()

.
(
)

:

Internet

Host intranet

WAP
gateway

Wireless LAN

Home intranet

Mobile
phone
Printer

Laptop
Camera

Host site


(resource sharing)

:

,
50,
,
Lost,
iTunes,

6

( Middleware)
:
( )
:

:
& :
, ,

: ,

:
7
!


Applications, services

Middleware

Operating system
Platform
Computer and network hardware

 (Middleware)

10


/ (Client/Server)
To :
service: server
server: /
client: /

Directory server

client

Print server

File server

client
11


(Peer-to-Peer)

(,
)



: Napster,
Gnutella, FastTrack, Kontiki,
Osiris, Skype)

12

 Client/Server

(proxy servers)

(caching)
(mobile code)
(mobile agents)
(network computers)
() (thin clients)
(fat clients)

13

(throughput)

video)


-
-

.
,

14


(interaction model)

,
,
( ).


(failure model)


(security model)


15

:
-

-

16


(omission failures)

o
()




+
: (..

, checksum

17


:
,

.





18

19


George Coulouris, Jean Dollimore and Tim Kindberg,

Distributed Systems, Concepts and Design, Addison

Wesley, Fourth Edition, 2005

20