2

1-

:
(client-based),

(networkbased),

(network-assisted),

 1:

:
GPS, Cricket, Radar, Place Lab, PowerLine Positioning

:
Active Badge, Active Bat, Ubisense, ActiveFloor,
Airbus

Differential GPS

 1:

Pros

Cons

Pros

Cons

Pros

Cons

(
)

(
)

K (>=2
receivers)

,

.

(. tags)

(site survey)
(.
fingerprinting,).

 2A -

4 (hardware)

4 (software)
(data)


5

 2A

(CPU): ,
thin client,
SETI@home
: ,
(typesetters), drum scanners, , ..
: (proxy server),
(file/DB server)
: -11 (
)
:

 2A

, (..
50), (.. webbanking)
, ..

, ..
, iTunes,
Lost
, file server

 2 -



file server

 2

:
file
server
file server
To bandwidth
To
(latency)

(, middleware, , drivers, ..)
, (.. SOAP)
(NFS)
9

 2
:


(replication)
Caching ,
server
H (lightweight)

10

 2 -

11

 2
(arbitrary failure)

checksum
.
block
checksum

,
(omission failure)

H
(redundancy).

12

 3:

-- (end-to-end) ;

 3
,

(routers)


:
(Tproc):

header

.
. ( secs)
(Tqueue):

(
)
14

 3
(tr):

.
(L) (R)
, L/R
(prop):
bit
.
(S)
(D), D/S

:
proc + Tqueue + Ttr + Tprop

15

 3
--- ( N-

1 ,

(Tqueue=0)
*(proc + Ttr + Tprop)

(software latency)

/
(, middleware, , drivers, ..)
16

 3:

1000 bytes
1500 Km, 108 m/s
1 Mbps;
;

 3
bit
: 1500km/108 m/s = 15 ms

: 1000bytes/1 Mbps = 8 ms
23 ms
O

bit
18

 3:

.

3
1 = 1 bps, Z2 = 3 Mbps 3 = 20
bps.
:
i. (throughput)
;
ii. 40 bytes,

19

 3
i.

N bits

secs
/ bits/sec


(1)
(
,
, ,
)
20

 3
Rs
Rc

Server

router

Client

Rs < Rc;
Rc < Rs;

21

 3
ii.

40Bytes/1Mbps 320 secs

22

 3:

(distance vector)
:
()
C,
()
4




(
RIP)

Hosts

Link

Cost

local

D
E

Link

Cost

local

4
5

D
links

Link

Cost

local

D
E

Link

Cost

local

5
E

D
links
24

4



( )

Link

Cost

local

2
C

4
5

D
links

25

r (
) link n=1

l:

Rr.link = n (=1)

Link

Cost

local

Link

Cost

local

D
E

26

r (
) link n=1

l:

Link

Cost

Link

Cost

local

local

RIP

Rr
r (received routing table)
link

r (n)
link n

To cost
link
1 (=n)

27

r (
) link n=1

l:

Link

Cost

Link

Cost

local

local

l

(
)

28

r (
) link n=1

l:

Link

Cost

Link

Cost

local

local

,
D
B,
B (B is
more authorative)
29

r (
) link n=1

l:

Link

Cost

Link

Cost

local

local

B,

T link 1
(=n)

30

 3:
intranet ,
7 PCs, web

PCs 1-5

PCs 6-7
/ intranet
hubs,
switches, routers ( hubs
switches routers)
31

 3:
switch 4 ports
intranet


1: hubs 6 downlink ports 1 uplink

port
2: hubs 3 downlink ports 1 uplink
port

32

 3: #1
() PC1-PC5, () PC6-7, () web

server
( collision
domains/segments)
hubs


switch

segments
intranet
33

 3: #2
segment PC1-PC5

segments
uplink - hub downlink
hub

34

,
([1], [2], )



/ ,
( )

(
)
MS Word
/ (.
Caption - Cross-Reference)
35


:
:

[1].
GUIDE [2]
:
[1] . Abowd, C. Atkeson, J. Hong, Cyberguide: A Mobile Context-Aware Tour
Guide, Wireless Networks, 3(5):421433, 1996.
[2] K. Cheverst, N. Davies, K. Mitchell, A. Friday, Experiences of Developing
and Deploying a Context-Aware Tourist Guide: The GUIDE Project,
Proceedings of the 6th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile
Computing and Networking (Mobicom2000): 2031, 2000.

36