Cu 1: Trnh by s khc nhau gia OSI v TCP/IP (2)

Cu 2: Trnh by cu trc khung cc bn tin s dng trong mng GSM (2)

Cu 3: Trnh by cc loi Fading trong v tuyn, nh hng ca n trong thng tin v tuyn. Nu
cc bin php khc phc nh hng ca Fading trong mng GSM (3)
Cu 4: V s nguyn l ca chuyn mch theo thi gian (T) (3)

Cu 1:
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection), ting Vit gi l M hnh kt ni cc h thng m hay m
hnh OSI. M hnh OSI l mt miu t tru tng da vo nguyn l lp cho cc kt ni truyn
thng cng nh cch thc thit k giao thc mng my tnh. N cn c bit n nh l m
hnh 7 lp OSI, bao gm cc lp:
Lp 7: Lp ng dng (Application layer)
Lp 6: Lp trnh din (Presentation layer)
Lp 5: Lp phin (Session layer)
Lp 4: Lp giao vn (Transport Layer)
Lp 3: Lp mng (Network Layer)
Lp 2: Lp lin kt d liu (Data Link Layer)
Lp 1: Lp vt l (Physical Layer)
Mi lp s tp hp cc giao thc, cc chc nng lin quan nhm cung cp dch v cho lp pha
trn v s dng chc nng ca lp pha di. M hnh OSI ny ch c ngnh cng nghip
mng v cng ngh thng tin tn trng mt cch tng i. Tnh nng chnh ca n l quy nh
v giao din gia cc lp, tc qui nh c t v phng php cc lp lin lc vi nhau. iu ny
c ngha l cho d cc lp c son tho v thit k bi cc nh sn xut, hoc cng ty, khc
nhau nhng khi c lp rp li, chng s lm vic mt cch dung ha.

TCP/IP ting Vit gi l b giao thc TCP/IP (ting Anh: Internet protocol suite hoc IP suite
hoc TCP/IP protocol suite - b giao thc lin mng), l mt b cc giao thc truyn thng ci
t chng giao thc m Internet v hu ht cc mng my tnh thng mi ang s dng. B
giao thc ny c t tn theo hai giao thc chnh ca n l TCP v IP. Chng cng l hai giao
thc u tin c nh ngha.
Nh nhiu b giao thc khc, b giao thc TCP/IP c th c coi l mt tp hp cc tng, mi
tng gii quyt mt tp cc vn c lin quan n vic truyn d liu, v cung cp cho cc giao
thc tng cp trn mt dch v c nh ngha r rng da trn vic s dng cc dch v ca cc
tng thp hn. V mt lgic, cc tng trn gn vi ngi dng hn v lm vic vi d liu tru
tng hn, chng da vo cc giao thc tng cp di bin i d liu thnh cc dng m
cui cng c th c truyn i mt cch vt l.

Mt thi khc
Cu 1. Fading l g? Nguyn nhn gy ra fading? Bin php khc phc.
Cu 2. V s thit lp cuc t my di ng MS sang my bn v ngc li.
Cu 3. Cng sut pht ti a ca mt my di ng (MS) l bao nhiu.
Cu 4. Ti sao trong h thng thng tin di ng GSM li phi iu chnh cng sut pht.

cu 1
Fading l s bin i cng tn hiu sng mang cao tn ti anten thu do c s thay i khng
ng u v ch s khc x ca kh quyn, cc phn x ca t v nc trn ng truyn sng
v tuyn i qua.
Cc loi fading c chia ra l:
-Fading nhiu ng
-Fading phng
-Fading chn lc tn s
-Fading nhanh
-Fading chm
nguyn nhn gy ra fading:
Tn hiu pht i qua knh truyn v tuyn b cn bi cc ta nh, ni cao, cy ciB phn x
(Reflection), tn x (Scattering), nhiu x (Diffraction), cc hin tng ny gi chung l
Fading. V kt qu l my thu ta thu c nhiu phin bn khc nhau ca tn hiu pht i. iu
ny nh hng n cht lng h thng Thng Tin V Tuyn
cch khc phc:
dng k thut ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao OFDM
- S dng di tn rt hiu qu do cho php chng ph gia cc sng mang con. Hn ch c
nh hng ca fading v hiu ng nhiu ng bng cch chia knh fading chn lc tn s thnh
cc knh con fading phng tng ng vi cc tn s sng mang OFDM khc nhau.
- Phng php ny c u im quan trng l loi b c hu ht giao thoa gia cc sng mang
v giao thoa gia cc tn hiu.
- Gii quyt vn fading bng qu trnh thc hin iu ch v gii iu ch trong OFDM nh
s dng php bin i FFT
- OFDM c u im ni bt l khc phc hin tng khng c ng dn thng bng tn hiu a
ng dn.
OFDM ang chng t nhng u im ca mnh trong cc h thng vin thng trn thc t c
bit l trong cc h thng v tuyn i hi tc cao nh thng tin di ng v c trong truyn
hnh s.

cu 3
Cng sut pht ti a ca mt my di ng (MS)
di tn 900Mhz : 2W (handheld), v 8W (car/transportable phone)
di tn 1800Mhz : 1w (i vi 1800 th kch thc ca cell rt b khng cn cng sut ln)
cu 4
vic iu chnh cng sut pht:
1. Gim nhiu (interference)
Mc tiu ca KCS l lm tng s lng MS c c t s C/I tt. Khi traffic khng dao
ng nhiu, KCS s gip tng C/I. Khi traffic tng, KCS s gip duy tr C/I.
Khi tt c cc BTS trong mng u s dng KCS, tng cng sut pht t BTSs s gim so vi
khi khng dng KCS. Ngha l nhiu ng knh v nhiu knh ln cn trong ton mng s
gim. Bi v cc MS thu c tn hiu cng yu hay cht lng thp s i hi BTS pht
cng sut cc i nn khi mc nhiu gim s lm tng C/I.
c th s dng cht lng mong mun (QDESDL) v rxqual o c trong cc tnh ton, c
hai phi c chuyn i sang C/I vi n v dB theo bng 2. Php nh x gia rxqual v C/I l
khng tuyn tnh do cn s iu chnh nhanh hn cho cc gi tr rxqual cao v thp.
Mi quan h nh x khng tuyn tnh gia rxqual v C/I
QDESDL [dtqu] 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
rxqual 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
C/I [dB] 23 19 17 15 13 11 8 4
2. Gim tiu th nng lng BTS
Khi KCS c s dng, nng lng tiu th ti BTS s gim v thi gian m thoi ti a s
c tng ln (nu BTS dng nng lng t pin).
3. S bo ho ca my thu
Cc MS khi gn BTS qu s b nng lng cao t BTS lm bo ho my thu ca MS. Khi
nhy ca my thu gim v cht lng thoi s km hn. Khi s dng KCS, nng lng pht
ca BTS gn s gim v lm gim nguy c trn (cn gi l radio frequency blocking). My
thu c th vn b nghn khi MS gn BTS, nhng xc sut s gim ng k.
4. Cn nhc n cht lng v cng tn hiu
Thut ton KCS xem xt c cht lng ln cng tn hiu. Cht lng y l t l li bit
c tnh, k hiu l rxqual. Cng k hiu l rxlev.
Vi cc MS c h tr tnh nng Enhanced Measurement Reporting (EMR), cc MS ny s a
tham s MEAN_BEP (Bit Error Probability) vo EMR vi downlink v BTS s lm nh vy vi

report v cht lng uplink. iu ny gip tng hiu qu ca thut ton KCS, c bit trong
mi trng c C/I thp.
Thut ton iu chnh cng sut BTS ng bao gm 3 bc:
2.1 Chun b d liu u vo:
Mc cng sut u ra s dng bi BTS (TRU) ti chu k SACCH th k, c k hiu bng
PLused vi bc nhy 2dB gim dn t mc cng sut u ra t ban u:
BTS (TRU) output power (k) (dBm) = BSPWRT - 2 * PL used
c th s dng cht lng mong mun (QDESDL) v rxqual o c trong cc tnh ton, c
hai phi c chuyn i sang C/I vi n v dB theo bng 2. Php nh x gia rxqual v C/I l
khng tuyn tnh do cn s iu chnh nhanh hn cho cc gi tr rxqual cao v thp.
Mi quan h nh x khng tuyn tnh gia rxqual v C/I
QDESDL [dtqu] 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
rxqual 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
C/I [dB] 23 19 17 15 13 11 8 4
Mt lng b c tnh ton trc khi lc kt qu o:
- Nu c nhy tn v MS o trn knh BCCH:
SS TCH = SS M - (BSPWR-BSTXPWR +2*PL used ) / Nf
Trong SSTCH l cng tn hiu trn cc sng mang TCH iu chnh xung, SSM l cng
tn hiu o c bo co bi MS,BSPWR l cng sut u ra ca BTS trn
tn BCCH trong LRP, BSTXPWR l cng sut u ra BTS trn tn TCH trong LRP, v Nf l s
tn s trong chui nhy tn. Tt c cc o c cng tn hiu c b trc khi lc.
- Tnh ton b cng tnh hiu trong cc trng hp cn li:
SS_COMP = SS TCH + 2* PL used
Trong SS_COMP l cng tn hiu b vi c iu chnh xung v nhy tn
Nu BSC khng nhn c kt qu o t BTS, khng nn iu chnh cng sut vi kt ni .
Cng thi im, b m REGINTDL b treo. Khi nhn c kt qu o tr li, iu chnh cng
sut v b m REGINTDL c phc hi li.
B lc cng tn hiu s khng c cp nht khi cc kt qu cng tn hiu (o trong bo
co o c) b mt. iu ny c ngha l u ra t b lc SS b gi cho n khi nhn c gi tr
tip theo.
Vic mt cc gi tr cht lng trong bo co o c c t ti gi tr xu nht c th. iu
ny c ngha l vic mt cc gi tr cht lng c th hin nh rxqual = 7.
Nu thng tin v mc cng sut BTS s dng b mt trong bo co o c, cc gi tr b mt ny
c t cho mc cng sut tnh ton cui cng.
Lc kt qu o:
Lc cng tn hiu: c thc hin bng mt b lc hm m khng tuyn tnh theo cng
thc:
SS FILTERED (k) = b * SS_COMP(k) + a * SS FILTERED (k-1)

Trong :
- SSFillted l b cng tn hiu lc vi iu chnh xung.
- a, b l cc h s b lc v c xc nh: b = 1-a, cn a ph thuc vo di b lc (L).
- L xc nh nh sau:
If SS_COMP(k) < SS FILTERED (k-1)
Then L = SSLENDL
Else L = SSLENDL * UPDWNRATIO / 100
n v: tnh theo chu k SACCH (480ms). Khi chiu di vt qu 30 chu k SACCH, th chiu
di ny c t l 30.
c th tnh ton v gi mc cng sut ngay sau khi n nh knh hoc handover, b lc c
c khi to vi SS FILTERED (k-1) = SSDESDL . iu ny dn ti vic iu chnh bt u
ngay sau bo co o c u tin c gi tr.
Lc cht lng tn hiu:
cng c thc hin tng t nh lc cng v theo cng thc:
Q FILTERED (k) = b * Q_COMP(k) + a * Q FILTERED (k-1)
Trong :
- Q FILTERED l b cht lng b lc vi iu chnh xung.
- Q_COMP l phn b cht lng theo cng thc:
Q_COMP = RXQUAL_dB + 2*PL used
- RXQUAL_dB chnh l gi tr rxqual o c chuyn sang dng C/I.
- Cc h s b lc a,b c xc nh nh lc SS.
- L (chiu di b lc) c xc nh:
if Q_COMP(k) < Q FILTERED (k-1)
then L = QLENDL
else L = QLENDL * UPDWNRATIO / 100
c th tnh ton v gi mc cng sut ngay sau khi cp pht knh hoc handover, b lc cht
lng c khi to vi Q FILTERED (k-1) = QDESDL_dB.

Cu 4. Ti sao trong h thng thng tin di ng GSM li phi iu chnh cng sut pht.
[/QUOTE]
Cu ny c th tr li ngn ngn nh sau :
Trong thng tin di ng, thu bao di ng di chuyn khp ni vi nhiu tc khc nhau, v th
tn hiu pht ra c th b st gim mt cch ngu nhin. b cho s st gim ny, h thng
phi iu khin cho thu bao tng mc cng sut pht.
Ngoi ra, vic iu chnh cng sut cn gip gim nhiu gia cc user vi nhau. V d nu pht
cng 1 cng sut cho cc user th cc user gn c th l ngun nhiu cho cc user xa, do
khong cch cng xa th cng sut ca cc user cng gim v cc user gn c th l ngun
nhiu.

Suy hao trong khng gian ph thuc ci g?[*]Em c bit nhy tn dng lm g khng?c
my loi nhy tn?
Mnh tr li nh sau:
1 Suy hao trong khng gian ph thuc vo tn s. Ta c cng thc tnh suy hao trong khng
gian l :
FSL = ((4 x pi x d)/lamda)2 (Ci s 2 l bnh phng, ko bit vit cng thc trn web
Trong :
pi : hng s.
d : khong cch gia my pht - my thu l c nh.
lamda : (c/f), vi c: hng s tc nh sng.
Do suy hao ch ph thuc vo tn s, m c th l tn s cng cao suy hao cng ln.

2 Nhy tn : thng dng trong k thut tri ph. Tri ph nhy tn l tn hiu pht i trn 1 dy
tn dng nh l thay i ngu nhin. My thu mun nhn c ng tn hiu cng phi lin tc
chuyn i gia cc tn s theo th t nh my pht.
K thut thut tri ph nhy tn c u im l bo mt rt tt. Khi b thu trm ngi thu cng ch
nghe c nhng ting bip rt kh hiu.
Hnh minh ha

C 2 loi nhy tn l nhy tn nhanh v chm.

Nhy tn chm l loi nhy tn c chu k dch chuyn tn s ln hon chu k d liu.
Nhyhanh l loi nhy tn c chu k dch chuyn tn s nh hn chu k d liu.
Nhy tn nhanh ci thin c cht lng di tc ng ca nhiu v my thu trm.

2 S khc nhau gia knh vt l v knh logic :

Knh vt l : trong GSM l 1 time slot. V d nh 1 mng GSM s dng tn s 900 Mhz th
ng ln (t thu bao di ng n trm truyn dn uplink) s dng tn s trong di 890-915
MHz v ng xung downlink s dng tn s trong di 935-960 MHz. V chia cc bng tn
ny thnh 124 knh vi rng bng thng 25 Mhz, mi knh cch nhau 1 khong 200 Khz.
Knh logic : l cc thng tin truyn trong 1 knh vt l v d nh d liu ngi dng v cc
thng tin bo hiu.
Cc knh logic trong GSM c 2 nhm :
Trafic channels : truyn user data.
Control channels : iu khin truy nhp ng truyn, cp pht trafic channels hoc qun l

s di chuyn.
Trong control channels cn c broadcast control channel, common control channel, dedicated
control channel.

Nc mnh ang xi cng ngh di ng g? so snh ?

Bng tn hot ng ca 2 cng ngh,v sao dng bng tn ?v sao ng up bng tn nh
hn thng down.
Mnh c 1 vi nh sau :
1 Nc mnh hin xi 2 cng ngh di ng l GSM v CDMA. V so snh, mng CDMA c
nhiu li th v tin tin GSM v mt bng thng, bo mt thng tin v cc dch v... Tuy nhin
nc ta cc mng di ng GSM ang c li th hn do c a vo th trng sm v c
nh nc u t. Cc mng CDMA vo sau c th phn nh hn kh khn trong kinh doanh. Mt
khc do h thng CDMAu tin vo Vit Nam (ca S -phone) li l 1 h thng c c mua li
ca nc khc (hnh nh l Hn Quc) qu gi ci nn em li nhiu phin phc cho ngi s
dng lm CDMA khng chim c th phn ln.
V tng lai, CDMA l 1 hng i nhiu li th do c u im v bng thng (phn chia theo
m) => s lng user nhiu hn, bo mt(s dng k thut tri ph). Vic chuyn i
t GSM => CDMA nc ta rt l kh khn do cc h thng GSM i vo hot ng nhiu
nm, nu thay th hon ton buc cc doanh nghip phi u t li t u. C th sau ny nc
ta ln 3G theo 1 nhnh khcCDMA.
2 Bng tn ca GSM v CDMA :
Cc mng di ng GSM hot ng trn 4 bng tn. Hu ht th hot ng bng 900 Mhz v
1800 Mhz. Vi nc Chu M th s dng bng 850 Mhz v 1900 Mhz do bng 900 Mhz v
1800 Mhz ni ny b s dng trc. v d 1 mng GSM s dng bng tn 900 Mhz th
ng ln s dng tn s trong di 890-915 MHz v ng xung downlink s dng tn s trong
di 935-960 MHz, mi knh c bng thng 25 Mhz, cch nhau 1 khong 200 Khz.
CDMA s dng bng tn 800MHz uplink 824-849 MHz, donwlink 869-894 MHz. v 450 MHz.
Nh ta bit, Suy hao l mt hm ph thuc tn s. Tn s cng cao th suy hao cng ln. My di
ng c cng sut pht nh v nu c cng sut ln th li ngn pin nhiu hn, do vy trong
thng tin di ng ng ln lun bng thp tiu hao nh hn, yu cu v cng sut pht
ca my di ng, cn ng xung lun bng cao (my pht trm gc d bo m cng sut
pht ln hn v cp ngun d hn). Ngoi ra, tn s cng cao, bc sng cng nh, tn hiu cng
d b che chn hn, do nu ng ln c tn s thp (bc sng ln) th tn hiu t b che chn
hn mt cht.
Mnh ni thm 1 cht l trong thng tin v tinh li ngc li, ng ln li chn bng cao v
trm pht mt t c th bo m cng sut ln d dng hn l trn v tinh (cng sut trn v
tinh cng ln th: a) My pht cng nng hn v do chi ph phng v tinh cng tn hn; b)

ngun in trn v tinh cung cp hn ch hn; c) My pht cng nng th cng tn nhin liu
iu chnh qu o khi v tinh h thp cao do ma st vi khng kh d rt long trn qu o
36 000 km, do vy vi cng mt khi lng nhin liu ban u th thi gian sng ca v tinh s
ngn hn, hoc nu mun duy tr thi gian sng lu hn th phi a ln qu o lng nhin
liu ln hn, ci ny li lm v tinh nng hn v do chi ph phng li i ln na.

Em nhn ci in thoi n...em gii thch v sao ni vo y l ting m sao ra u kia n

truyn c i trong khng gian xa vy?
V sao cc i pht thanh truyn hnh dng 1 anten m pht c cho nhiu ti vi vy, m
mng GSM ngi ta phi chia nh lm nhiu anten???
Mnh tr li nt 2 ny, cc bn vo gp , sa sai dm mnh nh :
1 Khi ni vo ci t, ting ni ca con ngi c dy tn t 0 - 20 KHz ( nghe c ti a l 15
KHz) s c t khuch i, iu ch ln tn s cao hn truyn i n cc trm thu pht t
trm thu pht kt ni vi s cn gi, my t nhn s din ra qu trnh ngc li l gii iu ch,
khuch i m lc ra tn hiu m thanh nghe c.
2 Cc i pht thanh truyn hnh ch dng 1 anten pht v cc i pht ny c dng tn s thp
khong 100 my MHz, tn s cng thp suy hao cng t => truyn tn hiu xa hn, t b che
chn, n pht tn hiu dng broadcast qung b, n cng khng quan tm n cc tivi c nhn
c tn hiu hay ko v cng ko c nhn li tn hiu no t cc tivi. Do cc i pht ny ch
dng 1 anten vi cng sut cao l .
Cn mng GSM s dng tn s cao 900 MHz, 1800 MHz khng truyn i xa c do suy hao ln
=> mun truyn i xa phi c cng sut ln => tn hao chi ph. mng GSM l tn hiu song
cng, cc mng GSM phi m bo rng user ca mnh nhn c tn hiu v user ny cn lin lc
v i pht. iu ny cng gy vn l nu s dng 1 anten th cc my t phi c cng sut
tht ln nu mun truyn data v i khong cch xa => ko kh thi.
Do , mng GSM bt buc phi s dng nhiu anten v qui hoch cell cho tng vng.