1

Chapter 5

၁။ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းတုေလးေယာက္ႏွင့္ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းစစ္ေလးေယာက္

၂။ အသက္ထက္္ဆုံးေပါင္းေဖာ္အပ္ေသာ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းစစ္ေလးေယာက္

၃။ သိဂၤါေလာဝါဒသုတ္လာ အရပ္ေျခာက္ပါးအေၾကာင္း

၄။ သား၊သမီးက်င့္ဝတ္ငါးပါးႏွင့္ မိဘတုိ႔ကျပန္၍ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ရာေသာ ဝတ္ငါးပါး

၅။ တပည့္ဝတ္ငါးပါးႏွင့္ ဆရာတုိ႔ကျပန္၍ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ရာေသာ ဝတ္ငါးပါး

၆။ လင့္က်င့္ဝတ္ငါးပါးႏွင့္ မယားက်င့္ဝတ္ငါးပါး

၇။ မယားမ်ိဳးခုနစ္ပါးကုိ က်မ္းဂန္လာအတုိင္း အက်ယ္ျပဆုိျခင္း

၈။ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းေကာင္းတုိ႔ျပဳရာေသာ ဝတ္ငါးပါး

၉။ အရွင့္က်င့္ဝတ္ငါးပါး

၁၀။ ရဟန္း၊သူေတာ္ေကာင္းတု႔ျိ ပဳအပ္ေသာ ဝတ္ငါးပါးႏွင့္လူတုိ႔ျပဳအပ္ေသာ ဝတ္ေျခာက္ပါး

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1. Four types of false friends and four types of true friends

၁။ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းတုေလးေယာက္ႏွင့္ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းစစ္ေလးေယာက္

In the world there are four types of pretended friends that are to be avoided as one would a mortal

danger and four types of true friends that are to be loved and kept as close as one's own children. People

must recognise among these eight types the false friends and avoid them.

ေလာက၌ေဘးရန္ကဲ့သု႔ိေရွာင္ၾကဥ္အပ္ေသာ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းတုေလးေယာက္၊ ရင္မွျဖစ္ေသာသား ကဲ့သုိ႔

ခ်စ္ခင္စုံမက္အပ္ေသာ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းစစ္ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းေကာင္းေလးေယာက္၊ ဤအေဆြခင္ပြန္းရွစ္မ်ိဳး

တုိ႔ကုိလည္း လူတုိ႔မည္သည္ေကာင္းစြာသိ၍ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းတုေလးေယာက္တုိ႔ကုိ ေဘးရန္ကဲ့သုိ႔ေရွာင္ၾကဥ္အပ္

၏။

The Si³gāla Sutta will be our guide to these four types, as follows:

ဤရွစ္ေယာက္တုိ႔တြင္ ေရွာင္ၾကဥ္အပ္ေသာ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းတု ခင္ပြန္းယုတ္ေလးေယာက္တုိ႔ကုိ သုတ္ပါ

ေထယ်ပါဠိေတာ္ သိဂၤါလသုတ္၌ ဤသုိ႔ေဟာေတာ္မူ၏။

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“Cattāro me gahapatiputta amittā mittapatirūpakā veditabbā. Aññadatthu haro amitto

mittapatirūpako veditabbo, vacīparamo amitto mittapatirūpako vedi tabbo, anuppiyabhā¼ī amitto

mitta patirūpako veditabbo, apāyasahāyo amitto mittapatirūpako veditabbo.1

That is to say: Sons of householders, those who show as seeming friendship while not being true

friends are of four kinds, which must be recognised.

သူႂကြယ္သား၊အေဆြခင္ပြန္းစစ္မဟုတ္ဘဲလွ်က္မိတ္ေဆြတုျဖစ္ကုန္ေသာဤဆုိလတံ့ေသာေလးေယာက္

တုိ႔ကုိ သိအပ္ကုန္၏။

There are the ones who come with empty hands to your house, and by means of giving high praise

to your dress and ornaments, really seek to get possession of your goods; they must be seen as seeming

friends and no true comrades.

အေဆြခင္ပြန္းအိမ္သုိ႔မိမိလက္ခ်ည္းသာလာ၍အဝတ္တန္ဆာစသည္တုိ႔၏ေကာင္းမြန္လွပျခင္းကုိခ်ီးမြမ္း

ျခင္းစသည္ျဖင့္စင္စစ္သူ႔ဥစၥာကုိသာယူေဆာင္တတ္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြစစ္မဟုတ္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြတုကုိလည္းေကာင္း

There are the ones who excel in talk, but their words come from the mouth only, not from the heart,

and they must be seen as seeming friends who are no true comrades and whose words have no generosity

or effect. There are the ones who have no truth in their nature, who may speak affectionately, but must be

seen as seeming friends who are no true comrades.

မုသာစြဲ၍ဝမ္းထဲမပါႏႈတ္ျဖင့္သာေပးခ်င္ကမ္းခ်င္ျပဳခ်င္မူခ်င္သကဲ့သုိ႔ျပဳေသာမိတ္ေဆြတုႏွင့္အမႈသေဘာ

ကုိမစစ္ ခ်စ္ဖြယ္အႀကိဳက္လုိက္၍ ဆုိတတ္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြတုလည္းေကာင္း။

1
. D. III. P. 151
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There are the ones who are only good for wasting property and must be seen as seeming friends

who are no true comrades.

ဥစၥာပ်က္စီးေၾကာင္း၌သာ အေပါင္းအေဖာ္ျဖစ္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြစစ္မဟုတ္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြတုကုိ သိအပ္၏။

Among these four types of pretended friends, the one whose interest lies in taking the goods of

others is called the aññadatthuhara (rapacious) type and must be seen as one of the four types of false

friend.

ဤအေဆြခင္ပြန္းတုေလးေယာက္တုိ႔တြင္သူတစ္ပါးဥစၥာကုိသာရေအာင္ယူတတ္ေသာအညဒတၳဳဟရ

မည္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြတုကုိ ေလးပါးေသာအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ သိအပ္၏ဟု၎ပါဠိေတာ္၌ ေဟာေတာ္မူ၏။

The text continues: -

“Catūhi kho gahapatiputta ¥hānehi aññadatthuharo amitto mittapatirūpako veditabbo.

“Aññadatthuharo hoti, appena bahumicchati;

bhayassa kiccaµ karoti, sevati atthakāra¼ā.

“Imehi kho gahapatiputta catūhi ¥hānehi aññadatthuharo amitto mitta patirūpako

veditabbo.2

That is to say: Sons of householders, the aññadatthuhara must be seen as one of the four types of

false friend.

သူႂကြယ္သား၊စင္စစ္ေသာ္-ေလးပါးေသာအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္အညဒတၳဳဟရမည္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြစစ္မဟုတ္

ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြတုကုိ သိအပ္နိုင္၏။

He comes empty-handed to his friend's house and praises the beauty of his clothes and ornaments,

but only hopes to get hold of someone else's property.

2
. D. III. P. 151.
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အေဆြအိမ္သုိ႔မိမိလက္ခ်ည္းသာလာ၍အဝတ္တန္ဆာစသည္တုိ႔၏ေကာင္းမြန္လွပျခင္းကုိခ်ီးမြမ္းျခင္း

စသည္ျဖင့္ စင္စစ္ သူ႔ဥစၥာကုိသာ ယူေဆာင္တတ္၏။

His own possessions are small and he covets another's greater wealth.

မိမိဥစၥာအနည္းအငယ္ျဖင့္ သူတစ္ပါးဥစၥာအမ်ားကုိ လုိခ်င္တတ္၏။

If danger comes and action is called for, this sort of friend will play a slave's part - he will not act

as a friend.

မိမိအားေဘးေရာက္လတ္ေသာ္ ထုိေဆြခင္ပြန္း၏ အမႈႀကီးငယ္ျပဳဖြယ္ကိစၥကုိ ေက်းကၽြန္ကဲ့သုိ႔ျပဳတတ္၏။

ေမတၱာစိတ္ျဖင့္ ျပဳလုပ္ေပးသည္မဟုတ္။

He is only looking for his own profit and will not stand firm as a friend should.

မိမိအက်ိဳးစီးပြါးကုိလုိေသာေၾကာင့္သာလွ်င္မွီဝဲေပါင္းသင္း၏၊ေမတၱာခ်စ္စိတ္မိတ္ဖြဲ႔သျဖင့္ျပဳလုပ္သည္မဟုတ္။

Sons of householders, it is thus that you may recognise the aññadatthuhara type of pretended

friend among the four types.

သူႂကြယ္သားေလးပါးေသာဤအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္အညဒတၳဳဟရမည္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြစစ္မဟုတ္ေသာမိတ္

ေဆြတုကုိ သိအပ္၏။

Among pretended friends of these four types are others whose generous actions, it seems, lies on

their lips only; they are to be recognised as vacīparamā (excelling in words), as the text says:

ဤမိတ္ေဆြတုေလးေယာက္တုိ႔တြင္ႏႈတ္ျဖင့္သာေပးခ်င္ကမ္းခ်င္ျပဳခ်င္မူခ်င္သကဲ့သုိ႔ျပဳတတ္ေသာဝစီပမ

မည္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြတုကုိ သိအပ္၏ဟု ၎ပါဠိေတာ္၌ ေဟာေတာ္မူ၏။

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“Catþhi kho gahapatiputta ¥hænehi vacīparamo amitto mittapatirūpako veditabbo. Atītena

pa¥isantharati, anāgatena patisantharati, niratthakena sa³gah¼āti, paccuppannesu kiccesu

byasanaµ dasseti. Imehi kho gahapatiputta catūhi ¥hānehi vacīparamo amitto mittapatirūpako

veditabbo.3

That is to say: Sons of householders, in truth you may recognise by four characteristics friends who

are vacīparamā, talkers, not true friends but friends in words only.

သူႂကြယ္သား၊ စင္စစ္ေသာ္ ေလးပါးေသာအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ ဝစီပရမမည္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြစစ္မဟုတ္ေသာ

မိတ္ေဆြတုကုိ သိအပ္နိုင္၏။

They will speak well of the past; they will speak well of the future, they will speak well of

whatever is empty and valueless. For present action, when it comes to deeds, they break.

အတိတ္ျဖင့္စပ္ဟပ္၍ေျမွာက္တတ္၏၊အနာဂတ္ျဖင့္စပ္ဟပ္၍ေျမွာက္တတ္၏၊အက်ိဳးမၿပီးအခ်ည္းႏွီးေသာ

စကားျဖင့္စပ္ဟပ္၍ေျမွာက္တတ္။ယခုမ်က္ေမွာက္ေရာက္ဆဲျဖစ္ကုန္ေသာအမႈကိစၥတုိ႔၌ပ်က္စီးျခင္းကုိျပတတ္၏

Sons of householders, it is by these four characteristics that the vacīparamā friends are to be

known. There are four marks by which you may know this worthless vacīparamā seeming friend.

သူႂကြယ္သား၊စင္စစ္ေသာ္-ေလးပါးေသာဤအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္အညဒတၳဳဟရမည္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြစစ္

မဟုတ္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြတုကုိ သိအပ္နိုင္၏။ဤဝစီပရမအေဆြခင္ပြန္းယုတ္ကုိ သိေၾကာင္းေလးပါး၌ အဓိပၸါယ္-

1. When you meet him, he will tell you that you, his friend, are not of common stock – he

will tell you what a great family and name you come from - handed down from

3
. D. III. P. 151.
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grandfather and great grandfather he will tell you how rich they were, always exaggerating

the past.

၁။အေဆြခင္ပြန္းႏွင့္ေတြ႔လွ်င္သင္အေဆြေတာ္သည္လူသာမန္မဟုတ္ေပ၊ေရွးဘုိးေဘးစဥ္ဆက္

က မည္ကဲ့သုိ႔အမ်ိဳးအမည္ႀကီးေသာသူ၊ မည္ကဲ့သုိ႔ဥစၥာပစၥည္းႏွင့္ ျပည့္စုံေသာသူတုိ႔

ျဖစ္ေပသည္ဟု အတိတ္ကာလႏွင့္စပ္ဟပ္၍ ေျမွာက္ပင့္၏။

But you, his friend, have not yet reached that standard; he, your companion, will see that

later you will be brought up to the past levels of well-being.

သင္အေဆြေတာ္သည္ ယခုလည္းဤကဲ့သုိ႔ေနရမည္မဟုတ္ေသး၊ ေရွးသုိ႔ကုိလည္း မည္ကဲ့သုိ႔

ေကာင္းစားခ်မ္းသာပါေလဦးးမည္။

He has set up a store of paddy and rice which he will give to you, his friend; there is a

store of all sorts of goods. But that is for the future - he can't give it just now - next

month, or next year will be a good opportunity. Please come back then. That is the way he

will talk about the future.

အေဆြ႔ကုိေပးမည္ဟု ကၽြန္ဳပ္စပါးဆန္ေရမ်ားကုိ စုရုံးထားပါသည္၊ ဥစၥာပစၥည္းတစ္စုံတစ္ခုကုိ

ထားပါသည္၊အလာအေရာက္ေနာက္က်၍ မေပးနုိင္ခင္ ကုန္သြားပါသည္၊ ေနာက္လေနာက္ႏွစ္

မ်ားတြင္လည္းအခြင့္သင့္လွ်င္လာခဲ့ပါဦးေတာ့။ဤသုိ႔စသည္ျဖင့္အနာဂတ္ႏွင့္စပ္ဟပ္၍ေျမွာက္

သည္။

2. He will tell you that you, his friend, are no common man - you are both remarkably strong

and learned - your abilities are high - he will exaggerate in this way in words of no weight.

သင္-အေဆြေတာ္လည္းလူသာမန္မဟုတ္၊အစြမ္းသတၱိဥာဏ္ပညာရွိသည္။အရည္အခ်င္း

ေကာင္းသည္။ ဤသို႔စသည္ျဖင့္ အက်ိဳးမရွိေသာစကားျဖင့္ စပ္ဟပ္၍ေျမွာက္၏။

 8

3. When you, as his companion, go back to this bragging "friend" - oh! He's afraid that at the

moment he's short himself - he can't spare anything just now. The time is not yet right. He

will dodge giving anything with excuses like this.

၃။ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းက ထုိေျမွာက္ပင့္သူကုိျပန္၍ အေဆြ-ယခုစာသုံးရန္မရွိပါကမေပးပါႏွင့္ဆုိ

လွ်င္ အခြင့္မသင့္ေသးပါစသျဖင့္ေျပာဆုိကာ မေပးမကမ္းရေအာင္ ေရွာင္လတ

ႊဲ တ္၏။

4. If you go to your "friend" to ask to borrow or to hire a cart, or a boat, or any property, he

will make excuses - the cart or the boat or anything else that you ask for have been

damaged - it isn't available at this moment - he's afraid that he can't let you have it. This

sort of beginning shows the way to losses.

၄။ အေဆြ၌ရွိေသာလွည္း၊ေလွ၊ဥစၥာပစၥည္းမ်ားကုိ ငွားရမ္းပါ၊ေပးပါဟုေတာင္းလွ်င္ သင္ေတာင္း

ေသာလွည္း၊ေလွစေသာဝတၳဳတုိ႔သည္ယခုပ်က္စီး၍ေနပါေသးသည္။ဤသုိ႔အစရွိသျဖင့္မငွားရ၊မ

ေပးရေအာင္ေရွာင္လႊဲယုိးမယ္ဖြဲ႕၍ေျပာသည္။ဤသုိ႔အစရွိသျဖင့္ယခုပစၥဳပၸန္၌အပ်က္အစီးကုိျပ

၏။

It means that if this kind of sweet talk, on the lips only, has any part in the business; there will be

no help to be had, either in property or in words to make things turn out right.

ဤသုိ႔ႏႈတ္ျဖင့္သာ ခ်ိဳသာစြာေျပာဆုိ၍ ေပါင္းေဖာ္သည္၊ မႈခင္းကိစၥမ်ား၌ တစ္စုံတစ္ရာေနရာက်ေအာင္

ဥစၥာပစၥည္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း၊ ႏႈတ္၏ေစာင္မျခင္း စသည္ျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း မျပဳမလုပ္ဆုိလုိသည္။

Out of the four types of false friend, the type that is called anuppiyabhā¼ī (flatterer) does not

follow a straightforward course of action but speaks endearingly of friendship and he is to be recognised

by this, as the text explains:

 9

ဤမိတ္ေဆြတုေလးေယာက္တုိ႔တြင္ အမႈသေဘာကုိမလုိက္ အႀကိဳက္ကုိဆုိတတ္ေသာ’အနဳပိယဘာဏီ’

မည္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြတုကုိ ေလးပါးေသာအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ သိအပ္၏ဟု၎ပါဠိေတာ္၌ေဟာေတာ္မူသည္။

“Catūhi kho gahapatiputta ¥hānehi anuppiyabhā¼ī amitto mittapatirūpako veditabbo.

Pāpakampissa anujānāti, kalayā¼ampissa anujānāti, sammukhassa va¼¼aµ bhāsati,

parammukhassa ava¼¼am bhāsati. Imehi kho gahapatiputta catūhi ¥hānehi anuppiyabhā¼ī

amitto mittapatirūpako veditabbo.4

That is to say: Sons of householders! The one, who is marked by this out of the four indications as

a flatterer, is no true friend and must be recognised as one who only pretends friendship.

သူႂကြယ္သား၊ စင္စစ္ေသာ္ အနဳပၸိယဘာဏီမည္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြစစ္မဟုတ္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြတုကုိ ေလးပါး

ေသာအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ သိအပ္၏။

This sort of friend will do nothing to keep his companion from sin and bad behaviour. He will give

no good advice. He will pleasantly find ingratiating excuses for you and say "It's all right - come on, we'll

have a game!" Such a one will not make occasions for meritorious actions for his companion - rather he

will prevent and discourage them. Such a one in his companion's presence will praise his virtue, but out

of sight he will never cease to keep the cards in play.

ထုိအေဆြခင္ပြန္းအားအပါယ္လားေၾကာင္းမေကာင္းေသာအမႈျပဳလုပ္သည္ကုိမျမစ္မေမာင္း၊ က်ိဳးေၾကာင္း

မေျပာ၊ ဒုိးေရာဇယ္ပါ၊ ငါလည္းျပဳမည္၊ ေကာင္းလွသည္ဟု၊ သာၾကည္နဴးညြတ္၊ ခြင့္လႊတ္တတ္၏။ ထုိမိတ္ေဆြ

အား ကုသိုလ္ပြါးေၾကာင္း ေကာင္းေသာအမႈကုိလည္း ခြင့္မျပဳျဖစ္၊ ျမစ္တားဟန္႔ဆီး၏။ထုိမိတ္ေဆြ၏ေရွ႕၌ ေက်း

ဇူးကုိ ခ်ီးမြမ္းတတ္၏။ မ်က္ကြယ္၌ကား ေက်းဇူးမဲ့ကုိ မေနမနားဖန္မ်ားေျပာဆုိတတ္၏။

4
. D. III. P. 151.
 10

Sons of householders! The flatterer is recognised as one by this test out of the four, as no true

friend. His friendship is a mere pretence.

သူႂကြယ္သား၊ အနဳပၸိယဘာဏီမည္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြစစ္မဟုတ္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြတုကုိ ဤေလးပါးကုန္ေသာ

အေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ သိအပ္၏။

The text continues, describing the class of false friends that is called apāyasahāya (spendthrift),

association with whom is only good for the destruction of property. They must be recognised thus among

the four types of false friends.

ဤမိတ္ေဆြတုေလးေယာက္တုိ႔တြင္ဥစၥာပ်က္စီးေၾကာင္း၌သာအေပါင္းအေဖာ္ျဖစ္ေသာအပါယသဟာယ

မည္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြတုကုိလည္း ေလးပါးေသာအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ သိအပ္၏ဟု ၎ပါဠိေတာ္၌ေဟာေတာ္မူသည္။

“Catþhi kho gahapatiputta ¥hānehi apāyasahæyo amitto mittapatirūpako veditabbo.

Surāmerayamajjappamæda¥¥hānānuyoge sahæyo hoti, vikāla visikhā cariyānuyoge sahāyo hoti,

samajjābhicara¼e sahæyo hoti, jutappamæda¥¥hānānuyoge sahāyo hoti. Imehi kho gahapatiputta

catþhi ¥hānehi amitto mittapatirūpako veditabbo.5

That is to say: Sons of householders! Those that are called spendthrifts are no true friends and

must be recognised as false friends by these characteristics.

သူႂကြယ္သား၊စင္စစ္ေသာ္အပါယသဟာယမည္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြစစ္မဟုတ္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြတုကုိေလးပါး

ေသာ အေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ သိအပ္၏။

Over and over again in their behaviour they will not give up getting drunk on liquor which is the

root of their failure to engage in any activity which is either meritorious or useful, as they join in drinking

parties.

5
. D. III. P. 152
 11

ကုသိုလ္ေကာင္းမႈ၊စီးပါြးေရး၌ေမ့ေလ်ာ့လစ္ဟင္းျခင္း၏အေၾကာင္းျဖစ္ေသာေသရည္အရက္ယစ္မ်ိဳးကုိ

ေသာက္သုံးျခင္းကုိမေလွ်ာ့ အဖန္တလဲလဲ ျပဳက်င့္ျခင္း၌ ေသာက္ေဖာ္ေသာက္ဖက္ျဖစ္၏။

They join in parties indulging in constant movement and going about at irregular times.

အခိ်န္ခါမဲ့ ခရီးလမ္းဆုံ၌သြားလာလွည္႔ပတ္ျခင္းကုိ အဖန္တလဲလဲ ျပဳက်င့္ျခင္း၌ အေပါင္းအေဖာ္ျဖစ္၏။

They join in parties that go about looking for dances and other entertainments.

ကျခင္းစေသာပြဲလမ္းသဘင္ေပ်ာ္ရႊင္ျမဴးထူးလုိေသာအားျဖင့္လွည့္ပတ္သြားလာျခင္း၌အေပါင္းအေဖာ္ျဖစ္

၏။

Over and over again they join in dicing parties and in gambling, which keeps them from either

meritorious or useful actions.

ကုသုိလ္ေကာင္းမႈ၊စီးပြါးေရး၌ ေမ့ေလ်ာ့ျခင္း၏အေၾကာင္းျဖစ္ေသာ ေႂကြအန္ေလာင္းကစားျခင္းကုိ အဖန္

တလဲလဲယွဥ္ျခင္း၊ လုံ႔လျပဳျခင္း၌ အေပါင္းအေဖာ္ျဖစ္၏။

Sons of householders, by these four marks you may recognise the spendthrifts who are called

apāyasahāya.

သူႂကြယ္သား၊ အပါယသဟာယမည္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြစစ္မဟုတ္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြတုကုိ ေလးပါးကုန္ေသာ

ဤအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ သိအပ္၏။

As the following text advises, members of these four types of false friends are especially to be

avoided:
 12

ဤမိတ္ေဆြယုတ္ေလးေယာက္တုိ႔ကုိ အထူးသျဖင့္ေရွာင္ၾကဥ္အပ္သည္ကုိ ၎ပါဠိေတာ္၌ ဤသုိ႔ေဟာ

ေတာ္မူသည္။

“Aññadatthuharo mitto,

yo ca mitto vacīparamo;

anuppiyañ ca yo āha,

apāyesu ca yo sakhā.

“Ete mitte cattāro,

iti viññāya pa¼ðito;

ārakā parivajjeya,

maggaµ pa¥ibhayaµ yathā” ti.6

That is to say: The false friend who is spendthrift; the false friend who is a friend in his words only;

the false friend who is a flatterer, pretending love, who gives praise regardless of whether the house is

handsome or poor, to cover up what he is doing; the spendthrift who hangs around you to waste your

property -- these are all not true friends but false and pretended friends. Teachers who know what is good

have shown how to recognise each of them and how to avoid them as a road into danger.

အညဒတၳဳဟရ၊ ဝစီပရမ၊ အနဳပၸိယဘာဏီမည္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြတုတုိ႔ကား ခ်စ္ဖြယ္လုိက္၍ သူ႔အႀကိဳက္

ကုိသာလုိက္၍ မေကာင္းလည္းအိမ္း၊ ေကာင္းလည္းအိမ္းႏွင့္ အမႈတိမ္းေအာင္ေျပာဆုိတတ္၏။ ဥစၥာပ်က္စီး

ေၾကာင္း၌အေပါင္းအေဖာ္ျဖစ္ေသာ အပါယသဟာယ၊ ဤမိတ္ေဆြတုေလးေယာက္တုိ႔ကုိ ဤသူတုိ႔ကား အေဆြ

6
. D. III. P. 152
 13

ခင္ပြန္းျမတ္မဟုတ္၊ သူယုတ္အစစ္ဟု တစ္တစ္ခြခြသိ၍ အက်ိဳးစီးပါြး၌လိမ္မာသသူပညာရွင္သည္ ေဘးရန္ရွိ

ေသာခရီးကဲ့သုိ႔ ေဝးေဝးက ေရွာင္ၾကဥ္ရာ၏။

2. Four friends to be kept all one’s life

၂။ အသက္ထက္္ဆုံးေပါင္းေဖာ္အပ္ေသာ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းစစ္ေလးေယာက္

The same text says that there are four true friends who are to be cherished and kept close like one's

own children. According to this scripture:

ရင္မွျဖစ္ေသာသားကဲ့သုိ႔အသက္ထက္ဆုံးေပါင္းေဖာ္မွီဝဲအပ္ေသာအေဆြခင္ပြန္းစစ္ေလးေယာက္ရွိသည္

ကုိ ၎ပါဠိေတာ္၌ ဤသုိ႔ေဟာေတာ္မူ၏။

“Cattāro me gahapatiputta mittā suhadā veditabbæ. Upakāro mitto suhado veditabbo,

samānasukhadukkho mitto suhado veditabbo, atthakkhāyī mitto suhado veditabbo, anukampako

mitto suhado veditabbo.7

That is to say: Sons of householders! You must recognise four types of friends who are proved

good.

သူႂကြယ္သား၊ေကာင္းေသာႏွလုံးရွိကုန္ေသာကလ်ာဏမိတ္စစ္ျဖစ္ေသာအေဆြခင္ပြန္းေလးေယာက္တုိ႔

ကုိ သိအပ္ကုန္၏။

You must recognise as good friends, first, those who are good in heart and who can provide special

assistance; second, those of good heart who will be your good friends in good times and in bad; third,

those of good heart who will be good friends, only speaking to your moral benefit; fourth, those of good

heart who will be good friends who will give you love, honour and sympathy.

7
. D.III. P.152
 14

စိတ္ေကာင္းႏွလုံးေကာင္းရွိေသာ ေက်းဇူးအထူးကုိျပဳတတ္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြစစ္ကုိလည္းေကာင္း၊ ခ်မ္းသာ

ဆင္းရဲမကြဲတူမွ်ျဖစ္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြစစ္ကုိလည္းေကာင္း၊အက်ိဳးရွိအံ့သည္ကုိသာေျပာေဟာေလ့ရွိေသာမိတ္ေဆြ

စစ္ကုိလည္းေကာင္း၊ ခ်စ္ခင္ေလးျမတ္သနားတတ္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြစစ္ကုိလည္းေကာင္း သိအပ္၏။

The text also gives the following marks by which to recognise out of these four types those true

friends, your support, who are of good heart and who can provide you with special assistance,

ဤအေဆြခင္ပြန္းစစ္ေလးေယာက္တုိ႔တြင္ စိတ္ေကာင္းႏွလုံးေကာင္းရွိေသာ ေက်းဇူးအထူးကုိေျပာဆုိ

တတ္ေသာ ဥပကာရမည္ေသာအေဆြခင္ပြန္းစစ္ကုိေလးပါးေသာအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ သိအပ္၏ဟု ၎ပါဠိေတာ္၌

ေဟာေတာ္မူ၏။

“Catūhi kho gahapatiputta ¥hānehi upakāro mitto suhado veditabbo. Pamattaµ rakkhati,

pamatassa sāpateyyaµ rakkhati, bhītassa sara¼aµ hoti, uppannesu kiccakara¼īyesu taddigunaµ

bhogaµ anuppadeti. Imehi kho gahapatiputta ¥hānehi upakāro mitto suhado veditabbo.8

That is to say: Sons of householders! By these four marks you may recognise a good friend of good

heart, who is your support.

သူႂကြယ္သား၊ စင္စစ္ေသာ္ကား ေလးပါးကုန္ေသာအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ စိတ္ေကာင္းႏွလုံးေကာင္းရွိေသာ၊

ဥပကာရမည္ေသာ၊ကလ်ာဏမိတ္စစ္ျဖစ္ေသာ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းကုိ သိအပ္၏။

He will protect his friend from drunkenness and carelessness. He will protect from loss the

property of his friend when he is neglectful. In any crisis, when his friend is afraid, he will tell him,

"What is there to be afraid of when you have so stout a companion at your side as myself?" and so

encourage him to think better of himself and dismiss the danger.

8
. D. III. P. 152
 15

ယစ္မူးေမ့ေလ်ာ့ေသာအေဆြခင္ပြန္းကုိ ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ေစာင္မတတ္၏၊ ေမ့ေလ်ာ့ေသာအေဆြခင္ပြန္း၏

ဥစၥာပစၥည္းကုိ ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ေစာင္မတတ္၏၊ တစ္စုံတစ္ရာအေရးေရာက္၍ ထိတ္လန္႔ေၾကာက္ရြံ႕ေနေသာ

အေဆြခင္ပြန္း၏ ငါသုိ႔သသူ သဟဲရွိလွ်က္ အဘယ္တစ္စိေၾကာက္ဘိသနည္းဟု အားေပး၍ ထုိေဘးမွကယ္ေပး

တတ္ေသာ ကုိးကြယ္ရာျဖစ္၏။

When there is any enterprise to be undertaken, he will ask his friend how much he needs to spend

upon it and, unasked, will offer more help than is estimated from his own resources.

ျပဳဖြယ္အမႈကိစၥတုိ႔ေပၚေပါက္လာကုန္လတ္ေသာ္ ထုိအေဆြခင္ပြန္းမည္မွ်သုံးရန္ လုိပါသည္ဟုဆုိသည္

ထက္ ႏွစ္ဆတက္ေသာ ဥစၥာပစၥည္းကုိ မ.စ ေပးကမ္းႏွင့္၏။

Sons of householders! By these four marks you may recognise the good friend of good heart who

will be your support.

သူႂကြယ္သား၊ ဤေလးပါးေသာအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ စိတ္ေကာင္းႏွလုံးေကာင္းရွိေသာ ဥပကာရမည္ေသာ

ကလ်ာဏမိတ္စစ္ကုိ သိအပ္၏။

The text continues with the four marks by which to recognise the friend of good heart who will not

part from his friend, either in good times or in bad, who will be called samāna sukha dukkha (company in

joy and sorrow):

ဤအေဆြခင္ပြန္းစစ္ေလးေယာက္တုိ႔တြင္ စိတ္ေကာင္းႏွလုံးေကာင္းရွိေသာ ခ်မ္းသာဆင္းရဲမကြဲတူမွ် ျဖစ္

ေသာ သမာနသုခဒုကၡမည္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြစစ္ကုိ အေၾကာင္းတရားေလးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ သိအပ္၏။

“Catūhi kho gahapatiputta ¥hānehi samānasukhadukkho mitto suhado veditabbo.

Gunnhyamassa ācikkhati, gunnhyamassa parigūhati, āpadāsu na vijahati, jīvitampissa atthāya

 16

pariccatthaµ hoti. Imehi kho gahapatiputta catūhi ¥hānehi samānasukhadukkho mitto suhado

veditabbo.9

That is to say: Sons of householders! By these four marks you may recognise the good friend of

good heart who can be called a companion in joy and in sorrow.

သူႂကြယ္သား၊ စင္စစ္ေသာ္ကား စိတ္ေကာင္းႏွလုံးေကာင္းရွိေသာ ခ်မ္းသာဆင္းရဲမကြဲတူမွ် ျဖစ္ေသာ

သမာနသုခဒုကၡမည္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြစစ္ကုိ အေၾကာင္းတရားေလးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ သိအပ္၏။

He will keep from being spread abroad anything confidential which you may consult him about.

When danger threatens, such as a water-tortoise, a bear, a falcon, a lion or lioness, such a friend will not

give you up. Such a friend will even give up his own life for his friend's benefit, as did Sumukha.10

မိမိ၏လွ်ိဳ႕ဝွက္ေကာင္းေသာစကားကုိ ထုိအေဆြခင္ပြန္းအားသာလွ်င္ ေျပာၾကားတုိင္ပင္၏၊ ထုိအေဆြ

ခင္ပြန္း၏ လွ်ိဳ႕ဝွက္ေကာင္းေသာစကားကုိ ထက္ဝန္းက်င္လုံေအာင္ေစာင့္၏၊ ေဘးရန္ႀကဳံလတ္ေသာ ေရလိပ္၊

ဝံ၊ သိမ္းဖုိ၊သိန္းမ၊သီဟရာဇာတုိ႔ကဲ့သုိ႔ မစြန္႔၊ထုိအေဆြခင္ပြန္း၏အက်ိဳးငွာ မိမိအသက္ကုိေသာ္လည္း သုမုခကဲ့

သုိ႔ စြန္႔စား၏။

Sons of householders! It is by these marks that you will recognise the friend who will stay with you

through good times and bad times, in joy and in sorrow.

သူႂကြယ္သား၊ ဤအေၾကာင္းတရားေလးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ စိတ္ေကာင္းႏွလုံးေကာင္းရွိေသာသမာနသုခဒုကၡမည္

ေသာ ကလ်ာဏမိတ္ေဆြစစ္ကုိ သိအပ္၏။

The text continues with the four marks by which to recognise the friend of good heart who will

deserve the name of atthakkhāyī among the four types, who will speak for your moral benefit:

9
. D. III. P. 152
10
.Jæ. IV. A. Pp. 425-6
 17

ဤအေဆြခင္ပြန္းစစ္ေလးေယာက္တုိ႔တြင္ စိတ္ေကာင္းႏွလုံးေကာင္းရွိေသာ အက်ိဳးရွိအံ့သည္ကုိသာ

ေျပာေဟာေလ့ရွိေသာ အတၳကၡာယီမည္ေသာ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းစစ္ကုိ အေၾကာင္းတရားေလးပါးတု႔ိျဖင့္ သိအပ္၏

ဟု ၎ပါဠိေတာ္၌ ေဟာေတာ္မူသည္။

“Catuhi kho gahapatiputta ¥hānehi atthakkhāyī mitto suhado veditabbo. Pāpā nivāreti,

kalayā¼e niveseti, assutaµ sāveti, saggassa maggaµ ācikkhati. Imehi kho gahapatiputta caūhi

¥hānehi atthakkhāyī mitto suhado veditabbo.11

That is to say: Sons of householders! By these four marks you may recognise good friends of good

heart who will be called atthakkhāyī (showing what is profitable).

သူႂကြယ္သား စင္စစ္ေသာ္ကား၊ စိတ္ေကာင္းႏွလုံးေကာင္းရွိေသာ အက်ိဳးရွိအံ့သည္ကုိသာ ေျပာေဟာ

ေလ့ရွိေသာအတၳကၡာယီမည္ေသာအေဆြခင္ပြန္းစစ္ကုိအေၾကာင္းတရားေလးပါးတု႔ိျဖင့္သိအပ္၏ဟု၎ပါဠိေတာ္

၌ ေဟာေတာ္မူသည္။

He is the friend who will keep you from an action that is a demerit, telling you that it is

unbecoming to do paltry things which may bring blame upon you, disgraceful and dirty things that low

people do.

ပဥၥေဝရ၊ဒသအကုသလကမၼပထမွ မေရမရာ၊ ပါယ္ရြာခ်တတ္၊ ယုတ္ပတ္ညစ္က်ဴး၊ လူသြမ္းမႈကုိ၊

မျပဳပါလင့္ဟု၊ ျပသက်ိဳးျပစ္၊ တားျမစ္ေပတတ္၏၊

He is the friend who persists like a potter in shaping you in the pañcasīla,12 in the ten meritorious

actions, such as Charity (dāna).

ပဥၥသီလ၊ ဒသကုသလကမၼပထ၊ဒါနစေသာကုသုိလ္တရား၌ ဃဋိကာရကဲ့သုိ႔ မရမကတည္ေစတတ္။

11
. D. III. P. 153
12
.Ps. Pp. 44-5
 18

He will hold you always to paying attention to small points of old custom. Such a friend will keep

your attention on the Way to the Land of the Spirits.

မၾကားစေတာင္း၊ ထုံးေဟာင္းနည္းနာ၊ သိမ့္ေမြ႕စြာေသာအေၾကာင္းကုိ ၾကားေစ၏။ ထုိအေဆြခင္ပြန္းအား

နတ္ရြာလမ္းကုိ ၾကားေပးတတ္၏။

Sons of householders! It is by these marks that you will recognise the friend who will bring you

moral benefits.

သူႂကြယ္သား၊ဤအေၾကာင္းတရားေလးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္စိတ္ေကာင္းႏွလုံးေကာင္းရွိေသာအတၳကၡာယီမည္ေသာ

မိတ္ေဆြစစ္ကုိသိအပ္၏။

The text continues with the four marks by which to recognise the friend of good heart among the

four types, who will deserve the name anukampaka, the friend who will give you love and honour:

ဤအေဆြခင္ပြန္းစစ္ေလးေယာက္တုိ႔တြင္စိတ္ေကာင္းႏွလုံးေကာင္းရွိေသာခ်စ္ခင္ေလးျမတ္သနားတတ္ေသာ

အနဳကမၸကမည္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြစစ္ကုိ အေၾကာင္းတရားေလးပါးတု႔ိျဖင့္ သိအပ္၏။

“Catūhi kho gahapatiputta ¥hānehi anukampako mitto suhado veditabbo. Abhavenassa na

nandati, bhavenassa nandati, ava¼¼aµ bha¼amānaµ nivāreti, va¼¼aµ bha¼amānaµ

pasamsati. Imehikho gahapatiputta catūhi ¥hānehi anukanmpako mitto suhado veditabboti.13

That is to say: Sons of householders! By these four marks you may recognise good friends of good

heart who will be called anukampaka.

သူႂကြယ္သား၊ စင္စစ္ေသာ္ကား၊ အေၾကာင္းတရားေလးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ စိတ္ေကာင္းႏွလုံးေကာင္းရွိေသာ အနဳ

ကမၸကမည္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြစစ္ကုိ သိအပ္၏။

13
. D. III. P. 153
 19

They will have no fondness for waste through the display of wealth and restless travel: they will

prefer to cultivate their own well-being in their own place.

ထုိအေဆြခင္ပြန္း၏ ေႁခြရံစည္းစိမ္၊ မၿငိမ္ေရြ႕ရွား၊ ပ်က္ျပားျခင္းျဖင့္ မႏွစ္သက္။ ထုိအေဆြခင္ပြန္း၏

စည္းစိမ္ေခၽြရံ၊ ဌာနႏၱရ သုခပြားစီးသျဖင့္ ႏွစ္သက္၏။

When people speak ill of their friends, they will check them and they will encourage those who

speak well of them.

မိမိမိတ္ေဆြအားကဲ့ရဲ႕စကားေျပာဆုိသူကုိတားျမစ္ေပးတတ္၍ခ်ီးမြမ္းစကားေျပာဆုိသူကုိ ခ်ီးမြမ္းတတ္၏။

Sons of householders! It is by these four marks that you will recognise the friend who will deserve

the name of anukampaka, the one who is kind and loving.

သူႂကြယ္သား၊ဤအေၾကာင္းတရားေလးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္စိတ္ေကာင္းႏွလုံးေကာင္းရွိေသာအနဳကမၸကမည္ေသာ

မိတ္ေဆြစစ္ကုိ သိအပ္၏။

Into these four types of friends will fall one's parents and other benefactors who will be in the class

of friends who are called upakāra (helpers).

ဤအေဆြခင္ပြန္းစစ္ေလးေယာက္တုိ႔တြင္မိခင္၊ဖခင္၊ေက်းဇူးရွင္တုိ႔သည္ဥပကာရမည္ေသာအေဆြခင္

ပြန္းမ်ိဳးျဖစ္၏။

Family servants, brothers, sons and other such loving family are those who will stand by you in

poverty or in prosperity and are the class of friends who are called samænasukadukkha, those who will

endure both grief and joy.

ေက်းရင္း၊ကၽြန္ရင္း၊ ညီသား၊အစ္ကုိ၊ခ်စ္ခင္စုံမက္ေသာေဆြမ်ိဳးစသည္တုိ႔သည္ ဆင္းရဲအတူ ခ်မ္းသာအမွ်

ဝင္၍ခံတတ္ေသာ သမာနသုခဒုကၡမည္ေသာ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းမ်ိဳးျဖစ္၏။

 20

Great sages have said that (atthakkhæyø) they count their family servants among their anukampaka

friends because they have shown where their welfare lay and have admonished them.

ပညာရွိသူေတာ္ေကာင္း လူႀကီးတုိ႔သည္ က်ိဳးေၾကာင္းျပသ ဆုိဆုံးမတတ္ေသာေၾကာင့္ အတၳကၡာယီမည္

ေသာအေဆြခင္ပြန္းမ်ိဳးျဖစ္၍ မိမိကုိ ခ်စ္ခင္စုံမက္ေသာ ေက်းကၽြန္အသိအကၽြမ္းတုိ႔သည္ အႏုကမၸကမည္ေသာ

အေဆြခင္ပြန္းမ်ိဳးျဖစ္၏။

The seventh A³guttaranikāya text has the following on the kinds of friends with whom one should

usually associate oneself:

သာမညအေဆြခင္ပြန္းမ်ိဳး မခြဲျခမ္းသျဖင့္ ေပါင္းေဖာ္အပ္ေသာ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းေကာင္းအဂၤါခုနစ္ပါးရွိသည္

ကုိ သတၱဂုၤတၱရပါဠိေတာ္၌ ဤသုိ႔ေဟာေတာ္မူ၏။

“Duddadaµ dadāti mitto,

dukkarañcāpi kubbati;

athopissa duruttæni,

khamati dukkhamāni ca.

“Gunnhyañca tassa akkhāti,

gunnhyassa parigūhati;

āpadasu na jahāti,

khīnena nātimaññati;

yammhi etāni ¥hānāni,

saµvijjantīdha puggale;

so mitto mittakāmena,
 21

bhajitabbo tathāvidho”ti.14

That is to say: - One who is a proper friend will give away to you wealth and position which it

takes an effort to part with: in a situation that is hard to bear, he will endure. Besides this he will stand up

against harsh words and in unbearable situations.

အေဆြခင္ပြန္းေကာင္း ျဖစ္မူကား၊ ေပးနုိင္ခဲေသာဥစၥာပစၥည္း၊ ရာထူးဌာနႏၱရကုိ ေပးတတ္၏၊ သည္ပုိးရြက္

ေဆာင္ျခင္းငွာခက္ခဲေသာ အမႈကိစၥတုိ႔ကုိလည္း သည္ပုိးရြက္ေဆာင္တတ္၏၊ၾကမ္းတမ္းရုန္႔ရင္းစြာ ေျပာဆုိေသာ

စကားတုိ႔ကုိလည္းေကာင္း မခံနုိင္ေအာင္ျပဳက်င့္ေသာအမႈကိစၥတုိ႔ကုိလည္းေကာင္း သည္းခံတတ္၏။

Such a friend will advise you in matters of confidence; this friend will keep matters that are secret

separated from other matters.

မိတ္ေဆြ၏ လွ်ိဳ႕ဝွက္ခ်က္ကိစၥတုိ႔ကုိလည္း ေျပာၾကားတုိင္ပင္၏၊ မိတ္ေဆြ၏လွ်ိဳ႕ဝွက္ခ်က္ကုိလည္း ထက္

ဝန္းက်င္ လုံၿခဳံေအာင္ လွ်ိဳ႕ဝွက္ေပးတတ္၏။

If there is danger, he will not abandon you. If his friend's wealth or position should diminish, he

will not despise and reproach him.

ေဘးရန္ႏွင့္ႀကဳံေတြ႔ေသာ္ စြန္႔ပစ္မထားခဲ့၊ အေဆြခင္ပြန္း၌ စည္းစိမ္ဥစၥာ၊ရာထူးနိမ့္က်ကုန္ခမ္းျခင္းေၾကာင့္

လည္း မထီမဲ့ျမင္ ေစာ္ကားရုိင္းပ်ျခင္းကုိ မျပဳ။

These seven characteristics will be found anywhere there is real friendship. Anyone who wishes for

a good friend must hold firmly to his friend who had these seven qualities.

ဤအခ်က္အလက္ခုနစ္ပါးႏွင့္ျပည့္စုံေသာမိတ္ေဆြမ်ိဳးကုိအေဆြခင္ပြန္းေကာင္းကုိလုိလားေသာသူသည္

မွီဝဲဆည္းကပ္၊ေပါင္းသင္းအပ္၏။

14
.A³. II. P. 421
 22

The Si³gæla Sutta describes how good friends of the four sorts that have been spoken of here

described, are to be loved and held close as one's own children, as follows:

ဤသုိ႔ဆုိအပ္ခဲ့ၿပီးေသာ မိတ္ေဆြေကာင္းေလးေယာက္တုိ႔ကုိ ရင္၌ျဖစ္ေသာသားကဲ့သုိ႔ ခ်စ္ခင္စုံမက္အပ္

သည္ကုိ သိဂၤါလသုတ္ပါဠိေတာ္၌ ဤသုိ႔ေဟာေတာ္မူသည္။

“Upakāro ca yo mitto,

sukhe dukkhe ca yo sakhā;

atthakkhāyī ca yo mitto,

yo ca mittānukampako;

ete pi mitte cattāro,

iti viññāya pa¼ðito.

“Sakkaccaµ payirupāseyya,

mātā puttaµ va orasaµ;

pa¼ðito sīlasampanno,

jalaµ aggīva bhāsati.15

That is to say: The true, good companion who can bring you special grace – the companion for

whom good times and bad are the same - the companion who will bring you moral benefits - the

companion who will give you kindness and love - when you find companions truly of the four sorts that

we speak of, wise and learned men say, you must hold on to them as you hold on to your own children, or

to your mother and keep them close every day.

15
.D. III. P. 153
 23

ေက်းဇူးအထူးကုိျပဳတတ္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြ၊ ခ်မ္းသာဆင္းရဲအားျဖင့္ သာတူညီမွ်ျဖစ္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြ၊ အက်ိဳးရွိ

အံ့သည္ကုိသာေျပာေလ့ရွိေသာမိတ္ေဆြ၊ ခ်စ္ခင္ေလးျမတ္၊ သနားတတ္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြဟူကုန္ေသာ ေလး

ေယာက္ေသာ မိတ္ေကာင္းေဆြေကာင္းတုိ႔ကုိ ဆုိအပ္ခဲ့ၿပီးေသာနည္းျဖင့္သိ၍ ရင္၌ျဖစ္ေသာသားကုိ အမိသည္

ဆည္းကပ္သကဲ့သုိ႔ ေၾကာင္းက်ိဳးျမင္သိ ပညာရွိသည္ ေန႔စဥ္မျပတ္ရုိေသစြာဆည္းကပ္ရာ၏။

By always holding to such good associations, good men, strong in religion, blaze out brightly as the

beacon on the mountain's summit shines out over the surrounding land in a time that has fallen into

darkness and folly.

ထုိသုိ႔မိတ္ေကာင္းေဆြေကာင္းကုိေပါင္းေဖာ္ဘက္ျပဳသည္ရွိေသာ္သီလႏွင့္ျပည့္စုံေသာေၾကာင္းက်ိဳးျမင္သိ

ပညာရွိသည္မုိက္မည္းေမွာင္က်သည့္ကာလဝယ္ေတာက္ပညီးညီးေတာင္ထိပ္မီးသုိ႔ပတ္လည္ဝန္းက်င္ေျမျပင္ခ

ပင္း၊ ထြန္းလင္းေတာက္ပ၏။

³gææla Sutta
3. Six points from the Si³

၃။ သိဂၤါေလာဝါဒသုတ္လာ အရပ္ေျခာက္ပါးအေၾကာင္း

Of the three courses that diminish the peoples of states and cities of the world, it is easy to

understand and explain those of wrongful rage and wrongful gains.

ေလာက၌ ၿမိဳ႕ရြာနုိင္ငံတုိ႔တြင္ လူနည္းေၾကာင္းတရားသုံးပါးတုိ႔အနက္ ဝိသမရာဂႏွင့္ ဝိသမေလာဘတုိ႔မွာ

အနက္ျပန္သည့္အတုိင္း သိလြယ္၏။

It is not, however, easy to understand the micchādhamma (wrong course) which perverts and

destroys proper action in duty.

 24

မိစာၦ ဓမၼဟူေသာက်င့္ဝတ္တရား မွားယြင္းပ်က္စီးသည္ကုိ အသိခက္သည္။

But if you do not understand the proper duties of a master, of a servant and other such duties, you

will not be able to act correctly.

ေဟာေတာ္မူေသာတရားတုိ႔တြင္ သခင္က်င့္ဝတ္၊ ကၽြန္က်င့္ဝတ္အစရွိေသာ က်င့္ဝတ္တုိ႔ကုိ မသိလွ်င္

မွန္ကန္ေအာင္မက်င့္နုိင္။

Another point: You will not be able to put at ease a stranger coming from outside.

တစ္ေၾကာင္းလည္း၊ သူစိမ္းျပင္ပအလြယ္သက္သက္ကလာေသာ ေဘးရန္ကုိမတားျမစ္နုိင္။

If servant and master, husband and wife, child and parent, if these break the patipatti's rules of

behaviour, enmities may arise which it may be difficult to end. For this reason the Si³gæla Sutta sets out

the rules that the Most Excellent Lord prescribed to be followed by people:

ကၽြန္၊အရွင္၊လင္၊မယား၊သား၊အဖတုိ႔ က်င့္ဝတ္ပဋိပတ္ပ်က္ၾက၍ ရန္ျဖစ္ပြါးလွ်င္ ေအာင္ခဲသည္မ်ားေသာ

ေၾကာင့္ လူတုိ႔က်င့္ဝတ္တရားကုိေဟာေတာ္မူလုိေသာ ျမတ္စြာဘုရားသည္ ဤသိဂၤါလသုတ္၌-

Kathañca gahapatiputta ariyasāvako cha disā paticchādø hoti? Cha imā gahapatiputta disā

veditabbā. Puratthimā disā mātāpitaro veditabbā, dakkhi¼ā disā ācariyā veditabbā, pacchimā disā

puttadārā veditabbā, uttarā disā mittāmaccā veditabbā, he¥¥himā disā dāsakammakarā

veditabbā, uparimā disā sama¼abrāhma¼ā veditabbā.16

That is to say: You, sons of householders and pupils of the Lord, may find yourselves befogged by

fears of dangers coming from any of the six directions. Sons of householders! It is by these six directions

that you will recognize.

16
. D. III. P. 153
 25

သူႂကြယ္သား၊ ငါဘုရားတပည့္သားသည္ အရပ္ေျခာက္ပါးတုိ႔ကုိ ေဘးရန္မလာေအာင္ အသုိ႔ ဖုံးလႊမ္းနုိင္

သနည္းဟူမူ-သူႂကြယ္သား၊ ဤအရပ္ေျခာက္ပါးတု႔ိကုိ သိထားအပ္ကုန္၏။

First, in the East, acknowledge your mother and father to whom you owe that at the start of your

life they with gentle heart nourished and corrected you-

မိခင္၊ဖခင္တုိ႔သည္ အစလက္ဦး၊ႏူးညံ့ေသာႏွလုံးျဖင့္၊ဆုံးမေမြးေကၽြး၊ ေက်းဇူးျပဳတတ္ေသာေၾကာင့္ အေရွ႕

အရပ္မည္ကုန္၏။

second, in the South, acknowledge your teachers who merit gifts and honour since early in your

life they taught you the ways of wisdom and skill and demonstrated to you human courtesy –

အတတ္ပညာ၊နည္းနာျပညႊန္၊ လူရည္မြန္ေအာင္၊သြန္သင္ေပးတတ္ေသာဆရာတုိ႔သည္ လက္ဦးအလွဴကုိ

ပူေဇာ္ခံယူထုိက္ေသာအနက္ေၾကာင့္ ေတာင္အရပ္မည္ကုန္၏။

third, in the West, acknowledge your wives and children, who will succeed you and in future times

give meaning to your life –

သား၊မယားတုိ႔သည္ ေနာက္လုိက္၍ျပဳက်င့္တတ္ေသာအနက္ေၾကာင့္ အေနာက္အရပ္မည္ကုန္၏။

fourth, in the North, acknowledge your good friends and companions, since it is they who will

bring you out of grief –

အေဆြခင္ပြန္းေကာင္းတုိ႔သည္ ထုိထုိဒုကၡမွ ထုတ္ကယ္ေပးတတ္ေသာအနက္ေၾကာင့္ ေျမာက္အရပ္မည္

ကုန္၏။

fifth, in the downward direction, acknowledge your servants and those who work for you and bow

before your feet -

 26

ေက်းကၽြန္အမႈလုပ္တုိ႔သည္ေျခရင္းအလုပ္ေကၽြးအရာ၌တည္ေပတတ္ေသာအနက္ေၾကာင့္ ေအာက္အရပ္

မည္ကုန္၏။

sixth, high above you, acknowledge the monks and brāhma¼as, who have suppressed in themselves

all anger and passion that lead to useless inquietude, all stupidity, all desire and dissatisfaction, and in

addition, those religious who refuse and cast out sinful deeds and error.

ကလိမ္းကလက္၊ မၿငိမ္သက္သည့္၊ ရမၼက္ေဒါသ၊ ေမာဟမာန၊ မဟိစတ

ၦ င္းမတိမ္၊ ကုိယ္ၿငိမ္ဝပ္ေအာင္၊

ႏွိပ္ကြပ္ဆုံးမ၊ သမဏႏွင့္၊ ပါပဝတၳဳ၊ ပါယ္လားမႈကုိ၊ မျပဳစြန္႔ထ၊ ျဗဟၼဏတုိ႔သည္ သီလ၊သမာဓိ၊ပညာစေသာ

ဂုဏ္တုိ႔ျဖင့္ ျမင့္ျမတ္ေသာအရာ၌တည္ေသာအနက္ေၾကာင့္ အထက္အရပ္မည္ကုန္၏။

4. Five duties of sons and daughters and their parents’ reciprocal duties

၄။ သား၊သမီးက်င့္ဝတ္ငါးပါးႏွင့္ မိဘတုိ႔ကျပန္၍ေစာင္
၍ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ရာေသာ ဝတ္ငါးပါး

Out of the six directions the East is that of the mother and father; whose children have five

obligations to fulfill. If these obligations are fulfilled by the children, the mother and father have five

reciprocal duties towards them, prescribed in the scripture:

ဤအရပ္ေျခာက္ပါးတုိ႔တြင္ မိဘဟူေသာအေရွ႕အရပ္၌ သား၊သမီးတုိ႔သည္ က်င့္သုံးအပ္ေသာဝတ္ငါးပါးရွိ

သည္ကုိလည္းေကာင္း၊ ဤမိဘဝတ္ငါးပါးႏွင့္ျပည့္စုံေသာ သား၊သမီးတုိ႔ကုိ မိဘျဖစ္သူတုိ႔ကျပန္၍ေစာင့္ေရွာက္

ထုိက္ေသာဝတ္ငါးပါးရွိသည္ကုိလည္းေကာင္း ပါဠိေတာ္၌ေဟာေတာ္မူသည္။

Pañcahi kho, gahapatiputta ¥hānehi puttena puratthimā disā mātāpitaro paccupa¥¥hātabbā- bhato

ne bharissāmi, kiccaµ nesaµ karissāmi, kulavaµsaµ ¥hapessāmi, dāyajjaµ pa¥ipajjissāmi, athavā pana

petānaµ kāla³katānaµ dakkhi¼aµ anuppadassāmī”ti. Imehi kho, gahapatiputta pañcahi ¥hānehi

 27

puttena puratthimā disā mātāpitaro paccupa¥hitā pañcahi ¥hānehi puttaµ anukampenti, pāpā nivārenti,

kalyā¼e nivesenti, sippaµ sikkhāpenti, patirūpena dārena saµyojenti, samaye dāyajjaµ niyyādenti.

Imehi kho gahapatiputta pañcahi ¥hānehi puttena puratthimā disā mātāpitaro paccup¥¥ithā imehi

pañcahi ¥hānehi puttaµ anukaµpenti. Evamassa esā puratthimā disā pa¥icchannā hoti khemā

appa¥ibhayā.17

That is to say: Sons of householders! There are five points of duty that those who have parents

must perform over and over again for their mothers and fathers.

သူႂကြယ္သား၊ သား၊သမီးျဖစ္သသူသည္ အေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ အေရွ႕အရပ္မည္ကုန္ေသာ မိဘ

တုိ႔ကုိ အဖန္တလဲလဲ ျပဳစုလုပ္ေကၽြးအပ္ကုန္၏။

Our mothers and fathers have nourished us with milk; they have made our legs and arms grow; they

kept our face clean; they washed our clothes themselves; they kept us dressed and gave us ornaments;

they gave us our upbringing.

ငါ့မိငါ့ဖတုိ႔သည္ ငါ့ကုိ ႏုိ႔ခ်ိဳတုိက္ေကၽြးျခင္း၊လက္ေျခတုိ႔ကုိ ႀကီးပြါးေစျခင္း၊ မ်က္ႏွာ၌ႏွပ္သုတ္ေပးျခင္း၊

ကုိယ္တုိင္ေရခ်ိဳး၊အဝတ္ေလွ်ာ္ေပးျခင္း၊ အဝတ္အစားဆင္ယဥ္ေပးျခင္းစသည္ျဖင့္ ေမြးျမဴအပ္ေပသည္။

We, who then received their service, now that our parents are old, must repay our benefactors -

1. We provide them with massages for their legs, we bathe them, give them rice porridge and give them

clothing - in our turn, and we give them support.

ထုိမိဘတုိ႔၏ အျပဳအစုအလုပ္အေကၽြးကုိ ခံရေသာငါသည္ ယခု အုိမင္းမစြမ္းျဖစ္ေနေသာ ထုိမိခင္၊ဖခင္

ေက်းဇူးရွင္တုိ႔ကုိ ေျခေဆးျခင္း၊ ေရခ်ိဳးျခင္း၊ ယာဂု၊ထမင္း၊အဝတ္၊ပုဆုိးေပးျခင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ ေမြးတုံ႔ေမြးလွည္႔၊ရႈၾကည့္

လုပ္ေကၽြးေပးအံ့။

17
. D. III. P. 154
 28

2. We busy ourselves in conducting the business of our parents, our benefactors, letting our own go

by, whenever they have trouble in government offices or elsewhere.

ထုိမိခင္၊ဖခင္ ေက်းဇူးရွင္တုိ႔၏ မင္းအိမ္စသည္တုိ႔၌ ေပၚထြက္လာသမွ်အမႈကိစၥတုိ႔ကုိ မိမိမႈမ်ားစြန္႔ပစ္

ထားလွ်က္ သြားလာေဆာင္ရြက္ေပအံ့။

3. We guard the property of our parents, our benefactors - pasture land, arable land, gold and silver,

so that it is not lost; we reject any family tradition that departs from the Religion and keep them firmly in

the true religious tradition; we make arrangements that our parents' regular donations are continued

without a break; we make sure that the family line is carried on into the future in unbroken honour.

မိခင္၊ဖခင္ေက်းဇူးရွင္တုိ႔၏ဥစၥာျဖစ္ေသာ လယ္၊ ယာ၊ ေရႊ၊ ေငြစေသာဥစၥာႏွစ္ကုိ မဖ်က္မဆီးေစာင့္ေရွာက္

သည္ျဖစ္၍လည္းေကာင္း၊ မိဘတုိ႔ကုိ တရား မေစာင့္ေသာအႏြယ္မွ ထုတ္ပယ္ကာ တရားေစာင့္ေသာအႏြယ္၌

တည္ေစသည္ျဖစ္၍လည္းေကာင္း၊မိဘတုိ႔ေပးလွဴၿမဲျဖစ္ေသာ အလွဴဝတ္တုိ႔ကုိ မျဖတ္မေတာက္ အစဥ္ျဖစ္ေစ

သည္ျဖစ္၍လည္းေကာင္း၊မ်ိဳးႏြယ္အစဥ္အဆက္ကုိ အရွည္ထြန္းကားေအာင္ မပ်က္မစီးတည္ေစအံ့။

4. In giving this support to our parents we always behave so as to satisfy them.

မိဘအေမြဆက္ခံထုိက္ေပေၾကာင္းေကာင္းေသာအမူအက်င့္ကုိ မိဘႏွစ္သက္ေအာင္က်င့္ေပအံ့။

5.Last of all, when they are released from this life and have passed beyond in death, we pay the

expenses and make the offerings for the funeral meal to the religious. It is right that we should always

observe these five points.

ထုိမွတစ္ပါး၊ ပစၥဳပၸန္ဘဝမွကင္း၍ တမလြန္ဘဝသုိ႔ ေရာက္ကုန္ေသာမိဘတု႔ိအား အမွ်အဖုိ႔ေပးေဝကာ

မတကဘတ္အလွဴကုိသီလဝံတုိ႔အားေပးလွဴအံ့။ဤသုိ႔ ဤအေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္အဖန္တလဲလဲလုပ္ေကၽြး

အပ္ကုန္၏။
 29

Sons of householders! You who are sons and daughters! The parents to whom in these five points

you give support, named earlier, in their turn in five points give support and raise up their children who

fulfill their duty.

သူႂကြယ္သား၊ သား၊သမီးျဖစ္သသူသည္ဤအေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္လုပ္ေကၽြးအပ္ကုန္ေသာ အေရွ႕

အရပ္မည္ကုန္ေသာ မိဘတုိ႔သည္ ဤဝတ္ငါးပါးႏွင့္ျပည့္စုံေသာ သား၊သမီးကုိ အေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္

အစဥ္ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ခ်ီးေျမွာက္ေပကုန္၏။

1. They close the way to bad deeds – to destroying life, to ill-gotten gains, to adulteries, to habitual

lying, to drunkenness.

ပါဏာတိပါတ္၊ သတ္ျဖတ္သူ႔သက္၊ ခုိးဝွက္ဥစၥာ၊ အိမ္ရာျပစ္မွား၊ မုသာဆုိေလ့၊ ယစ္ေမ့ေသစာ၊ ပါယ္ရြာ

လားေၾကာင္း၊ မေကာင္းမႈမွ၊ပိတ္ပင္တားျမစ္ေပကုန္၏။

2. Like Anāthapi¼ðika18 the rich merchant they give presents and they establish their children in

religious practice and charity.

အနာထပိဏ္သူေဌးကဲ့သုိ႔ လက္ေဆာင္တံစုိးေပးျဖားေယာင္းကာ အလွဴသီလစေသာေကာင္းမႈ၌ သြတ္

သြင္းတည္ေစကုန္၏။

3. In nourishing their growth, they educate their children in good skills and wisdom, until they are

familiar with them.

အသက္ေမြးဝမ္းေၾကာင္းေကာင္းေသာအတတ္ပညာကုိေလ့လာပြန္းတီးအၿပီးတုိင္ေအာင္ သင္ေစကုန္၏။

4. They provide their children with mates, suitable by upbringing and family, meeting the four

points of appearance.

18
. Dh. II. A. Pp. 123-4
 30

အမ်ိဳးသတင္း၊အဆင္းျပင္လ်ာ၊ မူရာေဆးေလး၊ ယဥ္ေက်းေလွ်ာက္ပတ္ေသာ၊ မယားႏွင့္စုံဖက္ထိမ္းျမား

ကုန္၏။

5.At the proper time or the time of a marriage they provide a share in the family property to their

children. In these five ways, parents guard and raise up their children.

ေသွ်ာင္ထုံးေသာအခါ၊ ထိမ္းျမားေသာအခါစသည္တုိ႔၌ အရင္းအႏွီးအေမြဥစၥာကုိ အပ္ႏွင္းကုန္၏။ ဤအ

ေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ ဤသုိ႔ ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ခ်ီးေျမွာက္ေပကုန္၏။

Sons of householders! All you who have parents! It is in these five ways that fathers and mothers in

their turn, by nourishing and raising them, repays their children for the five duties that they fulfill.

သူႂကြယ္သား၊ သား၊သမီးျဖစ္သသူသည္ ဤအေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ လုပ္ေကၽြးအပ္ကုန္ေသာ

အေရွ႕အရပ္မည္ကုန္ေသာ မိဘတုိ႔သည္ ဝတ္ငါးပါးႏွင့္ျပည့္စုံေသာ သား၊သမီးကုိ ဤအေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔

ျဖင့္ အစဥ္ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ခ်ီးေျမွာက္ၾကကုန္၏။

It was thus that religious men heard the instruction of our Lord. It is thus that the eastern quarter

that belongs to the parents must be closed off from danger, so that danger may be set at rest and that the

east may be free from danger.

ဤသုိ႔ေသာနည္းျဖင့္ ငါဘုရားအဆုံးအမကုိနာယူေသာ ထုိသူေတာ္ေကာင္းသည္ ဤမိဘဟူေသာအေရွ႕

အရပ္ကုိ ေဘးမလာေအာင္ပိတ္ဖုံးအပ္၊ အေရွ႔အရပ္မွ ေဘးၿငိမ္းေဘးကင္းေတာ့၏။

5. Five duties of pupils and their teachers’ reciprocal duties

၅။ တပည့္ဝတ္ငါးပါးႏွင့္ ဆရာတုိ႔ကျပန္၍ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ရာေသာ ဝတ္ငါးပါး

 31

Out of the six directions, it is in the South, ascribed to the Teacher, that the text places the five

duties that the pupil owes to the teacher and the five which the teacher must observe towards the pupil

who has fulfilled his duties. According to the text, they are:

ဤသို႔အရပ္ေျခာက္ပါးတုိ႔တြင္ ဆရာဟူေသာေတာင္အရပ္၌ တပည့္တုိ႔က်င့္သုံးအပ္ေသာဝတ္ငါးပါးရွိ

သည္ကုိလည္းေကာင္း၊ ဤဆရာ့ဝတ္ငါးပါးႏွင့္ျပည့္စုံေသာတပည့္တုိ႔ကုိ ဆရာျဖစ္သူတုိ႔က ျပန္၍ေစာင့္ေရွာက္

ထုိက္ေသာဝတ္ငါးပါးရွိသည္ကုိလည္းေကာင္း၊ ဤပါဠိေတာ္၌ေဟာေတာ္မူသည္။

Pañcahi kho gahapatiputta ¥hānehi antevāsinā dakkhi¼ā disā ācariyā paccupa¥¥hātabbā-

u¥¥hānena, upa¥¥hānena, sussusāya, pāricariyāya, sakkaccaµ sippapa¥iggaha¼ena. Imehi kho

gahapatiputta pañcahi ¥hānehi antevāsinā dakkhi¼ā disā acariyā paccupa¥¥hitā pañcahi ¥hānehi

antevāsiµ anukampenti- suvinītaµ vinenti, suggahitaµ gāhāpenti, sabbasippassutaµ samakkhāyino

bhavanti, mittāmaccesu pa¥iyādenti, disāsu parittā¼aµ karonti. Imehi kho gahapatiputta pañcahi ¥hānehi

antevāsinā dakkhi¼ā disā ācariyā paccupa¥¥hita imehi pañcahi ¥hānehi antevasiµ anukampenti.

Evamassa esā dakkhi¼ā disā pa¥icchannā hoti. khemā appa¥ibhayā.19

That is to say: Sons of householders! Students! You should care for your teachers, to whom there

belongs the south quarter.

သူႂကြယ္သား၊ တပည့္သည္ အေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ ေတာင္အရပ္မည္ကုန္ေသာဆရာတုိ႔ကုိ ျပဳစု

လုပ္ေကၽြးအပ္ကုန္၏။

1. By giving them a proper welcome.

2. By paying them respect thrice each day.

3. By believing and listening to what they say without resisting their instruction.

4. Whether the matter is important or not, by working to complete it, without abandoning it.

19
. D. III. P. 154
 32

5. Once a little has been learned, by being respectful in reading it over and chanting it over and

over. You must care for your teachers by these five points of conduct.

၁။ ခရီးဦးႀကိဳဆုိသျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း၊ ၂။ တစ္ေန႔သုံးႀကိမ္ဆည္းကပ္ခစားသျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း၊ ၃။ ဆရာ

ဆုိေခ်ကမေသြမလွန္ ယုံၾကည္စြာနာခံသျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း၊ ၄။ အမႈႀကီးငယ္၊ မဖယ္မေသြ ေျပကုန္ေအာင္ လုပ္

ေကၽြးျပဳစုသျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း၊ ၅။ အတန္ငယ္သင္၍ အႀကိမ္မ်ားစြာရြတ္ဖတ္သရစၨ်ာယ္ျခင္း၊ အရုိအေသျပဳ

တတ္ျခင္းျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း၊ဤအေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ ဤသုိ႔ ျပဳစုလုပ္ေကၽြးအပ္ကုန္၏။

Sons of householders! Students! There are five ways in which a teacher to whom belongs the South

quarter, must serve his students, who have served him in five ways.

သူႂကြယ္သား၊ဤအေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ ျပဳစုလုပ္ေကၽြးအပ္ကုန္ေသာ ေတာင္အရပ္မည္ကုန္ေသာ

ဆရာတုိ႔သည္ တပည့္ကုိ အေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ ခ်ီးေျမွာက္အပ္ကုန္၏။

1. First, he must instruct them properly in their behaviour, omitting nothing, and lead them to

comply with the writings on the world's rules.

က်င့္ဖြယ္က်င့္ရန္၊ မက်န္မလပ္ေစရ၊ ေလာကဓမၼ၊က်မ္းရုိး၌ႀကိဳးက်ေအာင္ ေကာင္းစြာဆုံးမျခင္းကုိ ဆုံးမ

ေပအပ္ကုန္၏။

2. He must teach them very carefully the laws which they must know and explain in the utmost

detail and without any possible doubt the meaning of these laws.

နည္းဥပေဒအေသအခ်ာ ေကာင္းစြာသင္အပ္ေသာအတတ္ကုိ အနက္သဒၵါကုိ (သုတ္သင္ရွင္းလင္း၊

သကၤာကင္းေအာင္၊ ျပယုဂ္ေဆာင္လွ်က္) အခ်က္က်က်သင္ေပးအပ္ကုန္၏။

 33

3. He must give them a complete account of all that he has seen and heard in his life, all the

knowledge in his grasp, omitting nothing.

အသက္ခႏၶာအုိမင္းခါမွဆုိရာေသာလက္ဆုပ္ပညာမွမခ်န္အၾကားအျမင္ဟူသမွ်ကုိအကုန္အစင္သင္ၾကား

အပ္ကုန္၏။

4. He will confirm them in their ways by giving praise when they are among their friends, saying

"My pupil knows as much as I do!"

အေဆြခင္ပြန္းတုိ႔အလယ္၌ဤမည္ေသာငါ့တပည့္ကုိ ဗဟုသုတသိပၸအရာ ငါႏွင့္အတူမွတ္ၾကပါဟု ခ်ီးမြမ္း

ေျပာပေသာအားျဖင့္ တည္ေစကုန္၏။

5. He will escort them in any direction. In these five ways he will raise up his pupils.

အရပ္မ်က္ႏွာတုိ႔၌ အရံအတားကုိ ျပဳကုန္၏။ ဤအေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ ဤသုိ႔ ခ်ီးေျမွာက္အပ္ကုန္၏။

Sons of householders! Students! Teachers, to whom belongs the South quarter, are to be served in

these five ways by their pupils and they in turn must bring up their pupils in these five ways.

သူႂကြယ္သား၊ဤအေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ ျပဳစုလုပ္ေကၽြးအပ္ကုန္ေသာ ေတာင္အရပ္မည္ကုန္ေသာ

ဆရာတုိ႔သည္ တပည့္ကုိ အေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ ခ်ီးေျမွာက္အပ္ကုန္၏။

It is thus that the sages heard the advice that was given by our Lord and it was by these sages that

the South quarter was guarded from danger. Fears are lulled and the South quarter is at peace.

ဤသုိ႔ေသာနည္းျဖင့္ ငါဘုရားအဆုံးအမကုိနာယူေသာ ထုိသူေတာ္ေကာင္းသည္ ဤဆရာဟူေသာ

ေတာင္အရပ္ကုိ ေဘးမလာေအာင္ပိတ္ဆုိ႔အပ္၏။ ေတာင္အရပ္မွေဘးၿငိမ္းေဘးကင္းေတာ့၏။

 34

6. Husbands’ and wives’ duties to each other

၆။ လင့္က်င့္ဝတ္ငါးပါးႏွင့္ မယားက်င့္ဝတ္ငါးပါး

In the western quarter, out of the six, lie the five duties which those who are husbands owe to their

wives and also the five duties which wives owe to their husbands who observe their duties properly.

These duties are described in the following text:

ဤအရပ္ေျခာက္ပါးတု႔ိတြင္ မယားဟူေသာအေနာက္အရပ္၌ လင္ျဖစ္သူတုိ႔ က်င့္ထုိက္က်င့္ေကာင္းေသာ

ဝတ္ငါးပါးရွိသည္ကုိလည္းေကာင္း၊ ဤမယားက်င့္ဝတ္ငါးပါးႏွင့္ျပည့္စုံေသာလင္ကုိ မယားျဖစ္သူတုိ႔က ျပန္၍

က်င့္ထုိက္က်င့္ေကာင္းေသာ ဝတ္ငါးပါးရွိသည္ကုိလည္းေကာင္း ပါဠိေတာ္၌ေဟာေတာ္မူသည္။

Pañcahi kho, gahapatiputta ¥hānehi sāmikena pacchimā disā bhariyā paccupa¥¥hātabbā-

sammānanāya, anavamānanāya, anaticariyāya, issariya vossagena, alaµkārānuppadānena. Imehi kho

gahapatiputta pañcahi ¥hānehi sāmikena pacchimā disā bhariyā paccupa¥¥hitā pañcahi ¥hānehi sāmikaµ

anukampati- susaµvihita kammantā ca hoti, sa³gahita parijanā ca, anaticārinī ca, sambhataµ

anurakkhati, dakkhā ca hoti analasā sabbakiccesu. Imehi kho gahapatiputta pañcahi ¥hānehi sāmikena

pacchimā disā bhariyā paccupa¥¥hita imehi pañcahi ¥hānehi sāmikaµ anukampati. Evamassa esā

pacchimā disā pa¥icchannā hoti, khemā appa¥ibhaya.

That is to say: Sons of householders! To husbands is assigned the western quarter and they must

cherish their wives in five ways.

သူႂကြယ္သား၊ အေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ လင္သည္ အေနာက္အရပ္မည္ေသာမယားကုိ လုပ္ေကၽြး

သိမ္းျမန္းအပ္၏။

1. They must address them in sweet terms that give them honour, such as ami and ame.

2. Not in a derogatory and disrespectful way that might be used to a low-class servant.
 35

3. He must not pay for his excessive pleasures with money sponged from others.

4. He must maintain a sufficient supply of rice and food in the kitchen.

5. He must provide his wife with ornaments and jewelry on a level with his own. It is in these five

ways that a husband must cherish his wife.

၁။ျမတ္နုိးတနာ၊ႏႈတ္ခြန္းခ်ိဳသာစြာ၊ အမိ၊အမယ္စသည္ျဖင့္ခ်ီးခ်ီးေျမွာက္ေျမွာက္ေခၚဆုိျခင္းလည္းေကာင္း၊

၂။ ေက်းကၽြန္အမႈလုပ္တုိ႔ကဲ့သုိ႔ရႈတ္ရႈတ္ခ်ခ်မထီေလးစား မေခၚမဆုိျခင္းျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း၊ ၃။ အေပါင္အေျမွာင္

အသိန္းအသန္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ ေပ်ာ္ပါးျမဴးထူး လြန္က်ဴး၍မက်င့္ျခင္းလည္းေကာင္း၊၄။ စားဖုိအိမ္၌အစုိးတရ

ထမင္းေဘာဇဥ္ စီရင္အပ္ႏွင္းသျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း။၅။ မိမိစည္းစိမ္အားေလွ်ာ္စာြ တန္ဆာဆင္ယင္ဖုိ႔ေပးသျဖင့္

လည္းေကာင္းဤသုိ႔ေသာအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ လုပ္ေကၽြးသိမ္းျမန္းအပ္၏။

Sons of householders! Wives who are cherished by their husbands, to whom the western quarter is

assigned, in these five ways, in their turn support their husbands in five ways:

သူႂကြယ္သား၊ လင္သည္ ဤအေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္လုပ္ေကၽြးသိမ္းျမန္းအပ္ေသာ အေနာက္အရပ္

မည္ေသာ မယားသည္ လင္ကုိအေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ အစဥ္ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ခ်ီးေျမွာက္အပ္၏။

1. By not being late in preparing his food and by arranging all matters well, giving them their

proper importance.

ယာဂုထမင္းခ်က္ရာကာလစသည္ကုိမလြန္မူ၍ ထုိထုိအမႈကုိ အရုိအေသအေလးဂရုျပဳသျဖင့္ ေကာင္းစြာ

စီရင္အပ္ေသာအမႈအခင္းရွိ၏။

2. By giving him loving respect, by providing him with excellent food, by giving no preference to

highly placed members of her family over members of his family and so on.
 36

ျမတ္နုိးတနာ ပ်ဴပ်ဴငွာငွာျပဳျခင္း၊ မြန္ျမတ္ေသာခဲဖြယ္ေဘာဇဥ္ အသုံးအေဆာင္ပုိ႔သေဝငွျခင္း၊ ေကာင္းစြာ

ခ်ီးေျမွာက္အပ္ေသာ မိမိေဆြမ်ိဳးသားခ်င္း၊လင္၏ေဆြမိ်ဳးသားခ်င္း မထူးမျခားႏွစ္ပါးေသာပရိသတ္ရွိျခင္း စသည္

ျဖစ္၏။

3. By giving her love to no one but her husband, by keeping out of intrigues, by transgressing in

nothing and by not exceeding in her behavior.

သင္မွတစ္ပါးအျခားသူ၌ခ်စ္ႀကိဳက္ရည္ငံ၊ စိတ္ႀကံမေရာက္၊ သေရာက္မကူး၊ မလြန္က်ဴးေသာအက်င့္ရွိ၏။

4. By keeping careful watch over the field work, arranging matters of trade, performing acts of

charity and so making sure that her husband's valuable property does not go to waste.

လယ္လုပ္ကုန္သြယ္၊ ေရာင္းဝယ္ႏွီးရင္း၊ ဆင္းရဲၿငိဳျငင္၊လင္ဆည္းထားေသာဥစၥာပစၥည္းကုိ က်ိတ္က်ိတ္

လိတ္လိတ္မဖိတ္မယုိရေအာင္ ေစာင့္ေရွာက္တတ္၏။

5. By learning the complete skill of cooking food and all other matters of household management.

She must be skilled in all manner of things - in field work, reaping crops, fencing cattle, irrigation and all

other work - not putting the work on to the husband, making no excuses, energetic by day and by night,

early and quick to rise, taking no idle time. In all these five ways she supports her husband in her turn.

ယာဂုထမင္း ခ်က္ျပဳတ္ျခင္းစေသာ အိမ္ေထာင္မႈမ်ိဳးကုန္ အလုံးစုံ၌ မတုံးပညာလြန္လိမၼာ၏။ စိမ္ထမ်ိဳးပဲ၊

ထြန္ႀကဲတႀကိဳက္၊ ေကာက္စုိက္ပ်ိဳးႏႈတ္၊ ျခံထုတ္ကၽြဲႏြား၊ လယ္အားေရေလာင္း၊ သြန္ခူးေမာင္းႏွင့္ ဖြတ္ေထာင္း

ျခင္းစေသာ အမႈမိ်ဳးကုန္ အလုံးစုံ၌ ဥပါယ္မခုိ၊ လင္ကုိမခုိင္း၊ ေန႔တုိင္ညဥ့္က၊ ႏိုးလုံ႔လႏွင့္၊ ထႂကြလ်င္လ်ား၊

ပ်င္းအားလည္းမကုိးတတ္။ဤသို႔ေသာအေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္လင္ကုိအစဥ္ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ခ်ီးေျမွာက္ တတ္

၏။
 37

Sons of householders! A husband in his five ways and a wife in her five ways guard and support

the western quarter.

သူႂကြယ္သား၊ လင္သည္ ဤအေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ လုပ္ေကၽြးသိမ္းျမန္းအပ္ေသာ အေနာက္

အရပ္မည္ေသာမယားသည္လင္ကုိဤအေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္အစဥ္ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ခ်ီးေျမွာက္ေပးတတ္၏။

It was thus that the sages heard the advice given by our Lord. It is thus that a wife keeps danger

away from the western quarter and this quarter is at peace and free from danger.

ဤဆုိခဲ့ၿပီးေသာနည္းျဖင့္ ငါဘုရားထုိအဆုံးအမကုိနာယူေသာ သူေတာ္ေကာင္းသည္ ဤသုိ႔မယား

ဟူေသာအေနာက္အရပ္ကုိ ေဘးမလာမေရာက္ေအာင္ ဆုိ႔ပိတ္ဖုံးလႊမ္းအပ္၏။အေနာက္အရပ္မွ ေဘးၿငိမ္း

ေဘးကင္းေတာ့၏။

7. Seven types of wives demonstrated in literature

၇။ မယားမ်ိဳးခုနစ္ပါးကုိ က်မ္းဂန္လာအတုိင္း အက်ယ္ျပဆုိျခင္း

Since Sujatā, the daughter-in-law of Anāthapi¼ðika, the great merchant, paid no heed to the words

of husband, or of her father-in-law, and did not behave respectfully, he wished to ask the most excellent

Lord into which of the seven20 classes of wife did Sujatā fall. The Lord replied in the seventh Nipāta of

the A³guttaravikaya scripture:

20
. Vi. I. Pp. 202-3. Otherwise the Buddha talk ten kinds of wife in the Vinaya Pi¥aka like that “dasa bariyæyo
dhanakkøtæ, chandavæsinø, bhogavæsinø, pa¥avæsinø, odapattakinø, obha¥acumba¥æ, dæsø ca bhariyæ ca, kammakærø ca
bhariyæ ca, dhajæha¥æ, muhuttikæ.” That is to say- there are ten kinds of wife. They are: wife who makes dwell
having bought with money, accomplice, having given wealth, cloth or garment, having put couple of hand into the
cup of water, having taken or lower down a circular roll of cloth use a stand for a vessel carried on the head, one
who is wife and slave, wife and servant, is called prisoner of war and a prostitute.
 38

အနာထပိဏ္သူေဌး၏ေခၽြးမသုဇာတာသည္ ေယာကၡမစကား၊လင္၏စကားကုိ နားမေထာင္၊မရုိမေသျပဳ

က်င့္ေသာေၾကာင့္ ျမတ္ဘုရားကုိေလွ်ာက္ထားရာ မယားမ်ိဳးခုနစ္မ်ိဳးတု႔ိတြင္ သင္သုဇာတာသည္ မည္သည့္

မယားမ်ိဳးျဖစ္သည္ကုိ ေမးလုိ၍ ေအာက္ပါဂါထာပါဠိကုိ မိန္႔ေတာ္မူသည္။

“Padu¥¥ha cittā ahitānukampinī,

aññesurattā atimaññate patiµ;

dhanena kītassa vadhāya ussukā,

yā evarūpā purisassa bhariyā;

vadhā ca bhariyāti ca sā pavuccati.

“Yaµ itthiyā vindati sāmiko dhanaµ,

sippaµ vanijjañca kasiµ adhi¥¥ahaµ;

appampi tassa apahātumicchati,

yā evarūpā purisassabhariyā;

corī ca bhariyāti ca sā pavuccati.

“Akammakāmā alasā mahagghasā,

pharusā ca ca¼ðī duruttavādinī;

u¥¥hāyakānaµ abhibhuyya vattati,

yā evarūpā purisassa bhariyā;

ayyā ca bhariyā ti ca sā pavuccati.

“Yā sabbadā hoti hitānukampinī,

mātāva puttaµ anurakkhate patiµ;

 39

tato dhanaµ sambhatamassa rakkhati,

yā evarūpā purisassa bhariya.

mātā ca bhariyā ti ca sā pavuccati.

“Yathāpi je¥¥hā bhaginī kani¥¥hakā,

sagāravā hoti sakammhi sāmike;

hirīmanā bhattuvasānuvattiī,

yā evarūpā purisassa bhariyā;

bhaginī ca bhariyā ti ca sā pavuccati.

“Yācīdha disvāna patiµ pamodati,

sakhī sakhāraµva cirassamāgataµ;

koleyyakā sīlavati patibbatā,

yā evorūpā pūrisassa bhariyā.

sakhī ca bhariyāti ca sa pavuccati.

akkuddhasantā vadhada¼ða tajjitā,

adu¥¥hacittā patino titikhati;

akkodhanā bhattuvasānuvattinī,

yā evarāpā purisassa bhariyā,

‘dāsī ca bhariyā’ti ca sā pavuccati.

“Yācīdha bhariyā vadhakā’ti vuccati,

‘corī ca ayyā’ti ca yā pavuccati;

dussīlarūpā pharusā anādarā,

 40

kāyassa bhedā nirayaµ vajanti tā,

“Yāsīda mātā bhaginī sakhī’ti ca,

‘dāsī ca bhariyā’ti ca sā pavuccati,

sīle ¥hitattā cirarattasaµvuttā,

kāyassa bhedā sugatiµ vajanti ta” ti.

Imā kho, sujāte satta purisassa bhariyāyo. Tāsaµ tvaµ katamā”ti.21

That is to say: A wife who has a mind to wrong her husband, a wife who does not think of her

husband's well-being and has no kindness for him, a wife who fancies a man other than her husband, who

is rude and disrespectful to him, who gives herself to the task of making a show of being busy by abusing

the servants paid for with her husband's money - such a wife as this might be called a murderess of men.

(This sort of wife is the "murderess-wife").

လင္ကုိျပစ္မွားေသာစိတ္ရွိေသာ၊လင္၏အက်ိဳးစီးပြါးမၾကည့္လင္ကုိမသနားတတ္ေသာ၊လင္မွတစ္ပါး

အျခားေယာက်ၤားတုိ႔အေပၚ၌ ခ်စ္ႀကိဳက္စိတ္ရွိေသာမယားသည္ လင္ကုိမထီမဲ့ျမင္ ေစာ္ကားက်ဴးလြန္၏။ေငြဝယ္

ကၽြန္ကုိႏွိပ္စက္ျခင္းငွာအားထုတ္ေသာ၊ထုိသုိ႔သေဘာရွိေသာမယားကုိေယာကၤ်ား၏သူသတ္ဟူ၍လည္းေကာင္း၊

မယားဟူ၍လည္းေကာင္း ေခၚဆုိအပ္၏။ (ဤကား သူသတ္သမားႏွင့္တူေသာမယားတစ္ေယာက္။)

When a woman, whose husband has by his energy won his skills, his trade, and his cultivated land

and has accumulated property, wants to steal the smallest portion of the property that he has won - if a

man has a wife of such a disposition, that wife can be called a "thief-wife" (This sort of wife is like a

thief.)

21
. A³. II. Pp. 267-8-9
 41

ဇနီးမယား၏လင္ေတာ္ေမာင္သည္ အတတ္ကုိလည္းေကာင္း၊ ကုန္သြယ္ျခင္းကုိလည္းေကာင္း၊ လယ္ယာ

ထြန္ယက္စုိက္ပ်ိဳးျခင္းကုိလည္းေကာင္း၊လုံ႔လထုတ္သျဖင့္လုပ္ကုိင္ေဆာင္ရြက္သျဖင့္ဥစၥာပစၥည္းတစ္စုံတစ္ရာ

ကုိ ရလာ၏။ ထုိလုံ႔လႀကိဳးကုတ္အားထုတ္၍ ဥစၥာရွာမွီးေသာ လင္၏ဥစၥာအနည္းငယ္ကုိေသာ္လည္း ခုိးယူလုိ၏၊

ထုိသုိ႔သေဘာရွိေသာ လင္၏မယားကုိ သူခုိးမဟူ၍လည္းေကာင္း၊ မယားဟူ၍လည္းေကာင္း ေခၚဆုိအပ္၏။

(ဤကား သူခုိးႏွင့္တူေသာမယားတစ္ေယာက္။)

When there is a woman who is slothful and disorderly in managing the household and is a greedy

eater, who uses rough and unpleasant language to the hardworking servants and sons of the house and

overbears them, the man who gets a woman of this nature for a wife, has a wife who must be called a

tyrant. (This sort of wife is like a tyrant.)

မျပဳသင့္ေသာအမႈကုိျပဳေသာ၊အိမ္ေထာင္ထိမ္းသိမ္းမႈကုိျပဳလုပ္ရမွာပ်င္းေသာ၊အစားႀကီးေသာ၊ကုိယ္ၾကမ

း၊ ႏႈတ္ၾကမ္းေသာ၊မေကာင္းေသာစကားကုိေျပာဆုိေလ့ရွိေသာဇနီးမယားသည္ ကုိယ္ထူကုိယ္ထ လုံ႔လရွိကုန္

ေသာေက်းကၽြန္လင္သားတုိ႔ကုိလႊမ္းမုိးအုပ္စုိးတတ္၏။ထုိသုိ႔သေဘာရွိေသာေယာကၤ်ား၏မယားကုိအရွင္သခင္မ

ဟူ၍လည္းေကာင္း၊မယားဟူ၍လည္းေကာင္း ေခၚဆုိအပ္၏။ (ဤကား သခင္ႏွင့္တူေသာမယား တစ္ေယာက္။)

When there is a woman whose only desire at all times is that her husband should do well, and who

watches over her husband, as a mother does her children, she will watch over the property that he has

accumulated to make sure that it is not wasted in unbefitting ways. A man who has a wife of such a nature

may be in doubt whether to call her "mother" or: wife". (This is the sort of wife who is like a mother.)

အခါခပ္သိမ္း၊လင္၏အက်ိဳးစီးပြါးကုိအလုိရွိ၏၊အမိသည္သားကုိေစာင့္ေရွာက္သကဲ့သုိ႔လင္ကုိေစာင့္

ေရွာက္တတ္၏၊ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ လင္ရွာမွီးဆည္းပူး၍ရလာေသာ ဥစၥာကုိ မကုန္သင့္ရာ၌မကုန္ရေလေအာင္ေစာင့္

 42

ေရွာက္တတ္ေသာ ထုိသုိ႔သေဘာရွိေသာ လင္၏မယားကုိ အမိဟူ၍လည္းေကာင္း၊ မယားဟူ၍လည္းေကာင္း

ေခၚဆုိအပ္၏။ (ဤကား အမိႏွင့္တူေသာမယားတစ္ေယာက္။)

Just as a sister, as a child or of full age, feels a respect for her brother, just so a woman may feel

respect for her husband, showing a modesty of mind and heart, and closely follow her husband's wishes.

A man's wife who is of such a disposition might well be called "sister". (This is the sort of wife who is

like a sister.)

ႀကီးႀကီး၊ငယ္ငယ္ျဖစ္ေသာႏွမသည္ အစ္ကုိ၊ေမာင္ကုိ ရုိေသျခင္းရွိသကဲ့သုိ႔ မိမိလင္သားအေပၚ၌ ရုိေသ

ျခင္းရွိ၏။ ရွက္ေသာစိတ္ႏွလုံးရွိ၏၊ လင့္အလုိကုိလုိက္ေလ့ရွိ၏၊ ထုိသုိ႔သေဘာရွိေသာ လင္၏မယားကုိ ႏွမဟူ၍

လည္းေကာင္း၊ မယားဟူ၍လည္းေကာင္း ေခၚဆုိအပ္၏။(ဤကား ႏွမႏွင့္တူေသာမယားတစ္ေယာက္။)

The wife who is a friend and companion, when she sees her husband coming towards her will feel

the same joy as one feels when seeing a friend approaching, from whom one has been long parted. The

duties that are the wife's five duties are those which are always practised in the household and she thus

cherishes her husband. The wife follows her husband's disposition and a wife of such a disposition may

be said to be not only a wife but a friend and companion as well. (This is the sort of wife who is like a

friend.)

ဤေလာက၌ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းမသည္ ေကြကင္းၾက၍ၾကာျမင္မွ ျပန္လာေသာ မိတ္ေဆြကုိ ေတြ႔ျမင္လတ္

ေသာ္ဝမ္းေျမာက္ဝမ္းသာျဖစ္သကဲ့သုိ႔ဇနီးမယားသည္လင္ကုိေတြ႔ျမင္လတ္ေသာ္ဝမ္းေျမာက္ဝမ္းသာ ျပဳတတ္၏။

အိမ္၌စြဲၿမဲ၏။မယားက်င့္ဝတ္ငါးပါးဟူေသာ သီလရွိ၏၊ လင္ကုိလုပ္ေကၽြးတတ္၏၊ ထုိသုိ႔သေဘာရွိေသာလင္၏

မယားကုိ မိတ္ေဆြသူငယ္ခ်င္းမဟူ၍လည္းေကာင္း၊ မယားဟူ၍လည္းေကာင္း ေခၚဆုိအပ္၏။ (ဤကား အေဆြ

ခင္ပြန္းႏွင့္တူေသာ မယားတစ္ေယာက္။)
 43

A woman who shows a respect and fear of her husband, even when he is not angry, who, even if he

abuses her, punishes her, or threatens her, does not blame him, but forgives him, who does not need his

anger to do what he wants - such a wife for a man will be a wife like a servant. (This is the sort of wife

who is like a servant.)

လင္အမ်က္မထြက္ဘဲပင္လင္ကုိရုိေသေၾကာက္လန္႔တတ္၏၊ႏွိပ္စက္ျခင္း၊ဒဏ္ေပးျခင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ၿခိမ္းေျခာက္

၍ေသာ္လည္း လင္ကုိျပစ္မွားေသာစိတ္မရွိဘဲသည္းခံ၏၊လင့္အေပၚ၍စိတ္ဆုိးအမ်က္ထြက္ျခင္းမရွိ၊ လင့္အလုိ

ကုိလုိက္တတ္၏။ထုိသုိ႔သေဘာရွိေသာ ေယာကၤ်ား၏မယားကုိ ကၽြန္မဟူ၍လည္းေကာင္း၊ မယားဟူ၍လည္း

ေကာင္းေခၚဆုိအပ္၏။ (ဤကား ကၽြန္မႏွင့္တူေသာမယားတစ္ေယာက္။)

In this world, a wife may be like a murderess; a wife may be like a thief; a wife may be like a

tyrant: wives of these three types have no moral grounding in religion. They are prone to violence and

have no respect for their husbands and after their lives in these present bodies are ended they are destined

for hell fire.

ဤလာက၌ သူသတ္ႏွင့္တူေသာမယား၊ သူခုိးႏွင့္တူေသာမယား၊ သခင္ႏွင့္တူေသာမယားဟူကုန္ေသာ

မယားသုံးမ်ိဳးတုိ႔သည္ အက်င့္သီလမေကာင္းေသာ သေဘာရွိကုန္၏၊ ၾကမ္းတမ္းကုန္၏၊ လင္ကုိမရုိေသကုန္၊

ထုိသုံးေယာက္တုိ႔သည္ ေသၿပီးေနာက္ ငရဲသုိ႔ေရာက္တတ္၏။

In this world there are also wives who are like mothers, wives who are like sisters, wives who are

like friends, wives who are like servants. Wives of these four types will stay by their husbands for a

whole long life. Since they are firm in religion, after they come to the end of their lives in these bodies,

they will have a good passage on to the world of the spirits.

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ဤေလာက၌အမိႏွင့္တူေသာမယား၊အစ္မ၊ႏွမႏွင့္တူေသာမယား၊မိတ္ေဆြသူငယ္ခ်င္းႏွင့္တူေသာမယား၊

ကၽြန္မႏွင့္တူေသာမယားဟူကုန္ေသာ မယားေလးေယာက္တုိ႔သည္ ၾကာျမင့္စြာေသာကာလပတ္လုံး လင္ႏွင့္အ

တူေပါင္းေဖာ္၍သီလ၌တည္သည္၏အျဖစ္ေၾကာင့္ခႏၶာပ်က္ေႂကြေသၿပီးေနာက္ဘဝ၌ သုဂတိဘုံသုိ႔ ေရာက္ၾကရ

ကုန္၏။

"Sujāta, whereabouts in these seven types of wives for men do you think you stand?" the Lord

asked her. When the Lord put this question to her, Sujāta replied, wishing to answer what sort of wife she

was; ajjatagge maµ, bhante, bhagavā dāsisamaµ sāmikassa bhariyaµ dhāretū” ti.

That is: "Most excellent Lord, from today counts me as a wife who is as a servant to her husband."

သုဇာတာ၊ ေယာကၤ်ား၏ဤမယားခုနစ္မ်ိဳးတုိ႔တြင္ သင္သည္ အဘယ္မယားမိ်ဳးနည္းဟု ေမးေတာ္မူ၏။

ဤသုိ႔ေမးလတ္ေသာ္မည္သည့္မယားျဖစ္ေၾကာင္းေလွ်ာက္ၾကားလုိေသာသုဇာတာသည္`ဘုန္းေတာ္ႀကီးျမတ္စြာ

ဘုရား၊ယေန႔ကုိအစျပဳ၍တပည့္ေတာ္ကုိလင္၏ကၽြန္ႏွင့္တူေသာမယားဟု မွတ္ေတာ္မူပါေလာ့` ဟူသည္တည္း။

8. Five duties of good friends

၈။ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းေကာင္းတုိ႔ျပဳရာေသာ ဝတ္ငါးပါး

In this scheme of the six directions, the northern quarter is that of good companionship where

there lie the five duties owed by sons and daughters of good families and the reciprocal duties owed to

them by their well-bred friends and companions: These duties are set out in the following text:

ဤအရပ္ေျခာက္ပါးတုိ႔တြင္ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းေကာင္းဟူေသာ ေျမာက္အရပ္၌ အမ်ိဳးေကာင္းသား၊သမီးတုိ႔

က်င့္သုံးေဆာက္တည္အပ္ေသာ ဝတ္ငါးပါးရွိသည္ကုိလည္းေကာင္း၊အေဆြခင္ပြန္းေကာင္း ျဖစ္သူတုိ႔က အမ်ိဳး

 45

ေကာင္းသား၊သမီးတုိ႔ကုိ ျပန္၍က်င့္သုံးေဆာက္တည္အပ္ေသာ ဝတ္ငါးပါးရွိသည္ကုိလည္းေကာင္း ပါဠိေတာ္၌

ေအာက္ပါအတုိင္းေဟာေတာ္မူ၏။

Pañcahi kho, gahapatiputta ¥hānehi kulaputtena uttarā disā mittāmaccā paccupa¥¥hātabbā-

dānena, peyyavajjena, atthacariyāya, samānattātāya, avisaµvādanatāya. Imehi kho, gahapatiputta

pañcahi ¥hānehi kulaputtena uttarā disā mittāmaccā paccupa¥¥hitā pañcahi ¥hānehi kulaputtaµ

anukampenti- amatthaµ rakkhanti, pamattassa sapateyyaµ rakkhanti, bhītassa saranaµ honti,

āpadāsu na vijahanti, aparapajā cassa pa¥ipūjenti. Imehi kho, gahapatiputta pañcahi ¥hānehi

kulaputtena uttarā disā mittāmaccā paccupa¥¥hitā imehi pañcahi ¥hānehi kulaputtaµ anukampenti.

Evamassa esā uttarā disā pa¥icchannā hoti khemā apa¥ibhayā.22

That is to say: Sons of householders! As men of good family you need to cultivate your good

friends and companions, who are said to occupy the northern quarter, in five ways.

သူႂကြယ္သား၊ အမ်ိဳးေကာင္းသား၊သမီးသည္ ေျမာက္အရပ္မည္ကုန္ေသာ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းေကာင္းတုိ႔ကုိ

အေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ လုပ္ေကၽြးအပ္ကုန္၏။

First, dāna- for those who like to receive gifts, the way is to provide them appropriately with

goods. Second, peyyavajja- for those who only like to listen to pleasant words spoken, it is to talk to

them in friendly and cordial terms.

အေပးအကမ္းႀကိဳက္သသူအား အထုိက္အေလွ်ာက္ပစၥည္ဥစၥာေပးကမ္းျခင္းျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း၊ႏႈတ္ခြန္း

သာခ်ိဳ ခ်စ္ဖြယ္ဆုိမွ ႀကိဳက္သသူအား ပ်ဴပ်ဴငွာငွာသာယာနာလုိခ်စ္ဖြယ္ဆုိသျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း။

Third, atthacariya- for the one who likes to hear words that are profitable, even if they are harsh

criticism, because they lead to a gain, to such a one there should be given help and instruction, like "do

22
. D. III. P. 155
 46

this"; or "don't do that", "join up with someone like this", "keep away from someone like that!"; or

again, he should be offered help and assistance when any particular business comes up - anything that

promises to advance his interests.

ေငါက္ငမ္းႏွိပ္ကြပ္၍ေသာ္လည္း ခ်မ္းသာစီးပါြး ပြါးစီးအံ့ေသာအေၾကာင္းေၾကာင့္ အက်ိဳးႏွင့္စပ္ေသာစ

ကားကုိ နာခံလုိသသူအား `ဤသို႔က်င့္အပ္၏၊ဤသုိ႔မက်င့္အပ္၊ ဤသုိ႔သသူကုိေပါင္းသင္းအပ္၏၊ ဤသုိ႔သသူ

ကုိမေပါင္းသင္းအပ္၊ သူတစ္ပါးကသုိ႔ဆုိေသာ္ သင္ကသုိ႔ဆုိေလစသည္ျဖင့္ အစီးအပြါးႏွင့္စပ္ေသာအက်င့္အမူ

လူေရးလူရာကုိသြန္သင္ျပသျခင္း၊အခင္းကိစၥေရာက္လာကလွ်င္မႈိင္းမညီညာျခင္းစေသာဟိတသုခစီးပြါးခ်မ္း

သာကုိ က်င့္ျခင္းျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း။

Fourth, samānattatā- with one who is of an ascetic type, who likes to live in just one place, to

stick to just one sort of diet, to whom poverty and wealth are all the same, the way is to follow his

example and to make no distinction between wealth and poverty.

တစ္ေနရာတည္းေနျခင္း၊တစ္ပြဲတည္းစားျခင္း၊ဆင္းရဲခ်မ္းသာအတူအမွ်ႀကိဳက္သသူအားခ်မ္းသာဆင္းရဲ

မကြဲေစရ ထပ္မွ်ကုိယ္တူက်င့္သျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း။

Fifth, avisaµvādanatā- this way is to accept freely any obligation that he may name and to pursue

ungrudgingly any duty. It is in these five ways that friendships should be nourished.

အမည္မွည့္ဆုိ၍ေတာင္းေသာဝတၳဳကို မခၽြတ္မယြင္း(ေပးျခင္း၊တစ္စုံတစ္ရာဝန္ခံေသာအမႈကုိ မခၽြတ္

မယြင္း)ေဆာင္ရြက္ျခင္းျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း။ဤအေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ လုပ္ေကၽြးအပ္ကုန္၏။
 47

Sons of householders! Sons of good families! It is these five ways that companionship should be

nourished with good friends of good families, who are said to belong to the northern quarter, and should

be safeguarded and developed.

သူႂကြယ္သား၊ အမ်ိဳးေကာင္းသား၊သမီးသည္ ဤအေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ လုပ္ေကၽြးအပ္ကုန္

ေသာေျမာက္အရပ္မည္ကုန္ေသာအေဆြခင္ပြန္းေကာင္းတုိ႔သည္အေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္အမ်ိဳးေကာင္း

သား၊ သမီးကုိ အစဥ္ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ခ်ီးေျမွာက္အပ္ကုန္၏။

When your friend is drunk or careless, you must guard him. When he is neglectful, you must take

care of his property. If any kind of danger arises and he is afraid, you must be ready to encourage him

and to say "What is there to be afraid of when you have so bold a companion as I beside you?" You

must guard him with such words that can dispel fear.

ယစ္မူးေမ့ေလ်ာ့ေသာအေဆြခင္ပြန္းကုိေစာင့္ေရွာက္ေပးကုန္၏။ေမ့ေလ်ာ့ေသာအေဆြခင္ပြန္း၏ ဥစၥာ

ႏွစ္ကုိ ထိမ္းသိမ္းေစာင့္ေရွာက္ကုန္၏။ တစ္စုံတစ္ရာေဘးေရာက္၍ေၾကာက္လန္႔ေနေသာမိတ္ေဆြ၏ ငါသုိ႔သ

သူသဟဲရွိလွ်က္အဘယ္တစ္စိေၾကာက္ဘိသနည္းဟုအားေပး၍ထုိေဘးမွကယ္တင္ေပးတတ္ေသာကုိးကြယ္

ရာ ျဖစ္၏။

When danger is extreme, do not give up, remind your companion of the sons and grandsons, all

perfect in the five duties that will follow him, like the cubs of the aged lion in the presence of the jackal.

Do not bring him into harsh despair, but give him honour. It is in these five ways that you must

safeguard and develop your friendships.

ေဘးရန္ႀကီးစြာေရာက္လတ္ေသာ္ မစြန္႔ပစ္ေပကုန္။ ထုိမိတ္ေဆြေကာင္းဝတ္ငါးပါးႏွင့္ျပည့္စုံေသာ

အမ်ိဳးေကာင္းသား၊သမီးအား မိတ္ေဆြ၏သားေျမးအစဥ္အဆက္တုိ႔သည္လည္း ေျမေခြးေၾကာင့္အသက္ရွည္

 48

ေသာ ျခေသၤ့သားေျမးအဆက္ဆက္တုိ႔ကဲ့သုိ႔ ခင္ပြန္းမပ်က္၊ မရက္မစက္၊ ျမတ္နုိးတနာ ျပဳက်င့္ကုန္၏။ ဤအ

ေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ အစဥ္ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ခ်ီးေျမွာက္ေပကုန္၏။

Sons of householders! Sons of good families! It is said that friendships that are to be cherished

belong to the northern quarter. It is in these five ways that such friendships with men of good families

are to be developed.

သူႂကြယ္သား၊ အမ်ိဳးေကာင္းသား၊သမီးသည္ ဤအေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတု႔ိျဖင့္လုပ္ေကၽြးပူေဇာ္အပ္ကုန္

ေသာေျမာက္အရပ္မည္ကုန္ေသာအေဆြခင္ပြန္းတုိ႔သည္ ဤအေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္အမ်ိဳးေကာင္းသား၊

သမီးကုိ အစဥ္ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ခ်ီးေျမွာက္ကုန္၏။

With such friends of good families, perfect in the five duties, ascribed to the northern quarter, you

will be shielded against the approach of danger. Danger will be put to rest and the northern quarter will

be free from fear.

ဤသို႔မိတ္ေဆြဝတ္ကုိမခၽြတ္ေစသည္ရွိေသာ္ ထုိဝတ္ငါးပါးႏွင့္ျပည့္စုံကုန္ေသာ အမ်ိဳးေကာင္းသား၊သမီး

တုိ႔သည္ဤေဆြပြန္းေကာင္းဟူေသာေျမာက္အရပ္ကုိေဘးမလာမေရာက္ေအာင္ဖုံးလႊမ္းပိတ္ဆုိ႔အပ္၏။

ေျမာက္အရပ္မွ ေဘးၿငိမ္းေဘးကင္းေတာ့၏။

9. Five duties of a master

၉။ အရွင့္က်င့္ဝတ္ငါးပါး

Out of the six quarters, to that which is below there is said to belong the duties which servants

owe and in this quarter come the five duties of right conduct which masters must follow. There are also

five duties that servants owe their masters. The scripture says:
 49

ဤအရပ္ေျခာက္ပါးတု႔ိတြင္ ေက်းကၽြန္အမႈလုပ္ဟူေသာေအာက္အရပ္၌ အရွင္သခင္ျဖစ္သူတုိ႔ က်င့္သင့္

က်င့္ေကာင္းေသာ ဝတ္ငါးပါးရွိသည္ကုိလည္းေကာင္း၊ေက်းကၽြန္အမႈလုပ္တုိ႔က အရွင္သခင္တုိ႔အေပၚ၌ ျပန္၍

က်င့္ထုိက္က်င့္ေကာင္းေသာဝတ္ငါးပါးရွိသည္ကုိလည္းေကာင္း ဤပါဠိေတာ္၌ေဟာေတာ္မူသည္။

Pañcahi kho, gahapatiputta ¥hānehi ayyirakena he¥¥himā disā dæsa kammakarā

paccupa¥¥hātabbā - yathābalaµ kammantasaµvidhānena, bhatta vetanānuppadānena,

gilānupa¥¥hānena, acchariyānaµ rasānaµ samvibhāgena, samaye vossaggena. Imehi kho,

gahapatiputta pañcahi ¥hānehi ayyirakena he¥¥himā disā dāsakammakarā paccupa¥¥hitā pañcahi

¥hānehi ayyirakaµ anukampenti- pubbu¥¥hāyino honti, pacchānipātino ca, dinnādārino ca, sukata

kammakarā, kittiva¼¼aharā ca. Imehi kho, gahapatiputta pañcahi ¥hānehi ayyirakena he¥¥himā disā

dāsakammakarā paccupa¥¥hitā imehi pañcahi ¥hānehi ayyirakaµ anukampenti. Evamassa esā he¥¥himā

disā pa¥icchannā hoti, khema appa¥ibhayā.23

That is to say: Sons of householders! For one who is a master, there are five means which he must

use to hold to and sustain the servants working for him, who are said to belong to the lower quarter.

သူႂကြယ္သား၊အရွင္သခင္ျဖစ္သသူသည္ေအာက္အရပ္မည္ကုန္ေသာေက်းကၽြန္အမႈလုပ္တုိ႔ကုိ

အေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ သိမ္းျမန္းေကၽြးေမြးအပ္ကုန္၏။

These means are first, work that is right for the young should be done by the young; adult work

should be done by adults; it is not right for the young to do adults' work, nor for adults to do the work of

the young. Women should not be made to do men's work, nor men women's. The way is to arrange

workloads according to the capacity of each servant.

23
. D. III. P. 155
 50

သူငယ္တုိ႔ျပဳသင့္သည့္အမႈကုိ သူႀကီးတုိ႔ကုိ၊ သူႀကီးတုိ႔ျပဳသင့္ေသာအမႈကုိ သူငယ္တုိ႔ကုိ၊ မိန္းမတုိ႔

ျပဳသင့္သည့္အမႈကုိ ေယာကၤ်ားတုိ႔ကုိ၊ ေယာကၤ်ားတုိ႔ျပဳသင့္ေသာအမႈကုိ မိန္းမတုိ႔ကုိမျပဳေစမူ၍ (အပ္ေၾကာင္း

အပ္သာ၊ စူးမွာစူးလုိက္)စရုိက္ပုံတူ ထုိထုိသသူ၏အင္အားႏွင့္တန္ေသာအမႈကုိသာ စီရင္ခုိင္းခံေစဖန္သျဖင့္

လည္းေကာင္း။

The second point lies in making a fair distribution of rice and other provisions. Thirdly, in case of

sickness, servants must be given proper care. Fourthly, from time to time some valued novelties should

be distributed generously, with an appearance of love, to each of the servants, to be put away and kept

for their own.

ထမင္းရိကၡာသာနာညီမွ်ေအာင္ ေပးသျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း။ နာဖ်ားမက်န္းရွိေသာအခါ ေကာင္းစြာေမြးျမဴ

ျခင္းျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း။တစ္ခါတစ္ရံ အထူးအဆန္းရေသာ မြန္ျမတ္ေသာအရာတုိ႔ကို မိမိခ်ည္းသာ၊ ကြယ္ရာမ

စား၊ လက္ဝါးေဖြးေဖြး၊ေက်းကၽြန္အေလွ်ာက္ တစ္ေယာက္စီခဲၿမဲရုံျဖင့္လည္း၊ ခ်စ္ဟန္မူျပ စားေရးငွသျဖင့္လည္း

ေကာင္း။

Finally, when they are tired and worn, or when they are especially happy over a festival, they

should be given, according to one's own standing, presents of clothes and ornaments. By these five

means servants can be kept loyal.

ပင္ပန္းႏြယ္နယ္ေသာအခါ၊ပြဲလမ္းသဘင္၊တုတုပပ၊ေပ်ာ္ရႊင္ၾကေသာအခါတုိ႔၌ မိမိဂုဏ္ႏွင့္ေလွ်ာ္စြာတန္

ဆာဝတ္စားေပး၍လႊတ္သျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း၊ဤအေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္သိမ္းျမန္ေကၽြးေမြးအပ္ကုန္၏။
 51

Sons of householders! Those who are masters have these five ways to maintain and keep their

servants, to whom there is assigned the lower quarter, and who in turn have five points of duty in

protecting and supporting their master.

သူႂကြယ္သား၊ အရွင္သခင္ျဖစ္သသူသည္ဤအေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင္ ့သိမ္းျမန္းေကၽြးေမြးအပ္ကုန္

ေသာ ေအာက္အရပ္မည္ကုန္ေသာ ေက်းကၽြန္အမႈလုပ္တုိ႔သည္ အရွင္သခင့္ကုိ အေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္

ျပန္၍အစဥ္ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ခ်ီးေျမွာက္ၾကကုန္၏။

These are: each day after the night to be awake and busy so as to finish their work before the

master rises, without having to be urged on, working with quiet energy.

ေန႔တုိင္ညဥ့္က၊ နုိးလုံ႔လျဖင့္၊ အရွင္မထမီ၊ အမႈၿပီးေအာင္၊ မႏႈိးမေဆာ္ရ၊ ဖ်ိဳးဖ်ိဳးဖ်တ္ဖ်တ္၊ လုပ္ေဆာင္

ၾကကုန္၏။

If the master sleeps late, they will eat and sleep only when the assigned work is finished.

အရွင့္ေနာက္က်၍ အမႈအခင္းလက္စသိမ္းမွ စားေသာက္အိပ္ၾကကုန္၏။

They will not sneak off with so much as a piece of string without the master knowing. They will

take and use only what he gives them.

ခ်ည္မွ်င္တစ္မွ်င္ကုိမွ် အရွင့္ကြယ္ရာ မခုိးမဝွက္မူ၍ အရွင္ေပးသည္ကုိသာယူသုံးေလ့ရွိကုန္၏။

They will not talk discontentedly and say "What do we get out of working for this master?

There's nothing in it for us!” They will not belittle their work but go at it positively, so that in making a

joint the parts will be smooth and fit closely.

 52

ဤအရွင့္အမႈကုိျပဳသျဖင့္ အဘယ္အက်ိဳးရွိအံ့နည္း၊ ငါတု႔ိကား တစ္စုံတစ္ခုကုိမွ်မရပါဟု ကဲ့ရဲ႕စကားမ

ဆုိ၊ အမႈကုိမဖ်က္၊ႏွစ္သက္ၾကည္သာေသာစိတ္ႏွလုံးရွိလွ်က္ အေစ့အစပ္၊ မူေသသပ္ကာ၊ ပစ္စလက္ခတ္၊

ျဖစ္ကတတ္ဆန္း၊မရွိရေအာင္ ေကာင္းစြာေဆာင္ရြက္ေသာအမႈရွိကုန္၏။

At an (audience) ceremony they will speak in praise of their master and advance his honour by

saying, whether in his presence or not, that his aura is like a soft breeze bringing the scent of flowers.

ပရိသတ္အလယ္ေရာက္က ခ်ီးခ်ီးေျမွာက္ေျမွာက္ေျပာဆုိသျဖင့္ အသေရကုိတက္ေအာင္ ပန္းရနံ႔ကုိ

ေဆာင္ေသာ ေလညွင္းကဲ့သုိ႔ အရွင့္ဂုဏ္သတင္းကုိ မ်က္ေမွာက္မ်က္ကြယ္ေဆာင္တတ္ကုန္၏။

It is in these five ways that his servants should make their return by protecting and supporting

their master.

ဤအေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ အရွင္သခင္ကုိ ျပန္၍အစဥ္ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ခ်ီးေျမွာက္ၾကကုန္၏။

Sons of householders! It is in these five ways that a master should hold and nourish his servants,

to whom there belongs the downward quarter, and in their own five ways that the servants should

protect and support their master.

သူႂကြယ္သား၊ အရွင္သခင္သည္ ဤအေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ သိမ္းျမန္းေကၽြးေမြးအပ္ကုန္ေသာ

အေနာက္အရပ္မည္ကုန္ေသာ ေက်းကၽြန္အမႈလုပ္တုိ႔သည္ ဤအေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ အရွင္သခင္ကုိ

ျပန္၍ ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ခ်ီးေျမွာက္ၾကကုန္၏။

So long as masters and servants carry out their mutual duties in this way, masters and servants,

perfect in their duties, will be shielded from the approach of danger. Danger will be put at rest and the

lower quarter too will be free from danger.

 53

ဤသုိ႔ ကၽြန္၊အရွင္တုိ႔ ျပဳက်င့္ရာေသာဝတ္မ်ားႏွင့္ညီၾကကုန္သည္ရွိေသာ္ ထုိဝတ္ငါးပါးႏွင့္ျပည့္စုံေသာ

အရွင္တုိ႔သည္ ဤေက်းကၽြန္ဟူေသာေအာက္အရပ္ကုိ ေဘးမလာမေရာက္ေအာင္ ဖုံးပိတ္လႊမ္းမုိးအပ္၏။

ေအာက္အရပ္၌ေဘးၿငိမ္း၊ေဘးကင္းေတာ့သည္သာ။

10. Five duties of monks and Brahmins and the six duties of the laity

၁၀။ ရဟန္း၊သူေတာ္ေကာင္းတုိ႔ျပဳအပ္ေသာ ဝတ္ငါးပါးႏွင့္လူတုိ႔ျပဳအပ္ေသာ ဝတ္ေျခာက္ပါး

Towards monks and Brahmins, who are said to belong to the upper quarter of the six directions,

men of good family have five duties in their conduct. Monks and Brahmins in turn owe six duties to men

of good family. These are described thus in the scripture:

ဤေျခာက္ပါးေသာအရပ္တုိ႔တြင္ ရဟန္း၊သူေတာ္ေကာင္းဟူေသာ အထက္အရပ္၌ အမ်ိဳးေကာင္းသား၊

သမီးတုိ႔က်င့္သုံးေဆာက္တည္အပ္ေသာဝတ္ငါးပါးရွိသည္ကုိလည္းေကာင္း၊ရဟန္း၊သူေတာ္ေကာင္းတုိ႔က အမ်ိဳး

ေကာင္းသား၊သမီးတုိ႔အေပၚ ေဆာက္တည္အပ္ေသာဝတ္ေျခာက္ပါးရွိသည္ကုိလည္းေကာင္း ပါဠိေတာ္၌ေဟာ

ေတာ္မူသည္။

Pañcahi kho, gahapatiputta ¥hānehi kulaputtena uparimā disā samanabrāhma¼ā

pacchupa¥¥hātabbā- mettena kāyākammena, mettena vacīkammena, mettena manokammena,

anāva¥advāratāya, āmisānuppadānena. Imehi kho, gahapatiputta pañcahi ¥hānehi kulaputtena uparimā

disā samanabrāhma¼ā paccupathitā chahi ¥hānehi kulaputtaµ anukampenti- pāpā nivārenti, kalyā¼e

nivesenti, kalyā¼e manasā anukampenti, assutaµ sāventi, sutaµ pariyodāpenti, sagassa maggaµ

ācikkanti. Imehi kho, gahapatiputta pañcahi ¥hānehi kulaputtena uparimā disā samanabrāhma¼æ
 54

paccupathitā imehi chahi ¥hānehi kulaputtaµ anukampenti. Evamassa esā uparimā disā pa¥icchannā

hoti, khemā appa¥ibhayā.24

That is to say: Sons of householders! Men of good family should support and honour the monks

and Brahmans, to whom the upper quarter is assigned, in five ways:

သူႂကြယ္သား၊ အမ်ိဳးေကာင္းသား၊သမီးသည္ အေၾကာင္းတရားငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ အထက္အရပ္မည္ကုန္ေသာ

ရဟန္း၊သူေတာ္ေကာင္းတုိ႔ကုိ လုပ္ေကၽြးပူေဇာ္အပ္ကုန္၏။

in their own actions such as the performance with loving faith, without dodging or evasion, of the

duties, big or small, that may fall upon them; in words spoken with loving faith, without deception or

lying, encouraging monks who come for food, saying to them "Turn in here! Here is good rice porridge

for your food!"; in thoughts in loving faith, believing that the Rule of the monks is laid down in the

scriptures given by the actual hand of our Lord; in action, when a monk comes to you plainly to receive

an offering, by not trying to hide and hoard up things saying "I don't have anything much here", but rather

in laying out the offering and saying "Come by the door, here is water to drink and food"; in rushing

forward, gladly and willingly to make offerings of good food with dressings. It is in these five ways that

they are supported and honoured.

ေမတၱာ၊သဒၶါႏွင့္ယွဥ္ေသာအမႈႀကီးငယ္ျပဳဖြယ္တုိ႔ကုိမဖယ္မလႊဲေဆာင္ရြက္ျခင္းစေသာကုိယ္အမႈျဖင့္လည္း

ေကာင္း။မလွည္႔မပတ္၊ မုသာမဆုိ၊ ၾကည္ညဳိရႊင္လန္း၊ဆြမ္းခံဝင္ေသာအရွင္တု႔ိအား ယာဂုဆြမ္းေကာင္း၊ ေလာင္း

လွည့္ၾကကုန္ဟု ႏႈိးေဆာ္ျခင္းစေသာႏႈတ္အမႈျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း။ ငါတုိ႔သခင္၊ ကုိယ္လက္က်န္းခန္႔၊ ပီတိႏွ႔ံလွ်က္၊

ရဟန္းတရား၊ပြါးမ်ားနုိင္ပါေစဟု စိတ္ကႀကံေသာမေနာကံျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း။ရဟန္းလွဴခံ၊ ကုိယ့္ထံေရာက္က၊

ထင္ရွားရွိလွ်က္၊မလွ်ိဳ႕ဝွက္၍၊ကြယ္မ်က္မသုိ၊ ထုိထုိပစၥည္း၊ နည္းမ်ားမဟူ၊ လွဴထေလလွ်င္း၊ေသာက္ေရတြင္းသုိ႔၊

24
. D. III. P. 156
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ဟင္းလင္းဖြင့္အပ္ေသာ တံခါးရွိသည္အျဖစ္ျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း။ နိဗၺာန္လယ္ေျမ၊ ငါေတြ႔ေပဟု၊ အလုအယက္၊

လယ္ေကာင္းမက္သုိ႔၊ႏွစ္သက္ရႊင္လန္း၊ဆြမ္းေကာင္းဟင္းေလး၊ေရြးခ်ယ္ၾကည္ျဖဴ၊ ေပးလွဴသျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း။

ဤအေၾကာင္းငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ လုပ္ေကၽြးပူေဇာ္အပ္၏။

Sons of householders! The monks and Brahmans, to whom is assigned the upper quarter, and who

receive this support and honour in these five ways from men of good family give in return to them

support and help in these six ways:

သူႂကြယ္သား၊ အမ်ိဳးေကာင္းသား၊သမီးသည္ ဤအေၾကာင္းငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ လုပ္ေကၽြးပူေဇာ္အပ္ကုန္ေသာ

အထက္အရပ္မည္ကုန္ေသာ ရဟန္း၊သူေတာ္ေကာင္းတုိ႔သည္၊ အမ်ိဳးေကာင္းသား၊သမီးကုိ အေၾကာင္းေျခာက္

ပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ ခ်ီးေျမွာက္ မစ ၾကကုန္၏။

They check sin – killing and the rest of the Five Great Enemies - and keep them from the tenfold

path of the life without merit.

ပါဏာတိပါတစေသာ ရန္ႀကီးငါးပါး၊ဆယ္ပါးေသာအကုသလကမၼပထမွ၊တားျမစ္အပ္ကုန္၏။

They confirm them in the five moral precepts and the tenfold path of the life of merit.

ငါးပါးသီလ၊ဆယ္ပါးေသာကုသလကမၼပထ၊ ဒါနစေသာကုသုိလ္တရား၌ သက္ဝင္တည္ေစအပ္ကုန္၏။

They support and help them in heartfelt kindness and love with “sabbesattā averā hontu and

abyāpajjā hontu”.

သေဗၺ သတၱာ အေဝရာ ေဟာႏၱဳ၊အဗ်ာပဇၨာ ေဟာႏၱဳ၊ စသည္ျဖင့္ ေမတၱာျပဳျခင္းဟူေသာ ေကာင္းေသာ

ႏွလုံးျဖင့္ခ်ီးေျမွာက္ မစ အပ္ကုန္၏။
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They carry on research into old and forgotten customs so that rules of gentleness may be brought to

the ears of men of good will.

မၾကားဖူးေသာ ထုံးေဟာင္းနည္းနာ သိမ္ေမြ႔စြာေသာတရားစကားကုိ သူေတာ္ေကာင္းတရား နားေပါက္

စိမ့္ေသာငွာ ေဖြရွာေဟာေျပာျပသအပ္ကုန္၏။

They demonstrate confidence in the well-known precepts of the Law and as they tell the stories, so

as to raise their hearers' level of culture, they explicate difficult points in their meaning.

ၾကားနာရဖူးေသာတရားစကားကုိ အယူအဆ၊ ေဖြျပနည္းနာ၊ သိသာထင္ျမင္ေအာင္၊ ပုံျပင္ေဆာင္လွ်က္၊

ခဲခက္ေသာအနက္အဓိပၸါယ္ကုိ၊ သြယ္ဝယ္ညႊန္ျပ၊သံသယကင္းရွင္းေစအပ္ကုန္၏။

Their hearers are thus freed from the cycle of rebirths and are brought to an easy passage to the land

of the spirits. In these six ways they help and support the laity.

နတ္ရြာလမ္းမြန္၊ခရီးစြန္ကုိၾကားေပအပ္ကုန္၏။ဤအေၾကာင္းေျခာက္ပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ ခ်ီးေျမွာက္ မစအပ္ကုန္၏။

Sons of householders! In these six ways monks and Brahmans, to whom is assigned the upper

quarter, should give support and help to men of good family who support and honour them.

သူႂကြယ္သား၊ အမ်ိဳးေကာင္းသား၊သမီးသည္ ဤအေၾကာင္းငါးပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ လုပ္ေကၽြးပူေဇာ္အပ္ကုန္ေသာ

အထက္ရပ္မည္ကုန္ေသာရဟန္း၊သူေတာ္ေကာင္းတုိ႔သည္အမ်ိဳးေကာင္းသား၊သမီးတုိ႔ကုိ ဤအေၾကာင္းေျခာက္

ပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ခ်ီးေျမွာက္ မစအပ္ကုန္၏။

When these duties are performed between men of family and monks, the upper quarter will be

closed off from the approach of danger. Fear will be set at rest and the upper quarter will be out of danger.
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ဤရဟန္း၊သူေတာ္ေကာင္းတုိ႔ကုိ ျပဳရာေသာဝတ္ကုိ ျပဳသည္ရွိေသာ္ ထုိျပဳရာေသာဝတ္ရွိေသာအမ်ိဳး

ေကာင္းသား၊သမီးသည္ ဤရဟန္း၊သူေတာ္ေကာင္းဟူေသာအထက္ရပ္ကုိ ေဘးမလာမေရာက္ေအာင္ဖုံးလႊမ္း

အပ္၏။အထက္ရပ္မွ ေဘးၿငိမ္းေဘးကင္းေတာ့သည္သာ။