Z

-I ::c o o c o -I

a z

C

""""I

c.c '<

o

-+.

" OJ

....-+

I

::IJ o

CD Q.

OJ > 00

5

"T1 o ::D 3:

Z Ci>

s: m -I ::I: o 1;1 00

o c 3 '0

;;

.. !!

< o iii

c o ;-

.. _ - . -- -- - --------- - - -----_--- ---------- -- - --

,.

"

~

f

.. ..

en

-

a

n '::r

." o

"

3 3" to

n § "0 5' ;1 P "2- e:: :::J '" '" '" :r IJ:I
." (3 !!l ~ <- :c. fil
!Ci' 0 9- ()'O (11 tn" ::::J ro ro
::::J 0.. 0 ::r e.1JQ <'i .,
c -e '" c: "0 ;:n IJI co ,., :r <;: n n
.. (1j ~, n ~ ::::J 0- '" ::::J 0
m ~ <"I' ~ CD ~ » ::. '" a 0
'" :I C" p
.... ~ ()'O 0.. <e ;n ., _. "0 0
'" ::r ~ ~. '" Co '" '" ::> g a '"
c: Ii 0 ::::J' , 0- Il> "i IJQ -e
Vl a. p ., I» '" '" 1::_ u: '" 0
n ::::J a '0 :I ::::J -'r", p '"
.,.. ... o· ,.,
=r n 0 ::::J Co ~.§ ;:r ~ s- c:
'" ...... "0 ::::J
:3 ~, '& ~ o ... , ~
n ;E 0 (fJ Il<i 0 :::i (1) Ej'
e? '" @ ':T ,,. '"
(1) "- '_, "" ., c '" ~
n' ~ - II> -< F; III 0 '" ;::> '" ~ s-
o· @ ,"' .... O-r:r.< e
0. :-' n Ifj' :::J II> n (II
to' on ? n 0 ~
... ii 0.. '::r 00 ::::J t;;' cr '"
11 "2- 0- :J. s- a - :I '< :;::r ~
~ (1) '< CD rnl s ~ 0- ~ :;::r
;3 ., '" :I B: 0' (1)
n ~. s ., (11 0 ::::J
,"- '" & r. a 0 '" '" 9 ::::J
::r 0- "" s o ~ ::r ., n ,..... -e
~ 0 s 3 ::::J " s: 0 3 (11 ., n ;:o-
S' ~ CD ~ 0.. <: 0
c. ro .£!.. ::::J ;E
5 n s- o §; ... to:. '" ~ <: n
'f<> '" ... ro C. III r1l '" (1) 0..
::::J 00' - :; )< ::!J )<
g til ~ ::t. 0. 0' n 5- '" '" ...,
~ _. ro ::::J s , -'Q:~ n ::::J a
:::J 0 '" :I n n IJQ :::i
o, ::::J ri a ;!:. q ::::J '" g n g 9
§ 0 '" m: a'
"" ::::J"O 00· ~ n
:::I ~ .., "0 IJQ 5 ., ~ 0
r '" 0 II> ':T C. c:
0.. a. p- 5- ii" c: ~
9- ~ Ii n '" n
<:; ,.. C <1 n ~ '" ., 0:
;:r (> n (I) ::::J '"
" ." ~':.g.g '3' c: n c: 0
riG' :::I ("". ., ;:r n til
;:r ::::J <: ... n 5-
F. :i" _. :!1 ;:;; <1> 0.. P 0 III '"
::I- rIO ~ ~ E 5- 0 ~. ..
::I ... ~ :::i
,., IJQ ~ 0.. c, ~ iil ~ til
0 0 o .e. -. 0 e
-u :3 ~ ~::; ;:- cr P f,. r~
!::. 5- III ("0' 0 -:::J ::::J
~ "0 ::::J t;;' "" ::::J a a. -,.,
nl ro a. iil c, ~ Q.
a' ::::J '" C. n
? v. 3 0- S" ~ ;E c '"
'" ~ <- C
o· n ~ p ~ n ;,
~ ::> ~ 5- 5' ::r
~ ::> '"
;- !='- 0 !rII [.f.l .... n
3 E 0 ~
.., .., 5- ::r 5 "", '" 5. .,
:;::r ::r g ., 0- '"
~ ", ro n '" 3 :: n ~
" ::::J
2 c- o 0- n :>:- )<
5' i: (> ~ ., C o.:l, ,.,; ., n n
::::J ::I ::::J c: :;{ rt ro
I'"' ~ 0- 9- ~ ::::J 'f 'f
~ , !" I n 0. ... ....

"'

!"I " jjj'

::I RI

I

(f)

- ...

D,J.

s· (f) ::

RI

- o

:r

...

o

,

IS

15 -

t...r ~

r;

;::

~.

:::l rJ~

:;, "::l

~

m 3 a o III (j)

~.

IQ

:::J to

9

'"

9.

'"

."

... III n

-

c

...

s I.Q

en 5' :::r II)

c m "l'I I'TI o -I (J)

Z

(J) ::I: m m -I

::::

I'TI -I .»

i" 'T1 o JJ :!:

Z G')

5':!!

~!C ;; c ::j 0;

~"""" o

t~

m 0. I.Q til

o

...

AI n

~

:::I I.Q

... c.n

.... en

o < ID ... n o

~.

~ to

VI "C

...

S" to 0" I:U n ~

> 1"1

C !!.

en iii 1 til 1 :1:. Ii!.

--,j' g

\ :::l

----J

_'- ..... ,

I I I

." ID" e ... CD

.."

;:;

3 ;:0 !:.,

"a- :!
~ - ~
Ii /' ?~g;
3 H
"-
iii
i~
_s
~ ~
.,
'ljJ
~". "
e
~
g
-:
Q
.._ \

o

'"

-

OJ

" '

tr

""

c

~

<>

~

..

D

~:!I ~'g t...:.(D

... W

~.

II

_:c.j-r,

g l>o -I m ::c

s

r-

"'0 JJ o "'0 m ::c -I

iii

en

\' "

,#0

3

'" ::l

..., r,

3 ::.

+

'-"

t11 ::l !I~. ::l n:

G :1. ;:> Ife

'"

q

'"

?

__ .F.. ~ r

-

a

-

"

-

I»

-

N N

gL-~ __ ~~ __ ~~~~ __ ~~ __ =-~

~o b ~ ~ ~ g ~ ~ ~ g g

STRESS.hl

__l

1

J'C §. u. ::;J

"

c.. _

C>

.. r

I

I =~ I III

~"-l

*~

'"

Table 2 Typical Tensile Properties 01" Selected Sheet Metals

1

N A

Material

Young's modulus, C

Yield \lrenglh

Ten~lle strength

Uniform elongation (%)

Total elongation !%)

Strain hardening exponent (nl

Strain rate sensitivity (III)

A I uminum-ki lied druwing qualiry stce!

lnh .. r~lilial" 1'1'1;<' ,led 2{J7

Rimmed sleel 207

High -xtrcngth 107

low-ahoy steel

Dual-ph~se 'lee' I 207

'0,1 Stainless 'ted 1'1.1

.JU9 Stuinless steel 207

JOII:;-O Aluminum 6<)

61KJ9-T..J Aluruinuru (,9

71HO Brass ! J()

Average normal anisotropy I r",)

Planar anisotropy (j, r)

0.12

1.8

0.7

0.013

GPa IIY' psl

MP~ ksl

MPa hi

0.23 0.:1.0 0.18

19 1.1 1.2

U .. 'i {J,4 {}.~

0.015 (J.OI:! o.oci

3D

IQJ 2,11 296 .JJ

24

J6j 24 ,17 -16

21--1 31 303 44

'45 50 -I-l-S 65

25 22 20

30 2i'! :m 10 10 16

-114 60 621 90

'276 40 MIO 100

262 '8 -l611 68

-II! 7 110 16

UJ III 134 3..J

J 10 16 33 I .JS

I..J 58 2J 23 21 54

:!o 00 30 33 26 61

0,16 0.48 n,20 0.24 0.23 0.56

1.0 1.0 1.2 0.6 0.6 O.\)

n.1 (J.O 0.1 11.2 0.1 n.2

O.OOR 0.01:! 0.01:! 0.005

-U.IJ02 OJIOI

'oj.- -. " .

,

.J •.. t

load

c ~ -e

~ ~~+_~~ ~ "-"" __ -,,,,,,,u

3

'" ~'-'>..%___""'-'''''-'loJ

, ....

x

:.0

r. r-..

...... :::::;

~ IJ~.

:::-"' :::: t'1l

. ,..~

...

5'

rlQ

Elonga.tlcn (Percent)

I

~

... p

:i" 3"0 <> ::I. - 0 £!.. ....

.... If'

C i.J

1\

v

j->

£.

v,

log Ul.J1BI stress, U

w o

q II

~

~


~
1\ II
"" ""I"
lA
.. \
f---"
\ .... ....

:=.p 0"0 :::J 0

£.

-l =. :.=.

It

w ...

l> :::::I :::::I CD III

:r r.c

o

...

;;:- -:J

~~

rJ~ "'J

~ ~

~ c.. ,.

- -

r,

- :;l

~ ~-

f.r-.:o -:.

r. ::::l ::::!! r-.

~

:.:, r...

"

"'-g ~f

II

12

+

I!:'

+-- .~.

r..l

AVllrage Strain Aa'ho (rrn)

~ I\) N (.)

b ~ ~ N ~ b

~r-------_'~------~--------T-------_'~------~

NL-----------------------------------------------------~

r

." o :u :: l>

!:!

r:

~

-I m

~

z Gl

s: m -I :J: o c en

'_J, ~ ::r

"~

::;r

~ 3-:J'" ; ~~

E.t:. ~ ~ F. fi- 3

m =: m C"I ...

o

.......

:: c;'

...

o (I)

- ...

c C"I

- C

;:;

I!'I o ::::I

" o

...

3

III

g:

~

I

r

3"

;;;:

S"

(0

o o

3

CD

I CD

16" ;:r

-I CD

!!!.

I CD

3 w" ""C ::J" CD ::l" o

~

o o

:3

CD

-I CD

~

J

\ \

\

\

\ \--7--\

en s

::r III

ell

F.

"'"

~

~.

, ....

• ..;.>

-'" ",0

~3 ,,::3

:..

C.? -g ~ ~..., ~ ~ 2_ 1'""'.

-

..... :. - =:

I ... <..tJ

ro :AI

II

~IO

~:

~01)

" <II .. -

j~ .-~--

" .. " C>.

en s ;:j;

::c Q c ::::J a.

Co a

a

3

CD a.

o c u

-i CD

!2

II)

-

(;

- o

:r I C

...

Dl

~.

::I c.c

-4 (D III

-

III

Fo'ming hO'ighr

§_

, ---_

;:: :;

~ I ~ ~

'"

s

.,

~ :;

'" ..

0; .3 #

I !:l

-in; =-7

J' _

ne r'\. ..

r:. r .r r:

t:.,:. -::

~~ ~ .::.

it:' ~

10

~

I>,ll------..L-~. ~:

~ ~

i_ ~iio

\~.i

Oll rfl\

UI Q

VI

r.

::r

'"

3

!': ~-

-- --- -- -------- - - - --- - ~-

1

III rJ> Z ~ ::r a rC rn ::0

"TI a ::0 C1 m

~

o c. e o

1il'

r ,

:::

"

;;. ~

~

I~ Z.

'" !!

[11 ..

i"

~ D..

•

01;" n Ii

II !!.

+

r

'->J

,..,

:0 m 'T1 m :0 m z o m CJ)

1

UI en

rc: m :0

5 :to Z -I CJ)

" o

:3 -::l o c::

'" a.

-

1--

!...) ,-

I

CI'> o