WindTurbineGeneratorModel

DrMSRMurty

Windpower
Themainadvantagesofelectricitygenerationfrom
renewablesourcesaretheabsenceofharmfulemissions
andtheinfiniteavailabilityoftheprimemoverthatis
convertedintoelectricity.
Onewayofgeneratingelectricityfromrenewablesources
istousewindturbinesthatconverttheenergycontainedin
flowingairintoelectricity.
Uptothismoment,theamountofwindpowerintegrated
intolargescaleelectricpowersystemsonlycoversasmall
partofthetotalpowersystemload.Therestofthepower
systemloadisforthelargestpartcoveredbyconventional
thermal,nuclear,andhydropowerplants.

Windpowergeneration:Working
principle
Rotor extractskineticenergyfromthewind
andconvertsitintoamechanicaltorque
Generatingsystem,whichconverts
thistorqueintoelectricity.

Windturbinetypes
Threetypesbasedonthegeneratingsystem
andthewayinwhichtheaerodynamic
efficiencyoftherotorislimitedduringhigh
windspeeds
Generatingsystemstypes:
1. Squirrelcageinductiongenerator
2. Doublyfed(woundrotor)induction
generator
3. Directdrivesynchronousgenerator

Squirrelcageinductiongenerator
Conventional,directlygridcoupledsquirrelcage
inductiongenerator.
Theslip,andhencetherotorspeedofasquirrelcage
inductiongeneratorvarieswiththeamountofpower
generated.
Theserotorspeedvariationsare,however,verysmall,
approximately1to2percent.
Therefore,thiswindturbinetypeisnormallyreferred
toasaconstantspeedorfixedspeedturbine.
Canrunattwodifferent(butconstant)speedsby
changingthenumberofpolepairsofthestator
winding.

 Asquirrelcageinductiongeneratoralways
consumesreactivepower.Inmostcases,this
isundesirable,particularlyincaseoflarge
turbinesandweakgrids.
Reactivepowerconsumptionofthesquirrel
cageinductiongeneratorisnearlyalways
partlyorfullycompensatedbycapacitorsin
ordertoachieveapowerfactorclosetoone.

Variablespeedturbines
Toallowvariablespeedoperation,themechanicalrotor
speedandtheelectricalfrequencyofthegridmustbe
decoupled.
Inthedoublyfedinductiongenerator,abacktoback
voltagesourceconverterfeedsthethreephaserotor
winding.
Inthisway,themechanicalandelectricalrotorfrequency
aredecoupledandtheelectricalstatorandrotorfrequency
canbematched,independentlyofthemechanicalrotor
speed.
Inthedirectdrivesynchronousgenerator,thegeneratoris
completelydecoupledfromthegridbyapowerelectronics
converter.

Squirrelcageinductiongenerator,

Doublyfed(woundrotor)induction
generator

Directdrivesynchronousgenerator

MeritsandDemerits

WindpowerExpression

Pwisthemechanicalpowerextractedfromthe
airflow[W],
Dtheairdensity[kg/m3],
cptheperformancecoefficientorpowercoefficient,
thetipspeedratiovt/vw,(theratio
betweenthebladetipspeedvt andthewindspeed
upstreamtherotorvw [m/s])
thebladepitchangle[deg],and
Ar theareasweptbytherotor[m2].

WindSpeeds
cutinwindspeed(intheorderof35m/s)and
nominalwindspeedorratedwindspeed:wind
speedatwhichthenominalpoweroftheturbine
isreached(between11m/sand16m/s)
cutoutwindspeed:Whenthewindspeed
becomesveryhigh,theenergycontainedinthe
airflowandthestructuralloadsontheturbine
becometoohighandtheturbineistakenoutof
operation.Dependingonwhetherthewind
turbineisoptimizedforloworhighwindspeeds,
(between17and30m/s).

 Whenthewindspeedincreasestolevelsabovethe
nominalwindspeed,thegeneratedpowercannotbe
increasedfurther,becausethiswouldleadto
overloadingofthegeneratorand/or,ifpresent,the
converter.Therefore,theaerodynamicefficiencyofthe
rotormustbereduced,inordertolimitthepower
extractedfromthewindtothenominalpowerofthe
generatingsystem.
Thiscorrespondstoareductionoftheperformance
coefficientcpinandcanbeachievedintwoways.
Thefirstwayistodesign

Aerodynamicefficiencyreduction
Stallcontrol:
designtherotorbladesinsuchawaythat
theirefficiencyinherentlydecreaseswhenthe
windspeedincreasestovaluesabovenominal
cpisnotdependentonthepitchangle
Pitchcontrol:reducestheaerodynamic
efficiencyoftherotoristoturnthebladesout
ofthewindusinghydraulicmechanismsor
electricmotors.

Control
Pitchcontrolrequiresactivecontrolsystems
toturntheblades.
Nowadaysstallcontrolismainlyusedin
constantspeedturbines,whereas
Pitchcontrolisusedinvariablespeed
turbines.

Typicalpowercurvesforaconstantspeed,stallcontrolled
(dashed)andvariablespeedpitchcontrolled(solid)wind
turbine.

WindPowerGenerationversus
ConventionalPowerGeneration
Inwindturbines,generatingsystemsdifferent
fromthesynchronousgeneratorusedin
conventionalpowerplantsareapplied.
Theprimemoverofwindturbines,i.e.thewind,
cannotbecontrolled,andfluctuatesrandomly.
Uptothismoment,thegeneratedpowerofwind
turbinesiscompletelydeterminedbythewind
speedandnotcontrolledanyfurther.
Typicalsizeofwindturbinesismuchlowerthan
thatofaconventionalpowerplant.

Impactsofwindpower
Localimpacts: inthe(electrical)vicinityofa
windturbineorwindparkthatcanbe
attributedtoaspecificturbineorpark,i.e.of
whichthecausecanbelocalized.
Localimpactsdifferforthethreemainwind
turbinetypes.
Systemwideimpacts:stronglyrelatedtothe
penetrationlevelinthesystemasawhole.

LocalImpacts
Windpowerlocallyhasanimpactonthe
followingaspectsofapowersystem:
branchflowsandnodevoltages
protectionschemes,faultcurrentsand
switchgearratings
harmonics
flicker

Systemwideimpacts
dynamicsandstability
reactivepowergeneration/voltagecontrol
possibilities
systembalancing:frequencycontroland
dispatchoftheremainingconventionalunits

Modeling
Bladeelementimpulsemethod:knowledgeof
aerodynamicsandthesimulationofawind
speedfieldincludingthespatialcorrelation
betweenitsindividualelements,ratherthanthe
simulationofasinglepointwindspeed.Requires
detailedknowledgeofthewindturbineblade
geometry
Quasistatic rotormodel:analgebraicrelationship
betweenthewindspeedandthemechanical
powerextractedfromthewind.Usedinpower
systemstudies

Constantspeedwindturbinemodel

Variablespeedwindturbinemodel
(DFIG)

PitchanglecontrollerModel

TerminalVoltageControllerModel

DirectdriveSynchGeneratormodel

Characteristiccoefficeient
Calculatedfromthepowercurvegiven

Filter
Filterforsmoothingofhighfrequencywindspeed
variationsovertherotorsurface.

ShaftModel

fisthenominalgridfrequency[Hz],Tistorque[p.u.],(isthe
angulardisplacementbetweenthetwoendsoftheshaft
[electricalradians],
Tisrotationalspeed[p.u.],Histheinertiaconstant[s]andKs
istheshaftstiffness[p.u.torque/electricalradians].

GeneratorModelequations

Allquantitiesareinperunit.Iindices dandqindicate
thedirectandquadrature axiscomponentsand
sandrindicatestatorandrotorquantities.
Thedqreferenceframeisrotatingatthesynchronousspeedwiththeqaxis
leadingthedaxisby90.

TorquebalanceEquation

WindTurbine

InductionGenerator

DirectDriveSynchgenerator

PSS/EModel

SubsystemsModelsIneraction

GridConnectionofWindTurbines
Althoughstandalonewindbatteryorwind
dieselsystemsdoexist,themajorityofwind
turbinesiserectedincountrieswithan
extendedelectricitygridandthesearehence
connectedtothisgrid.
Thegridconnectionofsolitarywindturbines
isrelativelystraightforward.

 Voltageattheturbinesterminalsisnormally
lowerthanthevoltageofthegridtowhichitis
connected,leadingtotheneedforatransformer.
Further,switchgearisnecessarytodisconnectthe
windturbineincaseofashortcircuitorinorder
topreventwhatiscalledislanding,asituationin
whichasmallpartofthegridcontinuesto
operatewithalocalbalancebetweengeneration
andload,butwithoutbeingconnectedtothe
mainsystem.

 Whenlargenumbersofwindturbinesare
connectedtoasystemandtheyreplacea
substantialfractionoftheoutputofthe
conventionalsynchronousgenerators,theywill
starttoaffectvariousaspectsofthesystem
behaviour.
Thiswillparticularlybethecaseduringperiods
withlowloadsandhighwindspeeds,becausein
thesesituationstherelativecontributionofwind
powerisatitsmaximum.

 Aslongasthepowergeneratedbythepowerplants
canbecontrolled,thisisnotaprincipalproblem,
althoughthedispatchofthegeneratingcapacity,i.e.
determiningwhichpowerplantsshouldbeoperatedto
supplytheloadmosteffectivelyandefficientlywhile
takingintoaccountfuelpricesandthetechnical
characteristicsoftheplantinventory,isnot
straightforwardatall.
However,asignificantcontributionofgenerators
whoseoutputisnotcontrolled,suchasthepresent
windturbines,posesaprincipalproblemgiventodays
systembalancingpractices,becausesuchgenerators
cannotcontributetomaintainingthesystembalance.

 Theleveluptowhichgeneratorswhoseoutputisnotcontrolledcan
contributetothedemandforelectricitywithoutadditional
measuresandthenatureofandextenttowhichadditional
measuresmustbetakeninordertoallowfurthergrowthofthe
contributionofsuchgenerators,dependsonmanyfactors,suchas:
theloadcurveofthesystem
thedegreeofcorrelationbetweentheloadandtheavailabilityof
theprimaryenergysourceusedbytheuncontrolledgenerators
thecharacteristicsoftheremainingcontrollablepowerplants
thenetworktopology
Increasingpenetrationofuncontrolledgeneratorssuchaswind
turbineseventuallyleadstoproblemsinkeepingthesystem
balanced.

Salientfeaturesofthe1.25MW
Suzlon (S 64)makeWEG
1.HigherEfficiency Designedtoachieveincreased
efficiencyandcoefficientofpower(Cp)
2.MinimumStressandLoad Wellbalancedweight
distributionensureslowerstatic&dynamicloads.
3.ShockLoadfreeOperation Advanced
hydrodynamicfluidcouplingabsorbspeakloadsand
vibrations.
4.IntelligentControl Nextgenerationtechnologies
appliedbyextensiveoperationalexperiencemaximizes
yield.

 5.MaximumPowerFactor Highspeedasynchronous
generatorwithamultistageintelligentswitching
compensationsystemdeliverspowerfactorupto0.99.
6.ClimaticShield Hermeticallysheltered,advanced
overvoltageandlightningprotectionsystem
7.UniqueMicroPitchingControl Unmatchedfine
pitchingwith0.1 resolutiontoextracteverypossible
unitofpower.
8.Gridfriendly Gridfriendlydesigngenerates
harmonicsfreepuresinusoidalpower.

PowerCurveforSuzlon (S 33)0.35
MWWEG

Inductiongeneratorequivalent.

ElectricalGridmodel(simplified)

electricalgridconsistsofavoltagesource,ashortcircuit
impedance,acapacitorbank,aresistancerepresentinglossesand
activeconsumptionintheinstallation,thenecessaryswitchesand
finallyaninductiongenerator.

Modelofthemechanicalsystem,
electricalequivalent.

Therotorinertiaisconsideredtobemuchlargerthanboththe
transmissioninertiaandthegearinertia.Thismakesitpossible
toneglectbothCkandCG.

Atypicalexampleofreactivepower
compensationbytheuseofcapacitor
banks
Thepowerfactorversustheactivepower
production

WindDieselPowerSystem

LowOrderModeling
Electricalpartofthemachineisrepresentedbyafourthorder
statespacemodelandthemechanicalpartbyasecondorder
system.
Allelectricalvariablesandparametersarereferredtothestator.All
statorandrotorquantitiesareinthearbitrarytwoaxisreference
frame(dq frame).
AProportionalIntegral(PI)controllerisusedtocontroltheblade
pitchangleinordertolimittheelectricoutputpowertothe
nominalmechanicalpower.
Thepitchangleiskeptconstantatzerodegreewhenthemeasured
electricoutputpowerisunderitsnominalvalue.Whenitincreases
aboveitsnominalvaluethePIcontrollerincreasesthepitchangle
tobringbackthemeasuredpowertoitsnominalvalue.

Simulink Model

Theinputofthewindturbineandcontroller
blockarethewindspeed(m/s)andthespeed
(p.u.),whiletheoutputsarethemechanical
power(p.u.)andthepitchangle(degrees).