h e d e a t h
of t h e l as t B illu n g D uk e M a g nus w h o le ft tw o dau gh ters Eilik e and
W ul fhild ; W u lfhi ld w a s m ar r i e d t o He nry of B a ar ia s ur na m e d t h e
B la c k a d e s ce ndan t of t h e G u elp h fam il y ) Th e B O S I N G A S a r e found a t
B O S I N G ham in K e n t and a g ain a t t h e tw o B O S S I N G T ON S in Ham p s hi r e
and S om e rs et
T h e S cm m e xs ar e fo und a t S KAER IN G t o n S TEERI N G for d and
S w an s t o n in N orfolk S u r n am e in Ess ex a t S can n m G t o n in
N o t t in g ham shir e and a t S HEER IN G t o n in B u c kin g ham and W ilt s hir e
W e hav e t h e HA N I N G A S a t t hr ee pl a ce s na e d HANN IN G t o n in N or t h
am pt o n s hir e He r e for d s hir e and W ilt shi r e and a l so p rob ab l y a t HANNIN G
el d in Ess ex
\V h e n we ex am in e fur t h e r we n d in t h es e p a tro nym i cs
n a m e s w hi c h b el o n
g t o t h e gr e a t fam ili e s w h os e hi s t ory is m ixe d u p in
t h e e ar li e s t T eu t oni c m y th ol ogy T h e VV A E LS I NG S w h o a r e found a t
W A LS I N G ll a m in N orfo lk a t W o LS I N G ham in D ur ha m and a t W O O LS LNG
t on in Nor t hum b e rl an d a ppe ar t o hav e b ee n offs et s of t h e gr e a t fam il y of
t h e V O LS U NG A B of t h e E dda and t h e V OLS I LNG EN of t h e ol d G e rm an
rom an ce s T h e HAR LING S (He r e lin g as) w h o ar e foun d a t t hr ee pl a ce s
na m e d HAR LIN G t o n in M iddle s ex B e d for ds hir e and Y o kshir e as well as
a t HAR LIN G in N orfolk ar e als o c onn ecte d wi t h t h e an c i e nt T e ut oni c m yt ho
l ogy and t h e ir n am e i s fou nd a t H R LIN GEN in F ri e sland T h e S wan r a s
a t r i be w h o w as kn own t o hav e dwelt o n t h e bor d e rs of t h e A n g les o n t h e
C o n t in e nt a ppe ar t o ha v e g i v e n t h e ir nam e t o S warm ha m in N orfol k
M r K e m b le q u o tin g o t h e r well kn o wn nam e s fr o m t h e m y t hi c a d hal f
m yt hi c hi s t ory of t h e c o n t in e n t a l T e ut on s p o in t s o u t a s fu r t h e r in s t an ce s
t ha t t h e B RE NT I N G S of t h e n or t h e rn rom an ce ar e fo und in E n g land at
B REN T I N G Je y in L e i ce s te rs h i r e and a t B RA N T I N G ham
in Y orks hir e
Th e S C Y LD I N G S an d S C Y LF I N G S celebr ate d n or t h er n r a ce s g i e t h e ir
nam e t o S KE L D I N G and t o tw o pl ace s na m e d S K I LL I N G to n in N o r t h
u m b e r lan d and D ors et s hir e
Th e A R D I N G S w h o ar e found a t A n n m
t o n in B e rkshir e and a t A u n r s c ley in S us s ex a r e h e s ays th e A Z D I N G I
t h e roy a l r ace of t h e V is i goths and V andals ; and t h e B a s r G S of t h e
C o n t in e n t ov e r w h om
wh e n t h e c ur i o us A n gl o S ax on fr a gm e nt c alle d
t h e T v e lle r s So g w a s wr i tten a Prin ce na m e d B ecca r ule d ar e t e
h

'

ra

NDI V ID UA LS

17

c og ni se d in EA R N I N G h in N orfolk Th e HEL I N g av e na e to
H L I N G to n in W es t or eland and t o H L I NG land in S wed e n ; and
we d the nam e of t h e B
N
a s well in B
K N
N i S wed e n
H N t o n i O for ds hir e and B
as in B L
le y in S urr e y I
the e
found at G x
in G lou ce s t rshir e we per ha p s t ra c
t h e J T N of G e r an y ; and an ot h er A l a an i c trib e t h S
x
supp os e d t o b e t ra ce d in t h e S
wh o g a e t h eir na e to
X
SH
I NG t o in W arwi c k h ir e Th C lt t h R
d th S
)
am

E S

L EC I

G A S

G I

L EC

'

L E r cn m

r m

cu n r

G S,

G E

CYT I

c-

ar e

U T T

G S

G A S

ET C

om an

an

e r,

ax on

(c) I ndi vidua ls

The n am e s o f p e r s o n s, e s p e c ially th o s e o f p r in c e s an d g r e at
lan do wn e r s , c o n st it u te a v e r y lar g e e le m e n t in lo c al n o m e n

clat ur e
T he n am e o f EL LA is fo u n d in ELLEs m e r e (E LLA S
l ake ) ; an d in ELLEs c r o ft (t he e ld o f ELL A ) ; an d that o f hi s
C I SSA is fo un d in C HI C he ste r (C I S S A N ceaste r , t he fo r ti e d
so n
b u r y, t he c ity o f C I SSA C ERDIC is
r e s ide n c e o f C I SSA ), an d in C I s

r e m e m b e r e d in C HA R fo r d C ERD I C S fo r d), an d in
G w as le y
(

ERD I C s m eado w
E
B
E
B
A , t he Q u e e n o f I da, has le ft he r n am e
C
)
(

T he C hri st ian
in BA H b o r o u gh (BEB B A S c ity Be bb an b u r g )
pr in c e O S W A L D, who was s lain in b attle , an d fe ll at a par ticular

p lace n e ar Mas e r e ld, has le ft his n am e in O S W Es tr y, o r O S W ALD S

t r e e The n am e o f t he D an is h Kin g C A N U T E is fo u n din KN U TS
fo r d (C A NU T E sfo r d), C NU T s de lf (G a NU T E s dit c h ), an d in G A NE W
do n (C A NU T E s hill) D an i s h n am e s ar e a v e r y im p o r tan t e le m e n t
o f t he lo c al n am e s in t he N o r t h o f En glan d e g , D B M S kir k,
r
r m st , de r iv e t he ir n am e s
O
I V O RMs he ad, O R M E S b y an d s
(
)
fr o m s o m e S can din av ian le ade r O r m o r U rm T he n am e o f RA F X
o r R A VEN is fo un din R A VE N Side t he s e at o r r e s ide n c e o f R A VEN ,
(
)
R A VEN S to n e (t he sto n e o f RA VEN) U LLER has giv e n
an d in
his n am e t o U LLERs t ho r p e , H U BBA t o H U BB ER sty, an d U LF R
Num e r o u s o t he r e x am p le s
t o U LLEs wate r an d U LVER st o n e
m i ht b e
n am e s o f D an is h o r igin , b u t m an y o f t he m
i
v
e
n
o
f
g
g
will b e n o tic e d as we p r o c e e d
-

T he fo llo win g plac e s

o r ig in al p o ss e ss o r e g ,

AY ME S

t r y, E Zm

o ds

de r iv e d

tre e

EPs

EL to n , E ln o d st o w n
P AD sto w, A de l s dwe llin g
L EVER to n , Leofr zc s t o wn

'

om

ho m

fr o m

t he

n am e

of

t he

ar e

p lac e

n nis
E
(

ham

Ep ha

W oor r na
t o wn
.

t on ,

W zdfe r d s
'

E T Y M OLO GY

18

M A L M S bu r y
c ity

St

LO C A L N A M E S

OF

Maidu lph s

W IL le y Willaj s m
OFF ham Oa s h o m

e ado

(d) Nam

f G o ds

es o

I t is we ll k n o wn that t he an cie n t T e u to n ic tri b e s we r e

h e at he n s an d t hat in the ir o r igi n al s e ttle m e n ts the y wo r shipp e d
who s e n am e s ar e still p r e s e rv e d n o t o n l y
O din T ho r T iw
in t he days o f t he we e k bu t in t he n am e s o f n u m e r o u s plac e s
W U O T A N W ODEN o r O din t he pr e s idin g de ity o f t he N o r th
has hi s n am e pr e s e r v e d in O de an W OODEN de an
e r n n at io n s
I N s h o ll o w
n s dale
n 1 N s v ale ; W ED NEs b u r y an d
W
o
O
D
o
O
)
(
(
)
WA N b o r o u gh (O D I N s c ity) ; W n n x n s e ld (O D I N s e ld) ; W A M
p o o l (O D I N s p o o l) W A M b r o o k (O D I N s b r o o k) W ON st o n e
D I N sst o n e
or d
D I N s fo r d
DIN s
W
A
N
S
f
W
A
N
S
b
O
e ck
O
O
(
)
)
(
(
f
r iv u le t ; W A N st e ad (O D I N s r e s ide n c e ) ; W e n sle
o ld O m N s
y
)
(
m e ado w e n clo s u r e ) 3
W aN s di ke
O D I N s di t ch)
O D I N s wald
(O DI N S fo r e st) ; O DEN S e (O D l N s l ak e ) T he n am e o f his wife
F RI GGA F RE A o r F RE Y JA o ccu r s in F REYs to r p in F RID AY
th o r pe an d F RA I sth o r pe (FRI G G A S c ity ) W e ar e r e m in de d o f
THOR b y s u ch plac e s as THOR u p an d T HO Rs t o r p (T HO R s city )
T HO Rs dal an d T u R s dale (T HO R s v ale )
TOR n e ss (THOR S
p r o m o n to r y )
TH U R S b y an d TH U R S O by (T HOR s t o wn )
T HU RD Ys t o ft (T HO R s e ld) TOR b o ll (T HO R s dwe llin g) K ir b y
Tho r e (C hu r ch o f THOR ) ; TH U R S le y an d TH U R I cy (T HO R s
m e ado w ; T HO Rs aa T HO I t s st r e am
)
)
(
Tho r was als o k n o wn b y t he n am e s o f D O NAR (TH U NOR ) an d
e ld) an d in
H A M A R whic h o c cu r s in T HU ND ERs e ld
in H A M ER t o n an d H O M ER t o n
T HU ND ERs ley
i
r k T HO R s t o wn C h u r c h
H
A
M
ER
T
H
O R s t o wn ; HA M ER t o n
k
)
(
(
)
T he
wick (T HO R s m ar s h) 3 an d in HAM ER st e in (T HO R s sto n e )
n am e o f BA LD EB
t he so n o f O din an d g o d o f lig ht is still pr e
se r v e d in BaL D ER s ley (t he m e ado w o f B A LDER) BA LDER S dale

i
n
A LD E a s v ale
B
D
nd
B
BOLDRE
A
L
E
R
s
w
o
o
d
a
w
o
o
d
(
)
)
(
B A LD ERs hay e (BA LD ER s e n c lo s u r e ) ; t hat o f BR AG E t he g o d o f
Or at o r s in BR AG n ae s (BR AG E n ae s t he p r o m o n t o r y o f BR AG E )
T he g o d o f war an d o f c ham pio n s T EU T I W o r T Y R has his
n am e c o n fe r r e d u o n
T
E
l
an d TE W in
t
h
m e ado w o f
E
W
s
e
e
p
y
g (
T E W ) an d u p o n T Y E hall an d T Y E far m
,

NI MA L S

19

L OK ap pe ar s in LO X wo o d, Lo x e ld, an d in L O CK in g
S EA T O R appe ar s in S ATT ER le ig h, S A r r ER thwaite , an d in
S A r r ER lan d
P e r haps lo cal n am e s ar e in de bte d t o t he fair y m yt h o lo gy
MA B , t he e lf q u e e n o cc u r s in MA B s hill, an d t he m e r r y P U CK
in P U CK p o o l Bay, Po o cx b u r n e (PU C KE r idg e ), Po o cx hill, an d
PU C KEt ye
G RI M a, a gho st, hag , o r wit ch, is fo un d in G RI M S
b y, G RI Ms bur y, G R I MMs ho o, G RI M S hOW , an d in G RI Ms dit ch
I t is t he s afe st plan , ho we v e r , in t r acin g lo c al n am e s t o the ir
o r igin , t o r e s o r t t o s u ch a m o de fo r t he ir e x plan at io n o n ly whe n
we n d o ur s e lv e s u n ab le t o o ffe r a m o r e r at io n al e tym o lo gy
that is to say, o n e in h arm o n y with th e ir n atu r al o r hi st o r ic al
ass o c iat io n s
-

NA M E S o r AN I MAL S

(B )

l s whic h e n te r lar g e ly in to g e o gr aph ic al

m o st o f t he m
b e in g
n o m e n c lat u r e n e e d litt l e
e x p lan at io n ;
fam ili ar m ay b e e as ily ide n t i e d
NAT E NET (S c an din av ian ) h o r n e d c attle 3 NEA T (En glish)
o cc u r s in NAT E 1y N A T lan d an d N AT E 1y S c u r e s
The

n am e

o f an im

T he V V I LD
fo u n d in

EV ER S haw
e ld 3
EVER sho t

BO A R
t he

in

wild

A n gl o S ax o n EVE R ( o fe r
-

bo a r s

E VER

t he
EV ER s ho lt,
,
wild bo a r s wo o d 3
EV ERs do n , t he wild be an s h il l 3
-

bu r

t o n , t he wild

o r e n clo u r e

e fe r

is

bo ar s t o wn

t he wild

E VER le igh EVER le y

bo a r s m e ado w
-

EB ER , t he G e r m

fo r m

this r o o t o ccu r s
bo a r s EB ERs b e r g

an

of

in

t he wild bo a r s
EB ER S t e ln t he wild
sto n e 3
E B ER b ach t he wild bo ai s EB ER ach t he wild bo ar s dwe ll
in g by t he s t r e am
s t r e am 3
The B EA R (BA R B A RIN in G e r m a n) n o do u b t was an in h ab it an t
o f t he fo llo win g plac e s
B A R EN wald a t he be a r s fo r es t
B A R wal de t he be ar s fo r e st 3
b y t he st r e am 3
B A R n t h t he bear s r e g io n 3
B AR EN h o r st t he be a r s thick e t
BA R EN spr in g t he be ar s spr in g 3

E TY M OLO GY

20

OF

In t he fo ll o win g p l ac e s we
BRO
C
B
A W B A U D BA G B A D G E
(
,

G e rm

an

LO C AL N A MES

n d t he n am e o f t he BA D G ER
in An gl o S ax o n , an d D A C Hs in
,
-

BA G~ sho t ,
BA a b o r o u g h,
B AD G EN do n ,

BR o x t o n , B R o c t o n t he bad

g e r s t o wn 3
BROOK tho r p, t he badg e r s v il

B A D G E wo r th
B AG IN th o r p e
B A U G H hur st
B A W S le y
B A W bu r gh

l ag e 3
BROOK h o l e s
t he
badg er s
c av e s 3
badg er s
BRO CK le s b y
t he
ab o de o f t he s pr in g ;
BROOK dis h t he badg e r s di t ch ;

BROC de n t he badg e i s ho ll o w 3
D A CH ste in t he badg e f s sto n e ;
D A CH S b e r g t he badg e r s hill

'

B A U D s ly,
BRO O K le y, t he badg e r s m e a
do w ;

BRO X b o ur n e , t he badge r s

str e am
T he BEA V ER (in G e rm
BE V ER le y t he be av e r s
.

an ,

ccur s in

BI B ER ach B I B R a t he beav er s
ab o de o n t he str e am

m ea

do w 3
BE V ER b o r n , t he be av e r

BI B ER)

s str e am

The D u tch for m o f t he r o o t BE V ER o ccu r s in BE V ER en (in t he

p r o v in c e o f East Fl an de r s), an d in B EVER n (in t he du chy o f
B r u n s wic k), b o th s ig n i fyin g t he beav er s r iv e r isle
-

T he

B U CK (B U CC A

in A n gl o

S ax o n )

B U CKEN ham t he buck s h om e 3

B U CK de n t he bu ck s ho ll o w 3
BICK l e igh t he b u ck s m e ado w 3
BOCK e ld t he bu ck s e l d ;
B U cu p t he buck s ho llo w 3

T he low G
e

er m an

fo r m

is

y be

t race d in

B U CK lo w t he bu ck s hi ll 3
B o x hu r st t he bu ck s fo r e st 3
B U CK lan d t he bu ck s distr ic t
BICKN o r t he bu ck s b o r de r :
B U C kle t he bu c k s sp r in g
B U CK t he H igh G e r m an B OCK

BOCEN
um

BO C C EN h e im , BOCK
,
t he b a ck s h o m e 3

em

BO C h o l t

t he

b u ck s

wo o d
.

C y) m ay b e fo un d in
KA Y l an d co w distr ic t 3
C O W s le y C O W le y C O W l e aze
C U E RD le y t he co w s m e a
C O dale t he c o ws v al e 3
do w 3
C o s gr o v e t he c o ws g r o v e
T he C O W (C u ,
-

NI MA L S

C O t on
C O W t o n , t he
to wn 3
-

co

T he

OX

C o w fo l d, t he

sto ck
fe n c e o r

Co

co

clo s u r e

en

ws

tr ac e d in

be

m ay

ws

21

O XN e ad 3
O X to n , t he to wn o f t he 0 x
O x le y, t he m e ado w o ft he o x ;
OX fo r d, t he fo r d o f t he 0 x 3
O x fo ld, t he e n clo s ur e o f t he
-

O XN e y, t he islan d o f t he 0 2:
O X st o n e s, t he h e ights o f t he 0 x;
Oa
ho p e , the s he lt e r o f t he
-

0x

O C H S EN fu r t

0x

fo r d

t he

of

t he

0x

O CH S EN wer de r
-

t he

0x

of

K e lv edo n

t he

f s h ill 3
in G

The KI D
app e ar s in

(in

su m

it

of

An g l o S ax on
-

is

fs

cal

m e ado

fo u n d in

H A R T b u r n t he har t s str e am 3
H A R T EN st e in t he har t s st o n e ;
H IR S CH au t he har t s m e ado w 3
H IR S CH b e r g t he ha r t s hill 3
H IR S CHho r n t he har t s an gle 3
H IR S CH e ld t he ha r t s e ld
-

T I C , T Y C H,

K ID lan d
K ID sty

le y, t he

H IR S CH

e r m an

HAR T fo ld t he har l s e n clo su r e ;

H ER T fo r d H A R T fo r d t he
har t s fo r d;
H A R T in g t he har t s m e ado w 3
HA RT s b at h t he har t s b ath
in g p lac e 3
-

or

C al v e r

d in G e r m

an

an

Z IE G E),

kid s t own 3

t he kid s m ar sh 3
,

T I C KEN ham , t he kid s h o m e 3

Z IE G EN hayn , t he kid s wo o d 3
Z IE G EN h als, t he kid s c astle 3

Z IE G EN r u ck, t he kid s ri dge

TICK t o n t he
TI T CH m ar sh
-

in st e r ,

TICE hu r st, t he kid s fo r e st 3

T I T C HEN wo r t h, t he kid s far m 3

TI T CH b o r n e , t he kid s str e am 3
-

in

ca l

H AR T (HEO RT )

Kr D D ER

t he

C
IELE
o ccu r s
(
)

t he

O CH S EN ko pf

The C AL F

T he

t he is l an d

In S TA GS de n an d S T A G s b ath we se e t he n am e o f t he S TA G 3
in D U R n e ss D EER b u r st D EA R ham
D Y E hav e D A R e ld
D ERE ham we n d s o m e for m o f t he m o de rn wo r d D EER with
Lik e it s G o thi c an d G e r m an
a m o r e g e n e r al s ig n i c atio n
c o gn at e s it den o t e d an y wild an im al
-

The G O AT
t he fo ll o win g

(G A E T)
n am e

ccur s

as an

e em en

in t he

fo r m ation

of

E TY M OLO GY

22

L O CA L N AME S

OF

O A D l an d G A T ac r e t he "
/ o cs
e ld 3
G A T fo r d t he g o a t s fo r d 3
G A T c o m b e t he g o at s v alle y 3

G EI s m ar 3
G EI S EN he in 3
G EI S in g e n 3

Y A T t o n , t he g o a t s

H A RE (H ar a) is fo u n d in
H A RE stan e t he har e s st o n e 3
H A R p o l e t he ha r e s p o ol 3

H A R b o ttl e ;

t o wn

The

t he har e

H AR com b e

t he lza r e

fo r m

H A SE

is

'

an

dwe ll

in g 3

Th e G e r m

v all e y

fo un d in

H AS l ach t he ha r e s l ak e 3
H AS s e lt t he lza r e s s e at 3
HA ss fur t t he ha r e s fo r d 3

H ASS E e ld t he har e s e l dan d

p lain

The H OR S E o ccu r s un de r t he
an d R o ss e g

fo rm s H OR S H E ST (S c an din avian )
,

HO Rs le y an d R O S le y t he
ho r s e s m e ado w ;
H OR S EN do n t he ho r s e s hill 3
R o s s thwaite t he ho r se s p ath 3
Ho Rs ham t he ho r s e s h o m e 3
H E ST F e ll t he ho r s e s r o ck
o r h ill 3
H E S ke t t he ho r s e s b u t 3

H E ST h o lm e
H OR S El e as e

t he ho r s e

t he

s is l an d3
ho r s e s m e a

do w 3

H OR S E fo r d

t he ho r s e

s fo r d 3
Ro s he im t he ho r s e s h o m e 3
R o ss b ach t he ho r s e s s tr e am ;
R O SS lau t he ho r s e s m e ado w 3
H E ST EN Fie ld t he ho r se s r idge

S HE E P (S e e p ) o cc u r s in

T he

S HI P I cy
S HI P t o n
S HI P ham
-

S HI P wash t he s he ep s fo r d 3
S HI P l ak e t he s he ep s str e am

sheep s m e ado w 3
t he s he ep s t o u r ;
t he s he ep s h o m e 3

t he

s am e r o o t is fo u n din S HA r wic k an d S HAP m o o r S HEPPER

t o n an d S HE PP e y 3 S KI P t o n S KI P se a an d S CO P wic k
T he G e r m an fo r m is S CH A F whi c h is foun d in
S CH A F b e r g t he s he ep s hill 3
S C HA F e n t he s he ep s is le 3
S CH A F st adt t he s he ep s p l ac e
S C HA r h au s e n t he sheep s ho u se
T he

or

dwe llin g 3

T he

En glish W E THER (WEDER)

W E T HER de n
W E T HER le y
W EDER le y
-

is

fo u n d in

W E T HER al
W ET HER s e ld
-

&c

A NI MA L S
T he

LAM B

23

in

LA M B b u r st,
L A M B ER h u r st,

LAMB ton ,
L A M br o o k, & c

W e n d t he S c an din av ian fo r m s fo r S he e p (S AU D E an d EA A R ) in
,

S O U T ER fe ll S O U D EN h ill t he
s he ep s hill 3
EA R le igh,
t he
EA R S le y
she ep s m e ado w 3
F A I R e ld t he s he e p s e ld 3

S O U T ER g at e t he she ep s st r e e t ;
F A IR fo r d t he s he ep s fo r d 3
FA I R le igh t he s he ep s m e a

do w 3

EA R

EA R
is lan d
-

a,

t he

0 e,

s he ep s

S o w (S U

SU

Gle

jU

so w s m

hom

S U G g at e , t he s o w s
S O W ER b y, t he

S u ER s ham

w3
t he s o w s

e ado

y, t he

S o ham

t r ac e d in

be

m ay

in

S W I M b u r n S W Y N b ou r n e t he
s win e s str e am 3
S wrN ho p e t he s win e s s he l t e r 3
-

S CH W EIN a t he s win e s ab o de
b y t he str e am 3
S CH W EIN fu r t t he s win e s fo r d 3
S cHW EI Ns b e r g t he s win e s hil

S wI NEs co ,
S wI NEs

swin e s b u t 3
-

t he

co t ,

wild

t he

We

t r ac e

n am e

to

dale ,
t he
wild swin e s vale 3
-

m on

ks

W O LF in

t he

W O O LV ER ham pt o n t he wo lf s
ho m e t o wn 3
W O O LV I S t o n t he wo lf s t o wn 3
W OOL h o pe VV O LF s ho p e t he
wo lf s s he l t e r 3
V V O LN e y t he wo lf s islan d ;
V V O O LV ER de n t he wo lf s ho llo w 3
\V O O L m e r t he wo lf s lak e 3
W O LE ham c o te t he wo lf s
-

'

e hu t

W OOL P I T

g iv e s

Mun G RI S

s win e s

ho m

m ay

i ld s wi n e
an din avian w
S
c
(
)

dale ,
v ale 3

IS

S W INE

G RI S

str e e t 3
t o wn

t o n , t he wo lf s t o wn 3

lV O O Lwic h, t he wo lf s b ay 3

W OL an , t he wo lf s m e ado w 3
W OL F ach, t he wo lf s ab o de

W OOL S

by t he st r e am 3
\VOLE hag e n t he wo lf s e n clo
su r e ;
W O LF st e in t he wo lf s st on e 3
t he
wo lf s
W OL F EN b u ttle

dwe llin g

t he wo lf s pit 3

T he F O X g iv e s
b u t T O D , an o the r

n am

n am e

h u n t C ar
o cc u r s in

t o F o x ho le , F o x
-

fo r

th is

an im

al,

F o x, & c 3
.

E TY M OLO GY

24

TOD b e r e t he fo r e st
TOD hu r st 3
TOD b u r n t he str e am

o f t he

L O CAL NA M E S

OF

ox

TOD m o r den the m ar shy

h ollo w o ft he fox 3
TOD wick & c

o f t he

H O U ND

T he do g,

f
H U ND

or

ox ;

is fo u n d in

HO U ND s b o r o u gh t he ho u n d s
c ity 3
HOU NS lo w t he ho u n d s hill 3
t he
H U ND h o lm
b o u n ds
is lan d 3
H U N wyl t he ho u n d s we ll 3

HU N

t o wn

D RA Y

r el

t he

co t ,

squ ir

W A N T le y W A NT I S de n
fr o m WA N T WA N AT t he m
-

The

n am

clat u r e

T he

E AG LE

h e im

RLs

am

B ir ds
on

ar e

g t he

G
er m
(

RL

an

o le

WA N T

an

t he
t he
e

n am e

s r o ck ;
e ag le s e ld 3

e ag le

with in lo c al
t he fo ll o win g

s city ;
t he e ag le s st o n e ;
eag le s r iv e r is l e
e ag le

EA G L e y t he
-

tr ac e o ft he S can din avian

n am

gl e (A RI

for t he

ea

ERN, O RN, ) in

e ado

w3

walde , A R ENs walde , t he

e ag le s wo o d o r fo r e st 3

RN s

E A R S dale t he e ag le s v al e 3
A RN o ld t he e ag le s wo o d 3
A RN h e im the e ag le s h o m e ;
A RN S b e r g t he eag le s hill 3
-

A RN stadt t he e ag le s to wn 3
AREN S b u r g t he e ag le s cit y 3
AR EN b e r g thal
t he
e ag le s
m o u n t ain v all e y 3
A R R 6 e t he eag le s isle 3
AR s eho t t he e ag le s wo o d o r
e ld 3
A REND se e the e ag le s l ak e

The D

W , in

w le y,

D E W s e ll

D EW b u r y
-

th e ir

et

t he

A RNE SBY t he e ag le s t o wn 3
E A RN le y A R le y t he e ag le s

in

de r ive

a e,

AY LE S bur y
A Y LE st on e

W e n d s om

s o m e tim e s t o b e m
m o st im p o r t an t ar e

squ ir r e l s to wn

t on , t he

A RIN

ARL b e r g
E AG LE S che
EAG LE s hay
-

of

n om en

t of
D RA Y

r oo

bu t 3

S Q U IR R EL (D R A Y ) is t he

H U N fe ld t he b o u n d s e ld 3
Hu Ns r u ck en HU ND S E
t he
I ll
ho u n d s r idg e 3
H U ND lo ch t he b o u n d s ho l e

E A co t ,

hol

T he

AN I MA L S

25

T he O WL, in

UL com b e

EU LEN ge b ir ge
tain s 3

U LLEN hall,
-

O W L S b u r y t he o wl s city 3
O WL t o n t he o wl s t own 3

U Le

t he

L
h
U
G
e
t
e
,
y
y
is lan d

o wl s m o un

wl s r iv e r

C RO W (G R A W E An glo S ax on ; KR A K A S c an din av ian ) in

C R A CKEN Claie
C R AY K E t he cr e w s r e gio n ;
C RO U G H t o n
C R A KE hall C R A KE hlll t he
C RE A KE
cr o w s hill 3
C RO W b u r st t he cr o ws fo r e st 3 C R A CKEN tho r p t he cr e w s v il
lag e 3
C RO W l an d t he cr o w s di str ict 3
C RO W b o r o u gh t he cr e w s city 3 KR A win k e l t he cr e w s an gl e 3
C R A W le y t he cr o ws m e ado w 3 K RE fe l d t he cr o ws e ld
T he

T he

in

C R A NE

cr an e s b r o o k 3 G RA N ach t he cr an e s dwe llin g

b y t he str e am 3
C RA N e ld t he cr a n e s e ld 3
G R A N ham t he c r an e s ho m e 3
G R A NEN bu r g t he cr a n e s cit y
C R AN b ou r n e t he cr an e s str e am 3
G RA N

br o o k

t he

T he

S c an din av ian TR A N A

TR A N we ll
-

T he

t he

S WA N

cr an e

s sp r in g

cr an e
3

p e r h aps fou n d in

is

TRA N

t he

er e

cr an e

s l ak e

in

S W A N co t t he s wan s b u t 3
S WA N m o r e t he s wan s m o o r
-

S CH WA N de n t he swan s r av in e ;
S CH WA NE b e ck
t he
s wan s
r ivul e t

D O V E (C U LVER) in
C U L V ER hay e s t he dov e s e ld
T he

WREN

T he

in

WREN hu r st t he wr en s t hi cke t 3
The HEN (HAEN) in

H EN st e ad
HEN b aun
HEN do n t he
The G OO S E
,

he n
,

G A S g ar th, t he

e
e
e
g

H IN T ON

HN l y
E

WREN th o r p e
-

s hill

t he wr e n

t he hen s

t he he n s

s Villag e

eado

t o wn

w3

in
en

clo sur e o f t he

G O S fo r th, t he fo r dof t he g e ese ;

G A S dale , t he vale o f t he g eese
-

E TY M OLO GY

26

OF

L O C A L NAM E S

The wo r d F O W L , whi ch o ccu r s in n u m e r o u s plac e s , had o rigi n

ally a m u ch wide r m e an in g t han at
s
t
c
t
r
e
e
n
n
r
A
i
n
e
a
ur e ,
p
yg g
W as a b ir d 3 an d in t hi s s e n s e we n d it in
.

F O U LS I1 am , F U L ham , t he b ir d 3
ho m e 3
FU LL wo o d, t he b ir d s wo o d 3

F O U LN e y, F U G L o e , t he bir d s
islan d 3
V O G EL S b e r g , t he bir d s h ill

th e r s c ar c e 3 we n d
F I S H b o u r n t he st r e am ab o u n d F I S H to ft sh e ld ;
in g in sh ;
F I S H ie ld sh e ld ;
F I S HERg at e sh str e e t ;
F I S CH back sh r iv u le t 3
F I S HER t o n sh t o wn ;
F I S K u m fo ss t he wat e r fall o f
F I S H gu ar d sh e n clo su r e ;
t he sh dwe llin g
T he S A L M O N (LA X) o cc u r s in
L AX e y
LAX v o e s alm o n b ay ;
L AX e ld
LA KE o r d s alm o n r th
L AX ay s a lm o n r iv e r 3
T he TRO U T (T RU HT ) is fou n d in
TRO U T b e ck t he t r o u t r iv u l e t
T R O U T s dale
The EEL m ay b e t r ac e d in
A A Lst e e l distr ic t 3
A A Lb o r g e e l city 3
A A L
r u st e e l t o r r e n t
AA L e n e e l islan d;
T he

n am

of

F ish

se em

ra

F RO G an d TO AD ar e p e r haps t he o n ly r ep tile s we n d in
p l ac e n am e s T he y e vide n tly giv e n am e s t o
F RO G h ill
F RO G m o r e t he F RI S KN ey t he fr og s islan d;
TA D le y
fr o g s m o o r 3
TA D lo w
F R o x fe ld t he fr o g s e ld3
F R o x t o n t he fr o g s t o wn 3

e
i
S
c
i
an
t
e
r
m
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
e
t
i
l
s
P
A
DD
A
w
h
i
c
h
o
cc
s
u
r
in
The
an din av
p
PA D D y gill fr o g r iv u le t 3
P A D gat e fr og st r e e t 3
&c
PA DDON B e c k fr o g str e am 3
The in s e c t W I GGA W IE GA a bee t le is p e r haps fo u n d in
W I G m o r e t he be e tle s m o o r 3 W I Gt o n W I GS t o n W I GG IN
t o n t he be e t le s t o wn 3
W I GG EN ho lt t he bee tle s wo o d3
W I Gt o ft t he be e t le s e ld
W I G s e ll t he be e tle s s e at ;
In G e r m an t he n am e o f t he b e e tle is K A F ER c o gn ate with
t he En C H A F ER whic h o cc u r s in
K AF ER lo h t he bee t le s m eado w3 KA F ERN bu r g t he bee tle s city
The
-

27

(C )

T HE NAMES o r

TR EE S

PLANT S, & c

p e r fo r m e dn o u n im po r tan t p ar t in t he div isio n o f l an d

am o n g t he T e u t o n ic n at io n s 3 t he y we r e u s e d as lan d m ar ks an d
b o u n dar ie s an d c o u n ty c o u r t s we r e he ld u n de r the m
T he wo r d TR EE o cc u r s v e r y o fte n in t he n am e s o f plac e s an d
is n o dou bt c on n e c t e d with s o m e hist o r ic al cir cu m st an c e e g
W e b T REE
O S W G S I RY
C o v e n T RY
G r e y T REE
Els T REE & c
D o din T RE E
T r ee s

T he O A K (A C ) is

A ct o n t he
A ck wo rt h
A U CK lan d

o ak

t he

t he

fo u n din

t o wn ;
o a k far m ;
o a k distr ic t 3

I KE

T he A S H (A

A S H ST EA D,

E S C) o cc ur s

ash

do wn ,

a sh

A SH

do n ,

hill 3
,

ash

r ig g, ash r idg e

T he G e r m

fo r m

ash

ccur s

in

A S KER S u n d ash s o u n d3
A S K b an A S K h e im ash h o m

is

fo u n d in
-

A S H l in g ash h e ath 3
A S H by A S H t o n A ST ON
to wn 3
A S H we ll ash sp rin g 3
A S H b o r n e ash str e am ;
A s hu r st ash th icke t 3
A S H fo ld ash e n clo su r e
-

E S CHER S l e b e n A S CHER S l e b e n
ash e ld o r le v e l 3
A sp e r g ash hi ll 3
E S CHEN b ach, ash str e am 3
-

dwe llin g 3
an

S c an din av ian fo r m

e r n , ash

'

AS K

AS K

A S H c o m b e ES co m b e
v alle y 3
E S H g ill ash r iv u le t ;
T he

in

dwe llin g 3

A S co t ash hu t 3
A S H do n A S H EN

E x ~twistl e , t he o ak b o r de r s 3
O KE han ge r m e r e , t he o ak
m e ado w lake 3
O A K ham , t he o ak dwe llin g 3
O CK b r o o k, t he o ak b r o o k 3
HOK e ld, t he o ak p lain 3
B ald 0 0 K, t he b ar e o ak 3
Mar t 0 0 K, t he m ar ke t o ak 3
E ICH ho r n , t he o ak h e ight 3
D I CH S e ld, t he o ak e ld 3
E ICH stadt t he o ak t o wn
-

Be ck Mo u t h, t he m o u t h o f
t he o ak r iv u le t 3
O A K le igh, O CK le y, O A K le y,
W O K in g t he o ak m e ado w 3
A s ke w, (A KE ske u gh), t he o ak
kn o ll 3
A x ho lm e , t he o ak islan d3
E x fo ld, t he o ak e n clo su r e ;

E S CH W e g e , ash way 3
E S CH we ile r , ash dwe llin g 3
A S s e n s, A S se n , ash dwe llin g 3
A SS EN he im , ash ho m e
-

28

Er r

The

MOLO G Y

OF

L D ERs- hau gh, a lde r

hill 3

The

BROO M gi v e s

n am e

wo o d 3

do w

BRO M b e r g br o o m hi ll 3
BR AM e ld br o om e ld 3
BRA M with br o o m wo o d 3
B EA M sho t br o o m wo o d 3
BEAM he r br o om pas t ure 3
BEA M c o te br o o m b u t
,

tr ac ed in

y be

B U CH h o r n be e ch co r n e r 3
Bu cHs we ile r bee ch dwe llin g

BOCK am be ech ho m e 3
B U CH au beech m e ado w ;
B U CH ho lz bee c h wo o d 3

T he

E LL wan ge n a lde r m e ado w 3

ERL ach a lde r dwe llin g o n t he
str e am 3
ERL an ge n ERL au a lder m e a

B EECH m

The

br o o m

t o n , O WL ER to n , ELLER
t o n , a lde r to wn 3
ELLEr ay, a lde r c o r n e r 3
ELL fe ld, alde r e ld 3
ELL b oge n , a lder b e n di n g 3
ELL r ich, alde r dis tr ict 3
-

to

BRO M t o n br o o m to wn 3
BRO M b o r o u gh br o om c ity 3
BRO M le y br o o m m eado w 3
BRO M yar d br o o m e n clo su r e
BRO M hu r st br o o m fo r e st 3
BRO Ms wo ld,

ALLER

ALDER m as t o n a lde r m ar sh
t o wn ;
A LDEN ham a lde r ho m e 3
A LD E R sho t a lde r wo o d 3
A LLI thwaite alde r p ath ;
-

is fo un d in

AL DER

A LD ER b u r y a lde r c ity 3
A L DER le y a lde r m e ado w 3
AL DER m in ste r a lde r chur c h 3
A L LER dale a lde r v ale 3
ALLER b y a lde r to wn 3
A

L OCA L NAM E S

BIR CH gi v e s

BA R K b y

n am e

to

BA B K ham 3
B ARK b r o u g h 3
B AR K e y 3
-

BIRK stall 3
BERKE le y bir ch m eado w ;
BIRKEN shaw bir ch e ld 3
-

B EB E h am p ste ad bir ch hom

ste ad 3
BA RK b y bir ch to wn 3
BIR KEN e ld bir c h e ld 3
B JORK O bir ch is lan d 3
BIR K thwaite bir ch p ath

A PP LE is fo u n d in
APP LE to n APP LE by apple
to wn 3
A PPU LD U R co m b e A PPU LD RE
co m bo app le v all e y 3
T he

APP LE shaw
-

e ld

app le

or

woo d 3
do r e , APP LE
app le p ath

APP LE

thwait e

TREES
The

29

in

HA ZEL o ccur s

HAS LE don haze l hill 3

H AS LE wall haze l b an k 3
H AYS EL de an haze l ho llo w 3
H AZ LE shaw haz e l wo o d 3
HASS EL fe ld haze l eld

HA Z EL t o n 3
H AZ E le igh 3
HA Z EL b adg e 3
HA S LE m e r e 3
H AZ LE wo o d haz e l wo o d3
H AS EL b u r y haze l city 3

T he LI ME tr e e (LINDE)
-

ccur s

LI NDe ld, lim e e ld3

L I ND I idg e , lim e r idg e 3
L IND h ur st, lim e fo r e st 3
LINE an , t he lim e m e ado w 3

LI NDEN
L IND E S

in
-

H O HEN
tr e e

fe ls

lim e hi lls 3
b e r g, lim e hill 3
LIN DEN, t he hi gh lim
,

MAP LE tr e e is fo un d in

The

M APP ER le y 3
MAP LE st e ad 3
MA T T ER t o n , m

MA PPOW D e r
MA r LE hu r st
MA PU L b e ck

The P I NE

to wn

ap le

ccu r s

P I NE b u r st
-

hill

THORN

The

thicke t 3

p in e

&c

i
g v es

fo r e st 3
r ivule t

in

m ap le
m ap le

P INE lo w 3
PI N ho e , p in e

dwe llin g 3

m ap le

n am e

to

P ight l e s T HORNE t he e n clo su r e

b y t he tho r n
M o ste r T ON (Mo r te s T ORNE)
slau ghte r t ho r n

THORNW aste t ho r n le v e l 3
THORNb ur y t ho r n city 3
T HORN e y t ho r n islan d 3
THORN ham t ho r n ho m e 3
THORN to n tho r n c ity 3

The G e rm

an

for m

D ORN

ccur s

D ORN b u r g t he t ho r n city 3
D ORN ho lz hau s e n tho r n wo o d
-

The

WI LLO W (W ELI G )

wi llo w t o wn 3
W I THE r idge , willo w r idg e 3
W I TH e r n , willo w dwe llin g 3
W I T HY sike , willo w b r o o k 3
-

D ORN han t hor n e ld 3

D ORN ste tt e n t ho r n to wn
-

b e t r ace d in

m ay

W I LLO U G Hb y W I LL OU G H t o n

in

ham , willo w h o m e 3
W ErD a, willo w wat e r dwe llin g 3
W E ID e n , willo w di str ic t 3
W EI DEN au , willo w m eado w

WH E Y

E TY M OLO GY

30

OF

S A U CH S O U G H S A Y a willo w
le y S AI G H t o n an d S A U G hall
,

T he Y EW

is t he

r oo

of

Nie k S O U G H S A W
-

L O C A L N AM E S

pp e ar s

in

EWde n , y e w h o ll o w 3
E WA N r igg, y e w r idge 3
I W e r n , y e w dwe llin g 3
T he V IE W S , t he ye ws

U fo r d,
U Et on ,
U t o n ,
I w e r n e,
I W ade ,
EW hu r st, ye w fo r e st 3
-

E I B EN sto ck
-

y e we n cl o sur e

BRIER o ccur s

T he

BRIER de n

in

BRIER le y br ia r m e ado w 3
BREwo o d br iar wo o d

BRI A R chfi
-

T he

F ERN giv e s

F U RN ham

EA RN ham
-

ho m

n am e

to

er n

3
,

m oor

pp e ar s

G R A SS (G A ER S ,

an

d S P RO T) is

Y EA R S le y,
G RA r t o n
G RET N a,

L IN t o n , ax
L IN dale , ax
-

S PRO O G H t o n ,
S PRo st o n ,
-

G A R g r av e ,

ss l ake 3
g r ass g r o v e 3

t o wn
v ale

G RA s g ar th, g r ass e n cl o s u r e 3
G A Rs t o n , g r ass e l d 3
G A R st an g, g r ass po o l 3
G AR S (lale , g r a ss v ale 3
G RA s c r o ft, g r ass e ld 3
G R ASS b y, g r ass t o wn 3
G RAS b r o o k, g r ass b r o o k 3
G A R S b y, t he e n c lo s e d g r ass
-

gr a

fo u n d in
-

ere,

str e e t

in

L IN g ar ds , ax e n cl o s u r e 3
L IN thwait e , ax p at h 3

RA B m

in

S PRO T t o n
S PR AT t o n

cc u r s

F LA x (LI N)

F U Rz le igh, t he fu r z y m e ado w 3
F u Rz b r o o k, t he fu r z y b r o o k 3
F U R Zm o o r gat e, t he fu r zy

F U R Z E (F Y RS ) W HIN S c an di n avian

W HINb e r g
W HINfe ll
W HINb r ig dale
W HI NN e y n ab

EA RNs le y fer n m e ado w 3

F A R N b o r o u gh, fe r n c ity
~

F ERNt o n fe r n t o wn
T he

t o wn

T REE S P LA N TS & c
,

31

C RE SS (NA S T U R T I U M) o cc ur s in
C REss we ll n a s t u r t iu m s pr in g ;
C R ESSham
C REA s y n as t u r t iu m dwe llin g
C RE SS lo w
b y t he s t r e am 3

na

MOSS

g iv e s

n am

M O S Ele y MO SS le y
-

m o

ss

r i u le

ss t o wn 3
M U S b o r o u gh m o ss city 3

bill

ss

t he

of

M O SSso c m o ss lake 3
M O S EN b e r g m o ss hill 3
Mo s b ach m o ss str e am

m o

s t u r t iu m

na

G il M O SS, t he

ea

m o

s tu r t iu m h o m

to

do w 3

Mo s t o n

S ED G E ap pe ar s in
S ED G E m

e ado w

T he

S ED G E

oor,

s e dg e

1 y,

ED G -

b ar r o w s e dg e wo o d
.

RUSH

is

an

e le m e n

in

R U S H le y r u sh m e ado w 3
R U S H hu lm e r u sh is lan d 3
R U S H m e r e r ush m ar sh 3
B I S b o r o u g h r u sh c ity 3

B U S c o m b e , r u sh v alle y 3
B U S war p, r u sh m o u n d 3
R U S H wo r th, r ush far m 3
B U S lan d,
R U S H lan d,
di st r ic t
-

r u sh

The

NE TT LE in NE TT LE c o m b e NET T LE de n NE TTLE ste ad an d

N ETT LE t on
Th e R EE D gi v e s n am e t o
R EED ham r e e d ho m e 3
R OR b ach r e e d str e am 3
R ID I cy r e e d m e ado w 3
&c
-

B AR LE Y (BI GG) m ay b e t r ace d in

BY G lan d ba r le y di s t r ic t ;
BI G b y bar le y t o wn 3
B EAN S appe ar in
B I N do n be a n hill
BIN ste ad be a n dwe llin g 3
BEEN ham be an ho m e 3
BIN e ld bean e ld
BIN E g ar be a n e n clo su r e 3
T he C A T o c cu r s in O AD by O T le y an d O AT lan d
The S can din av ian H A VER (o at s) giv e s n am e s t o HA V ER ham
H A VER fo r d an d H A VER thwaite
T he S LO W is e asily s e e n in S LO W b u r n an d S LO W c o m b e
H A W I cy an d HA W do n de r iv e the ir n am e fr o m t he ha w ;
AP S E A SP le y an dA SP do n fr om t he asp (aps)
-

E TY M OLO GY

32

L O C A L NAM E S

or

WHE A T app e ar s in WR I T e ld W HEA T

WHEA T o n W HA T E ly an d W HI T
-

le y, W HE A T

h am p ste ad
-

S HR O P ham , S HRO P shir e , S C RO P t o n , S C RO P le y hi ll , S CRAP

l o ft, an d S C RO BB ar e de r iv e d fr o m S C EY BE, a s hr u b 3 as we ll as
S CREVE by, S C Ro o by, an d S CR AP t o n
-

W OR Tle y W OR T we ll W OR st e ad W o Rs b o r o u gh W O B S le y
W ROO T W ER E bu r g W U Rz ach W U Rz e m & c co n tain t he r o o t
W Y RT W OR T an he r b
-

(D ) NA M E S O F M IN E RA L S
ERZ (G e r m

ERz g e b ir g e ,
-

C L AY

an

O r e,

o r e m ou n

ccur s

tain s

in

ERz

en

distr ict

or e

in

C L AY p o le
C L AYwo r th
C L AYg ate clay str e e t
-

C L AY

C LA I

don ,

c lay hill ;
b o r n e clay str e am

G I S EL (g r av e l)

C HI S EL ham
C HI S EL do n

C HI S EL b ur st g r av e l fo r e st
C HI S EL b u r y g r av e l city 3
C HE S IL b an k g r av e l b an k

pt o n ,

C HES I L~ b o r n e ,

G RIE S (G e r m

b ach
he im

ve

gr o

C H A L for d C HIL T

er n ,

C H ALK gi v e s n am e t o C H A LK
KA LK St e in an d C AL KE
G RIE S
G RIE S

an

l
r
av
e
,
g

str e am
g r av e l h o m e

g r av e l

is

fo u n d in
G RIE S

kir c h

chur ch 3

g r av e l

&c

MA RL o ccur s in MA R lo w MA RLb or o u gh
-

an d

M A RL S

ton

S A L T app e ar s in S A L T E R t o n S A L T ash S A LT N e y S A L c om b e
S A L T c o ats 3 S AL E b r u n n S A Lz b u r g S A L zdahl u m S AL Z W e de l
-

&c

EI S EN (G e r m an ) ir o n is fo u n d in E I S EN ach
e ld E I S l e b e n Ere g r u b E I S EN b u r g & c
-

E I S EN

be r g EI S
,

N AME S
S A ND giv e s

33

S AND Whi ch S A ND b u r st, S A NDER c r o ft

to

n am e

M INERA L S

OF

&c

S T O NE (S TAN ) app e ar s in S T ONE le igh S TA N le y S TAN t o n

S TA INE S S TA N b u r y S TA IN lan d S TAI N dr o p S TA N ho p e ; S T EEN
S T EIN b ach
b e r g e n S T EEN wyk S T EIN S T EIN ach S T EIN an
S T E I N b o r th S T EIN he lm S T EIN h o r st S T EIN we iss & c
-

(E )

A D JEC T I V ES

A LD , A U , (o ld) A L D b o r ou gh, A L tho r p e , A L

b o u r n e , A L t o n , A L fo r d, A L ce st e r 3 AL T EN b u r g, A L T EN m ar kt,
AL TEN do r n , AL T EN fe ld, A L t o r f, O LDE b ach, O LDE ho o r n ,
O LDEN do r f, O LDEN b u r g, A U b u r n , an d A U tho r p e
A

A LT,

L,

BRA D (br o ad) BR AD we ll BR AD sto ck BR AD fo r d 3 BREI T

ho rn BRE I T EN b ach & c
C HEIL C O L C A LD (co ld) C OL b u r n C O A L b r o o k C OLD
str e am C OLD side C HELs e ld G O W D ham C HILD hay C HIL T
tho r n C HIL wo r thy C ALD we ll ; C ALDE c o te C A L b o ur n e C AU DE
b e c (C A LDE
b e c) C OLDEN we ide C OLDEN ho ff KA L T br un K AL T EN
n o r d he im
an d KA L T EN s un d he im
D EO P (de ep ) D EPT fo r d D EE P dale D I EPEN b e c k D I EPEN
h e im D I EPEN au & c
-

kin g) KI

K INE KIN G (r o yal

b u r y KI NG ER b y
,

NE

KI NNER

t on ,

ton ,

KIN GS

O O ST O ST EN (e a s t ) E AST b our n e EA s t o n 3 O ST e n de
O ST ER ach O ST ER e n d O ST ER ho lz O STE I O de O ST ER su n de O S T
he m
O ST he im O ST wo lde D O ST b ur g O O ST ER e in de O O ST ER
wyk O O ST ER wo lde O O ST ke r k e & c
HOL (ho llo w) H OL b e ach H OL l an d H OL b o r n H OL
bek
H OLLENb e e k & c
L AN G (lo n g ) LA NG b au r gh L A N G do n LAN G EN ho e
L ILL E (litt le y LI LLES do n LI LLES hall
0 S T,

M ICKLE MU CH (lar g e ) M I CKLE fe ll M ICKLE e ld, M U CH we n

lo ck
-

34

E I Y MO LO G Y
'

NO R, N ORD
m ar

k o pin g

N
OR
f
o lk N OR ham
N
R
O
m an dy NO R
)
(
NO R de n N ORD h e im
N ORR t e lge NORR lan d NO RR
NORD h o r n N OORD W e ll e N O O RD ER wy k N ORDEN e y
n o r th

L O C A L N AM E S

OF

&c

NEU NI EU (n e w) N E U b e r g N E Uhau s NE U lan d N E U st adt

NI EU wo ld NI EU W ke r k N JEU b e r g N Y stad N Y k e r k & c 3NEW
l an ds N E W ar k NE W b u r y N E W t o n & c
-

NI ED ER N E T HER (do wn war d o r fu r the r ) N E T HER b u r y

N E T HER c o m pto n N E T HER lan ds N IEDER b r o n n NI ED ER r ad
N IEDERN hall NI ED ER wald N IDER do r f &c
-

S U R r e
s
o u th
y S U E fo lk S U T t o n S U S se x S O U T H
(
)
l e igh S O U T ham
S O U T H e n d S U T t o r p S U D b u r y S UDER o e
S U NDER lan d K alt e n S U ND h e im S U ND g au S ODER fo r s S ODER
h am n S ODER t e lge S ORER K o p in g &c

SUD , SUT

'

S ELL (happy fo r t u n a te) S EL

b y S EL k ir k S ELL
S ELI G EN st adt S ELI G EN thal 85 0
-

b u r st, &c 3
.

U PP ER (hig he r ) U P t o n U P hay
U ND ER (lo we r ) UNDER b ar r o w U ND ER
U P,

U P lym
-

UP

e,

sal a, &c

cli e

W E ST W E ST ER V E ST ER (we s t) W E ST bu r y W E STER b o r g
W E ST ERb y W E ST ERh o lt W E ST ER l an d W E ST ER lo o WE ST
VE ST ir g V E ST ER ho e
he im W E ST l an d W E ST r u p W E ST E u m
-

&c

35

D I V I S I ON I I

G ENERA L ELEISTENT

(A ) WO R D S

S I G N I FY I NG

WA T E R R I V E R
,

&c

EA This An glo S ax o n wo r d s ign i e s (I ) wat e r in g e n e r al,

an d 2 an y r u n n in g bo dy of wa t e r , r iv e r , &c I t o ccu r s in t he
()
n am e s o f r iv e r s , in t he n am e s o f plac e s n e ar r iv e r s , an d in t he
n am e s o f m ar s he s fo r m e d by r iv e r s
T he r iv e r s M e dway an d S t o u r we r e an c ie n tly wr itt e n Me du w
I n t he East A n glian c o u n t ie s t he t e r m is st ill
EA , an d S t u r EA
p r e s e r v e d fo r we m e e t with P o p ham s EA S t Jo hn s EA , Ham
m o n d EA U , & c
EY E, Y EO , an d A Y E, ar e s lightly alt e r e d form s o f t he s am e
r o o t an d EA is an o th e r n am e fo r t he r iv e r L e v e n
.

EA

fo wl r ive r

E he n ,

m on

t (EA

ot

wat er

m ee

fo llo win g p l ac e s n e ar r iv e r s c o n tain s o m e form

S ax o n r o o t E A
C he ls EA
c o ld r iv er
B att e r s EA S t P e te r s
t he
m ar s h
m ar s h
I t fo r m e r ly b e l o n ge d t o g e th e r with Pe te r s ham t o S t
Abb e y C he r ts EY
The
A n glo

of

t he

r iv e r

E t o n , t he

to n ,

to wn

of

EA

t he

dale , t he r iv e r v ale 3
E r ith, wa te r c han n e l ;
~

I
A

an

d EA st yn

EA S, wate r

A U E, A

W E, O W E,

F uld a F u ld A HA 3
G o th a G o th A H A 3
-

co u r e, o

di s

r iv e r

t he

on

ccur s

in EA s dal e ,
-

EAS

t he G o t hic we

HA ,

p lu r e l fo r m

Y EA lan d,

l an d

s t r e am

T he
Wr ith,

t r ict 3
EG ham , t he dwe lli n g

r iv e r

Pe te r

EA

t with t he foll o win g c o gn at e fo r m s

A R VA an d A C E e g
L ah n Lo n A HA 3
S ie g S e g A HA

m ee

E TY M OLO GY

36

L O CAL NA ME S

or

W e n d A a c o n tr ac tion o f A HA in S chwe in A A s c h A Bo m
A B u ch A B ar e n wal d A K o n i g s we r th A Ho ye r S we r d A B er k A
Vach A G o th A & c
,

I n B ur gun dy, we n d t he t erm in atio n s A Y , o r , an d Y, us e d t o

de s ign at e ha bi ta tio n s e s ta blishe d a lo n g r u n n in g wa t e r , e g
C am br A Y , T ou r n A Y , D o u A Y , Q u esn O Y , C hau m Y , & c
-

T he
an o the r

di n g

en

fo rm

o f t he

A CH

fo r m

The

in Be esk OW, G o dan

OW ,

s am

e r oo

an

B u ch

O W,

is

in

ccur s

O WA ,

S tadt ste in A CH
D o r n A CH
AA CH cn
B ade n A CH
G o ld A CH
Nie de r A CH
S te in A CH t he sto n y dwe llin g
o n t he s tr e a m
-

Wu r z A CH t he h e r b dwe llin g
o n t he s t r e a m ;
W o lf A CH t he wo lf s dwe llin g
o n t he s t r e am 3
Ro d A CH t he cle ar e d sp o t o r
p ath o n t he s tr e am
-

p lu r e l fo rm A R ER s ign ifyin g t he c o n u e nce of wate r s

r u f an d N e ck A R
o ccu r s in O HR E ER fur t O HR d
The

The

S can din avian fo r m s fo r wate r

En glan dwe

In

R ou th

n d C ald A ,
-

ar e ,

Rath

A , an

A,

dA A R

Y am
-

Y-

cliffe

&c

AA

c
B r ab an t

o cur
,

is

as

t he

G r o n in g e n,

of

s e v e r al r iv e r s
an d S witze r lan d

n am e

in

Han o v e r F r an c e
,

fo un d in
Hag A
F o ss A A

NlpS A A E
Scho l A A E

A A kir ke ,
A b o , t he dwe llin g by t he wa ter ;
A lan d, wa te r distr ic t 3
A hu s t he h o u s e by t he wa t e r ,
A do r f, A Y t hr o p, t he v illag e by
t he wa te r
-

S al A ,
-

No r

A,

A m , t he r iv e r , fo rm s p ar t o f t he
EN, A l t EN, U l EN, S u e EN, & c
-

follo win g

n am e

s z

G lo m

RI VER & c

W A T ER

37

BECK (S c an din avian ) a r iv u le t I n En glan d t he fo ll o win g

p lac e s c o n t ain thi s r o o t
Elde r B ECK
BECK with t he wo o d o f t he
r iv u le t
BECK c o t e
Rav e n B ECK
BECK EN ham t he hom e o f t he
r iv u le t
P in ch B ECK
Wan s B ECK O din s r iv u le t 3
W e l B ECK
Bur B E CK
C o u plan d B ECK (C o u pm an
C r u m m OCK wate r
BECK) m e r chan t s r iv u le t ;
C r u m B ECK wate r
BE X le y t he m e ado w o f t he
Ho l B ECK hollo w r iv u le t 3
r iv u le t 3
Hil B ECK hill r iv u le t ;
BECK fo r d t he fo r d o f t he
S war th B ECK b lack r iv u le t ;
r iv u le t
call e d t he Y ar e o r
Y ar ty
,

I n D enm
Vin de B EK ,
-

ar k

we

d Ho l

an

ee

B EK

t with A al e B EK S

A alB EK, Egje B EK ,

I n O lde n b u r g we n d V is RECK, s a cr e d r iv u le t ; in t he s o u th
o fLu x e m b u r g we m e e t with BE CKE r ich, t he dis tr ict of the r iv u le t
-

I n W e st Flan de r s t he fo r m B EKE o cc u r s in Ro o s B EKE W am

B EKE Hae r le B EK E Me u le REKE & c 3 in s o u th Br ab an t t he fo r m
REEKE is pr e v ale n t
e g B un s B EEKE C lab REEKE
&c
We
als o m e e t wi th a B ECKE V o o r t
hav in g t he s am e s ign i c atio n as
BECK fo r din En g lan d T he r o o t BECK o ccur s v e r y fr e qu e n tly in
t he n am e s o f plac e s in t he n e ighb o ur ho o d o f t he r iv e r s Rhi n e an d
Elb e e g W an de s B E C K S chwar z e n B ECK Fl o tB ECK S te in BE C K
Bar n B ECK S u de r B ECK H als B ECK S chip RECK & c
-

Fr an c e we n d t he e x ac t sp o ts whe r e m an y o f t he
No r s e le ade r s s e ttle d do wn b y t he p r e s e n c e o f this r o o t e g

o ld

In

B o l B EC, t he hab itatio n by

t he r iv u le t 3
Fo u l EEC , t he r iv u le t o f b ir ds 3
-

I n G er m
r

iv u le t

an

t he

b o u n ds

c ogn at e fo r m

BA CH

E s che n RA CH t he ash r iv u le t
R o ss BA CH t he ho r s e s r iv u le t
Er l BA CH t he alde r r iv u le t
Ai deBA CH t he an cien t r iv u le t
-

BA CH t he r e e dr iv u le t
G r ie s BA CH t he g r av e lly r iv u le t 3
F in s t e r BA CH t he dar k r iv u le t
-

d Au s tr ia we n d t he

r iv u le t

Ro r

t he

H u n ds R A CH
-

an

Ro m e t he r ivu le t o f
cle ar e d g r o u n d 3
C au de B EC the c o ol r iv u le t

E TY M OLO GY

38

LO C A L NAM E S

or

F isch B A C H the sh r iv u le t ;
VV am PA CH t he de e p r ivu le t
Be m BA CH t he t r e e r i v u le t
B AT H (RA E D B A ET H RA D A n g lo S ax o n ) wa l6 7 B AT H B ATH
fo r d BAT H east o n BA D by BA D b u r y B AD ON hil" B U X t o n
BA ke we ll & c
T he G e r m an fo r m
BA D PA D o cc u r s in B ADEN Wie s B A DEN
C ar l s RA D
BORNE BO URNE B URN B U RNE (An gl o S axo n ) a s tr eam fr om
"

I t de n o te s t he bu bblin g o f a we ll in g r u n n in g
BI RNA N t o b u r n
str eam Wi th t he Sin gin g o f t he b o ilin g wate r an d t he am in g o f
-

r e

Har t B URN t he h ar t S s t r e am ;
W in t e r B ORNE t he str eam
B URN s ide t he h ab itatio n o ft he
o win g in t he win t e r s eas o n ;
S he r B ORNE t he cle ar s tr e am ;
s tr eam
B U RN ham the s t r e am dwe llin g ;
T y B ORN t he dist r ic t s t r e am
H OLB ORN t he h o llo w s t r eam ;
A U b u r n t he an cie n t s t r e am ;
HE b u r n t he hig h str e am
C o l B URN t he c o o l s t r e a m 3
W e n d BORN o n t he c o n t in e n t in S al B ORN P ade r B ORN
S o n n e RO RN Es che n RORN & c
The G e r m an fo r m BR U N o ccur s in
W o lf s B R U NNEN t he wo lf s BR U N S wick t he city o n t he
s tr e am
s t r e am
gr av e ll y BRU NS b u tt e l BR U N S to r p t he
Kie s e l B R U NN t he
V illag e o n t h e s t r e am
s t r e am 3
S chOn B R U NN t he b r ight s t r e am ;
BO TTE N BO T N (S c an di n av ian ) t he se a G UL F o f BO T HNI A
No r r B O TT EN BODEN S e e BO TT s an d H o lt PA DE Lacu s BOD A M lcu s
H
afv e t & c
L
BO
TT
EN
ak e C o n st an c e ) BO TT EN Vike n
(
BRI GG BRID G E a pa ss ag e of wo o d o r s t o ne o v e r a r iv e r I t is
in g an d lan din g plac e s
o fte n app li e d t o fo r d
BRI GG
BRI X t o n t he t o wn o ft he br idg e
BRI s t o l t he dwe llin g pl ac e 0 f
G la n dfo r d BRI GG S
BRI Gsto c k
t he b r idg e ;
t he h o m e o f t he
BRI x ham

'

br idg e

S can din av ian fo rm , B RO o ccu r s in

BR O r e br idge r iv u l e t 3
V e ste r B RO we st br idg e ;
BRO gar br idg e e n clo su r e 3
&c
A S co gn ate form s we n dBR U G ES Est e n B R U G, C o ppe n B R U G G E
The

W ATER RI V ER & c
,

B R U GG B R I G
,

In n s PR U C K
B R U C KENau
-

B R U C E,

B B U C K,

B RED

B RET

39

D e l BR U C E,

K on igs

BR U C K

n glo S axo n , b or de r , s ho r e b an k
A
(
)
B RED hu rst, B e n n e ld, B RED st e d

BR EA D
,
b y clu m p,

H e rs

B READ sal e
-

B RA D (A n g lo S axo n ) b r o a d e xp a n siv e t he exp a n s io n of a

ri v er in a at co u n t ry a la ke 8 0 f0 7 m e d O u tt 0 n BR OAD B ray d o n
BR O AD BREY D O N W at e r Mu tfOI dBR O AD
-

BROC (A n glo Saxo n ) a br oo k a r u s hin g strea m B R O X as h

B Ro x b o ur n e
O c k BR OO KE
C ol e BR OO KE F il l BR OO K W am
BR OO K Mill BR OO K B R U C K lan d
-

W e n d t he s am e r oo t in Rad BR O C K A lten
B RO O K, W e ster BR O C K S trad BR O KE
-

BR O C K

O o ste r

ol
d
H
h
G
e
v id e n t l y
e rm an
i
an d BR U CH (G e r m an )
g
(
)
cog n ate fo rm s s ign ify a 6 0g o r m a rsh e g A l te n BR U C H B R U C E
s al B R U C E b e rg an d B RU sS EL s BRU S C HEL S
)
(
B RU O C H

C EOL, C I O L (A n g lo S axo n ) KB O L , (D an is h) ,
KI ELER o r d, C U LEx b ur g, an d K U YLE N bll l g

a s hip

Ki m

"

a S p r in g o r well
G R U ND EL (A n g l o S ax o n ) a wa ter co ar se ,

wit h it s c ist e rn , tr o u gh, o r r e s e rv o ir t o r e c e iv e water G R I N D LE ,

G R I ND LA to n , G R I NDLE S m e l e , C R O N DALL, C ro w s C RU ND EL,

C r adwan G R UN D EL (C r o wd e n FAR M )
-

C OMBER (S can din av ian ) KU MPR (O l d N o rs e ) a r u n n in g s heet

of wa te r an d he n c e it e n te rs in t o com bin ati o n wit h t he n am es
o f p lac e s b o rd e rin g o n po n d s an d water tr o u g hs G o n e Eato n
C OM BER m e r e C OM BER b a c h
D A M fr o m D A MM EN (Ger m an ) t o ban k dam A m st e r DA M
S
A
r m st e l DA M
R
o t te r n m
aa r DA M Schi e DAM & c
)
(
D EL V E (En glis h) t o dzg D EL VE is a lo ca l wo r d s ign ifyin g a
B ELv n x au an d D ELF T
i
u
a
r
r
o
r
d
t
c
h
q
y
D I C (A n g lo S axo n ) a d itc h d ike o r ri v er VV an s D I KE Wran
DYKE DI S H F le n D I SH (Fl am in DI C) C AR S D YKE H agu e D u n :
D Y C K b u tte l W olv e rs D YKE & c
D I U PR D I U P (Sc an din av ian ) d eep I t is o ft e n ap pli e d t o p arts
D I U PA D E P E daie H o llan ds
o f th e sea an d to riv e rs DI E PP E
D I E P Mars D rier
W e als o n d Lin n D EE P S
D U B (S can din av ian ) a p ool o r p ie ce of wa ter (fr om D YB
D
a
n is h ), d eep A sh D U B t h e ash p oo l
(
)
,

ET Y MO L O GY

4O

L O C AL NA M E S

OF

EF Es, E VE S (A n g lo S axo n ), the b an k of a r iv e r, a b o r d er , e dg e

o fa m o u n t a in EA V E S ham , Hab e rgham
EAV E S, Ev Es batch, EVE S
-

kn oll

ELF (Sc an din av ian ) a r iv e r ELF s bu rg ELF s n ab b e n K o n g

ELF EL F harl e b y ELRE A LB & c
F I O RD (D AN I SH) F I O RT H (O l d No rsk) F IR TH (Sco t ch) an in l et
of t he se a a ba g
a s t a t io n fo r s hip s F I RT H O f F o rth
FI RT H
,
o f T ay (F rith is a m iss pe ll in g fo r Firth )
Th e F O RD in Mil F O RD H av e r F O RD W at e r F O RD is n o t t o b e
co n fo u n de d With F O RD a p a ssag e b u t is an o the r fo rm O f t he Scan
din av ian F I O RD in K ie l e r F I O RD E ck e n F I O R D L ax e F I O R D & c
F O RD F O R T Fyr d (A n g lo S axo n ) F O R TH (Sc an din avian ) a
p a ss ag e thr o u g h a st re a m
H olm F O RT H is l an d fo r d
H e r e F O RD th e fo rd Of th e
Sp o t F O RTH t he pl ac e at t h e
ar m y
fo r d
W ad F O R D t he Wade d fo rd
S an d F O R D Mu d F O RD B rad
S t o F O RD t he dwe llin g p l ac e at
F O RD fo r d
t he fo r d ;
A sh F O RD t he fo r d O f t he as h
C u c k F O R D t he r apid fo r d
Whi t F O R D t he W ide fo r d
FR O D S ham t he h o m e Of t he
fo rd
O X F O R D t he fo r d O f t he 0 X
Ro m F O R D t he br o ad fo r d
TI V ER t o n (T wy F O R D t u n ) t h e
S tam F O R D t he st o n y fo r d
t wo fo r d t o wn
T he G erm an F U R T a fo r d occu rs in H irs ch F U RT (HartF O RD )
He r F U RT (H e re F O RD ) Schwe in F U RT (S win e F O RD ) O chs e n FU RT
x FO R D)
O
(
T he D u t c h VOO R T a fo rd is fo un d in W ester V OO RT B e cke
V OO R T A m e rs F O O RT B re d e V OO RT & c
ham Flats F EN
F EN FAEN (A n glo sax o n ) we t l a n d FEN
D itt o n Wallin g F EN F EN stan t o n F EM t o n FI NS b u r y F EN
b rig & c
VEEN occu rs in A m st e r VEEN, an d in V EN
T he D u t ch fo rm
,

10, & c

F LOD , (Sc an d in av ian ), F LEO T, F L ET H (A n glo

S axo n ) , FLEET (En g l ish) , a o w or u sh of wa ter, c han n e l o r ar m
of the sea betwee n the co ast, a n d a n is la n d a r iv e r , a tid e c r e ek
T he pres e n c e O f t he r oo t m arks h ab it at io n s o n t he se a, riv e rs , o r
c an al s T he ELERT, Lo n g F LEET, Be n F LEET, S hal F LEET, Sal t
F LEET, F ax F LEET T he F L O W (a p ie c e o f wate r in Sco t lan d),
FL O W M o ss, Sol way F L O W, FL O U T e r n , S c ar LET, an d FL O W to n
F LJ O T ,

FL O I ,

WA T ER R IVER
,

&c

41

Fran c e t h e r oo t F LO I occ u rs u n der t he fo rm

Bar F LE U R Har F LE U R Vite F LE U R (Whi te F LEET)
Po s F LETR E Beyde n ELET H an d A v e r F LET H
In

F LE UR , in
PL O T b e ck,
-

F O Rs, F O R S E, F O RCE, Fo s s (Scan din av ian ) , a wa te r fa ll

R iv e r Fo ss, F o Rss W at e r, F O R S E F O R S I N ar d, LO W F O R C E, Sc ale
F O R C E, Billin g r O Rs, F o s kil d e, an d F o s lan d
.

G A T (Sc an d in avian ) , a s ou n d
GA T, Ram s GATE , Mar GATE

C at t e GAT th e G A TT H e ll e
-

G
a d istr ic t wa te r e d by a r iv e r A ar GA U
Tor
e rm an
)
(
GAU B re is GA U Bur G A U Wol v e G A an d Fin k e G A GAW in
En g lan d as a loc al wo r d s ign i e s a hollo w wi th wa te r sp rin g in g
in it a fu rr o w G A W t ho rp e G o v do n & c
GAU

G E O (Sc an din av ian ), hollo w, a chasm in the s ho r e , a sm

W ol fs GE O , G U I O din G u n o dm O din s in l et V ar r e n
(
)
Var e n G E v ill e, V ar r e n G U E b e c

a ll in le t

G E- o r d,

G O E (O l d N o rs k), a cl eft, a sm a ll op e n in g in t he
Re d G O E, Rav en G O E , T o d s G O E, Whale G O E
-

la n d a
,

bay

a v e lly st r e a m
Sc
an din av ian
a
s
m
a
ll
r
a ls o a g l e n o r
g
)
(
a d itch RO W G 1 LL W O O G I LL tarn Ke sh G I LL
v a ll ey ; G OO L
b u rn Esh G I LL I v e G I LL G I L s l an d & c 5 G OO L E GI LLE by
GILLE skaal & c
G O U T G O TE a d r a in o r d itch from G e o t an (A n g lo S axo n ) t o
i
n tho rp e GO U T
u r R iv e r G O Y T
VV
o
T ru s tho rp e GO U T T yd
p
G O TE G O T ham &c

G ILL

Fr om t he G erm an G I E SS EN gosse ge g o ssen t o po u r

G i Ess b ach G o ss au & c
ar e d e r iv e d G I E s e n
'

t he sea,

t o wa ter,

HA VN (D an ish) a ha ve n

S t on e

HAA F H av r e HAVER fo r d HA F S lu n d Fris ch e HA F

A lan d HA P HA FE o f S te ttin HA F s lo e W est m an s HAVN H A VN
sur D iv e HA V N sur Me de r e t & c
T he

O ld

HAMN (Sc an din av ian )

po r t
HAMN C arl s HA M N T o m HA M N
C an e HA M Es t r e E A M HAM bye
,

HA T C H (Pr o v in cial)
K elv e do n H AT C H
-

bag , g u lf HA M A v o e , So d er
su dde ,
Q u ist e r H A M, G o HA M,
&c
-

o d- g

a te

dam M ersham

HAT C H,

ETY MO L O GY

42

L O C A L NAM E S

OF

Hv D HITH E H Y THE (A n glo S axon ) o ri gin all y a r e ceptacl e ;

ha v e n ;
co as t HYTH E HYDE S e ch e HYT H E Bo the r
HI THE G r e e n E I T HE Lam b ET H
-

H O L M (Scan din avian ) a r iu e r is lan d a g ree n p lo t of g r o u n d

su r r o u n d e d by wate r lo w lan d lyin g a lo n g t he r iv e r or oc e an
H O L M H O L M E S H O L M m o ss H O L M he ad H O L M fo rth Kir b
ye t H O L M H ippe r H O L ME D e n H O L M S t e e p H O L M an d F l at H O L M
HO U LMEs (n e ar R o u e n ) En g o H OMM E T u r H U L M (T o r H O LM)
S t ock H o u r Ho y H O L M BOI g H O L M B O I D H O LM
,

g lo S axo n )

Woo d HEA D
-

&c

is lan d I t assu m e s t he v ario u s fo rm s

& c A 1 G b ur th, E ran to n , EG ham , I G HT

an

EA G E, A EG E EI G ,
e ld, I G HT han & c

of

s o u r c e of a str e a m

t he

A
(

HEA F O D (A n glo S axo n )

Ho lm n EA D Le ath er HE AD
I

"

KE LL K ELD (Scan din avian ) a sp r in g

t h e gath erin g Of
water Within a hill s ide Whi c h th e n b u rsts o u t With a co n

KI L ham
s ide r able
KI L
s
f
o
r
s
st
o
g
stre
h
an
n
a
m
u
d
m
a
r
g
b o u r n K EL sal KI D ho pe K EL st e dg e KE L s ale KEL se y L at h
KI LL
G u n n e r K I L D bo tto m
H alli HEL D S al KELD
O e r KELL
KT ELD ER M oo rs KELDER v ik
,

LAD E (A n glo S axo n ) wa te r r u n n in g in to the

sea
a p a n fo r wate r a d r a in a p ool a g e n tle lake an
a rt ic ia l
wa te r co u rse R iv e r LY DE o r L Y T HE Ev e n LO D E
W est L O D E W hapL O D E S alte r s LO D E slu ice S O ham L O DE
B ur we ll L O DE R each L O D E S wa ham L O DE L e c h LA D E
LA D ,

LO DE

'

LA v s (P r o v in c ial ), la kes L AY, a la r g e p o n d Lo wEs t o ft, th e

e l d O f l akes 3 t he p r o v in cial fo rm is LA Y s t oft fo re st o f LO WEs,
Lo wEs by, & c
-

LA U G (Scan din av ian ), wa te r Bal

t o n , S kir LA U G H, VV in t e r s LAG, & c

LA U G H

Lam

p LU G H
-

L O CK m ee t in g of wa te r s ju n c t io n of r iv e rs
Wh e e LO C K W e n L O C K
,

LA U G H

Mat- L OC E,

L EC HA L ET C H
,

LEC KO N e ld, L E I G H
-

ll r iv e r
wo rt h

sm a
-

L E C K ham
-

p stead

L AT C H

fo rd

WAT ER

43

&c

R1 V ER,

L A GU LA C E L A C H E (A n glo S axo n ) wa ter a lake R iv e r

L AC M ortL AKE Sh o ck L A C H L AKEN he at h S hip LAKE B u rg has
L A C H D u r LA C H an d L A C E b y
-

M ERE (A n glo S axon ) a lake C om b er M ERE Win d e r M ERE

C ol M ERE M ER t o n S ay H o rn s e a M ER E Y o u n s M ERE R in g M ER
A v e s M ERE ; H aarle m M ERE A lk MAA R M O R t o n M AR t in
M IRE t he Scan din av ian fo rm M Y RI (O l d No rs k) s ign i e s a
G ris M I RE Lin g HIRE W r a M I RE S o ll I M I RE
m a rs h o r bo g
g
I n N o r way we n d R o ss e M YRE an d in I c e l an d S kal a M YRE
W e n d t he F ris ian fo r m M AR in M AR stran d Hi e l M AR
M AR stall W is M AR W O l MA R
-

M ER S C MA R S MA S (A n glo S axo n ) a m a rsh o r bOg MAR S

t o n m oo r M ER S ha m Raw M A R S H A l d e r MA s t o n
MERS T ham
M E AS ham MA R S H O s MA S t o n MA S ham T o r M A S t o n MAR S
den t he MA SH
P e rhap s t he riv e r M E AS E o r M E U S E is d e riv e d fro m t he s am e
roo t
,

t
EN D u t ch ;
G
e r m an
h
o
u th o f a r iv e r ;
D
e
m
M
U
Y
(
)
)
(
M O U TH (E n gl ish) Ro r e MUND W e l M EN D Witt MUN D War n e
M UNDE MUN D EN M U IDEN

MUND

OE

EU

an d in av ian )
Sc
(

an

A n gl e s EY G u e r n s EY A l d e rn
i
a
s
l
n
d
,
,
,
S he pp Ev , No r de r n Ev , \V OlV Ev , H ol m O H, Wragg O E, W ag
R0 m O E, Ho al O H, F ar O H, Lan g e r OO G, W an g e r OO G, C an tal
Ju r A , Is l A , S trat hs A Y

OE
EY ,

O RD, O RT (D u t ch) , a p o in t, the ju n c tio n

O R T, C alV O RDE, Fr e d e riks O RT
-

of

t wo

r iv e rs H av e l

A
n g lo S axo n , t he s ho r e ,
)
(
se a o r r iv e r ao r din g s afe
O RE b y, T o ln O RE, H O R dle

O RA
t he

to n ,

co a st b o r de r tho se p a rts o f
la n d in g plac es O R t o n H O R
,

T he Sc an di n av ian , E Y R , EY RI, A U R, O I , O RE , occu rs in ERI

b Oll, E R I sta, O RE s u n d, San d AREA, Ne t AR EA, Rab b it AR EA
-

O F ER, O FR A, O V ER (A n glo S axo n ), the s ho r e , b an k Littl e

O V ER, Mickl e O VER, O V ER l e igh, We n d O V ER, A n d OV ER ; O V ER
n n OV ER, O VER, n e ar C olo gn e , O FER , in t he n e i h b o u r
ss
l
H
a
e
,
y
g
hoo d o f t he El b e
-

44

ETY MO L O GY O F L O CAL N AM E S

PO T

an d in av i an
Sc
)
(
which co m p o s e its be d

fo r m e d by a r iv e r in the
L ade P O T B u ll P O T S p e ar P O T S

t he hole

P UDDLE

P IDDLE ,

t own ,

P I DDLE tr e n t
-

P O L,

P O LE,

r o cks

P I DDLE
A
n g lo S axo n , a
t
st
r
h
i
n
ea
m
(
)
hid e , R iv er B I D D EL, T o l P IDDLE, A ffP U DDLE
-

S axo n ) d eep sta n d in g water a

de t ache d o r e n clo s e d pie c e of wa te r a hav e n o r ha rb o u r P OO L
c r o ft he a P U L ham PEL ham Y e r PO LE P UL b o r o u gh P OO L e y
PO LEs wo rth P OO LE & c

(A n glo

P ELL

i
P
r
o
v
n cial
(
)

P INE

i
t
p
.

Wash fo r d P YNE
-

glo S axon ) a b o dy of sta n d in g wa ter a p u dd le

t o ex c av ate PU T N e y P U TTEN ham
c ister n ; fr o m PY T T A
PI T s fo r d P U D se y PI TN e y W ool P I T P I T S to n e , &c
A
n
(

PY T

EA

No r du

an din av ian
Sc
(
-

RA

a r in er

O x e RA
,

B ro

b
r
d
g
r
i
e d
i
v e r ),
(

RA

R E A (A n glo S axon ) RY
-

t o n , R YE

R U N (A n g lo S axon ) a str e am

gate

wa te r co u r se
-

ham

R UN t o n ,
-

R UN

R A C K (Sc an din av ian ) a trac e str a it c ha n n e l

S ky R A CK &c t he R A C E S kag e RA C K
,

am

RA C K

S O L A (O l d High G erm
S AL Z A S AA LE

an

wate r

r iv e r B ag o s S O LA (B U G )
-

S LO H, S LA EW (A n g lo S axon ),
s ev e ral p l ac e s in E n gl an d
-

a s lo u g h S L OU G H th e n am e O f
.

S LA E D , S L ADE (A n g lo S axo n ), we t g r o u n d, lo w m
Lin S L ADE, S LA I thwait e S LE D dale , S L O TE N
-

g r ou n d

arshy

SPO U T (Scan din av ian ) a wa te rfa ll C A U T

fo rth S P OU T S PY T EN v an d (in N o rway) SPO U T

le y,

SP O U T Gale
,

ST RIND S T RU ND (Sc an din avian ) t he be a ch sea co as t The

ST R AND Whitb y S TRAN D Fla d S T RUND Nord S T R AN D Es S TR AN D
,

&c

S IKE (S can din avian ) a wa te r co u rse

S YKE

dra in F uJ srcn , M eer

-

WA T ER RIVER
,

&c

45

ST AN G (Scan di n av ian ) a p ool M e lle rS TANG G ar S TANG & c

ST R O M (Scan din av ian ) a stre am S TR OM S a ST R O M S 0 e ST R O M
,

ne

ss ST R AUM S

S TR OM S holm
-

an

S T RO MMER, a cha n n e l Which

fro m t he I s le Of A m ak

d Mael

ST R O M
t he

s e parat e s

Is l e

Of

S iae lan d

glo S axon ) a ru sh t o rren t

A
n
(

S A EF , S I V

riv e r

T he

S HEA R,

S WA V ES e y, & c
-

S axon ) S EE (G e rm an ) the sea

ham S EAt o n S EAfo rth H orn S EA W hitt l e S EA
Esru m S EE G ru n e r S EE an d M o ss S EE
A
(

S EA

glo

lake S EA
3 Lan g S EE

&c

Sc an di n avian S O E (se a) occu r s

So n de rS O F & c
The

MOT

in

S O B,

MOS

S OB,

S KELL (Sc an di n av ian ) a we ll

S KELL e ft e a S KELDER V ik S KEL t o n
,

sp

an

tho rp e

&c

r in g S KEL m

S UND (Sc an din av ian ) s ep a r a te d a cha n n e l a str a it S UN D ER

lan d t he S O UND H elle S UND S t r al S UN D & c
,

TJO RN, T ERN, TA RN (Sc an di n av ian ), a s m a ll lake L o u gh rigg

TARN, Flat T A RN, Fl o u T ERN T A RN (fro m FL0 1 , Scan din av ian , a
A n gl e TA RN, B e aco n TA RN, TJO RN (an is l an d O ff
bo g , m a rs h,
t he co ast Of S we d e n ), H olm s JO N, Mars JO N, Flas JO N
-

VA T N V A T VAND (Scan din av ian ) wa te r a lake A pa V ATN

My V AT N S an ds VATN Bjo rk V ATN e t RyS V A ND O ll e V AT (a
l ake in t he H e b ride s) VATN dal e WATEN D l ath (in C u m b e rlan d )
S t e apa VAT & c
,

So m etim e s VAN D is chan ge d in t o WA TER as in H elga WA T ER

(a l ake in S he tlan d) U ll s W ATER G at e s W ATER B ro ad WA T ER
O u d e WA T ER WATER v l ie t (Ne the r l an d s) V ar a B O T (Fr an c e )
-

um
S
(

B u rra V O E
U sk V A C H
Flad V AGH
VAA G 0 e n
I C,

in

G ro e s VAG H
H am n a V O E harb ou r bay
S e lia V O E he rrin g bay
,

V AAG
en ,

(Sc an di n av ian ) a bay ha rb o u r

b r o u gh )
Sol W AY

OE

VAAG V
CR

&c

I K,

WI C K (Scan din avian ) a s m a ll

,

bay, har b o u r,

lan din g

E T YM O L O GY O F L OC A L NAM E S

46

to wn o n t he se a co a st m o u th of a r iv er Br u n S W I C K
S chle S WI G L au r VI G S t e e n V I G
Le m V I C W e st o n VI K B r a
V IKEN W O Ol W I C H G r e e n WIC H Har W I C H I ps WI C H D ib I C C u
I C an d G r e e n 0 0

pl a c e

WA TH WA DE (Sc an d in av ian ) a fo r d WATH u po n D e arn e

Win de r W AT H W A D Es m il ls W A D s le y W A Y T HE B iggl e s WA D E
San d s V A TH WA I TH E
,

WA SH (Scan din av ian ) an a r m of t he

W A SH Ship WA SH V I s by WA SH e ld
,

an

riv e r fo r d

sea, a

d V V A S d ale

T he

WELL (A n glo S axo n ) a sp r in g B o th W ELL W Y La m WEL

t o n W I L lan d, V V ae de n sch W YL Walc h W Y L W Y L au Ho f W Y L
-

&c

WA SS E R (G e rm an ) WAE S (A n glo S axo n ) wa te r WA S S ER

b u rg WA S S ER t r u din g e n W A RS t e n WAE S l an d WA T ER l oo
VV
EA S EN ha m WA S S EN b u r y & c
w
at e r m e ad o w
)
(
-

W A C (A n glo S axo n ) s oft m a rs hy g r o u n d ; W A X (Sc an din av ian )

WA C t o n WA X holm e WAX h ol m WAX ham W HA X grov e
-

&c

WA EL WH EEL (Pr o vin cial ) a whi r lp oo l W H EEL

WEEL e y WH EEL t o n & c

do n ,

WEEL

W O R TH (A n glo S axo n ) an is la n d fo r m e d by a r ice r a c a n a l

b e twe e n t he t wo br an c he s o f a r iv er a fa r m T e b W O RT H H e m s
W O R TH T ets W O R TH Nails W O R TH Rush W O R TH T il W O R TH C lo s
W O R TH W id W O R TH Y T at W O RT H C hil W O RT H Y Dodge WAA R T
B ol s WA AR D H ol tW I ERDE an d S cho e n e n W ERT H
-

W Y C HEN (A n glo S axo n ) sp r in g s ; W Y C H (P r o v in c ial ) a s a lt

\VI C H e n
M idd le \VIC H Nan l W I C H an d
sp r in g W HI X le y
Ford W I C H
-

47

(B) N AMES

OF

MOU N T A I N S HI LLS
,

B A C BEA C (A n g lo S axon ) a r idg e o r

woo dy m o u n tain a n asc e n t o r d es c e n t
,

(G o thi c ) a
,

B U HEL PU HEL B U H L (G e rm
,

&c

back; BA C

an

hill,

s in g g r o u n d

ri

"

B A I C H (Old En g l ish) a l a n g u et of lan d S addl e B A C K

B A C t o n BA C ON S e ld H og s RA C K B ain t o n B EA C O N I n k p en
B EA CO N & c

C ae sar m ak e s m e n tion Of a S ylv a BA C EN is whi c h sep arate d t he

C h e ru s ci from t he S u ev i 3 an d P to l e m y s pe aks o f a Me l i B O C O s
in t he n o rth o f G e rm an y
Th er e is st ill a M e li B O C u s in th e
s ou th O f G e rm an y
-

Ge rm an fo rm (B U H L PU HEL
occu rs in
E iche n B U HL t he o ak r idg e ;
R o ss B U H L t he ho rs e s ridg e
D un ke l s B U H L t he r idg e o f
Lust
B U H L t h e hill Of p l e asu r e
t he m o un t ain s prin g s 3
T he

B RE G BEO RG BERO H (A n glo S axon ) a m o u n t a in a hill a he ap

of sto n e s o r e a r th
B ER G P ERE G (H igh G e r m an ) BA I RGS (G o thi c )
B I ERG BJ O RG BO R G (Sc an din av ian ) Ha BERG ham c av es W a
BER thwait e W i BERG t hwait e (hol y m o u n ta in path) Le g BER
t hwaite (law m o u n ta in path) B r own BERGhill Lan g B A U RG H
B ARR O W an d B ARF occu r fre q u e n tly in t he n o rt h o f En g lan d
The y ar e pr o b abl y o n l y s l ightl y alt e r e d fo r m s o f B ER G U n d e r
B A RR O W sca r H igh BARR O W ridg e & c 3 G l e e BAR F BAR E n e ar
(B a s e n thwait e ) & c
Th e G e rm an B ER G is fo un d in
-

B ER G B ERG e n t he m o u n ta in
r e gi o n 3
B ER G E dorf t he hilly city ;
B ERG he im t he hilly ho m e 3
A d els RERG t he n o b l e s hill
A r n S DER G t he e ag l e s hill ;

A l t e n BER C , t he an cien t hill ;

A s P ER G, t he ash hill 3
H e id e l BERG, t he he ath hill ;
K o n ig s B ERG, t he K in g s hill 3
Mi tte l GEB I RGE, m i d dle ra n g e

T he

BO RG

S can din av ian fo rm B O R G app ears

lo h, t he hilly dwe llin g

b y t he wat e r ;
B O RG h o lm , t he hilly islan d 3
-

in

B ORd hOlz haus e n , th e

wo o d e d dwellin g 3
&c
-

hilly

ETY MO L O GY

48

L O C A L N AME S

OE

B RE A K (S can din avian ) t he s lop e of a m o u n ta in t he hollo w in

a hill Me l RREA E, C al BREAK LO V BREKKE S kar ds BREKKE
S an d BREKKE & c
,

C AL F (Sc an d in avian ) , a sm a ll e r m o u n ta in n e a r a la rg e r o n e
I t is als o app li e d t o is l an d s C ALVA , C AL F, KAL VA b e rg (t he
"C A E
C AL V ER peak, & c
L
Of
.

C A R (A n glo
t h e C ARR S

S ax o n ) a r ock

in

C AR Ru gh C A R G ol C A R
-

C AM

Sc
a
n din avian
a
(
)
,

su m m

C AM fe ll C ache de C AM

it, t op

&c

C LI F E, C LI P, C LI FFE, C LEE, C L O U, C L O UG H (A n g lo S axo n ) , a

r o ch C LE V E , O l d C LEE VE h ill, C LE V E lan d , C L A VER do n , C LEVE
do n , C L A VER le y, C LIFFE S b y, C L I P st o n e , C L O P hill , K L O Pstock,
C L O P t o n C L O P ham , C LI FF E C LIFF t o n , T o pC L I FF E , S ho rn e
CL I FFE , S wil lo wC LI ET C L I FF E e n d 3 C LEEtho rpes , OLE han g e r,
C LEE hill s, C LEE b arf, C LEEVE R, C L AW t on , C LE O bu r y, C L O UG H
t o n Bu c CL E UG H, C LE VE S, KL O PP EN b u rg
-

P
r
o
v
i
n cial
)
(

C LU Mr

T em

p l e CL OUD

he ap

C hario t

H eav er C L UM P

C LU ALP,

glo S axon ) a pi e c e of r ock Pe n ket C LO U D

C L OUD e n d C LENT hill C L IN t o n

C LEN T (A n

C LU D ,

S axo n ) risin g g ro u n d a sm a ll r o u n d hil l Falk

lan d K N O LL B r e n tKN O LL May s KN O LL KN O W L b u ry Win dy
KN O WL
C NO L

A
n glo
(

S ax on ) a t op su m m it M old C O P Wyle
CO P W ar C OP Schn e e K O PP E (sn ow t O p)

C OP

MOW

g
lo
A
n
(

C O P,

a m o u n t a in with
Sc
an din av ian
)
(
H art s Op D O D D Ski d daw D O DD

D O DD

r o u n d e d su m

it

D UN , D O N, D O W N A n g lo S ax on ), a hill, so m e tim e s app li e d to

d we ll in g p laces o n hil ls T he D O WN S, D O WNE , D O W t o n , L e igh
D O WN , H un t in g D O N, Ham D O N S n o w D O N, D U N fe ll D U N m all e t,
D O WN h olm , D O W N h e ad, D U N S by, D U N s core , D U N S fol d, D UN
-

stan

ED G E (A NglO S ax on EC G ) hig h m oor l a n ds the s ha rp r idg e

n d
w
i
r r e ll EDGE S t r at ho n EDGE
a
o
t
a
E
D
GE
h
L
a
ill
S
i
m
un
n
of
EGGE
-

M O U NT AIN S H ILL S
,

&c

49

(Scan din av ian ) a r o ck hill m o u n ta in cha in

D OV I e FJELD H ar dan g e r FJELD (the m ou n tain s o f hun g e r an d
p o v e rty) R u te F I ELLE F A L ais e O x e n EELL H art F ELL Shap
FELL BO W FELL C am p s ie F ELL S S n ae FELL Mickl e F ELL
F EL L , FJELD

G ARE G O RE , G O R (A n glo S axo n ), a

a n ar r o w s l ip of g r o u n d , g e n e r ally
G O RE, t he G O RE, H av en G O RE m arsh
-

tr ia n g u la r p ie ce ofg r o u nd
dir ty o r m arshy Water

HA (Sc an d in avian ) hig h HA wick HA warde n HA wo rth

HEA le y HEA l au gh HEA t o n HEY do n HEY th o rpe HEY sho t
P ool cr o ft HEA Hir n e HA
-

H AMMER (Sc an din av ian ) a r och HA M MER s car HAMMER

St or HAMM ER Lill e HAMME R
e n d H AMM ER fest HA MM ER s t e in
-

H AR T H A RD (G o thi c)
t he HA RD T m o un t ain s
,

hig h HAR DER wyk,

HA RDEN b ur g

HA W Es HA W (Sc an din av ian ) a r o ck an o b lo n g m o u n ta in a

Esk H AW S B u tt e rm e r e H AW S HAW S wat e r
r
o
s
e
c
t
p p
,

We

No rwe gian fo rm

n d A A S (pr o n ou n c e d A WS ), t he
A A S v an d, & c

in A A S

fje ld
HAUG H H O UG Ho w H O H OO H OV H O E H O Y &c
B o th
i
u
h
m
u
t
Sc
an din av ian )
a
h
ll
se
lc
r
a
l
o
n
d
r
o
m
o
n
o
r
p
p
y
(
well HAUG H H AUG Ham HAUG H t o n H AUG H 1 e y HAUG H m o n d
hill 3 A l d e rs H A U G H H O C H t o n Bar HAUG H H OU G H t o n le sprin g
G r e e n OU G H Be r e H O UGH HEW b y Ke w (KayH O UG H Kay
H O W E ) 3 t he HA UG H HAI G H t o n Sc al e HO W H u n dHO W R e d Ho w
Grim es H OO t he HO O HA U X le y HA K le y H O X ay (t he isl e Of
t he p r o m o n t o r y) B A U G S e id (t he isthm u s O f t he hilloc k) HAU X
t o n & c 3 L oo s e H0 0
I v in g H O E S t apl O E B O Y l an d A l st a
H AUG La H O GU E Jord H E U E La HOU N e HO U C ape H OC HE V E
H O GU E S d I sign y H O GU ES de Bau cy H O Y a Ho v hOlm
-

H AU S (O l d N o rsk)
H U S A fe ll & c

t op ,

su m m

it

H e rd H OU S E

Lad H O U S E,

HA G (A n glo S axon ) a hee l East an d We st HAN G H AN G LE

t o n HA NKE l o w
H OO K H AW K H A C K an d H O C H hav e a s im il ar sign i catio n
HA CE b

h
H
A
C
KER
sall
HA
C
K
f
o
r
HA
C
K
t
o
r
HA
C
K
n
e
d
n e ss
y
H A C K do n H O C kli e & c 3 HAW K m oo r H OO K H OO KER t o n
H OO K m o r to n HA C K st e d HA CK lo w
N

'

E T YM O LO GY

50

L O C A L N AM E S

OF

HO H E HO CH (G erm an ) he ig ht hig h H O HE ge is s HOH EN

ste in H O HEN lin d e n H O HEN as p er g & c 3 H O C H h e im H OC H
kir ch H O C H wald & c 3 Hoo e v e e n H OO G m eid e
,

HEI G H HI G H (A n glo S axo n ) e le v a ted HE I G H am

HEI G H to n H I G H b ray HI G H le y H I G H week &c
-

HEI G H ley
-

B EA F O RD (A n glo S axo n ) , he ad t op, upper HEAD lam

le y, HEAD wo rth, B E D d0 11 , HED ho pe , HEED le y
-

HE A N (A n glo S axo n )
H ENT lan d HAU N t o n
-

hig h H EAN

HE AD

HEAN woo d HAIN T O N

or ,

H O P E O P O PE (Scan din av ian ) t he s id e of a hill a she lter e d

spo t o n t he sid e of a hill HOP to wn Harts O P Harr O P Woo l
H O P E O x en HOP E
,

HOB (Scan din av ian ) a r is in g em in e n ce ; HE AP (En glish )

HOR lin ch H O B kn ap 3 HEAP HEAP e y HE AR ha m & c
,

H UL HYL (A n glo S axon ) a m o u n tain e le v a tio n in g e n er a l

Tin tin H U LL S oli H ULL Mab H U LL HI E t o n HI L bu r y HI L
gay
HI LL am HI L L ER S do n HI L
pe r t o n an d HI LL s id e
-

HO FV ED H O VED (Scan din avian ) a he ad p ro m o n to ry

,

Sko v H O VED woo d

-

HEA D
& c , in
.

he ad ;

Vor ms

HO FV

when it occu rs in t he n am e s o f
En g l an d is o f Scan din av ian o rigin

ED

wo rm s head

cap es p r om on t ories

H O RN H U RNE H Y RNE HERNE (A n g lo S axo n ) an a n g le o r

c or n e r la n d p r oj ectin g in t o t he se a o r rice r a pe ak H I RNE ha
C ol d I RNE G u y HI RNE H O RN cas tl e H O RN sea H O RN um S to r
H O RN B r e it H O RN T e n fe ls H O RN Wil d H O RN an d Bin d er H O RN
,

KN O T (Scan din av ian ) a r o u nd he ap Hard KN O T Scald KN O T

Sc h oo l KN O T Whim bu ry KN O T S KNO T S lo w
-

K NAR R (A n glo S ax o n ) r is in g g rou n d

KN AP & c
,

Miste r t o n
-

KNAP H o b
,

Scan d in av ian fo rm
KN I F E s car KNI PEN b e lg

KN AR

&c 3

t he
-

o c cu rs

in KNaB

80ar ,

th e K N AB

51

&c

WATER RI VER

LO W LE W E LO E LA W (A n glo S axo n ) a sm a ll ro u n d hill

B r o ad L O W Had LO W T ax Lo w Mar Lo w Win s LO W Hal LO W
D oll e r LAW Bu g LAW t o n Hag L O E LEV (Scan di n avian ) O rm s
LEV an d O rs L O V
LO PP E HLY PE (A n glo S axon ) an u n e v e n p lace a l e ap Hin d
LI P LO P ha m Lax LEI P H o n s LI P b u r n D e e r LEE P hill & c
LY NC H LIN K (A n g lo S ax on ) p lo ug he d g r o un d o n t he sid e of
a hill hig h g r o u n d S t ock L IN C H M oor L Y N C H & c
L O FT (Scan din av ian ) a m o u n d C ar l L O PT S LO P st a LO PT A
b an m ar LO F T hou s e LO FTS 0 m e & c
LA D (Scan din av ian ) a p il e o r he ap Lo st LAD L AD c r agg
KL IN T (Scan din av ian ) se a r o chs S po e l KL I NT S te v e n s KLI N TE
S t e yn s KL INT
M O R M O O R (A n glo S ax o n ) a co m m on hig hla n ds co v e red with
he a th ; MO O R (En g lis h) No rt MOO R Backe M O O R MO B pe t h
NA P (A n g lo S axon ) a hill p e ah po in t t op of a hill ; NEB
Sc
an d in av i an N A P t o n O n t he hill NA P F arm
N
EP to n NEP
(
)
co te W hin n e y NEB W hite NA B C o n m e r NA B t he NA B S NA B S
B u ts
N ESS NAZ E N O S E (Scan din av ian ) dam p hu m id la n d str e tch
in g o u t in t o t he se a a p r o m o n t o r y a pr oje c t in g po rtio n of la n d
Lo we sto ft
NE S S Fo ul NE SS D un ge NE SS Shee r NE SS Skeg NES S
S tr o m NE S S B o w NES S Scar NE S S Fu r NE S S S keg NAS S an d
NO Es t he NA Z E
I n F ran c e N ES S tak e s t h e fo rm O f NEz
P I KE P EAK P I G (Sc an din av ian ) a p o in t Ki d sty P I KE
D u ft o n P I KE S Mu r t o n P IKE S t he P EAK PI Gdo n Kn ock P I K E S
P I C K m e re Joll y Wagg on P I KE PI KE law We st P I KE
R I GG (Sc an din avian ) a ridg e a n o b lo n g hill ; HRI C G (A n glo
S axo n ) a b ack
Lo u gh R I GGfe ll
Lo n g R I GG lo n g ridg e ;
A s k R I G G ash ridg e
Ewan R I GG ye w ri dg e
Lat RI GG t he d we llin g o n t he ridg e
T he G e rm an fo rm R U C K occu rs in
Zie g e n R U C K t he ki d s ridg e ;
H un d R U C K th e h o un d s ridg e
-

'

R I S E (A n glo S axon ) RAI S E (Scan din av ian ) a m o u n d hill t op

a hig h woo d
gill R I S E
&c C lap ham R I S E, RI S E
I cy RA I S E
holm R I S E b ro u gh
-

E T YM O L O G Y O F L O C A L NA M E S

52

S C AR S CA R TH S C A RF S C OR S C REE S KRI D (Scan din avian ) a

r o ck s ha rp s t e ep o r p re c ipit o u s S C AR b o r o u gh S C AR o v ert o n
B lack H o pe S C A R S S CAR S dal e Ul S KER S KERR Y Ul SC A R TH
Gate S C ART H Bal d e r S C A R TH S CAR F gap t he S CREE S S C REE Sca r
S O RAE S K A R a S kie l S KI O R S KA A u p S KIER um S t e n b id s
S K AA R S C AR st ad S C AR ild S KA t un g e Ein er S KER S v ar t S KER
C H ER b o u rg Ev ar S K A RD H aka S C A RD S KA RV EN Fje ld Maastje r n
SK A RV S K ARD S KE ID Re f S KRI D S KRI D S h o l S C A RT HI N clis
S C O B bu r gh S C O R t o n
,

n e ss
S C UG (Scan din avian ) a de c liv ity S C U G G ER S KU G G S KEC
.

S T Y (S can din avian ),

h ead, A n sT Y, Hu bb er
~

a s c en din g

an

ST EE

S T Y,

T h e A n glo S axon fo r m s ar e
ST EEL, H igh ST ILE, L on g S T ILE,
-

Th e

G erm an ST EI G a
ST I G ER wal d
,

Kid S TY p ike

p a th

ST Y

ST EELE S T EI G LE ST E GE Ham
ST ILE STEEL F e ll
,

o ccur s
t
a
h
p

in A lten S TE I G,

STE G E

S T EA P (A n g l o

S axon ) steep S TEE P h olm S T OU P E b r ow STEE P

-

SHELF S KELF (A n glo S ax o n an d Scan din av ian ) a c r ag r ock

steep plac es S HE L F an ger SH EL do n T ib S H ELF S EL F st o n es
-

RaS E ELEE, & c

ST A C K STA KE ST I C KLE (Sc an din avian ) a r o clc p e a k

S T A W KERS ST A C K Hay S T A C K S t he STA KE Harr is o n ST ICKLE
Pike O S T I C KLE ST ICKLE sta d & c
,

ST ER T (A n glo S ax on ) a t a il
-

S TART

p o in t S TERT islan d & c

-

ST O NE S (Pro vin cial ) hills heig hts B lake

S T O NEs D an e H e ad ST O NE S & c
,

T O P (A n glo S a o n ) , he a d, su m m
L ewis T O P, Po n T O P P ik e, T I R t o n , T O P

it T O P

lo w S T O NE S,

Ox

c r o ft

'

cli e ,

T O P S ham
-

&c

Sc
a
a
ro
m o n t or y
h
e
ad
l
a
n d applie d t o
i
n av ian
nd
p
)
(
M iddle T O N GU E
an d m o u n ta i ns T O NGE with Hau lgh
r o cks
T O NG fe ll T U NGE o r d S ka T U N G E TANG e ld T U NG N fe ll
T U N GA

WE A LD WAL D W O LD WE AL T W O U LD WILD WEL T (A n glo

Saxo n ) a fo r e st a hig h wo od lan d d istric t T he WEA LD S o f K e n t
t he W O L D S o f Y o rkshire M o n c t o n W EALD G le n W HELT WAL T
,

VA LLE Y S PL A IN S W OO D S & c
,

53

C o ts W O LD WO L D br ow WA LD an WALD b ach W ALD b u rg

WA LD eck WA I T b y WAL D he im WALD kir c h WAL D see, O st
W O LDE W O LD an d WO UDE
ham

WIN C H WINK (Sc an di n av ian ) a co rn e r W I N C H co m b e

WI NK e ld WINK l e igh WIN C H EL sea F I NKLE b ri dge WINKEL
s e th R o se WINKEL Ruh W INKEL & c
-

WA RN W HA RN (A n glo S ax o n ) s t eep W HA RN sid e W HA RN

cliffe W HA R N ham
-

Y O KE

Sc
a
an din av ian
)
(
,

(C) NA MES
A

CRE

cha in

hill,

YO

KE thwait e
-

Y O KE

O F V ALLEY S, PLA I NS , W OO D S, & c

KER (A n glo S axon ) a e ld W est A C RE Kin t A KER

-

B E AB O B ERN (A n glo S axon ) afr u itfu l p ro du ctiv e woo d

fro m B ER AN t o yie ld BA R B UR a b o we r kn oll B Y RA S
B r o wn BER hiil B ra m B ER T o d
woo d s p lo ts of woo dy g r o u n d
B ERE G re e n BER e ld B U R t o n an dBA R t o n She b B EARE (She e p
woo d) Ken tis B EA R E B EER (n e ar S eat o n ) B I ER l o w Bau m B ER
tr
B
EAR
st
B
E
A
R
le
y
B
ER
B
U
R
e e woo d
e ad B E A R S t o n
d
o
n
)
(
co m b e B U R lan d B UR Sle m B U R st all B U R m arsh B U R wash
B AR fo r d an d B AR we ll
BA R ham
B EA R W ,

B E ARNE (Pr o vin cial) a woo d

B ARN ham BAR N b r o u gh & c
,

BAR N b y B A RN
-

e y,

BAR N well
-

B I T (A n glo S axo n ) a p a stu re C o w B I T Ne s B I T & c

B U S B U SH (A n gloS axon ) a sm a ll wo o d B U S C H (Ge rm an )
B O S C (Sc an din av ian ) B US H e y B O S ham
BU S by
B U S co t
B U SH b u r y B U SS o f Ne wham B o ss o f W e r die 3 C o l B O S C Mille
B O S C Rom B OS C B O S C H EN rie d an d D icke B U S C H
-

"

B EN T (Pr o vin cial) a p la in fi ld a co m m o ru B ENT ham B ENT

le y Hay t o n s B EN T B ENT hall B ENT wo rt h C h o w BENT &c
,

E TYM O L O GY O F L O C A L N AME S

54

B O T M (A n glo S axo n ) B O TT O M (En glish ) a d a l e Gu n n e r kild

B O TT O M H o u n de n e BO T T O M S hu fe B O TT OM (S haw e ld b o tto m )
O wl er B O TT OM an d B ro o k B O TT O M
-

C A R (A n g l o

S axon )

C H IN , C H IN E, (A n g lo
Cro w C H INE , & c
-

p l a in

C A R ham
-

S axo n ) a cl eft
,

C AR st air s
-

ho llo w C HI

le y -chu rn ,

C U P (A n g lo

S axo n ) a
,

ho llo w B u

C UP C UB

le y, & c

S
can d
W
e y C R O FT
i
n avian ) a sm a ll fie l d C RAW t o n
(
C R O FT F arm S an d e r C R O F T H av e r C R O FT G R O F t o n C OX C R O FT
I n F r an c e t h e s am e r oo t is fo u n d u n d er t he
an d W iv e ls C R O F T
fo r m C R O TT E S
C R O FT

C O M B (A n glo S axo n ) , a v a lle y o r lo wp iec e of g r o u n d, a space

b e twee n two hills C O MBE , B r an s CO MB E, Bo r CO MB E, C lo C O MB E,
G at C O M B E, Ste d CO MB E , C O MP t o n
-

m
LA
t
Sc
a
fr
o
D
A
an din avian
v a ll ey
o d ep ress ; T HA L
)
(
)
(
LL D AL woo d D in g l e y
G
DALE
DE
K
e n D A L A r un
e r m an Sc ar
)
(
DELL C O D A LE, G ris D ALE U l DALE D U L wich D U L V e r to n
S chOn T HAL Re in THA L D us s e l T H AL D AL he m D AL S l an d D A L
b y e D AL h e im D AL riv e r & c 3 D an e T A L D ar n e T A L D ELLE du
Bo g D ELLE du F o ss e

AL

D E NU, D EN, D EA N (A n glo S axo n ) , a wood,

Taun t o n D E A N F o rest o f
a
t
r
a
ll
llo
a
v
i
n
e
a
w
s
u
e
v
e
h
o
r
,
, g
,
,
y,
p
D E A N, D e b D EN, C o b D EN , H am m er DEN, B alS DEAN , O DEA N,
D ib D EN D EN by D EN high, & c
D

EO NU ,

I O NU ,

F IEL D , F ELD (A n glo S axo n ) , d et a c he d

a n op e n he ig ht, a pl a in H e ath F I EL D ,
FI ELD , Lan g FIELD , & c
-

loc a lit ies pa rt ly ope n

S p rin g F I ELD N e it h e r

G erm an fo rm F ELD occu rs in FELD b e rg FELD kirc h

A lte n F ELD 3 Lic h ter V ELD E jBasse
Lin g e n F ELD H u m e FEL D
VELDE & c
T he

F O LD , F O L, FAL D (S can din av ian ),

s heep, &c N e ttl e F O RD , O X F O LD,
F O L D, Frith F O LD , D U N S F O L D, & c

la n d d istr ic t e n closu re fo r
Had F O LD Ex F O LD A s h

G A P (S can d in avian ), an
Whin latte r GAP, Y A P t on

betwee n hills Rais e G AP,

Op n in g

VAL LE Y S P L AIN S W OO D S &c

,

sm all woo d a g ro ve NO b o ttle

G RAF to n C o t GRA VE Re d G R AVE

GR AFE (A n g l o S axon ) , a
G R OVE, BO G R OV E, By GRAVE,
an d C hal G R O VE
-

55

HA G HAY HED G E ED G E (A n glo S axo n ) a lim it b o u n dary

fe n ce an y e n clo su re a sin g le e ld a p lo t of g r o u n d fen ce d in
a n d su rr ou n d e d by an he dg e ; HAGA Sc an din av ian
H
A G G o thi c
)
(
)
(
e nclo s e d p astu rag e a c u ltiv a te d copse o r woo d lan d HAG b o rn e
HAG le y HA G l o e HED G ER ley HAY do n HAY dock HAY We st
HA Y C u t HAY E S W il HA Y C hil d HAY ES HAY t o n HAY ES C om b
HA Y HA G
a HAG EN t h e H AGU E H AG EN au D o r ls HAG EN Falke n
HAG EN
,

H A N G ER HA NG RA A NG ER (A n glo S axon ) a m e a dow n e ar a

wo o d su rr o u n d e d by a fu r r ow Fisher t o n ANG ER C lay H AN G ER ,
A NG ER to n C le HA N G ER O ke HANGER m er e
-

HA T HA D HE A TH (A n glo S axo n ) HEA TH fie ld ; HEI D E

R le igh
G
HAT
A
TH
E
HAT
ch e
E e rn
H
e rm an ) HAT e ld
(
HA T HER O p HAT t o n
HED EN ham
HAD le y H ETHE R set
HET HERS gill HET to n 3 HI DE HAD DEN ham HA D do n HAD
le igh HA D JOW HA D n all e as e HA D st o ck PO O k H Y DE H O A TH
b e rg HEI DEN he im HE ID E
le y HE I D EL
-

H AY NE a cle are d spo t fe nce d in is perh ap s con n ec te d wit h t he

G e rm an HA IN sm a ll g r o v e woo d tho u g h it is g e n e r ally co n
O f HAG
HA Y & c W il H A YNE Ho o b e r
side r e d an o the r fo rm
H AY NE G o wn HAYNE D own H AY NE Blan ken H AY N Balken
HAYN Bur g HAU an d HA I N aul t
,

HE S E HY S E (A n glo S axon ) a g r ov e wilde rn e ss HE S wall,

HES to n HES le y Hur st HEss ay H I S to n H I S ke t HA S co m be,
HA S e ld HA S E le y HAS gu ard HA S lan d an d HAY E
-

-.

H O L T H O T H O D (A n gl o S axo n ) a wo od copse ; H O LZ
The H O L TS S ars H O LT HO D D ES do n H O TS
pur Bo o H O L T
p
Bo i ch H O L T H O LZ m in d ed H O LT lan d H O L T r ap T e r HOU LD E
,

HUN T (A n glo S ax on ) a chas e F OK H UNT

-

C hes

HU NT

H UR ST HER ST H ES T ES T (A n glo S ax o n ) H O RS T (Ge rm an ) ,

HRI OS T R (O ld N o rsk) wo ods whic h produ ce fo dde r for ca tt le a
,

E T YM O L O GY O F LO CAL N A ME S

56
e

a clu m p of fo rest tr ee s which hav e n o t atta ine d the ir

fu ll g r owth o r t o m a sses of stan din g co rn Ew HU R S T Pe n s
H UR ST A sH UR ST W ad HU R ST Sell HUR ST EX HU R S T H U R ST le y
W O R ST le y FI D ES T Ma d e H U R ST H UR ST HO Rs m ar Baren
H O R ST
I NG (A n g lo S axo n ) a m e a d o w ING b ir c h wo rth INGER t h o rp e
I NG OC Read I NG Bar k I NC M art ins I NC
I N G LE b y I N C ham
Ea r l s I NG Le e
t hicke t,

"

LEA G H, LA H, LEH, LAY, LEA, LE Y, L EI G H (A n g lo S axo n ),

a m ead o w, e l d, thicke t, a woo d lan d d ist ric t, en clo s u r e , pla c e
fav o u r a b l e t o gr o wth of g r ass ; LO H (G er m an ) LO , L OO (Du tch)
Had LEI GH, Ho r LEI G H, H OO LE I GH, Pash LEI G H, MO T LEI G H, B in g
LE Y, L EI G H to n , Wark LEI G H, LAY ste r s, LEI G H do wn 3 V e n LO,
Wate r L O O, Kafe r L OH, an d S ape l L O H
-

LEA S E L AE S (A n glo S axo n )

ham O x e n LE AS E C o w LEA Z E
,

p astu r e

lan d

LE WES LE WE S
,

L E B EN (G e r m an )

e
w
r
o
d
cl
ar
e
d
o
o
d
u
n
of
g

A ls

LEBEN

L IN G (A n g lG S ax on ) he ath A sh L I NG Bir LIN G

LU M (P r o vin cial ) a wo od e n v a lle y L UM le y Bur s
-

L UND (Scan din av ian ) a woo d fo re s t L U D

L A U ditch LAU N t o n H off L UND H an gin g L U ND
,

EST O N

e st- H

te r to n

e ad o w Ho t
.

a fo rest

S ax o n ),

LA U ND b oo th ,

MEAD , MAD le y,
-

MA E S T ENE (A n gI G
VV

LEM

M AED ME AD (A n gloS axon ) a

M A DE le y MET H wol d Bass M E AD
-

A s ch e r s

S e l MES T O N
a
k
r
o
v
e
o
g
of
-

ME A RC (A n glo S axo n ) a woo d lan d d istr ic t m e a d o wla n d ; MO R K

i
n coln an d So m ers e t
d
Sc
a
d
M
ER
C
I
A
M
A
RK
L
w
n
a
v
i
an
a
o
o
in
(
)
(
)
MA R K ham M A RK by MA R K S hall
P EE CE P A CCE (A n glo S axo n ) d ir ty wa ter y l a n d PASH le y
P A T C H am P A T C H way PAX t o n PA S t o n PA X fo rd
P L A S in P L A S ket P L AS S e y PLAX t o l has a s im ilar sign i ca
t io n
PLU MB E (A n glo S ax o n ) a wo od y p l a ce PL UM le y P L UMP
-

t o n,

PL UM s t ead
-

V ALLE Y S P LAIN S W OO D S
PA E TH

n glo
A
(

S axo n ) a way

P E TH (m oo r p a th) PA D
R AKE (Pr o v in cial) a
-

e ld, PA D

th e n t ra nce r o ad M o r
wo rt h PAD b ur y P A T E ly
pa

in e Lan d

57

&c

RAKE

RAY NE (P ro v in c ial) l im it b o u n d R AI N hill R AI N ha m

-

to

RAI TH (Scan din av ian ) a cl e ar p lace a n op en e ld ;

cle a r a wa y REI T H by RAI TH b y R ATE m ill

B I O T HR ,

R YD E

n g lis h
n d cl e a re d
R
O
DE
R
O
D
R
O
Y
D
E
l
a
(
)
)
RU T HY N RU T la n d
Mar t in R O Y D HOl R O Y D
or g r a bbe d up
H un t B O Y D O rm e B O D A ck R O YD We rn i G ER O DE Blbin G ER O DE
RO D ach M o un t R U T I R U TH I O s te R O DE

RO DE (G erm

an

S CO W S C AW S K O V SHAW SH O E (Sc an din av ian ) a

S C AW t o n S C O P t o n S C O W g art h Fla S CO W W e S C O W
Ev e r S A w A u d e n SHAW S K O VS ho v e d

S KO G R,
wo o d

Fran ce

Br i~sC O ,

In

we n d B o is d ES C O V

ES

SH O T (A n glo S a on ) a woo d S C O T by S C O T t o n S H O T to n
A l d er SH O TT (al d e r woo d) Ba S H O T (b adg e r s woo d )
S NA D A S S NA ED S NAD (A n glO S ax o n ) a p ie c e o f la n d with
we ll den e d l im its witho u t e n clo su r e s pu b lic woo ds o r p as tu r e
S NA1 TH S NED S NET T I S ham

r
o
u
s
W
h
i
p
S
N
A
R
E
S
N
O
D
lan d
n
d
g
x

STO C K (A n glO S ax o n ) a woo d e n closu re S T O C K l an d STO CK

lin ch T aw ST OC K Hal ST OC K C har ds T O C K S T O C K holm
-

S M E TH S M ID S M I TH (A n glo S axo n ) sm o o th le v e l g ro u n d
S MEA to n S MES t o we S M I T H e ld S M EE TH S M EE TH c o te
-

SPRI N G (A n glo S axo n ) a g r o v e S PRLV G t ho r pe

S T O B ST UB ST O BB E (A n gl o S axo n ) a stu m p S T O B S woo d
El S T U B S T EPN e y (S t e b e n he ath) S T U B c r o ft S T UB l an d S T O BB E
-

rup

T O LL (A n glo S axo n ), a sm a ll g r o v e of lo ft y t r e es T O LL
p iddle , T O L to n , T EL t o n , T O LLER t o n , T O L l an d, T O LE t ho r p e
-

TO FT

ste ad
.

se T OT
-

we n d Hau
Eb el T O FT , En ges
-

an d h m e

Fran c e

In

an din av i an
t
Sc
a
e
l
d
h
e b o r d e r of t he ho us e

)
(
L o we s T O F T Kn oc kin g T O M S T O F T
.

T O T C riqu e T O T
T O FTE
-

Ec

T O T S asse T O T
,

E T YM O L OG Y O F L O CA L N AM E S

58

T O T N
A
n g lo S axo n ,
a
s
a
ll
ro
e
m
v
g
(
)
T O TTE N ham , T U Tbu ry, T O T l an d B ay, T ET b u ry,
l ets, T O Te r n ho e

T OT

Or e ,

D OD

T O T ham ,
pits, T O T
-

T EL G E (Scan din avian ),

T ELJE, N orr T EL G E

a tra c t of lan d So d er TELGE S e d er

-

n di n av i an
Sc
a
a pa th an i s ol a te d pi e ce of
(
)
cl e a r e d of wo O d LO Ck T H W A I TE S tan ger
H all TH WA I T E Lin e THWAI T E T V EDE O m T HV ETT

T VED , T H WA I T E
g r o u n d, g r o u n d

T HWAI T E

WA N WIN G WA N G (A n glo S axo n ) a la rg e in den ite t ract of

la n d a m e a d o w WAN Gfo r d W I NGe ld WAN stea d T o n gs
WI NGE WA N G ER O o g WAN G El WAN G EN
-

WAS T E (P r o v in cial) a lev e l

,

WA S TE water

TH O RN waste
-

WRIDE (A n glo S axo n ) an in t ertwin in g lu xu r ian t thicket

WR AY S b u ry WRI TT LE Ea e W RI TE WRE T ham WRE T t o n Tin g
RI TH (T yn GRA VE)
-

WI TH (S can din avian )

wo o d A s k

W I TH B r am W I TH WI THER
-

b y, & c

W OO D (En glis h) WE I DE (G e r m
au W I D au W E D m o re
W I D co m
,

st
u r e g r ou n d WE LD
)
b e W OO T t o n W ID D E C om b e
an

pa

&c

WIE S E (G e rm an ) a
,

e adow

W I ES bad en WIE S EN
-

t hial, &c

59

(D ) NA MES

HAB I T AT I O N S

OF

B AND (A n glo S axo n an d Sc an din av ian ) a div ision b o u n da r y

Ho w B A ND M ill st o n e BAND Taylo r s ill BAN D So u t h ern ly
g
B O U ND & c
B Y BO (Scan din av ian ) a t o wn from B UA t o dwe ll 3 B Y R t he
t o wn of co m m e r c e Kir B Y Kir k BY T ho r e s B Y D e r B Y D e n
B Y Wait B Y H orn s BY I r e B Y & c 3 Kirk B O B Er o d e RO E Q u al
B Y g r av e B Y e ld B U ER dal e Wihe l B U H R an d O chte l
B OE
B UH R
I n F ran c e we n d t his r oo t u n d er t he fo r m B HU P in
Lim B EU F Mar RE U E Q u ille B EU F an d Mar q u e B EU F
-

BO LD BA L T B OO TH B O T T LE (A n glo S axo n ) a dwe llin g

ShilB O TT LE Ne w B O LD N e w B A LD B O L T o n Par B O LD B OO T LE
B O T le y Ne w B O TT LE
LOT B O TT LE B OO TH b y M or e B A TT LE
B O U LDER d ale BU I T T LE B O T ham an d B O T h all
-

B O RDE (Provin cial) a co t t ag e B O RD we ll & c

-

B U TT EL (G erm an ) a dwe ll in g W olfe n B U TTEL Lus t B U TT EL

B run s B U TT EL & c
,

B I GG EN (P r o v in cial ) a bu ildin g fro m B I G

B I GG EN S un B I GG EN (s o u t h b u ildin g) &c
,

to

b u ild Ne w

B O W B O L (Scan din av ian ) a dwe llin g ho u se of a p rop rietor

B o ws B O W n e s s B O W s cale Tarn (B own e ss was an c ie n tly c alle d
B O L n e ss o r B U L n e ss) B O L Y B O Lb e c Mu m BLE S trum BLE
A l d e n B U LL T e t t en B U LL B O L st ado r en
,

B U R G B U R Y B O R O UG H (A n g lo S ax on ) a city pla ce of r et r e a t
or d efen c e B U RY Ne the r B U RY He m B U R Y Stan B U R Y S id
t he
B UR Y Salis B U R Y (Sca ro B Y RI G
dr y c ity) S haft e s B U RY

t
o
n of s hafts
B
U
RG
wal te r (B R I DGE wat e r) B O R OU G H b ridge
w
(
)
S e a B O R O UG H S ad B O R O UG H W ate r P ERR Y W oo d P ER R Y
-

B U RR A V o e B RO UG H an dB R OU G H
o f t he Scan din av ian fo rm B R O UG H
-

un

d er S tan m or e are e x am ple s

-

B U ST A B U ST ER B U ST (Scan din av ian ) a dwe llin g p la c e a co n

t r a c t io n of B O L S T A T HR dwe llin g s e a t (S e e BO L) HOb B I S T ER
Swan B I ST ER Fla d B I S T ER Swar a B I S T ER Swara S T ER Mu r a S T ER,
Kir ka B I S T ER an d B U S T A v o e
,

E T YM O L O GY O F L O C AL N A M E S

60

C H I P, C H E A P (A n

glo S axo n ) a

arket

C H I PP IN G N o rt o n ,
C O P EN hag e n ,
C O PPEN b r u gge,

C H E P St o w,
C H EAP s ide

arket plac e 3
m a r ket s e at 3

C OUP m an B e c k (C o u p lan d
B e ck) m e rchan t s d istr ic t
b ro o k
S o d e r K O P IN G (s o u th m arke t)

KI O B st ae,

N orr K O P IN G n o rth m arket

Ny K O P IN G n e w m a rket ;
-

C OT, C O A T, C O T E, KET (A n glo S ax on ),

t he d we llin g of t he p oo r e r c la sses

s a l t pit co ttag e

hu t,

S win s C O E , s win e

s c o ttag e 3
H es KET ho rs e co ttag e 3
P las KET m arshy co ttag e
C O T S wol d t h e co tt ag es Of t h e
wol d s 3

C O T le igh th e c o ttag e b y th e
past u r e 3
C O TTE S m ore th e co ttag e b y t h e
m o or 3

&c

glo S axo n ) a s olit ary p lace

Wat h u p on D EAR NE B o d e D ERN D ERN y ett
D ER NE (A n

DA

ste ad

CRE

log ho use

i
S
can d
n avian
(
)

D AK ER

D EARNE , D ARN all,

&c

D A C RE

D A KER

&c

he rm it ag e C r e wk

ERN E RNE (A n glo S ax o n ) a dwe llin g

ERENE A sk ERN Kill EARN C o w AR NE &c
-

G A T A (Sc an d in avi an ) a street, r o ad, p a th, tho r o u g hfa r e

F resh water GATE, Fis her GATE, C lapp ers GATE, H o llo w GATE ,
D arn YETT So m e o f t h e l e adi n g tho r o u ghfar es in L on d o n e n d
in G A T E e g , B isho p s GATE str e e t, M oo r GATE st r e e t, Kin gs
.

GATE str e e t
T he fo r m G A DE fo u n d in D en m ark
sam e sign icat io n G AD E b u s ch &c
-

an

N o rway

has

th e

GAL E , G EIL (Sc an din avian ), a dwe llin g in

gart h , G A LE hOW S , G r e t t iS G EIL, &c

h0 ll0 w

GALE

HU T H U TT E (A n glo S a xo n ) a
HU T t o n H U T t o ft &c

e l te r

sh

ho use, dwe llin g , & c

HA M (A n g lo S axo n ) HEI M (G e rm an ) U M (Frisian ) HO M E

h
E
a
r
e
t
e s am e r oo t
n gli s h
m
n clo se d lan d a v ill a g e o r t o wn
f
)
(
O cc u rs in HA M le t Highi HA M Lo w HA M East HA M HA M do n
H AMP t o n HA M b u r gh D r o n t HE I M Ble n H EI M Hu s U M Ho l
U M Fisk UM Skiv U M A n n HA M an d Z e l HA M
-

HA B I T A T ONS

G UA RD S

61

(Sc an din avian ) an e n clo se d p la ce ; Y ARD

(A n g lo S axo n ) Me l G U ARD S Stain GAR TH S ky GAR TH G as
GAR TH C al GAR TH Br o G A R Lan d GUARD S Lan G A R Hu m b l e
Y ARD an d Y AR D le y
GAR TH,

H A LL EA LH (A n glo S axon ) a c ast le m a nsio n ho us e of a kin g

HAL twist l e HAL sto ck Lilles H ALL
a te m
e
A
L
H
l
S
G
o
t
h
i
c
p ;
(
)
C Oppe n HA LL D arn A L L A L A darp A Ls h ein an d A LS e ld
,

H O LD HAL D (A n g lo S axo n ) te n em e n t fo rtress H O LD s ho tt

H O LD fast H O LD g ate H O LDEN by HALD ER n ess an d N e u
HA LD ENs l e b e n
-

HEL M (P ro v in cial)

ho v e l,

o ttag e HEL M do n HEL M l ey

HEM (A n glo S axo n ) lim it b o r der HE M

,

&c

HEM b ur y HEM

do n ,

le y, & c

HERNE (A n glo S axo n ) a dwe llin g retired p la c e

Mat HERNE HERNE Bay HERNE hill 85 0 (S e e
-

Lan HERNE ,
-

H O U S E (En gl is h) 3 H U S H UU S (Scan din av ian ) 3 H AU S HAU SE N

H U S EN S EN (G er m an ) a r es id e n ce H U S thwaite W oo d H O U S E
BO HU s l an d A r O S A a HUU S HA U S ru ck Schaff HAU S EN B o rg
h ol z H AU S EN I n k H U IZ EN A i S EN an d A s S EN S
-

HO P H O V EN (G erm an ) a co u rt tem p l e H O F (Scan din av ian )

The r e is n e ar A
l
b
y
a Villag e c alle d H O F F ; H O P E r o w H O FF
e
p
p
co m m o n an d H O PE l u n d ar e p l ac e s con t ain in g t he s am e r oo t
,

I N , I NNE (A n glo S axo n ), an e n clo su r e, o cc u pie d by t hep r opr iet o r

I N a1s b y, I N at e S t o n e , I N skip with, IN g ol d s by, EN e ld,
g
g
I N ward l e igh
-

K IRKE K IRK (Sc an d in av ian )

KIRKE D u n KIR K & c
,

chu

rch

KI

by, KI RK by, A
-

L ATH LAI TH (Scan din avian ) a barn LATH kill LAI TH

LAT H b u ry & c
-

dis tr ic t
&c
,

Nat

LAND MOI L AND

-

Ly

MEL (G o thi c) b o u n dary M EL gu ard s

fe l M EA L r igg ME L ay
,

k ir k,

LAND (Scan din av ian ) a

L A ND Bus LAND G ar LA ND
-

M EL b e c k, C ar t
-

M E LL

E T YM O L O GY

62

L O C AL N AM E S

OF

P I G HTL E , PI G LE, PI N G LE (A n g lo S ax on ), a sm a ll p arce l of la n d

en cl o se d with he dg es, a e ld adjo in in g the farm ho us e PI G HT ELS
t h o rn e , PI G LEs th o rn e , an d PI T sto n e
-

RAY R E AY (Scan din avian ) a co rn e r

R AY & c
,

R EAY, D o ck

Ell e

RA Y ,

R I C K (P r o vin cial) a distr ic t Rast RI C H La n d RI C K Lin dRICK

Mar RI C K R EI C H RIC H (G e rm an ) R EI C H EN h all R E IC HEN all
A u RIC H an d Ell RI C H
-

R O W E (A n glo S ax o n ) a st r ee t RO W bo tham
H ar d R O W R O W lan d &c
Ro w,

H o ff R O W
-

S AD (A n glo S axo n ) a c a m p S AD b orou gh S ED b ergh

S C ALE SH I EL SHI ELD (Scan din av ian ) a log ho use fishe r m a n s
hu t S C ALE fo r c e Th o rn y S C AL E B OD S C A LE Hu d S C ALE S S C AL E
hill No rth SH IELD S Sou t h SH IE LD S Lin SH EEL S SH ILL hill
-

S EL S ELE S A LE (A n glo S axon ) a ha ll m an s io n se a t BO S ELL

K e l S A LE S EL s id e S ALE fe ll S EL by Bue r S I LL B ru ch S AL an d
U p S AL A (h igh ha lls )
-

SET
S axo n ) S EA T S IDE (Sc an din avian ) a se a t o r
d we llin g p ast u re up o n a m o u n ta in s id e Lan g S ETT So m e r S ET
D OT S E T S ETT LE SH O TTLE A S kel S IDE O r m S IDE Rav e n S IDE
S EAT allan S EAT R o b e rt S EAT Oller O u t S EA TS Thor S ET an d
-

U lV S ET

SH IR S HI RE (A n glo S axo n ) a d iv is io n
woo d S HARN b r ook H alf S HI RE &c

S HA R Es hill
,

SH ER

SHED SH A D (A n glo S ax on ) a d iv isio n

S H AD C X hu r st & c

SH AD W ell S H AD fo rth

S K A N S (S can din avian ) a fo r t

,

S C AN

d ale

S KE W (Sc an din av i an ) a pla c e in a c orn e r

Barn S KE W A S KE W N orth S C EU G H
,

Sc ale

S C EU G H,

SO K (A n glo S ax o n ) a wa r d S O C K
-

b u rn ,

S O C K h yr e & c
-

ST ALL STELL (A n glo S ax o n ) a r eside n c e B o r S TALL H e p to n

S T A LL T u n STA LL BO ST ELL HEI KEN B o rg S TELL (a r es ide n ce o n
t h e sid e O f a hil l)
-

H AB I TAT I O N S

63

STAP LE S T A PO L STAB LE (A n glo S ax o n ) a m ar ke t

esta b lishm e n t S TAP LE Ba rn ST A P LE STAP LE t o n
S TA P LE fo rd
-

p la c e ,

S T A PL

an

Oe ,

ST EA D (A n glo S axon ) S T A D R ST ER (Sc an d in av ian ) t he sit e of

a b u il din g a m a n s io n Kir k S TEAD S H amp ST EAD A sh ST E AD
S TEAD C o m b e t he S T A I TH E ST A I TH E S B r ab ST ER W o l f ST ER
H o n i ST ER U l ST ER Le m ST ER Mu n S T ER Y STAD Neu S TA D T
St ro m S T EA T T an d ST A DEN
-

ST I T C H E S (A n glo S axo n ) d eep n arro w fu rro ws fo r dra in in g

lan d S T I T C H b u ry S T I T C HEL S TET C H wo rth
-

ST O KE (A n glo S axo n ) a
-

p la c e

by t he wa t e r

S T O KE ST O KE
,

Po g is, & c

ST O W (A n glo S axo n ) a pla c e v illag e ST O E ST A (Scan din av ian )

ST O W E C he S T O W S m e ST O W Br i ST O L S T O W m arke t ST O W
p
m arshy pl a c e
B
r o S TA
b
r
i
d
O u t he W ol d D oc k S TA
e v ill ag e
)
g
(
(
)
F o g ST O EN H av e r S T O E (o at v ill ag e) an d M o gle S T U E
,

T H IN G

Sc
an din avian
a
c
o
u n c il TH I NG
)
(

T H O R P E , T O R P, D

D I NG
wall

0 e,

R U P U P (Sc an din av ian ) a v ill ag e ; T O RF

D O RE (G e rm an ) C ol T H O R P E A ddle s TR O P S o ul DR OP C racke n
TH O R P E (c r o w v illag e) H ack TH O R P E Eb ers D O R F A l T O RF Hu m p
D EU P B rade R U P
RU P,

T O N, T ON

T O N Ne W
,

S axon ) a n e n clo s u r e t o wn A c T O N W e s
C lay T O N T U Nbridg e TU N S tall Eas T Y N A s T EN

A
n g lo
(

T on

T EI G H,

S axo n )

A
n g lo
(
T EY

T W I S T LE, T WI Z LE (A n glo S axo n ), a

T W I ST LE, Hal T W I ST LE, Hau T W Y S EL, T in

TYE

b o rde r b o u n d a ry E x
T WI S EL TW I Z ELL TW I S EL
.

district T EE

t on ,

th e

T Y E S , T E W,

WA R WA RK (Sc an din av ian ) a fo r tica tio n Ne WARK G rim s

A R G H So u th W ARK W A R 0 0 p WARK l eigh Le sso e V A RKS W AR K
-

WA RD (A n glo S ax o n ) a wa t ch, g u ard & c WARD le, WA RD

e n WART hi ll
-

E T YM O L O GY O F L O CAL N AME S

64

Tin g

WAL L Ki r k WAL L WALL

W EIL EB (G erm
W EILER

an

p, U de

w
e ll in g st a t io n
a
d
)
,

VAL LA

Ei

Es c h W E I LER
,
-

Buchs

WO N W I N (A n glo S axo n )
W O N fo rd
e rsh W O N to n
-

JU D D

G L S S,

a dwe ll in g

NEW

B RI D G E

S T REET

B L C KF R A RS ,