நகர்வு - இதழ் 07 (ஜனவரி - ஏப்ரல் 2010)

Mrpupau; fUj;J
Nagarvu
efu;T
xU khw;wk; Nehf;fp
Kù;uk; -ugPcy; Mfpu;

gpujk Mrpupau; [dtup - Vg;uy; 2010 efu;T - 07
m\;n\a;f; vk;.V.vk;. kd;]{u;
(Naleemi) B.A (Hons) nghUslf;fk;
01. Mrpupau; fUj;J ......................................................... 02
epu;thf Mrpupau;
m\;n\a;f; vk;.,]l;.vk;.wprhl; 02. my;Fu;Md; vd;w mwpT mw;Gjk;
(Naleemi) -el;rj;jpuq;fspd; miktplq;fs;- ................................. 03
mg+ g`;up
ntspaPl;L MNyhridf; FO 03. ,yq;if epyKk; ,];yhkpag; gzpAk;

- ,];yhkpa j/thtpd; mbg;gil Ntiyj;jpl;lk;- ............... 05
m\;n\a;f; v];.vk;.vk;.k]h`pu; c];jhj; vk;.V.vk; kd;#u; (esPkp)
(Naleemi) B.A (Hons), M. phil
Senior Lecturer,
South Eastern University, Oluvil 04. jha;g;ghY}l;ly;
- ,];yhkpa \uPmj;Jk; etPd Ma;TfSk;- ....................... 08
m\;n\a;f; v];.vk;.vk;.k]h`pu; (esPkp)
m\;n\a;f; vk;.Mu;.vk;. esPk;
(Naleemi) B.A.(cey), Counsellor 06. Muk;g fhy K];ypk;fspd; vOr;rpAk;
Ministry of Social Service
vkJ rkfhy epiyAk; ............................................ 10
myp ,];]j; gpNfhgpr;
m\;n\a;f; vd;. vk;. wprhl;
(Naleemi)
07. ,yq;ifapy; ,];yhkpa j/th nghJ Nehf;F ...................... 14
m\;n\a;f; vk;.N[.vk;. mughj; fuPk;
08. tl;b jil nra;ag;gl;likf;fhd \uPMtpd;

[h`pypa;aj; Nehf;fq;fSk; mjd; tpisthd gpuNahfq;fSk; ........... 16
jPikfspypUe;J ;K. H. m]hk; m`kl;
efu;tPuhf 09. my;yh`;it Nehf;fpa gazk; ........................................ 18
(`p[;uj; nra;tPuhf) ,g;D mgP ]hyp`;
(]{wh Kj;j];]pu;: 05)
10. Fu;MDf;fhd ehfuPf tpsf;fk; .......................................... 22
up\hj; e[pKjPd;
tpiy tpguk;:
jdpg; gpujp: &gh 60.00 11. cq;fs; Foe;ijfs ; ehisa jiytu;fs; ............................ 26
tUl re;jh: 300.00 vk;.Mu;.vk;. esPk;
12; Nkw;fpd ; rpe;jidg; gilnaLg;G KiwikAk;

,];yhkpa vOr;rpAk; .............................................. 28
MIIR vk;.N[.vk;. mughj; fuPk;
...................................................... 30
,];yhkpa Ma;TfSf;fhd 11. gj;thf;fs; gf;fk;
kp\;fhj; epWtdk; 12;. m`dPghtpd; mz;il tPl;lhd; ........................................ 32
400/6> tuhf];`pd;d>
mf;Fwid> 13. tuyhw;wpy; vkJ ck;kj; ........................................ 36
,yq;if. mG+ ejh
njhiyNgrp ,y: 081-7910410
Mrpupau; fUj;J vg;gb rpe;jpg;gJ?
Nju;jy; ele;J Kbe;Js;sJ.Gjpa [dhjpgjpapd; ,e;j gpsit ntd;W Njrpa xw;Wikiaf;
Kd;Nd fPo;tUk; Kf;fpa gpujhd rthy;fs; fl;bnaOg;Gtnjd;gJ kpfTk; ghhpanjhU
cs;sd. Ntiyj;jpl;lk; vd;gjpy; re;Njfkpy;iy.
(1) nghUshjhu rthy; : ,J tsk; nfhopf;Fk; Njrpa xw;Wik ,d;wp ,e;ehl;ilf;
ehL. el;Lf;F f\;lg;gl;L ciof;fhkNy gy fl;bnaOg;GtNjh Nkw;nrhd;d ,U ngUk;
gaDs;s kuq;fis Kisf;fr; nra;Ak; epytsk; mbg;gil rthy;fis nty;tNjh
nfhz;lJ. xU gyh kuj;ijAk;> njd;id rhj;jpakpy;iy.
kuj;ijAk; kl;Lk; itj;Jf; nfhz;Nl xU
FLk;gk; tho;e;J tpl;Lg; Ngha;tplyhk;. ,t; t plj; j py; ngUk; g hd; i k murpay;
jiytu;fs;> Gj;jp[Ptpfs;> gy;NtW r%f
,J xU kpfg; nghpa cz;ikahf ,Ue;Jk; Vd; epWtdq;fs; midj;Jk; <LghLk;> fhpridAk;
vkf;Fg; nghUshjhuf; f\;lk;. mjw;Fg; gpujhd fhl;l Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gpur;rpidapd; cz;ik
fhuzk; ,uz;L $wyhk;. xd;W msTf;F kPwpa epiyia mtu;fs; Ghpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
Mlk;gug; nghUl;fisf; Ftpf;Fk; tifapy; ehl;bd; vjph;fhy ey; tho;Nt ,g;gpur;rpidf;fhd
mike;Jtpl;l vkJ kpfj; jhuhsg;Nghf;F cz;ikahd> Neh;ikahd> rhpahd jPh;tpy;
nfhz;l nghUshjhuf; nfhs;if. jq;fpAs;sJ vd;gij mth;fs; czu Ntz;Lk;.
epy tsKk;> ePh; tsKk; kpff; $Ljyhff; rpWghd;ikAk; Nju;jypd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l fl;rpapd;
nfhz;lJ vk; ehL. ifj;njhopYf;fhd ntw;wpahNyh> my;yJ cz;ikaw;w uh[je;jpug;
fdpg;nghUl;fis tpl tptrhaKk;> mjNdhL Ngr;R thu;j;ijahNyh ePjpAk;> Neh;ikAkhd
xl;ba ifj;njhopYf;F ,q;F tha;g;G mjpfk;. jPu;nthd;iw ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk; vd;w Mokw;w
,t;thW ,e;ehl;bd; ,aw;if tsj;NjhL xl;b vjpu;ghh;g;ig tpl;Ltpl Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fs;
jpl;lkpl;L Kd;Ndwtpy;iy. ,J ,uz;lhtJ eP z ; l njhU Nghuhl; l j; j pw; F j; jk; i kj;
fhuzk;. jahh;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mJ fPo;tUk;
mikg;Gfisg; ngWk;.
,g;gb vk; ,aw;ifia xl;b rpe;jpj;J vk;
nghUshjhu tsj;ijg; ngUf;fp nghUshjhu 1.,g; gpur;ridia r%fj;jpd; mbkl;lk; tiuapy;
rthiy ntw;wp nfhs;Sk; Njit vkf;Fs;sJ. kpfTk; Neh;ikahd cz;ikahd tbtj;jpy;
(2) fy;tp : fy;tp tpahghukhf Ngha;tpl;lJ. nfhz;L nry;y Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;gpl;lnjhU
re;ijapy; tpw;fg;gLk; xU gz;lkhfNt mJ th;f;fk;> kl;lj;jpdhpd; Nghuhl;lkhf kl;Lk; ,J
ghu; f ; f g; g LfpwJ. ntspehl; b y; njhopy; mikaf; $lhJ.
nra;tjw;fhf Ml;fisj; jahh;gLj;Jk; fy;tp 2.jkpo;> K];ypk; rpWghd;ik r%fq;fSf;
epWtdq;fis epiwag; ghh;f;fpNwhk;. fpilapyhd xw;Wikiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd
gz;ghLs;s kdpjid cUthf;fy;> rpwe;j Ntiyj;jpl;lk;> mjd; tpisthf kpfg; gyk;
ehl;Lg; gpui[ia Mf;Fjy;> Xh; mwpT [Ptpia tha;e;jnjhU murpay; rf;jpiaf; fl;bnaOg;gy;.
cUthf;Fjy; vd;git vy;yhk; ,uz;lhk;
gl;rkhdjhfNt fzpf;fg;gLfpwJ. 3.ngUk;ghd;ik ,dj;jplk; rpWghd;ik gw;wpf;
fhzg;gLk; gak;> re;Njfk;> ek;gpf;ifapd;ik
mj; N jhL ,e; e hl; i l tsg; g Lj; j iy vd;gtw;iwf; fisa cioj;jYk;>
ikag; g Lj; j pa fy; t pia ,q; F fhz ngUk;ghd;ik Gj;jp[PtpfNshL gykhd cwTg;
Kbatpy;iy. Kjw; nrhd;d nghUshjhu rthy; ghynkhd;iw vOg;gp murpay; je;jpNuhgha> uh[
$h;ikailtjw;Fk; ,J fhuznkdyhk;. je;jpug; Ngr;R thu;;j;ijf;F mg;ghy; epd;W
,g;gpd;dzpapw; jhd; fy;tpg; gFjpapy; xU ngUk; cz;ikahfTk; Neh;ikahfTk;>
Fog;g epiyiaAk;> FsWgbiaAk; mtjhdpf;f ek; g pf; i fahdJkhd fUj; J g; gwpkhwy;
KbfpwJ. vdNt kdpjidAk; Mf;fp> ,e; fsnkhd;iw cUthf;fy;.
ehl;ilAk; cah;j;j Mf;Fk; rf;jp nfhz;l
,f;fy;tpg; gFjp rhh;e;j rthy; vk; Kd;NdAs;s ,itNa vk; Kd;Nd cs;s rthy;fSk;>
kpfg; nghpa rthyhFk;. mtw;iw nty;tjw;fhd topfSk;.
,e;j [dhjpgjpj; Njh;jypd; KbT ,t;topapy;
(3) Njrpa xw;Wik : 3 jrhg;jq;fSf;F Nkyhd kf;fshfpa vkf;F vJTk; nra;a KbAkh?
Xh; cs;ehl;L Aj;jKk;> mjd; tpisthd vJTk; nra;jhYk; nra;ahtpl;lhYk; vk; Kd;Nd
,dq;fSf;fpilapyhd gpsTfSk; kpfTk; xU ngUk; gzp fhj;jpUf;fpwJ vd;gJ kl;LNk
ghhpaJ. cz;ik. rthy;fis ntw;wp nfhs;sy; vd;gJ
Rje;jpuk; ngw;w fhyj;jpypUe;Nj Jtq;fpa murpy; kl;Lk; jq;fpajpy;iy vd;gJTk; cz;ik.
,g;gpsTfs; kpfg; ghhpa msT tpuprYw;W tpl;lJ.
my;Fu;Md; vd;w mwpT mw;Gjk;
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mwpe;jpUg;gpd; ,J xU ghhpa
rj;jpak; vdf; $wpaik Vd;
vd;gjid el;rj;jpuq;fspd;
miktplq;fs; fhl;Lk; ghhpa
cz;ikfs; CNl vk;khy; Ghpe;J
nfhs;s KbfpwJ
tYg;ngw;W mz;ikf; fhyq;fspNyNa

Ghpe;j mwptpay; cz;ik xd;iw
,t;trdk; njspTgLj;Jtij mwpa
KbfpwJ.
el;rj;jpuq;fs; vd;git gpugQ;r
ntspapy; fhzg;gLk; kpfg; ghhpa
el;rj;jpuq;fspd; miktplq;fs; kPJ ciyfs; - mLg;Gfs; vdyhk;.
rj;jpak; nra;fpNwd;. ePq;fs; mwptPu;fshapd; mtw;wpd; Clhfj;jhd; ,g;gpugQ;rNk
epr;rakhf ,J xU ghhpa rj;jpakhFk;. cUthfp ,Uf;Fk;. midj;J tifg;
epr;rakhf ,J xU fz;zpakpf;f Fh;Md; nghUl; f Sk; > rf; j p f Sk; jahup f ; f g;
MFk; (]_uh thfpM 75-77) gLfpd;wd. gpugQ;r ntsp gy;Nfhb
el;rj;jpuq;fisAk; Nfhs;fisAk;
,e;j trdj;jpy; my;yh`; my;Fh;Md; nfhz;lJ. Mdhy; my;Fh;Md; ,q;Nf
fz; z pakhdJ> J}a; i kahdtu; f Ns el;rj;jpuq;fis tpl;L tpl;L mtw;wpd;
mjidj; njhlKbAk;> mJ ug;Gy; MykPd; miktplq;fs; kPJ rj;jpak; nra;fpwJ.
cyfq;fspd; ,ul;rfd; - jiytdplkpUe;J my;Fh;Mdpd; ,g;gpuNahfj;jpw;F vd;d
,wq;fpaJ vdf; $Wfpwhd;. 80 MtJ Maj; fhuzk; vd MAk; NghJ thdtpay; Ma;tpd;
tiu XJk; NghJ ,f;fUj;J njspthfpwJ. xspapy; fPo;tUk; fhuzq;fis Kd;itf;f
,f;fUj;ijr; nrhy;Yk; NghJ my;yh`; KbfpwJ.
el;rj;jpuq;fspd; miktplq;fs; kPJ rj;jpak;
nra;fpwhd;.mg;gb rj;jpak; nra;Ak; NghJ (1) el;rj;jpuq;fSf;Fk; vkf;FkpilNa kpfg;
cq;fSf;F mwptpUe;jhy; ,e;j rj;jpaj;jpd; ghupa ,il ntspj;J}uk; fhzg;gLtjhy;
ghupa jd;ikiag; GhptPh;fs; vd;Wk; g+kpapypUe;J ehk; vk; ntw;Wf; fz;fshNyh
nrhy;fpwhd;. my;yJ NtW fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jpNah
xU NghJk; el;rj;jpuq;fisg; ghh;f;f
vdNt ,r; rj;jpaj;jpd; nghUis
KbahJ. el;rj;jpuq;fisg; nghWj;j
tpsq;FtJ mtrpakhfpwJ. mt;thW
tiuapy; ehk; ghh;g;gnjy;yhk; mit fle;J
tpsq;f KaYk; NghJ thdtpay; Ma;T kpf
nrd;W tpl;l ,lq;fisj;jhd;. xd;W ehk;
efu;T - 07 ,yq;ifapd; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidf;fhd Ma;T rQ;rpif 03
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tpl;L efh;e;J tpl;bUf;Fk; my;yJ kPJ rj;jpak; nra;jik> mt;tiktplq;fs;
mope;jpUf;Fk; my;yJ xspkq;fp ,Uz;L gw;wpa ,e;j Mo;e;j cz;ikiaj;
tpl;bUf;Fk;. njhdpg;gjhf mik e;Js;sJ.
cjhuzkhf el;rj;jpuq;fspy; vkf;F kpf (4) thdtpay; ngsjPf Ma;Tfs; fhyKk;>
mz;ikapy; ,Ug;gJ #hpad;. mJ vk;ik ,lKk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlu;Ggl;lit
tpl;L 150 kpy;ypad; fpNyhkPl;lUf;F vd epWTfpd;wd. vdNtjhd; kpfj;
mg;ghYs;sJ. nrf;fDf;F Vwj;jho 300 njhiy J}uj;jpYs;s el;rj;jpuq;fs;
Mapuk; fpNyhkPl;lu; J}uk; nry;Yk; xsp mtw;wpd; kpfg; gioik epiyia mit kpfj;
#hpadpypUe;J vk;ik te;jila 81/3 njhd; i k mile; J tpl; l ikiaf;
nrf;fd;fs; Vwj;jho nry;Yk;. #hpad; fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,e;j tifapy;jhd; vkJ
vega vd;w el;rj;jpuj;jpd; jpirapy; gp u gQ; r k; ep u e; j ukhdjd; W . mjw; F
nrf;fDf;F 19 fpNyhkPl;lu; Ntfj;jpy; Xbf; Muk; g nkhd; W z; L vd; g JTk; czu
nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. g;gLfpd;wJ. Fiwe;jJ 12 gpy;ypad;
Mz;Lfs; taJ nfhz;ljhf ,g;gpugQ;rk;
,e; epiyapy; #hpadpd; xspia ehk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd Ma;thsu;fs;
ghh;f;Fk; NghJ mt;nthsp Gwg;gl;l njuptpf; f pd; w du; . ,e; j tifapy;
,lj;jpypUe;J #hpad; Fiwe;jJ 10>000 el;rj;jpuq;fspd; miktplq;fs; kPJ rj;jpak;
fpNyhkPl;lu; J}ukhtJ NghapUf;Fk;. nra;jik gpugQ;rj;jpd; njhd;ikiaAk;
,t;thW ehk; g+kpapypUe;J xU NghJk; mJ cUthfpaikiaAk; Rl;bf;
el;rj;jpuq;fisf; fhz;gjpy;iy. mit fhl; L tjhf mike; J s; s J. ,t; T
fle;J nrd;w mtw;wpd; gioa z;ikfis mwptpay; 20k; E}w;whz;bd;
miktplj;ijNa fhz;fpNwhk;. vkf;F kpf ,Wjpg; gFjpapNyNa fz;L gpbj;jJ.
mz;ikapYs;s el;rj;jpuj;jpd; xsp vk;ik
mila 4.3 tUlq;fs; mjhtJ 50f;F el;rj;jpuq;fspd; miktplq;fs; kPJ
Nkw;gl;l khjq;fs; nry;fpd;wd. vkJ rj;jpakhf vdf; $wp ePq;fs; mwpe;jpUg;gpd;
el;rj;jpuj; njhFjpapy; vkf;F kpfj; ,J xU ghhpa rj;jpak; vdf; $wpaik Vd;
J}uj;jpy; cs;s el;rj;jpuj;jpd; xsp vk;ik vd;gjid el;rj;jpuq;fspd; miktplq;fs;
mila 80 Mapuk; tUlq;fs; Mfpd;wd. fhl;Lk; ghhpa cz;ikfs; CNl vk;khy;
Ghpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
(2) xspAk; nghUisg; Nghd;Nw <h;g;G tpir
cs;s gFjpapy; nry;Yk; NghJ tise;J ePq;fs; mwpe;jpUe;jhy;... - kpfg; ghhpa
tise;J nry;Yk;. ,t;thWjhd; xsp rj;jpakhFk; vd;w ,U gpuNahfq;fSk;
miyfSk; tpz;ntspapy; nry;fpd;wd. kpfj; njspthfNt ,t;twptpay; cz;ik
,e; epiyapy; g+kpapypUe;J xspiag; fis Rl;bf; fhl;l tpUk;gpd vd;gJ
ghu;g;gtUf;F el;rj;jpuj;jpd; miktplj;ij njspT.
rhpahfg; ghh;f;f Kbtjpy;iy. Gwg;gl;l rj;jpaj;jpd; gpd;du; ,J cyfq;fspd;
,lj;ij tpl;L Ntwhd Xuplj;ijNa mtu; ,ul;rfdplkpUe;J ,wq;fpa fz;zpakpf;f
ghh; f ; f pwhh; . ,t; t hW g+kpapypUe; J Fh;MdhFk; vdf; $Wk; NghJ mjid kpf
el;rj;jpuj;ijr; rupahfg; ghh;f;f KbahJ ,yFthfNt kdpj mwpT Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;.
vd;gJ NkYk; cWjpahfpwJ.
(3) xU Fwpg;gpl;l el;rj;jpuj; njhFjp (fyhepjp [/Y}y; e[;[hupd; jg;]Pu; my;
apYs;s el;rj;jpuq;fs; jhk; gupkhwpf; Mahj; my;ft;dpa;ah vd;w E}iyj; jOtp
nfhs;Sk; <h;g;G tpirapy; xd;Nwhnlhd;W vOjg;gl;lJ)
gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. vdNt vg;gb vq;F
XbdhYk; mtw;wpd; miktplq;fs; ,t;tPh;g;G
tpirj; njhopw; g hl; l hy; fl; L g; g L
j;jg;gLfpd;wd.

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j/th njhlu; xU fUj;ij typAWj;j
tpUk;gpaJ. ,yq;ifapd; rpWghd;ik
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Kiwik mtrpakhdJ. ngUk;ghd;ik
K];ypk; ehLfspd; j/th Kiwikia ehk;
gpd;gw;WtJ rhj;jpakpy;iy vd;gJNt
mf;fUj;jhFk;. me;j tifapy; ,yq;if
K];ypk;fs; vt;thnwy;yhk; jdpj;Jtkhd
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tpj;jpahrkhd tho;tikg;igAk;>
gz;GfisAk; mth;fs; nfhz;Ls;shh;fs;
vd tpsf;fp te;Njhk;. ,jd; nghUs;
ngUk;ghd;ik K];ypk; j/thf;fNshL c];jhj; vk;.V.vk; kd;]{u; (esPkp)
vkf;F cwtpUf;ff; $lhJ> mtu;fSf;Fk;
vkf;FkpilNa xw;Wikahd gz;Gfs;
,y;iy vd;gjy;y. epr;rakhf xw;Wikahd KbAk;. Mdhy; mtu;fshy; ,e; epWtd
gz;Gfs; cs;sd. fz;bg;ghf ru;tNjrpa xOq;Ffisf; nfhz;L elhj;jNth>
r%fk; vd;w tifapy; mth;fSf;Fk; my;yJ topfhl;ly;fis toq;fp
vkf; F kpilNa xw; W ikfs; ,Uf; f ntw;wpfukhf topelhj;jNth Kbatpy;iy.
Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; vkf;Fhpa jdpj;Jt ,j;jifa Nfs;tpfs; gw;wp rpe;jpj;j
tho;tikg;G> gpur;rpidfs; fhuzkhf vkJ NghJjhd; ,j; j ifa rpe; j idfs;
j/th Kiwik Fwpj;J ehk; jdpahf Njhd;wpd. mtw;iw cq;fNshL gfph;e;J
rpe;jpj;Nj Mf Ntz;Lk;. rpy Ntisfspy; nfhs;s tpUk;gpNdd;. mg;gbahdnjhU
j/th rpe;jidapd; Kbe;j KbT vd;W ehk; MNuhf; f pakhd fUj; J g; gupkhwiy
cUthf;fp rpy khw;wq;fis cUthf;f
fUJk; ~~,af;f mikg;G Kiw Fwpj;Jf;
Kbahjh? vd;w mq;fyha;g;gpNyNa ,tw;iw
$l kPs;ghprPyid nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
vOJfpNwd;. $l;likg;gpyhd j/thit
,af;fq;fis kl;le;jl;Ltij Nehf;fhff; ahUk; kWf;fkhl;lu;. Mdhy; $l;likg;G
nfhz;L vOJfpNwd; vd jaT nra;J j/th vd; g J jiyik> igmj; >
fUjhjPu;fs;. gd;ndLq;fhy ciog;gpd; mq;fj;Jtg; gbKiw Nghd;w kpfTk; ,Wfpa
gpd;dUk; xU fpuhkj;ijf; $l vk;khy; Vd; ,af;ff; fl;likg;ghf kl;Lk; ,Uf;f
,];yhkpakag;gLj;j Kbatpy;iy. Ntz;bajpy;iy. mJ gy tbtq;fisg;
,];yhkpathjpfs; ,e;ehl;by; r%f tptfhu ngw KbAk;. ,q;F ,f;fUj;ij tpsf;
Nghuhl;lq;fspd; NghJ Vd; Kd;dzpapy; Ftij ehk; Nehf; f hff; nfhs; s
,y;iy? mtu;fsplk; murpaw; gykpy;iy. Kaytpy;iy. ,yq;ifr; rpWghd;ik
fy;tp Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf Kd;dzpapy; K];ypk; r%fj;jpd; j/th vj;jifa
epd;Wiof;Fk; epWtd mikg;gpy;iy. gz;Gfisg; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;gijNa
nghUshjhug; gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;f;Fk; nrhy;y te;Njhk;. ,g;NghJ mJ gw;wpa rpy
tifap y ; Kd; D jhuzkhf mikAk; cz;ikfis Nehf;FNthk;.
tifapyhd igj;J]; ]fhj; epWtdNkh> rP h ; j p U j; j j; i jAk; > r%f khw; w
tq;fpaikg;Ngh mtu;fsplk; ,y;iy. Kaw;rpiaAk; ntWk; ,yf;FfshfTk;>
mth;fs; ,J gw;wpf; fUj;Jr; nrhy;ypapUf;f fl;likg;ghfTk;> epu;thf xOq;FfshfTk;>
mq;Mrp
fpUe;Jupau;gpwf; Fk; J
fUj; fl;lisfshfTk; mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wtjd; Clhf
kl;Lk; ghh;j;J> mJ cs;sq;fspYk; khw;wj;ij cUthf;f KbAk; vd;w rpe;jid
rpe;jidfspYk; epiyngw;W clypy; XLk; ajhu;j;jkw;wJ.
,uj;jk; Nghd;W r%fj;jpy; XLk; rpe;jid>
ek;gpf;if> gapw;Wtpj;jy; tptfhuq;fshf ngUk;ghd;ik r%fj;ijg; nghWj;j
ghh;f;f kwe;J tpLfpd;wik kpfg; ngUk; tiuapy; ,J ajhh;j;jg+u;tkhd ,yf;fhf
jtwhFk;. ,Ug;gjhy; mtu;fs; murpaw; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F
mOj; j k; nfhLj; J jkJ ,af; f
ek;gpf;iffisAk;> rpe;jidfisAk;> mikg; i gf; nfhz; b Uj; j y; ju; f ; f
xOf; f tp O kp a q; f isAk; r%fj; j p d ; g+u;tkhdJ. mz;ikf; fhyq;fspy; ,jw;F
,isQu;fs; cs;sq;fspy; Mog; rpy tpku;rdq;fs; fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk;
gjpag;gLtijg; nghWj;jtiuapy; mwpQu; ,e;jg; Nghf;fpw;F rpy epahaq;fs; cs;sd
fs;> rpe;jidahsu;fs;> gbj;j kl;lj;jpdu;> vd;gij kWf;f KbahJ. Mdhy; muR
gapw; W tpg; g hsu; f s; > murpay; t hjpfs; > gw;wpa vjph;ghh;g;gpy;yhj rpWghd;ik ehl;by;
ngw;Nwhh;fs; vd;Nghhpd; gq;fspg;G xd;iw r%f kl;lq;fs; tiu nry;yf; $ba
xd;W g+uzg;gLj;JtjhfNt mike; tifapy; mike;j jpwe;Jtpl;l j/th
Js;sJ... rPh;jpUj;jj;ijAk;> r%f khw;w
xOq;fikg;Ng
Kaw;rpiaAk; ntWk; ,yf;FfshfTk;> kp f g; nghUj; j
,J , ] ; y h k p a fl;likg;ghfTk;> epu;thf xOq;FfshfTk;> khdJ. mjhtJ
rpe;jidahsh; mg;Jy; mq;fpUe;J gpwf;Fk; fl;lisfshfTk; r%fj;jpd;
`kPj; mg+ ]{iykhdpd; kl;Lk; ghh;j;J> mJ cs;sq;fspYk; midj; Jg; gpuptpd
fUj;J. ,q;F mth; rpe;jidfspYk; epiyngw;W clypy; XLk; i u A k ; gapw;
typAWj;Jk; cz;ik ,uj;jk; Nghd;W r%fj;jpy; XLk; rpe;jid> Wtpf;Fk; topKiw
vd;dntdpy; rPh; ek;gpf;if> gapw;Wtpj;jy; tptfhuq;fshf Fwpj;J rpe;jpj;jy;
jpUj;jk;> r%f khw;wk; ghh;f;f kwe;J tpLfpd;wik kpfg; ngUk; mbg;gilahdJ.
vd;gJ epu;thff; jtwhFk;
fl;likg;Gk; mjD}lhf
ntsptUk; fl;l (2) mjpfhug+u;tkhf
isfSkd;W. mJ xU Mo;e;j gapw;rp ,]; y hj; i j eilKiwg; g Lj; J tjw; F
mikg;G. mg;gapw;Wtpj;jy; vd;gJ KO ,Uf;Fkplk; fpuhk kl;lj;jpy; rpy FWfpa
r%fj;jpYk; CLUtpr; nry;y Ntz;Lk;. vsp a nraw; g hLfs; > eltbf; i ffs;
vdNt r%fj;jpd; vy;yh kl;lj;jpdUk; kl; L Nk. vdNt ju; g p a ; a j; vy; y h
mg;nghWg;ig Vw;W jpwk;gl mjid elhj;j kl;lj;jpdUf;Fk; nry;Yk; msTf;Fk;> mJ
Ntz;Lk;. Mo;e;j jhf;fj;ij tpistpf;Fk;
msTf;FNk ,];yhk; eilKiwahFk;.
,af;fk; vd;w kl;lj;jpDs; tUNthiu
kl;Lk; gapw;Wtpj;jy; vd;gJ KOg; ,e;epiyapy; ,U tplaq;fs; vk; Kd;
gaidAk; juhJ. ,g; g apw; W tpj; j y; tUfpd;wd. xd;W vy;yh kl;lj;jpdUf;Fk;
r%fkag;gl Ntz;Lk;. v t ; t h W gapw;Wtpj;jy; xOq;if - ju;gpa;aj;ij
r%fkag;gLj;JtJ vd;gJ ehk; rpe;jpf;f nfhz;L nry;tjw;fhd nrad;Kiw vd;d?
Ntz;ba kpf mbg;gil mk;rkhFk;. ,uz;lhtJ mJ ey;y jhf;fk; nfhz;ljhf
mika vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk;? ,f;fUj;ij
nghJthfNt gapw;Wtpj;jy; - ju;gpa;aj; tpsf;f vk; r%f epiy gw;wp tpsf;fYk;
vd;gJ ,];yhkpa tho;tpd; mbj;jsk; mtrpak;.
vd;gJ tpsf;fj; Njitapy;yhj msTf;F
kpfj; njspthd mk;rk;. mJ rpWghd;ik Vw;fdNt tpsf;fpaJ Nghd;W ghyu;
r%fj;ijg; nghWj;jtiuapy; ,U Kf;fpa K d ; g h l r h i y > Fh;Md; kj;u]h>
tpj;jpahrq;fisg; ngWfpwJ. m`jpa;ahg; ghlrhiy> kj;u]hf;fs; vDk;
(1) ,];yhkpa muR vd;gJ rpWghd;ik ,];yhkpaf; fy;tp epWtdq;fs;> khu;f;f
r%fj;ijg; nghWj;jtiuapy; eilKiwr; mbg;gilaw;w ghlrhiyfs;> fy;Y}hpfs;>
rhj; j p a kw; w ,yf; F . vdNt mur gy; f iyf; f ofq; f s; ,itaidj; J k;
gapwMrp
;Wtpg;Gu
f;pa
fhd epWtdq;
u; fUj; Jfs;. ,it jtpu ,yq;if K];ypk; r%f j/thg; gzp vd;gJ
FLk;gk;> gs;sp vd;w ,U epWtdq;fSk; fPo;tUk; mk;rq;fis my;yJ gpupTfisf;
jdpahf vk;kplKs;sd. ,itNa r%fg; nfhz;ljhf mikfpwJ.
nghJ epWtdq;fs;. ,tw;wpD}lhf vk; (1) gapw;Wtpj;jw; gFjp
gps;isfs; gapw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;. (2) igj;J]; ]fhj;> igj;Jy;khy;> fhop
ePjpkd;w mikg;G> tf;G nrhj;J rk;ge;jkhd
,it kl;Lkd;wp ]fhj; epWtdq;fs;>
gFjp Nghd;w gy tif r%f eyd; rhh;
igj;Jy;khy; epWtdq;fs;> fhop
epWtd xOq;Ffs;.
ePjpkd;wq;fs;> tf;G nrhj;J mikg;Gfs;
(3) murpaw; gFjp
vd;gdTk; ,];yhkpa tho;tpd; Kf;fpa
gq;if Mw;Wfpd;wd. ,q;F ehk; vkJ gapw;Wtpj;jy; gFjpapy; ,];yhkpa
murpaw; fl;rpfisAk;> murpaw; jiyik mbg;gilaw;w mur fy;tp epWtdq;fs;>
fisAk; kwe;J tpl KbahJ. jdpahh; fy;tp epWtdq;fs; midj;ijAk;
cs;slf;fpNa Nehf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,t;thW ,];yhkpag; gapw;Wtpj;jYf;fhd
,e;jg; gFjp Fwpj;J rpe;jpg;gJTk;> mg;
epWtdq;fisAk;> mtw;wpw;F cWjp Nrh;
gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLk; FiwghLfis
f;Fk;> cjtpahf mikAk; epWtdq;fisAk;
,dq;fhzYk; mtw;iwf; fisa
r%f kl;lj;jpy; fhz;fpNwhk;. ngUk;
Kaw;rpg;gJTNk ,];yhkpa j/th
ghd; i k r%f K]; y p k ; f s; muir
nraw;ghlhf mikfpwJ.
khw;Wtjd; Clhf khw;wj;ij cUthf;f
KbAk; vd rpe;jpg;ghu;fs;. me;j mur ,tw;iw tpl;L tpl;L ,];yhkpa r%f
epWtdj;jpd; ,lj;ijj; jhd; rpWghd;ik mikg;G> muR> fpyhgj; vdg; Ngrpf;
r%fj; i jg; nghWj; j tiuap y ; NkNy nfhz;bUg;gJ fsj;ij tpl;L
Fwpg;gplg;gl;l epWtdq;fs; tfpf;fpd;wd. xJq;FtjhfNt mikAk;.
mq;F fhzg;gLk; gytPdq;fSk;> Fog;g rpWghd;ik ,];yhkpa tho;tikg;gpy;
epiyfSk;> ehzakpd;ikAk;> Raeyg; Nkw; F wp g ; g p l ; l ep W td xOq; F fsp d ;
Nghf;Fk;> jFjpaw;Nwhu; nghWg;Gf;fspy; epiyik vd;d? mit ngw Ntz;ba
epw;fpd;wikAk; jhd; rpWghd;ik r%fj;jpd; khw;wq;fs; ahit? Gjpa epWtdq;fs;
gpd;dilTfSf;Fk;> gytPdq;fSf;Fk; Njitah? ,j;jifa nraw;ghLfis
mbg;gilf; fhuzk;. Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd Nghuhl;l xOq;nfd;d?
,e;epiyapy; gapw;Wtpj;jYf;fhd vkJ rpWghd;ik murpaw; Nghuhl;lk; vd;gJ
epWtdq;fs; gw;wpAk;> mjw;Fg; gyk; vd;d? mjw;Fk;> ,];yhj;jpw;Fk; cs;s
Nrh;f;Fk; cjtp epWtdq;fs; gw;wpAk; njhlu;G vd;d?
Muha;jy;> mtw;iw tpku;rpj;jy;> mq;F
,f; Nfs;tpfSf;fhd njspthd mofhd
fhzg;gLk; gpioahd $Wfisf; fisag;
gjpy;fs; ,yq;ifapd; ,];yhkpathjpaplk;
Nghuhly;> Njitahd NghJ Gjpa
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;thwpy;yhtpl;lhy; me;j
epWtdq;fis cUthf;fy; rpWghd;ik
,]; y hkp a thjp ntWkNd nfhs; i f
j/thtpd; mbg;gilg; gzpahf mikAk;.
astpyhd K];ypk;. Mdhy; mtdplk;
mJNt r%f khw;wk; gw;wpa rpWghd;ik
rpWghd;ik r%fj;jpd; eilKiw tho;T>
rpe;jidahfTk; ,Uf;f KbAk;.
gp u r; r p i dfs; Fwp j ; j mwp t p U f; f hJ.
Muk;gj;jpy; ehk; Fwpg;gpl;l gapw;Wtpj;jy; ,g;NghJ mtdhy; xU nfhs;ifastpyhd
ju;gpa;aj; gw;wpa gpur;rpidAk; ,g;gF K];ypkhf tho KbAk;. Mdhy; xU r%f
jpapNyNa tUfpwJ. vdNt gapw;Wtpj;jy; khw; w g; Nghuhspahf tho; t njd; g J
vd;w ,g;gFjpia KO r%f kl;lj;jpw;Fk; rhj;jpakpy;iy. ghij njsptw;wpUf;Fk;
nfhz;L nry;yYk;> mg;gapw;Wtpj;jy; Mo;e;j NghJ mtd; vg;gb Kd;Nd nry;y KbAk;.
jhf;fk; tpistpf;Fk; tifapy; ghu;j;Jf;
,g;gpur;rpid Fwpj;J ,d;Dk; rpwpJ
nfhs;sYk; vd;w mk;rj;NjhL jw;Nghija
tpsf;fkhf mLj;j ,jopy; Muha;Nthk;.
K];ypk; r%f epWtdq;fis rPh;gLj;jYNk
vkJ Nghuhl;lkhfpwJ. ,e;j tifapy;
njhlUk;...
Mrpupau; fUj;J
jha;g;ghY}l;ly;
,];yhkpa \uPPmj;Jk ;etPd Ma;TfSk;
m\;n\a;f; v];.vk;.vk; k]h`pu; (esPkp)
xU Foe;ij gpwe;jJk; mjw;Fj; jfg;gd;) ,UtUk; rk;kjpj;J> MNyhrid
jha;g;ghY}l;LtJ njhlu;ghf mjd; jha; nra;J> (Foe;ijapd;) ghy;Fbia (,uz;L
nfhz;bUf;Fk; fUj;J kpfTk; Mz;LfSf;Fs;) kwf;fbf;f ehbdhy;>
nry;thf;Fkpf;fjhdjhFk;. mf;fUj;jpd; (mt;thW nra;tJ) mt;tpUtu; kPJk;
mbg;gilapy;jhd; mg; gps;isapd; cly;> Fw;wky;y. ePq;fs; cq;fSila
cs> mwpT tsh;r;rpAk; rpyNghJ mjd; KO Foe;ijfSf;F> (nrtpypj;jhiaf;
tho;Tk; jq;fpAs;sJ. ,J njhlu;ghf nfhz;L) ghY}l;lTk; ehbdhy;> ePq;fs;
K];ypk;fs; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;ba rupahd nfhLf;f Ntz;baij Kiwg;gb
fUj;ij ,];yhkpa \uPmj;jpdJk; etPd xg;gilj;J tpl;lhy;> cq;fs; kPJ
mwptpay; Ma;TfspdJk; epoypy; ,f;fl;Liu Fw;wkhfhJ. ePq;fs; my;yh`;Tf;Fg;
Ma;T nra;fpd;wJ. gae;J nfhs;Sq;fs;. epr;rakhf my;yh`;>
ePq;fs; nra;gtw;iwg; ghu;f;ff; $batd;
xU Foe;ijf;F mjd; jha;jhd; kpfTk;
vd;gijAk; mwpe;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.
neUf;fkhdts;. mts;jhd; mg;gps;isapd; (#wJy; gfuh : 233)
kPJ kpfTk; ghrKk; ,uf;fKk; nfhz;lts;.
mtsJ jha;g;ghy;jhd; vy;yh tpj czT> NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ,iw trdk; gpd;tUk;
ghdq;fis tplTk; kpf cah;e;j czT mk;rq;fisj; njspTgLj;Jfpd;wJ.
vd;gJ vy;NyhuhYk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l 01. jdJ Foe; i jf; F NghJkhd
cz;ikahFk;. fhyg;gFjp tiu ghY}l;LtJ mjd; jha;
Foe;ijf;Fj; jha;g;ghY}l;ly; njhlu;ghf kPJ flikahFk;.
my;Fh;Md; gpd;tUkhW tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. 02. xU Foe; i jf; F g; g+uzkhfg;
(jq;fSila Foe;ijf;F jk; ghY}l;Ltjw;fhd fhyg;gFjp ,uz;L
kidtpfisf; nfhz;Nl) ghy; Cl;Ltijg; tUlq;fshFk;.
g+u;j;jpahf;f tpUk;GfpwtUf;fhf> jha;khu;
fs;> jq;fSila Foe;ijfSf;F (mit 03. FLk;g tho;tpy; <Lgl;Ls;s jha;f;Fk;>
gpwe;jjpypUe;J) ,uz;L Mz;L tiu kP l ; b vLj; J f; nfhs; s KbAkhd
g+uzkhfg; ghY}l;Lthu;fs;. ,d;Dk; tptfhuj;Jf;Fupa (jyhf; u[<) ,j;jhtpy;
(ghY}l;Lk; ,f;fhyq;fspy;) mtu;fSf;F ,Uf;Fk; jha;f;Fk; ghY}l;Ltjw;nfd
czTk;> mtu;fSf;F cilAk; Kiwg;gb czT> cilr; nrytpdk; jdpahf
(toq;FtJ) jfg;gd; kPJ flikahFk;. toq;fj; Njitapy;iy. ,t;tpU
ve;j Xu; Mj;khTk; mjd; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; rhjhudkhf fztd;
rf;jpf;Nfw;wthwy;yhJ (nra;Ak;gbahf) mts; kP J nrytopf; f f; flik
rpukg;gLj;jg;glkhl;lhJ. xU jha; jd; g;gl;Ls;shd;. Mdhy;> ,j;jh Kbe;J
Foe;ijapd; fhuzkhf> ,d;Dk; xU tpl;lhNyh> kPl;l Kbahj tpthfuj;J
je;ij jd; Foe;ijapd; fhuzkhf (jyhf; ghapd;) %yk; gpupe;J tpl;lhNyh
Jd; G Wj; j g; g lkhl; l hu; . (Foe; i jap d ; mf;Foe;ijf;Fg; ghY}l;Lk;gb mjd; jhia
jfg;gd; ,we;J tpl;lhy;> mjidg; epu;g;ge;jpf;f KbahJ. ghY}l;Ltjw;F mts;
gupghypg;gJ) ,t;thNw thuprpd; kPJ ,zq;fpdhy; mtSf;F czT> cilr;
(flik) ,Uf;fpwJ. (Foe;ijapd; jha;> nrytpdk; toq;FtJ je;ij kPJ
flikahFk;
Mrpupa. u; fUj;J my; y h`; j Myh `t; t h (miy)
mtu;fisg; gilj;jjpypUe;J jha;khu;fs;
04. tpthfuj;J nra;ag;gl;L> ,j;jhf;
jq; f sJ Foe; i jfSf; F ghY}l; b
fhyKk; Kbtile;j jhiag; nghWj;j
te;Js;shu;fs;. nrhe;jj; jha;f;F Neha;>
kl;by; ,uz;L epiyikfspy; mf;
NtW fhuzq;fs; ,Ue;jhy; nrtpypj; jhia
Fe; i jf; F ghY}l; L k; gb mtis
$yp f ; f ku; j ; j p > jha; g ; g hiy mUe; j r;
epu;g;ge;jpf;fyhk;.
nra;Js;sdu;. ,jd; %yk; Foe;ijfs;
(m) Foe;ij NtW jhaplk; ghy; guk;giu guk;giuahf rPuhd tsu;r;rpiag;
Fbg;gjw;Nfh Gl;bg;ghy; Fbg;gjw;Nfh ngw;W> tho;e;J te;Js;sdu;.
Kw;whf kWg;Gj; njuptpj;jhy;
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;J
(M) je;ijaplk; nrtpypj; jhiag; ngw;Wf;
nraw;if ghy;kh(Gl;bg;ghy;) Njhw;wk;
nfhs;tjw;fhd gz trjpNah> Foe;ijf;F
ngw;wJ. ghy;kh cw;gj;jp epWtdq;fs;
nrytopf;f mjw;Fhpa nrhj;Njh> NtW
Nghl;b Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L ghy;khit
cjtp nra;gtu;fNsh ,y;yhJ ,Ue;jhy;
cw;gj;jp nra;J> re;ijg;gLj;jpd. gy;NtW
05. Foe;ij je;ijia ,oe;J tpl;lhy; ghy; k h tifawhf; f s; ntsp t e; j d.
je;ijapd; nrhj;jpy; thupRupik ngWNthu; mtw;iw tpw;gid nra;tjw;fhf
(je;ijapd; je;ij> %j;j rNfhjud;> ftu;r;rpfukhd tpsk;guq;fs; Njhd;wpd.
ngupa je;ij> rpwpa je;ij Nghd;Nwhu;) jha;khu;fspd; vz;zq;fisAk;
mf; F oe; i jf; f hd nrytpdq; f isr; rpe;jidiaAk; mit trPfupj;jd.
nra;af; flikg;gl;Ls;sdu;.
Foe;ijf;Fg; ghY}l;Ltjhy; jhapd; moF
06. jhAk; je; i jAk; cld; g Lk; Fiwe;J tpLk; vdTk;> ghypay; ,d;gk;
re;ju;g;gj;jpy; Foe;ijf;Fj; jPq;NfJk; mUfptpLk; vdTk; ngha;g; gpur;rhuKk;
Vw;glhJ vDk; gl;rj;jpy; ,uz;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,e;jg; gpioahd
tUlq;fs; g+uzkhf Kd;Ng ghy;Fb fUj;Jf;fis cs;thq;fpa jha;khu;fSs;
kwf;fbf;fyhk;. ngUe; njhifahNdhu; jkJ ghrf;
Foe;ijfSf;nfd my;yh`;thy;
07. Njitg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; nrtpypj; jha; cUthf;fpj; jug;gl;l epiwAzitf;
xUtiuf; $ypf;fku;j;jyhk;. egp (]y;) nfhLf;fhJ jLj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. ,jdhy;
mtu;fs; Foe;ijahf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ khu;gfg; Gw;W Neha; Nghd;w Neha;fSf;F
`yPkh ehafp nrtpypj; jhahf mtu;fSs; fzprkhNdhu; cl;gl;ldu;.
,Ue;jhu;fs;.
jkJ Foe;ijfSf;Fj; jha;g;ghY}l;Lk;
08. ,t;tptfhuq;fspy; vy;yhk; jha;khu;fs; kpf mupjhfNt khu;gfg; Gw;W
my;yh`;itg; gae;J ele;J nfhs;s Neha;> fu;g;gg;igg; Gw;W Neha; Nghd;w
Ntz;Lk;. mtd; midj;J tplaq;fisAk; gaq;fu Neha;fSf;F cl;gLfpd;wdu;
mtjhdpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;whd; vd;w vd;gij Ma;Tfs; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
vz;zk; NkNyhq;fp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. (njhlUk;.....)
(nfsru; K`k;kj; my; kPdhtP> `{$Fj;
jpg;y; gpy; ,];yhk;> gg.36>37)
(jq;fSila Foe;ijfSf;F tpthfuj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl;l jd; kidtpau;fisf;

nfhz;Nl)ghY}l;Ltijg; u;j;jpahf;f (fztH) tpUk;gpdhy;> jha;khHfs; jq;fs; Foe;ijfSf;F
epug;gkhd ,uz;L Mz;Lfs; ghYhl;ly; Ntz;Lk;; (ghYhl;Lk; jha;khHfshfpa) mtHfSf;F
czTk;> mtHfSf;F cilAk; Kiwg;gb nfhLj;JtUtJ Foe;ijAila jfg;gd; kPJ flikahFk;;
ve;j XH Mj;khTk; mjd; rf;jpf;F Nky; rpukk; nfhLf;fg;glkhl;lhJ. jha; jd; Foe;ijapd;
fhuzkhfNth ,d;Dk; je;ij jd; Foe;ijapd; fhuzkhfNth Jd;GWj;jg;glkhl;lhH; (Foe;ijapd;
je;ij ,we;Jtpl;lhy; mtUila) thuprpd; kPJk; mNjNghd;W (flik) ,Uf;fpwJ. ,d;Dk;> (jha;>
je;ijaH) ,UtUk; gu];guk; ,zq;fp> MNyhrpj;J ghYhl;liy epWj;j tpUk;gpdhy;> mJ mtHfs;
,UtH kPJk; Fw;wkpy;iy. (]_wh gfuh: 233)

Muk; g fhy
Mrpupau; fUj;J
K];ypk;fspd; vOr;rpAk;
vkJ rkfhy epiyAk;
myp ,];]j; gpNfhgpr; (u`;)
jkpopy;: vk;.V.vk;.kd;#u;
fl;Liu Mrpupau; INuhg;gpa ehlhd ngh];dpah je;j jiy

rpwe;j rpe;jidahsu; myp ,];]j; gpNfhgpr; (w`;).
Nkw;fj;jpa rpe;jidfis Mokhf fw;W my;Fu;Md; ]{d;dh
xspapy; ,];yhkpag; gpur;rpidfis mDfpajpy; mtUf;F rpwe;j
,lKz;L. 9 tUl fhyk; rpiwthrk; mDgtpj;jtH.
Nkw;FyFf;Fk; fpof;FyFf;Fkpilapy; ,];yhk; vd;gJ mtuJ
gpujhd Gj;jfq;fspy; xd;whFk;
06k; ,jopy; gpuRukhd fl; L iuapd; njhlu;
cikah Ml;rpahsu; 4 ,yl;rk; ,yl;rk; E}y;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.

Gj;jfq;fs; nfhz;l thrpfrhiyia kuhfh thrpfrhiy 4 ,yl;rk; Gj;jfq;fis
nrhe; j khf itj; j p U e; j hu; . gp u hd; ] ; mlf;fpapUe;jJ. ua; efhpy; fhzg;gl;l
MrpupaH vd;w gl;lg; ngau; Rke;j kd;dd; thrpfrhiyapd; E}y;fspd; ngah;fs; kl;Lk;
5k; fhh;Nyh ,jw;F 400 tUlq;fspd; gpd;dh; 10 ngUk; igy;fspy; vOjg;gl;bUe;jJ.
jd;dplk; 1000 Gj;jfq;fSf;F NkYs;s mf; fhyg;gphptpy; cyfpNyNa kpfg; nghpa
thrpfrhiy ,Uf;fpwJ vdg; ngUik thrpfrhiyahf nfa;Nuhtpy; fhzg;gl;l
Ngrpf; nfhz;lhd;. gf;;jhjpy; kl;Lk; cs;s m]P]; thrpfrhiy ,Ue;jJ. mq;F 16
thrpfrhiyfisf; fzf;fpl;l NghJ mit ,yl;rk; E}y;fs; fhzg;gl;ld. mtw;wpy;
E}w;Wf;F Nky; ,Ue;jjhf a/$gp 6500 E}y;fs; fzpjk; gw;wpajhfTk;> 1800
Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. ,J fp.gp. 891 ,y; E}y;fs; jj;Jtk; gw;wpAk; fhzg;gl;ld.
fhzg;gl;l epiyahFk;. K];ypk; Gfhuh efhpy; fhzg;gl;l thrpfrhiyiag;
gzf;fhuh;fs; ahUk; mf;fhyj;jpy; mwpT> gw;wp jj;JtQhdp ,g;D rPdh ~~cyfpy;
,yf; f pak; > fiy vd; g tw; w pw; f hfr; vq;FNk fhzKbahj E}y;fis mq;Nf
nrytopf;fhJ jk; nry;tj;ij itj;Jf; ehd; fz;Nld; vd;fpwhh;.
nfhs;sj; Jzpatpy;iy. vd hp];yh;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. ,];yhkpa me;jY}]pd; kpfg; ngUk;
Ml;rpahsh; Kjyhk; mg;Ju; u`;khd;
<uhf;fpd; rpwpa efuhd e[gpd; gw;wpAk;> mth; fpyhgj;jpd; Nkw;fpy; muG>
thrpfrhiyf; fsQ;rpaj;jpy; 40 Mapu gh;gh;> Kuhgpj;> me;jY}]pah; Nghd;w gy;NtW
j;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhd Gj;jfq;fs; ,dq; fisr; Nrh;e;j mwpQu;fis xd;W
fhzg;gl;ld. Fh;jp Ml;rpahsu;fspy; jpul;l Kide;jik gw;wpAk; tpsf;f te;j
xUtuhd mGy; gpjhtpd; thrpfrhiy `kh hp];yh; fPo;tUkhW $Wfpwhh;: ,e;j
efhpy; 70 Mapuk; Gj; j fq; f isf; Nehf;fk; cz;ikapy; vjpu;tUk; jiy
nfhz;baq;fpaJ. muG jPgfw;gj;jpd; njd; Kiwfspy; ,];yhkpa me;jY}i] kdpj
gFjpapypUe;j Kma;apj; thrpfrhiy xU ehfhPfj;jpd; mjp cah; epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L
nry; tjhfupa
Mrp mike; jJ. fp
u; fUj; J.gp. 788 ,];
,y; ,e;j ngw;wtuhdhu;. fp.gp. 1190 ,y; mGy; mthk;
fyPgh kuzpf;Fk; NghJ yhkpa tptrha E}y; vd;nwhU Gj;jfj;jpd; %yk;
me;jY}]; ftpij> fiy> nghwpapay; Nghd;w gpurpj;jp ngw;whu;. me; E}ypy; gy;NtW tif
mwpTfshy; Nkw;Ff;F xsp nfhLj;Jf; jhtuq;fs;> goq;fs; gw;wp tptupf;Fk; mth;
nfhz;bUe;jJ. gpujhdkhd rpy cu tiffs; Fwpj;Jk;
xy;yhe;J mwpQu; njs[p tpsf;Ffpwhh;: tpsf;Ffpwhu;. tptrhaj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l
vOJjy;> thrpj;jy; fpwp];jt jpUr;rigapd; ,j;jifa ngU tsh;r;rpapd; njhlh;e;j
RtUf;Fs;NsNa tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUe;j fhy gad;ghL etPd ];ngapd; muG ehfhPfj;
#o; e p i yap y ; me; j Y}]p d ; midj; J jplkpUe;J ngw;w gad;ghLfspy; xd;whFk;.
kf;fSNk vOj> thrpf;fj; njhpe; a+g;gpuB];> ijfpuB];> iey; ejpg;
jpUe;jhh;fs; NkYk; mth;: tsh;r;rpAw;wp gpuNjrq;fs; kpf tsk; ngw;Wf;
Ue;j me;ehfhPfk; Nkw;fpd; jpUr;rigap fhzg;gl;ld. ghurPfk;> rphpahtpd; Fd;Wg;
diuAk;> fpwp];Jtg; nghJ kf;fisAk; gpuNjr Fbkf;fSk; mj;jifa ngUk;
fth;e;jOj;jJ. mth;fs; KOikahd tsj;ijf; fz;ldh;. flw;fiug; gpuNjr
Rje;jpuj;Jld; gpurpj;jp ngw;w K];ypk; JiwKfk; rhh; gpuNjrq;fSk;> efh;fSk;
mwpQu;fspd; tpupTiufSf;F nrtpkLf;f ,j;jifa epiyapNyNa fhzg;gl;lJ.
Fh;Jgh> ];gPypah> jyPjyh Nghd;w (up];yh;)
efh; f sp d ; ,]; y hkp a g; gy; f iyf; f o
fq;fSf;F gpuahzg;gl;lhh;fs; vd kUj; J tKk; > Rfhjhuk; gw; w pa
tptupf;fpwhh;. rpe;jidfSk; kpfg; ngUk; tsh;r;rp
fz;bUe;jd. Fwpg;ghf ehk; mg;gFjpapy;
fpyhgj;jpw;Fl;gl;bUe;j ehLfspd; vy;yhg; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;bAs;sJ. Vnddpy;
Gwq;fspYk; tptrhak; kpf cah;e;j tsh;r;rp ,g;gFjp re;Njfkpy;yhky; ,];yhj;jpd;
fz;bUe;jJ. Vnddpy; mJ mwptpaw; fl;lisfs;> flikfspd; Neub tpisT
fiyfspd; Neubj; jhf;fj;jpw;Fl;gl;l fspy; xd;whFk;. kUj;Jtk; gw;wpAk;>
njhopyhFk;. tpuptQ;rp vk; ifapypUf;Fk; Rfhjhuk; gw;wpAk; tpsf;Fk; `jP];fs;
rpy cz; i kfis kl; L k; ,q; N f Ke;E}Wf;F Nky; cs;sd. ~~mj;jpg; my;
jUfpNwhk;. egtp -,iwJ}ju; kUj;Jtk;- vd;w jiyg;
gpy; me;j `jP];fs; xU E}yhfNt
muR ,];yhkpa murhq;fj;jpd; vy;yhg; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
gpuhe;jpaq;fspYk; fhzg;gl;l ePh;g;ghrd
tbfhy; mikg; G f; n fd xU mur ,jd; Neub tpisthf ,];yhkpa
cj;jpNahfj;jiu epakpj;jpUe;jJ. ];gPypah MSiff;F vg;NghjhtJ cl;gl;l vy;yhg;
efhpy; gapuplg;gLk; 50 tifg; goq;fs; gw;wpa gpuNj rq;fspYk; ePu; tbfhyikg;G>
tphpe;j mwptpay; Ma;Tfs; elhj;j Fspayiwfs;> kUj;Jtkidfs; Fwpj;Jj;
g;gl;ld.jhtu Neha;fs; gw;wpAk; mtw;iwf; jdpahd ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sikia
Fzg;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs; gw;wpAk; mt;tha; mtjhdpf;f KbfpwJ. ,J ,];yhkpa
Tfs; tpsf;fpd. ghurPfj;jpy; gl;L cw;gj;jp murpd; nghJg; gzpahff; fhzg;gl;L
tpQ;Qhd Ma;Tfs; tptupf;Fk; te;Js;sJ. fp.gp. 750 ,y; ,];yhkpa
cz;ikfspd; juj;ij vl;bapUe;jJ. muRf;Fl;gl;l gFjpapy; 34 kUj;Jt
,g;gpd;dzpapy; 100 tUlq;fSf;F Nkyhf tpLjpfs; fhzg;gl;ld.
INuhg;gpa re;ijfspd; Njitia ghurPfg;
gl;L cw;gj;jp g+u;j;jp nra;jJ. ,j;uP]p lk];f]; kUj;Jt tpLjp murpd; jhuhs
kUe;J tiffs; ngwg;gLk; %ypiffs; 360 ed;nfhilahNyNa epu;tfpf;fg;gl;L te;jJ.
gw;wp kpf EZf;fkhf tptupf;fpwhh;. kpfr; rpwe;j trjpfs; nfhz;ljhf mJ
];gPypahitr; Nrh;e;j ,g;Dy; mg;gh]; flw; fhzg;gl;lJ. Viofs;> gzf;fhuh;fs;
jhtuq;fs; Fwpj;j tpupe;j Ma;Tfis vy; N yhiuAk; mDkjpf; F k; kUj; J
elhj;jpdhu;. ,e;j tifapNyNa tkidahf mJ fhzg;gl;lJ. 24 kUj;Jt
jhtutpayhsu; vdf; Fwpf;fg;glj; jFjp epGzu;fs; nfhz;l xU FOthy; mk;

kUj; J tkid
Mrp upau; fUj;epu; Jt fpf; f g; g l; l J. Mf;fpdhh;. ,J INuhg;ghtpy; ePz;l
kUj;Jtj;Jiw tuyhw;whrphpah; Neuburger fhykhf thdtpay; fiyapd; mbg;gil
fPo;tUkhW $Wfpwhh;: ~~kj;jpa fhyg; E}yhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. Nfhs;fs; jkJ
gphptpd; midj; J ahj; j puP f h; f Sk; Rw;Wifapd; NghJ top gpwo;tjhf
(mtu;fs; xU ngUk; njhifapdu;) gjypa+kp]; ntspapl;l nfhs;if gpioahdJ
fP i oj; N ja kUj; J tkidfs; gw; w p vd Nfhgh;epf;f]; fhl;Ltjw;fhd topia
VNfhgpj;J kpFe;j jpUg;jpAld; fUj;J jpwe;Jtpl;ltu; gp&dpNaahthh;.
ntspapl;Ls;sdu;. kUj;Jtkid
epu;thfKk;> xOq;fikg;Gk; ,];yhkpa cku; my; fa;ahk; (,th; Nkw;Fyfpy; jkJ
ehfhP f j; j p d ; kp f r; rp w g; G ftpijfshNyNa gpurpj;jp ngw;whh;. jd;
tha; e ; j
rhjidahFk;. mwptpay; Ma;Tfshsy;y) ,d;W ehk;
ghtpf;Fk; Nkw;fj;jpa fyz;liu tpl
EZf; f khd fyz; l iu Mf; f p d hu; .
ngh];dpahtpd; jiyefu; ruhapNth ePh; Vnddpy; cku; fa;ahkpd; fyz;;lu; 5000
tbfhyikg; G Kiw tUlq;fSf;F xU
yz;lDf;F 148 kUj;JtKk;> Rfhjhuk; gw;wpa Kiw xU ehs;
tUlq;fSf;F Kd; rpe;jidfSk; kpfg; ngUk; tsh;r;rp fzpg; g P l ; b y; jt
dUk;> tpad;dhTf;F wpiof;Fk;. Mdhy;
fz;bUe;jd. Fwpg;ghf ehk;
378 tUlq; f Sf; F Nkw;fj;jpag; ght
Kd;dUk; mik mg;gFjpapy; ftdk; nrYj;j
idapy; cs;s
f;fg;gl;lJ. nghJf; Ntz;bAs;sJ. Vnddpy; ,g;gFjp fyz;lu; 3300
Fsp a yiwfs; ,]; re;Njfkpy;yhky; ,];yhj;jpd; Mz;LfSf;nfhU
yhkpa tho;tpd; jdpr; fl;lisfs;> flikfspd; Neub Kiw xU ehs;
rpwg;gk;rkhfTk;> ,]; fzpg; g P l ; b y; jt
yhkpa efu;fspd; tp i sT fsp y ; xd; w hFk; . kUj; J tk;
gw;wpAk;> Rfhjhuk; gw;wpAk; tpsf;Fk; wp i of; F k; .
nghJj; Njhw;wkhfTk;
f h z g ; g l ; l J . `jP];fs; Ke;E}Wf;F Nky; cs;sd. me;jY}]pd;
Rj; j j; j py; ftdk; K]; ypk; tpQ;Qhdp
nrYj; j y; K]; y p k ; ~~mj;jpg; my; egtp -,iwJ}ju;
,g;Dy; i`jkpd;
tPLfspd; gzf; kUj;Jtk;- vd;w jiyg; gpy; me;j xsp - ghh;itapay;
fhuuhapDk; > Vio `jP];fs; xU E}yhfNt gw;wpa E}y;fs;
ahapDk; ,ay; g hd njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fhgpNyh; Nghd;w gy
mk;rkhf fhz INuhg; g pa mwpQ
g;gl;lJ. u;fspd; Ma;TfSf;F
mbj;jskhf mike;jJ. 19k; E}w;whz;ilr;
xg;gPl;L Nehf;fy; vd;w xNu fUj;jpy; 20k; Nrh;e;j fzpjtpay; Jiw mwpQu; chasles
E}w;whz;bd; miug;gFjpapy; epa+Nahh;f;fpy; ,g;Dy; i`jkpd; xsp ghh;itapay; Fwpj;j
fWg;gh;fSf;nfd xJf;fg;gl;Lf; fhz Ma;Tfs; gw;wp ~~ehk; xsp - ghh;itapay;
g;gl;l `hu;ypk; gFjpia cjhuzkhfj; gw;wp te;j KbTfSf;F mbg;gilahf
jUNthk;. `hu;ypk; gFjpapd; njUf;fspy;
Fg;igfs; epiwe;J fplf;Fk;. Ju;thil mike;jit mt;tha;TfNs vd;whh;.
mq;F tPRk;. kl;lfukhd kJtpd; thilAk; thdtpay; Jiw tpQ;Qhdp Bigourdain
tPRk;. tpgr;rhu tpLjpfSk; fhzg;gLk;. gj;ypNahkpa]pd; nfhs;ifia tpl mtuJ
Ma;Tfs; kpf EZf;fkhdit vd ,g;Dy;
fyPgh kd;]{u; fp.gp. 773 ,y; fp.K. 425 i`jk; gw;wp NkYk; $Wfpwhu;. mugpfspd;
fhyg;gpupTfspy; ]h]hdpa nkhopapy; thdtpay; mwpT gw;wpa Ma;T Kbthf
vOjg;gl;l thdtpay; E}y;fis nkhop sedilot fPo;tUkhW $Wfpwhh;. ~~10k;
ngah;f;FkhW fl;lisapl;lhu;. ,g;wh`Pk; E}w; w hz; b d; ,Wjp g ; gFjp f sp y ; gf; j hjpd;
my; [h;fyP jyPjyh ml;ltiz vd;w thdtpay; Ma;T nly];Nfhg; vjidAk;
ml;ltizia Nfhs;fspd; Xl;lk; Fwpj;J gad;gLj;jhky; kdpjd; thdtpay; Jiwapy;
milaf;$ba vy;iyf;F te;jpUe;jJ.
Mrp nuhdhy; bfUj;
d;
upau;jhf; fhtp
J aj;jnjsp
py; muGf; ehtiy muG nkhopapNyNa vOjpaikiaAk;
ftpijapd; fj;ijj; thfNt Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. ,yf;fpa mwpQu; Daniel
fhzKbfpwJ. Nkw;Fyfpy; ,J Kjy; nghpa Defoe ~~nuhgpd;]d; FNuhN]h vd;w jkJ
fhtpaj; njhFg;ghFk;. (Vwj;jho fp.gp. 1080 gp u rp j ; j p ngw; w ehtyp d ; mbg; g il
,y; vOjg;gl;lJ) G.Boccaaccio, chancer, rpe;jidia muGj; jj;JtQhdp ,g;D
A.Jennyson, R.Brownina Nghd;w ftpQu;fs; Jigypd; à; ,g;Dafshdpd;
kP J muGf; ftp i jfs; Vw; g Lj; j p a E}ypypUe;Nj ngw;whu;.
jhf; f j; i j ahUk; kWg; g jw; f p y ; i y.
~~flTspd; jpUtpisahliy vOjpa ,q;F ehd; epiwaj; jfty;fis
jhe;Nj kPJ ,];yhkpaf; ftpij fLk; njhlh;e;J nfhl;baik Fwpj;J thrfh;
jhf;fj;ij tpistpj;Js;sJ vd;gJ fsplk; kd;dpg;Gf; Nfl;fpNwd;. MapDk;
njspT. ftu;r;rpkpf;f mf;fhtpaj;jpy; mt;thW nra;jy; jtpHf;f KbahkYk;
thdk; > eufj; j p w ; f hd ahj; j p i uia Ngha;tpl;lJ. ,g; gpd;dzpapy; thrfH;
tu;zpf;ifapy; muGg; gpuNahfq;fs; epiwa jd;dplNk fPo;tUk; Nfs;tpiaf; Nfl;Lf;
nfhs;syhk;:
cs;sd. Barah Kalmy vd;w tpku;rfh; ,];yhk; xU r%fj;jpd; rf;jpia> ,af;f
my;Fh;MdhYk;> ,];uh> kp/uh[; gw;wpa Ntfj;ij jil nra;fpwjh? ];jk;gpf;fr;
tu;zidfshYk; ,j; jhf;fk; tpise;jJ nra;fpwjh?
vd;W tpsf;Fk; Ntis> NtW rpy tpku;rfh;
fs; muG ,yf; f paNk jhe; N jtpd; Vw;fdNt tpsf;fpaJ Nghy; ,];yhk;
,f;fhtpaj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpaJ fle; j fhyq; f spy; ehLfisAk; >
vd;gh;. Fwpg;ghf 13k; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j efh; f isAk; ngWk; ehfup f j; i jAk;
jj;Jt mwpQu; ,g;D mugpapd; Gj;jfq;fis cUthf;Fk; ngUk; Mf;f rf;jpahfTk;>
,th;fs; ,q;F fhl;Ltu;. ,af;f %ykhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. mNj ,];yhk;
(up];yh;) ,g;NghNjh> vjph;fhyj;jpNyh mjw;F
Kw; w p Y k; khw; w khd tp i sTfisNa
Don quite vd;w ehtYf;fhd rpe;jid nfhLf;Fk; vd;w rpe;jidia
mugpfsplkpUe;Nj mbg;gilapy; ngwg; vg; g b Vw; W f; n fhs; s KbAk; ? !
gl;lJ. Vnddpy; mjd; Mrpupau; miguede (Kw;Wk;)
ceruanantes ePz;l fhyk; my;[Pupahtpy;
ifjpahf ,Ue;jhu;. mth; Kjypy; ,e;
GjpanjhU rhjdj;ij fz;Lgpbg;gJ> mwpitg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s cl;fhUtJ

Nghd;wtw;iw tpl Rd;dj;jhd tzf;fnkhd;iw Nkyhff; fUJgtu;fs;jhd;
mjpfk;. rpyNghJ gadspf;Fk; cgfuzj;ijf; fz;Lgpbg;gJ> epu;thf
Kiwikia Muha;tJ> murpay; tpa+fq;fs; tFg;gJ vd;gtw;iw tpl rpy
jpf;u;fis cr;rupg;gJ my;yh`;Tf;F kpfTk; tpUg;gkhdJ vd rpyu;
vz;Zfpd;wdh;.
vkJ ,e;j epiy vkJ vjpupfis nkd;NkYk; gyg;gLj;jpaJ. vk;ikAk;
mopj;J vkf;F fpilj;Js;s J}ijAk; mopf;f mtu;fs; Jzpe;J tpl;ldu;.
vd;idg; nghWj;jtiu rhuhak;> Nghijg;nghUs; tpahghupia tpl kf;fspd;
%iyapy; ntWikiaAk;> Njf;fj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;Jk; miog;ghsu;fisAk;>
Gf`hf;fisAk; tpul;btpLtJ Kjd;ikahdJ. ,tu;fis tpl;Lk; vkJ
vjpu;fhy ehfuPfj;ij ehk; ghJfhf;fhtpl;lhy; vk;ikAk; vkJ J}ijAk;
mopj;Nj tpLtu;.
n\a;f; my; f];]hyp
Mrpupau; fUj;J
,yq;ifapy; ,];yhkpa j/th
-nghJ Nehf;F-
vk;.N[.vk;. mughj; fuPk;
rpupa ehl;L etPd rpe;jidahsu; [t;jj; jahuhFk; Muk;g epiyapNy cs;sJ.
]<j; jd;Dila r%f> cs ntw;wpfukhd j/thg; gzp mwpQu;fs;>
khw;wj;Jf;fhd tpjpfs; vDk; E}ypy; rpe;jidahsu;fs;> Jiwrhu; epGzu;fs;>
Fwpg;gpLk; xU fUj;ij epidT $wp tskhd fy;tp epWtdq;fs;> mjpfhuk;
,yq;ifapy; ,];yhkpa j/thtpd; ajhu;j;j Nghd;w mbg;gilahd fPo;f;fl;Lkhd
epiy Fwpj;j rpy nghJ Nehf;Ffis trjpfis Ntz;b epw;fpd;wJ.
Kd;itf;f Kay;fpNwd;. Muk;gepiy j/th ghupa gy
rthy;fSf;F kj;jpapNy gazpf;fpwJ.
Nkhrkhd r%f #oiy khw;Wtjw;F ,e;ehl;L K];ypk;fSf;F ngupa mwptpay;
ehk; Mir itf;fpd;Nwhk;. Mdhy; Kjypy; gpd;dzpNah> jpUg;jp fhzj;jf;f murpaw;
vq;fSf;Fs;shy; me;j khw;wk; cUthf gyNkh> Kw;Nghf;F ,];yhkpa rpe;jidf;F
Ntz;Lk; vd;gij kwe;J tpLfpNwhk;. cupa kf;fs; MjuNth mw;w xU j/th
ehq;fs; xt;nthUtUk; mtutu; Nghf;fpy; #o; e piyapy; Mf; f G+u; t khd j/th
jpUg;jp fhz;fpNwhk;. r%fj;ij Fw;wk; mbj;jsnkhd;iw cUthf;Fk; gzp ngUk;
rhl; L fpd; N whk; . Mdhy; mtu; f spy; rthyhf cs;sJ.,yq;if ehl;bd;
mjpfkhdtu;fspd; Nkhrkhd epiyjhd; ];jPukw;w murpaw; #oYk; Njrpa hPjpahd
nkhj;j r%fj;jpd; ,opepiyf;Ff; fhuzk; gpd;dilTfs;> gpur;rpidfSk; j/thTf;F
vd;gij kwe;J tpLfpNwhk;. ,jidNa my; Kd;dhYs;s ,d;ndhU rthyhFk;.
Fu;Md; vkf;F Nghjpf;fpwJ. kdpjd;
jd;idg; gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;fhjtiu jdJ ,e;ehl;bNy Vwj;jho ,UgJ ,yl;rk;
gytP d q; f s; > gpiofis jpUj; j pf; K];ypk;fs; epyj; njhlu;Gfsw;w rpjwpa
nfhs;shjtiu my;yh`;Tk; jpUj;j epiyapNy tho;fpwhh;fs;. ,uz;L tifahd
khl;lhd;. rthy;fis mtu;fs; vjpu;nfhs;fpwhh;fs;.
,yq;if K];ypk; r%fj;jpw;Fs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUk; j/th Mj;kPf> mwpT 1. FLk;gk;> nghUshjhuk;> murpay;>
uPjpahf Mf;fg+u;tkhd Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Raeph;zak; Nghd;w ,Ug;NghLk;> r%f
Nehf;fhff; nfhz;like;Js;sJ. rPuhd tho;NthLk; njhlu;ghd gy gpur;rpidfs;.
rpe;jidj; njspTk;> cau;e;j xOf;fg;
gz;Gk;> Mo;e;j Mj;kPfg; gyKk; nfhz;l 2. ,];yhj;ij tpsq;Fjy;> gpd;gw;WtNjhL
cWjpkpf;f xU r%fj;ij cUthf;fp njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfs;.
mjD}lhf xU ghupa j/thg; gzpia
ngUk;ghd;ik me;epa r%fj;Jf;F kj;jpapy; rupahd ,];yhkpa tho;itf; fil
Nkw; n fhs; t J Mo; e ; j vjp u ; g hu; g ; g hf gpbg;gjw;F jilahf #o;e;J fhzg;gLk;
cs;sJ. ,j;jifa ghupa Ntiyj; [h`pypa;aj; jPikfs;> kpfg; gutyhf
jpl;lj;ij Nehf;fpg; gazpf;f ,d;iwa ,];yhk; K];ypk; r%fj;Jf;Fs; gpur;rhuk;
j/th epWtdq; f s; > ,af; f q; f s; > nra;ag;glhik> ,];yhkpa mbg;gilapyhd
jdpkdpju;fs; mg;gzpia Rkf;Fk; Nghjpa rupahd gapw;Wtpg;Gf;fs; gutyhf toq;fg;g
jFjpfs; > tsq; f s; > jpwd; f isg; lhik Nghd;w fhuzpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
ngwNtz;bAs;sd. vdNt ,e;ehl;by; ,];yhk; gpur;rhuk; nra;ag;gLk; gFjpfspYk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUk; r%f rPu;jpUj;jg; j/thit Kd;itg;gjpYs;s gytPdq;fs;>
gzp ghupa Ntiyj; jpl;lnkhd;Wf;F my;yJ [h`pypa;aj; jPikfspd; fth;r;rp

vd;Mrp
gtw;wpd phy;
ujhf; K];ypkJ
au;fj;fUj; ;fSf;F kj;jpapy; rp e ; j idia Kd; i tj; J nraw; g Lk;
Nghjpa ij Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy. ,];yhkpa ,af;fq;fs;
,yq;if K];ypk; r%fk; ghuk;ghpa
,];yhkpa rpe;jid kPJ msTf;fjpfk; 3. topjtwpa rpe;jidfs;
gw;Wnfhz;L rupahd ,];yhkpa J}a ,];yhkpa rpe;jidapypUe;J tpyfpa
rpe;jidia Nehf;fp efUk; kNdhepiyia \PM>fhjpahdpah> g`h,a;ah Nghd;w top
ngwhikAk; j/thf; fsk; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; jtwpa ,af;fq;fs;
,d;ndhU rthyhFk;. vkJ K];ypk;
r%fj;jpy; ,];yhj;ij Fj;gh gpurq;fk;> %d;whtJ rpe;jidg; gpupT ghupa top
rhjhuz gahd; epfo;r;rp vd;gtw;wpw; $lhf gpwo;thf ,Ug;gpDk; mz;ikf; fhykhf
Gupe;J nfhs;tjpy; khj;jpuk; jpUg;jpfz;L mtw;wpd; nry;thf;F ,yq;if K];ypk;
f\;lg;gl;L> Njbf; fw;Fk; cah;e;j kNdh r%fj; j p y ; ,lk; g p b j; J tUfp d ; w d.
epiyia ngw;wpuhj xU gpw;Nghf;F epiyia ,yq;if K];ypk; r%fk; vjpu;nfhs;Sk;
gutyhf mtjhdpf;f KbAk;. ,yq;if kpfg;ghupa rthyhf ,J cs;sJ.
murpay; epfo; r ; r pfs; > tpisahl; L g; mNjNghy; ghuk;gupa rpe;jidaikg;Gf;fs;
Nghl;bfs;> fiy epfo;r;rpfSf;F fpilf;Fk; ngw;wpUf;Fk; kf;fs; gyKk;> mjpfhu
tuNtw;Gk;>MjuTk;> gq;Nfw;Gk; ,];yhkpa nry; t hf; F k; Kw; N ghf; F rpe; j id
uPjpahd nraw;ghLfspy; fhz Kbahj kpf mikg;Gf;fshy; ngw Kbahj epiyiaAk;
Nkhrkhd Ju;g;ghf;fpa epiyAKs;sJ. mtjhdp f ; f Kbfp d ; w J. top g p w o; e ; j
,]; y hj; j p y ; Mu; t k; fhl; L gtu; f Sk; rpe;jidfisAk; J}a ,];yhkpa rpe;jidg;
jd;Dila nrhe;j tho;NthL njhlu;Ggl;l gpupthf Nehf;Fk; ghku K];ypk; r%fj;ij
rpyNghJ jdJ tho;it ghjpf;Fk; vdf; mtw;wpd; jPikfspypUe;J fhg;gNjhL>
fUJk; gFjpfspy; ,];yhkpaj; jPu;itj; ghuk; g upa rpe; j idaikg; G f; f spd;
Njbr; nry; y hJ jdf; F rhu; g hd nry;thf;if kpifj;j xU epiyia
gFjp f sp Y k; > r%f tp t fhuq; f sp Y k; Kw;Nghf;F ,];yhkpa ,af;fq;fs; miltJ
mf;fiw fhl;Lk; gytPdkhd kdpju;fis kpfg; ghupa Ntiyj;jpl;lkhf mike;
j/thf; fsj;jpNy mtjhdpf;f KbAk;. Js;sJ.
,j;jifa ajhu;j;jG+u;tkhd gz;Gfs; ePz;l fhykhf ,j;jifa gz;G nfhz;l

nfhz;l ,e;ehl;L K];ypk; r%fj;jpy; K];ypk; r%fj;Jf;Fs; njhlu;Ggl;L tUk;
j/thg; gzpia ntw;wpfukhf Kd;ndLj;J Kw; N ghf; F ,]; y hkpa ,af; f q; f s;
nry;tJ Fwpj;J ajhu;j;jG+u;tkhf rpe;jpf;f njhlu;e;Jk; mtw;wpd; nfhs;ifg; Nghf;if
Ntz;bAs;sJ. rhj;jpaq;fSf;F mg;ghy; ,of;fhky; epiyg;gJk; ngUk; rthyhf
fw;gdh uPjpahf rpe;jpg;gij tpl ,e;ehl;L cs;sJ. rpe;jidfisAk; nfhs;if
K];ypk;fspd; gz;GfSf;Fk;> jFjpfSf;Fk; fisAk; Kd;itj;J kf;fs; MjuitAk;>
cs;shy; epd;W rpe;jpg;gNj rpwe;j jPu;thf nry;thf;ifAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbahj
mika KbAk;. NghJ nghJ Ntiyfspy; $ba ftdk;
nrYj;;jp nfhs;if milahsj;ij ,of;Fk;
,e;ehl;L K];ypk; r%fk; %d;W tifahd Xu; mgha epiyAk; Njhd;wpAs;sJ.
rpe;jid mikg;Gf;fis fhz;fpwJ.
,yq;if K];ypk; r%fj;jpd; gz;Gfs;>
1. ghuk; g hpa ,]; y hkpa rpe; j id vjpu;nfhs;Sk; rthy;fs;> rpe;jidg;
,];yhj;jpd; VjhtnjhU gFjp my;yJ rpy gpupTfs; Fwpj;j rupahd Ma;Tk;> rPupa
gFjpfspy; $ba ftdk; nrYj;jp j/th rpe;jid> jFjpAs;s nraw;ghl;lhsu;fspd;
Kiwia Nkw;nfhs;Sk; mikg;Gf;fs;> njhopw;ghLk;> ve;epiyapYk; nfhs;ifg;
,af;fq;fs; gz;Gfis ,of;fhj jh<f;fspd;
cWjpAk;> ,yq;if K];ypk; r%fj;jpd;
2. Kw;Nghf;fhd ,];yhkpa rpe;jid Muk; g ep i y j/thit ntw; w p f ukhf
ru;tNjr uPjpahf Njhd;wpa etPd ,];yhkpa efu;j;jpr; nry;y mbj;jskhf mika
,af;fq;fis gpd;gw;wp ,];yhkpa KbAk;.
tl;b jil nra;ag;gl;likf;fhd
\uPMtpd; Nehf;fq;fSk;
mjd; tpisthd
gpuNahfq;fSk;
fyhepjp Kd;jpu; f/g;

nkhop khw;wk; : K.H. m]hk; m`;kj;
tUkhdg; gfph;T kw;Wk; tUkhdg; gfph;T nraw; j pl; l q; f spd; epjpaP l ; l k; tiu
R$f; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl KbAk;.
tUkhdg; gfp u ; t p d ; fUj; j hdJ> ,j;jifa Vw;ghlhdJ KjyPl;lhsu;
Kjhughtpy; epjpapay; toq;fy; kPjhd fSf;F mtu;fsJ tUkhdk; kPjhd xU
K\hufh Kiwikapd; gpuNahfj;jpd; gpuNahf uPjpahd rhjfkhd cj;juthjj;
mbg;gilapNyNa mike;Js;sJ. ij toq;Ffpd;wJ. Kf;fpakhf
KjhughthdJ Njwpa ,yhgj;jpy; xU KjhughTld; xg;gpLk; NghJ> tUkhdg;
gFjpia epjp toq;FdUf;F (ug;Gy; khy;) gfph;T KiwahdJ> ,af;Fdu;/
xJf;Fk; mNj Neuk;> tUkhdg; gfpu;T Kfhikj;Jtk; ,of;fpd;w Neuj;jpYk;
epjpapayhdJ cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapy; KjyPl;lhsu;fSf;F tUkhdj;ij toq;F
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nrhj;Jf;fspd; toq; fpd;wJ.
FdUf;F nkhj;j ,yhgj;jpy; xU gFjpia
xJf;Ffpd;wJ. ,t;tz;zk; tUkhdg; KjyPl;lhsu;fspd; tUkhdk; gw;wpa
gfpu;T epjpapayhdJ epiyahd nrhj;J mr;rj;ij my;yJ \uPMtpd;
f;fspd; cupikahsu;> nrhj;Jf;fspd; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; epr;rakw;w tUkhdj;ij
,af;Fdu; MfpNahUf;fpilapyhd K\hufh cj;juthjg;gLj;jf; $ba Gjpa
mbg;gilapyhd gq;Flik vd;gtw;wpd; gj;thf;fs; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;bajd;
fyitahFk;. Njitia Fiwf;Fk; %yfkhf fld;
R$f; gpuNahfj;jpy;> KjyPl;lhsu;fisg; mbg;gilapyhd tu;j;jf R$f;
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; xU ek;gpf;ifahsu; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
rig> tpkhd epiyak;> ghij> cw;gj;jpj; mNjNeuk; tUkhdg; gfpu;T Vw;ghL
njhopw;rhiy Nghd;wtw;iw epu;khzpj;J fshdJ KjyPl;lhsu;fSk; mtu;fsJ
Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;F tUkhdg; gfpu;tpd; tUkhdj;jpy; Vw;glf; $ba jsk;gy;
mbg; g ilapy; ifaspf; F k; Nrit fSf; n fjpuhd ghJfhg; i g toq; F
toq;Fdh;fSf;F tfhyh mbg;gilapy; tjpy;iy. MfNt ,it Kjhugh kw;Wk;
epjpapid toq; F fpd; w J. ,t; t hW K\hufh Nghd;w epjpg;gfpu;T Kiwik
epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l nrhj;jhdJ ek;gpf;if fSlNdNa tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. nraw;
ahsu; rigf;F cupj;jhdjhf ,Uf;Fk; jpl;lq;fspd; ];jpug;ghL kw;Wk; rhj;jpaf;$W
mNjNeuk; KjyPl;lhsu;fs; mr;nrhj;jpd; Ma;Tfspd; gyk; Nghd;wit rpwpa tUkhdj;
%yk; <l;lg;gLk; nkhj;j tUkhdj;jpy; xU jsk;gy;fis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjpy; Kf;fpa
Fwpg;gpl;l rjtPjj;ijg; ngWfpd;wdh;. gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd.
tUkhdg;gfph;T KiwahdJ %yf;fl;L
khdg; gzpfspd; epjpaPl;lk; Kjy; cw;gj;jpr; vdpDk;> Kjhugh kw;Wk; K\hufh
mikg;
MrpGf;fuisg; Nghd;W
pau; fUj; J tUkhdg;gfpu;T Nrit mbg;gilapyhd epjpapay;
Vw;ghLfSk; fPo;tUtdtw;wpy; VjhtnjhU gztPf;fj;jpw;nfjpuhd ghJfhg;ig
fl;likg;ig my;yJ ,t;tpU toq;Fk; mNj Neuk;> mit mry; kw;Wk;
fl;likg;Gf;fisAk; cs;slf;fpajhff; mjd; kPjhd jpUk;gy; Mfpatw;iw
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. cj;juthjg;gLj;Jk; mlfpd; %yKk;
Mjupf;fg;gl KbAk;. Vnddpy; Nrit
01) Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; / ,af;Fdupd; Njwpa
,yhgj; j p y ; my; y J KjyP l ; l hsup d ; mbg; g ilapyhd epjpapay; - kdhgp/-
tUkhdj;jpd; kPJ xU vy;iyia cld;gbf;iffspd; tpw;gidfis
epu;zapj;J> mt;nty;iyf;F Nkw;gl;l mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl mike;Js;sd.
tUkhdk; Vida jug;gpdUf;F
toq;fg;gLjy;> my;yJ %d;whk; egu; cj;juthjk; : itg;G
cj;juthjk;
02) KjyPl;lhsu;fspd; my;yJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l %d;whk; egu; cj;juthjkhdJ> xU
%d;whk; jug;gpdupd; tpepNahfj;jpd; xU epjpapay; cld;gbf;ifapy; Mu;tKs;s xU
gFjpapd; %yk; my;yJ Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l epWtdj;jpdhy; my;yJ jdp egu;fspdhy;>
vy;iyf;F Nkw;gl;l tUkhdj;jpd; %yk; mtu; f s; mt; T ld; g bf; i fapd; xU
gq;fspg;G nra;ag;gLk; xU epjpapid (Fund) jug;gpduy;yhj epiyapYk; toq;fg;gl
cUthf;fp mjid KjyPl;lhsu;fspd; KbAk;. cjhuzj;jpw;F xU murhq;fk;
tUkhdj;ij mjd; tpepNahf jdJ nrhe;j tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp
fhyg;gpupTfSf;Nfw;g rkg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; tsUk; my;yJ Muk;g epiyapYs;s
Kjiy cj;juthjg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ifj;njhopy;fSf;F Kjhugh my;yJ
gad;gLj;Jjy;. K\hufh mbg;gilapy; epjpaPl;lk; nra;Ak;
ep j p toq; F du; f Sf; F Fiwe; j gl; r
Nrit mbg;gilapyhd epjpapay; KjyPl;bd; kPjhd tUkhdk; kw;Wk;
Copaf; fpuak; kw;Wk; gztPf;fk; %yjdj;jpw;F %d;whk; egu; cj;j
mjpfupj;Jf; nfhz;L nry;Yk; xU uthjj;jpid toq;f KbAk;.
nghUshjhuj;jpy; Nrit mbg;gilapyhd
epjpapay; kw;Wk; R$f;> tUkhdj;jpy; ,jw;fhd xNu epge;jidahf miktJ>
my;yJ %yjdj;jpy; Vw;glf; $ba cj;juthjkspg;gtu; epjpapay; uPjpahfTk;
Nja;TfSf;nfjpuhd ghJfhg;ig toq;F rl;l uPjpahfTk; Kfhikg; gq;fhsupl
fpd;wd. ,jw;fhd fhuzk; %yjdj;jpd; kpUe; J Rje; j pukhdtuhf ,Uf; f
kPjhd jpUk;gy; (tUkhdk;) Nrit Ntz;Lnkd;gjhFk;. Vnddpy; Kjhugh
myFfshf mike;jpUg;gjhFk;. ,J kw;Wk; K\huhfh vd;git tu;j;jf uPjpahd
gztPf;fj;jpw;nfjpuhd ,d;DnkhU \uPM ,og;Gf;fSf;fd;wp myl;rpak;> J\;gpuNahfk;
,izthd ghJfhg;G KiwahFk;. kw;Wk; gyte;jk; Mfpatw;Wf;nfjpuhf
kl;LNk ,og;gPL nra;ag;glf;$ba mkhdh
mry; fhg;GWjp kw;Wk; mlF itj;jy;. mbg;gilapyhd cld;gbf;iffshFk;.
mlF itj;jy; njhlu;ghd \uPM
tpjpKiwahdJ ed;fwpag;gl;ljhFk;. ,J (Kw;Wk;)
fld;fs; kPJ gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;
mu;j;jkhdJ> fld; epjpapay; my;yJ fld;

gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk; R$f; Nghd;wit
mlF itf;fg;gLk; nghUis / nrhj;ijf;
nfhz;Nl Mjupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,it mry;
fld;fSf;F kl;Lky;yhJ> fld; jtizf;
nfhLg;gdTfs; kw;Wk; Vida fld;rhu;
Nritfs; vd;gtw;wpw;Fk; Xu; cj;juthjf;
fUtpahf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Kf;fpakhf

my;yh`;it Nehf;fpa
gazk; ,g;D mgP]hyp`;
kdpjd; ,r; rl cyfpy; tho;gtNd. ghl;bd; ,yf;F> mbg;gil ,iwtidf;

vdpDk; mjid mtd; fle;jtd;. mtd; fhzyhFk; . mt; t pyf; F Nehf; f pa
,U ghpkhzq;fs; nfhz;ltd;. ngsjPf> gazj;ijNa Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l trdq;fspy;
rlj;Jt tpjpfshy; kl;Lk; mtid Ms my;yh`;Tk; mtd; J}ju;(]y;) mth;fSk;
KbahJ. kdpjd; gw;wpa ,g; Ghpjypd; gazk; vd tu;zpj;Js;sdh;. mJ ngsjPfg;
mbg;gilapy; kdpj tho;Tf;F Xu; Mo;e;j gazkd;W. Md;kPf> khdrPfg; gazk;.
mu;j;jj;ijf; nfhLf;fpwJ ,];yhk;. rl kdpj kNdhepiy gbg;gbahfg; gy;NtW
cyf tho;tpd; cs;Ns GFe;J jd; fl;lq;fisj; jhz;br; nry;yy;> gy
Md;kPfg; ghpkhzj;ijf; fhf;fg; Nghuhb tsh;r;rpf; fl;lq;fis fhzy; vd;gij mJ
mjdhy; cah;e;J ,g; gpugQ;rj;ij MSk; Fwpf;fpwJ.
khngUk; mwpTk;> Mw;wYk; nfhz;l me;j
,iwtdpd; jpUg;jpiag; ngw Ntz;Lk; ,f; f Uj; i j ,]; y hkpa Md; k P f
vd;gJNt me;j mu;j;jkhFk;. Ma;thsh;fs; `hy; vdf; Fwpg;gh;.
mjhtJ xU K]; y p k ; ,]; y hkp a g;
kdpjNd cdJ ,iwtid Nehf;fpNa eP Nghjidfisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; %d;W
fLikahfg; Nghuhb tUfpwha;. mtid eP nraw; g hLfisf; nfhz; l tdhfp w hd; .
re;jpg;gha; (]{uh ,d;\pfhf; - 6) ,y;k;- fw;wy;> mky;- nraw;gly;>
,f; f Uj; i j my; F h; M d; fP o ; t UkhW `hy;- cs tho;T epiy vd;gitNa
$WfpwJ: mitahFk;. xU K];ypk; ,];yhj;ijf;
ePq;fs; my;yh`;tplj;jpy; tpiuAq;fs;. fw; f pwhd; . mjid eilKiwg;
epr;rakhf ehd; cq;fSf;fhd njspthd gLj;Jfpwhd;. mj;NjhL mtd; Fwpg;gpl;l
kdepiyf;Fk; tUfpwhd;. mtdJ cs;sk;
vr;rhpf;ifahsdhNtd;. (jhupahj; - 50)
tsh;fpwJ. Md;kh cah;fpwJ. gy;NtW
,iw J}ju; (]y; ) mtu; f s; fl;lq;fis> juq;fis mJ milfpwJ.
tpsf;Ffpwhh;fs;:
,e;j kdepiyNa nray;fSf;F mh;j;jk;
gae;jth; mjpfhiyapNyNa Gwg;gLthh;. nfhLf;fpwJ. cz;ik K];ypk;> Nghyp
mjpfhiyapy; Gwg;gl;lth; jq;Fkplj;ij K];ypk;> gytPd K];ypk;> eatQ;rfd; vd;w
mile;J nfhs;thh;. mwpe;J nfhs;Sq;fs;! epiyfisj; njspTgLj;JfpwJ.
my;yh`;tpd; tpahghug; nghUs; kpfg; ,];yhkpa kdepiy> Fg;h; kdepiy
ngWkjp tha;e;jJ! my;yh`;tpd; tpahghug; vdf; Fwpg; g JTk; ,g; g pd; d zpiaf;
nghUs; Rth;f;fkhFk;. (]{dd; jph;kpjp) nfhz;lNj. kdepiyNa mbg;gil. mjd;
tpisthfNt nray;fs; cUthfpd;wd. kd
tho;f;if xU Nghuhl;lk;. f\;lq;fSk;> rk;ge;jkw;W ,ae;jpu hPjpahfTk; kdpjd;
Jd;gq;fSk; epiwe;jJ. ,g;gbj;jhd; njhopw;gLtJz;L. mjw;F gof;fg;gl;Lg;
my;yh`; ,t;Tyf tho;it mikj; Nghjy;> ghuk;ghpa> rlq;F> rk;gpujha
Js;shd;. ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; GFe;J> epiyfs; fhuzkhf ,Uf;f KbAk;.
fye;J> tpOe;J> vOe;Jjhd; kdpjd;
jd;id> jd; MSikia> Md;khit Md;kPf hPjpahf cauTk;> kdepiyfis
tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mj;njhopw; Mf;Fk; Nehf;fpYk;jhd; ,];yhk; Fwpg;ghf

tzf;
Mrpf top
upaghLfs;
u; fUj;rpytw;
Jiw ,];yhj;jpd; (2) NgZjy;: jPikapypUe;J tpyf mjid
mbg;gilahf Mf;fpAs;sJ. ,d;Dk; neUq;fhjpUg;gJTk; mtrp akhdjhFk;.
gy;NtW tzf;fq;fis ]{d;dhthfTk; ùhj;jpw;F mUfhikapy; elkhLtJ
Mf;fpAs;sJ. me;j tzf;f topghLfspd; ùhj;jpy; Ngha; tpof; fhuzkhf mikAk;.
jhf;fj;jhy; ngsjPf cyf tho;tpy; vdNt jPikf;F ,l;Lr; nry;tijAk;
ms; S z; L kdpj kdepiy tpl; L jtph;e;J nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;.
mg;Gwg;gLj;jg;glhky; kdpjd; fhf;fg;
gLfpd;whd;. ngsjPf tho;tpd; NghJk; jd; jPikapy; tPo;e;J tplhjpUf;f rpy NghJ
elj;ijfis rPu;gLj;jp> newpgpwohJ mDkjpf;fg;gl;l fhhpaq;fisAk; tplNtz;b
tho;e;J> jd; MSikia tsh;j;J> Md;kPf tuyhk;. ,t;thW jPikf;Fk; jdf;FkpilNa
kdepiyfspy; cah;tJTk; ,j;jifa xU J}uj;ij Vw;gLj;jp thOk; kNdh
tzf;f topghLfspd; jhf;fj;jpdhNyNa epiyia ,J Fwpf;fpwJ.
MFk;. ,j;jifa Md;kPf kdepiyfspd;
gbj;juq;fis ,];yhkpa Ma;thsh;fs; ,g;gb jPikfs; gw;wpa kpFe;j
vt;thW tpsf;fpAs;shh;fs; vd;gijf; fPNo vr;rhpf;ifAldhd tho;T epiy ,iwtid
XusT tpsf;FtJ ,f; fUj;ij NkYk; Nehf; f pa gazj; j pd; ,uz; l htJ
njspthf tpsq;f cjtpahf mikAk;. fl;lkhFk;.
,khk; ,g;Dy; ifapk; jkJ kjhup[; (3) jpUg;jpAk;> gw;ww;w kNdhepiyAk;:

cyfg; nghUl;fs; kPJ gw;ww;W> jdf;Ff;
m];]hypfPd; vd;w E}ypy; ,e;j ,];yhkpa fp i lf; F k; trjp f NshL jp U g; j p A w; W
MSikf; f hd kdep i yfis 66 thoNy ,jd; nghUshFk;.
gbj;juq;fshf tFj;J tpsf;fpAs;shu;.
n\a;f; K`k;kj; my; f];]hyp mjid nghUl;fs; kPjhd gw;Wk;> Mlk;gu
xd;gJ gbj;juq;fshf tFj;J my; [hdpg; tho;tpd; kPjhd MirAk; mtw;iwj;
my; Mjpgp vd;w jkJ E}ypy; tpsf;Ffpwhu;. NjlYf;fhd ghhpa ciog;ig Ntz;b
mjid rp w p a tp s f; f j; N jhL fP N o epw;Fk;. ,e;j msTkPwpa ciog;G kdpj
jUfpNwhk;. rf;jpia ghhpasT cwpQ;rp tpLk;. cyfk;
rhh; tho;T Kjd;ikg;gl;L nghUis Rw;wp
(1) jt;gh: ,J ,];yhkpa MSik XLk; tho;T epiyahf mJ khwptpLk;.
cUthf;fj;jpd; mbg;gil> Kjw; gbj;juk;.
my;yh`;it Nehf;fp kPSjy; vd;gJ ,jd; mt;thwd;wp jd; ciog;gpd; tUkhdk;>
nghUs;. mjhtJ [h`pypa;aj; tho;tpy; RaNjitg; g+u;j;jp vd;gtw;wpy; jpUg;jpAw;W
,iwtid tpl;Lj; J}ur; nrd;w xUth;> cyf nry;tq;fis tho;Tf;fhd rhjdq;
me;j tho;tpypUe;J Kw;whf ePq;fp fshf kl;Lk; fz;L gw;ww;W thOk;
,iwtid Nehf;fp kpFe;j cWjpAld; kdepiyNa ,q;F fUjg;gLfpwJ.
Kjybia vLj;J itj;jiy ,J (4) nghWik : kdpj tho;T f\;lq;fSk;>
Fwpf;fpwJ. Jd;gq;fSk;> NtjidfSk; epiwe;jJ.
tho;tpd; xt;nthU fl;lj;jpYk; gy
kPz;Lk; [h`pypa;aj; tho;tpy; tPo;e;J tp j ; j p a hrkhd rp u kq; f isAk; > jil
tplhjpUf;f rpW rpW gpwoy;fspd; NghJk; fisAk;> f\;lq;fisAk; mtd; vjpu;
jt;ghit Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Nghf;F nfhs;s Ntz;b tUfpwJ. Neha;> e\;lk;>
,j;jifathplk; ,Uf;Fk;. Njhy;tp> kuzk; vd;git vy;yhk; mtid
,g;NghJ ghtKk;> jtWfSk; ,tdpd; tPo;j;j KaYk; gaq;fuj; Jd;gq;fs;.
tho; t p d ; tp j p t p y f; f hd ep f o; t hfNt ,it midj;Jk; ,iwtd; cyf
,Uf;Fk;. ,iwtid Nehf;fp te;J tpl;l tho;Tf;nfd tFj;Js;s jtph;f;f Kbah
,e;jg; Gjpa tho;it ,g;NghJ ,k; kdpjd; tpjpfs; vd;w cz;ikia czh;e;J>
kpFe;j mtjhdj;Jld; jt;gh kdg; kpFe; j rfpg; G j; jd; i kAlDk; >
ghq;Fld; njhlh;thd;. epiyFiyah kdJlDk;> newptOth

xOf; f czh;
Mrp paTu;lDk;
ucsep fUj;,Wjp
J tiuAk; Nghuhb Kbtjpy;iy.
thOk; iyiaNa nghWik vd;
fpNwhk;. ,J K];ypk; MSikapd; xU Mdhy; xU K];ypk; ,e;j tpjpfis
gpujhd gz;G. ,g; gz;ig jd;dpy; Mf;fpf; tzq; F tjp y ; i y. mtw; i w kl; L Nk
nfhs;sNy ,q;F fUjg;gLfpwJ. vg;NghJk; ghh;j;J KbTfSf;F tUt
Jkpy; i y.me; j tpjpfis Mf; f pa
(5) ed;wp : jd;idg; gilj;j ,iwtDf;F my;yh`;Tld; mtd; njhlu;G
ed; w p nrYj; J k; kdg; g hq; F ld; itg; g hd; . jd; fhhp a q; f s; ep i wNtw
,Uj; j iyNa ,J Fwpf; f pwJ. my;yh`;itNa mtd; Nehf;Fthd;. ,g;gb
Jd;gq;fisAk;> f\;lq;fisAk; rfpj;Jf; xU jtf;Fy; - nghWg;Gr;rhl;ly; kdepiy
nfhs;tJ kl;Lky;y. ,t;Tyfpy; gy mtdplk; fhzg;gLk;.
,d;gq;fisAk; ehd; mDgtpf;fpNwd;.
vd;id my;yh`; epue;jukhd ,d;gj;jpy; (9) md;G : ghuhl;lj;jf;f> nra;jw;fhpa
thog; gilj; J s; s hd; . mk; k hngUk; fhhpaq;fs; rhjpf;fg;gLk; NghJ kdpjd;
mUSf;F ed;wpf;fld; gl;Ls;sik kpfj; gpukpg;Gf;Fk;> Mr;rupaj;jpw;Fk; cl;gLthd;.
njspT. tzf;ftopghLfs; mtw;wpd; mf;fhhpaq;fis rhjpj;jtd; kPJ gw;Wf;
Mo;e;j fUj;jpy; ,t;Tz;ikiaNa nfhs;tJk;> md;G itg;gJTk; kdpj
Fwpf;Fk;. ,ay;G. ,k; khngUk; gpugQ;rj;ijg;
gilj;J Ms;fpd;wik fw;gidf;F vl;lh
(6) ga czh;T : my;yh`;itg; gw;wpa kpfg; ngUk; rhjid. mr;rhjid
mwpNt ,t;Tzh;itj; jUfpwJ. gilj;Njhid vz;Zk; NghJ gaKk;>
gpugQ;rj;ij gilj;jhSk; mg;ngUk; fz;zpa czh;Tk; Njhd;WtJ Nghd;Nw xU
gilg;ghsDf;F gag;glhjpUf;f KbAkh? tif md;Gzh;Tk; Njhd;Wk;.
mtid neUq;f neUq;f fz;zpa
czHTk;> gaKk; mjpfhpf;Fnkd;gjpy; K];ypk; kNdhepiyapd; Xuk;rk; ,J.
re;Njfkpy;iy. jdf;F Nkyhy; jd;id my; y h`; N thL ,j; j ifa neUf; f k;
mtjhdpf;Fk; rfy Mw;wYk; epiwe;j Vw;glTk; ,lKz;L.
,iwtd; cs;shd; vd;w kdk; epiwe;j ,itNa ,];yhkpa mwpQu;fs; tpsf;Fk;
czh;Tld; thOk; kdepiyNa ,q;F my; y h`; i t Nehf; f pa gazj; j pd;
jug;gLfpwJ. fl;lq;fs;. K];ypk; ,t;Tyfpy;
NghuhLifapy; ,j;jifa kdepiyfis
(7) vjpu;ghh;g;G itj;jy; : ,iwtd; cUthf;fpf; nfhs;fpwhd;. ,q;F ,U
fUizAk; > ,uf; f Kk; nfhz; l td; . tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
mf;fUizAk;> ,uf;fKk; kpf tphpe;jJ.
kpfg; ghhpaJ. vdNt kd;dpg;Gk;> Rtd (1) jt;gh> jpUg;jp> nghWik> ed;wpAzh;T
tho;Tk; jUthd; vd;w vjph;ghh;g;G> Nghd;wit vy;yhk; ,ilf;fpil te;;J
kNdhepiy xU K];ypkplk; ,Uf;Fk;. kiwAk; epiyaw;w czh;Tfsy;y. mit
gaj;jpw;Fk;> ,e;j vjpu;ghh;g;G kNdhepiyf;F epiyj;J tpl;l kdg;gz;Gfs;. K];ypk;
kpilapy;jhd; xU K];ypkpd; tho;T MSik cUthf;fj;jpd; mbj;jsq;fs;
mike;jpUf;Fk;. mit. vy;yh K];ypk;fsplj;jpYk; ,it
te;J nry;Yk; kdepiyfshfNth> my;yJ
(8) nghWg;Gr; rhl;ly; : my;yh`; ngsjPf Mokw;w Nkw;Nghf;fhd kdepiyfshfNth
tho;tpaf;fj;jpw;F rpy tpjpfis ,Uf;f KbAk;. mJ ,q;Nf Fwpf;fg;
Mf;fpAs;shd;. kdpjDk;> nghUl;fSk; gltpy;iy.
me; j me; j vy; i yfs; > tiuaiw
fspDs;NsNa tho Ntz;Lk;. mg;ngsjPf (2) ,it $wg;gl;bUf;Fk; mNj gb
tpjpfs; khwhjit> kPwKbahjit. Kiwapy;jhd; nry;Yk; vd;wpy;iy. mit
me; j tpjpfspd; ,j; j d; i kapy; khwKbAk;. xU gb Kiwia tpl;Ltpl;L
mtw;WlNdNa epd;W tpLk; epiyapy; ,d; n dhU gbKiwf; F r; nry; f pwJ
kdpju;fspy; epiwag; Ngh; cs;sdu;. vd;Wkpy;iy. Kd;dh; ngw;w me;j
mth;fshy; ,t;tpjpfSf;fg;ghy; ghh;f;f kdtsh;r;rpAlNdNa mLj;j juj;jpw;Fk;

nry;
MrpfpwJuvd;
pau;gJNt cz;
fUj; Jik mu;j;jkhFk;. mf;fiwapd;wp tho;NthNu mjpfk;.
my;Fh;Md; $Wk; fPo;tUk; epuhfupg;ghsh;fs;
,j;jifa kdtsh;r;rp fhz;gNj gw;wpa gz;Gfs; ,th;fisAk; XusT
,];yhkpa tho;tpd; cz;ikg; nghUs;. gPbj;Js;sJ vd;Nw $w Ntz;bAs;sJ.
cyf tho;T vd;w ,e;jg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy;
,j;jifa kdepiyfis va;jNtz;L mjpfkjpfk; nghUs; NjLk; Mir
nkd;Nw kdpjd; tplg;gl;Ls;shd;. cq;fisg; guhf;fhf;fp tpl;lJ
(]{uh jfh]{u; - 01)
,];yhkpa rl;l xOq;F ,g;gpd;dzpiaf;
nfhz;Nl mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fwpg;ghf
tzf;f topghLfs; ,j;jifa kd mth;fSf;F Kd;dhYk;> gpd;dhYk;
tsh; r ; r pia Muk; g pf; f Tk; tho; T g; RtnuOg;gp mth;fis ehk; %b
Nghuhl;lj;jpy; kdpjidj; jPikapypUe;J tpl;Ls;Nshk;. mth;fs; ghh;f;f khl;lhh;fs;
fhj;J njhlh;e;J mtid ,g; ghijapy; (]{uh ah]Pd; - 09)
,l;Lr; nry;Yk; Nehf;fpYk; tFf;fg;
gl;Ls;sd. mth;fSf;F cs;sq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
rpe;jpf;fkhl;lhh;fs;. fz;fs; cs;sd.
Md;kPfg; gapw;rp vd;gjd; ,yf;F ghh;f;fkhl;lhh;fs;. fhJfs; cs;sd.
,JNtahFk;. NkNy tpsf;fg;gl;l jt;gh> Nfl;fkhl;lhh;fs;... (]{uh m/uhg; - 179)
NgZjy;> nghWik> ed;wpAzh;T Nghd;w
kdepiyfis milaj; J}z;LtJk; mjw;F njhOifAk; Vida tzf;f top
cjtpahf ,Uj;jYNk mtw;wpd; Nehf;fk;. ghLfSk; fhzg;gl;lhYk; mit ntWk;
,ae;jpuj; jd;ik nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;.
tzf;f topghLfs; ,iwgak;> jtf;Fy;> capupUf;fhJ czh;tpUf;fhJ. Fwpg;gpl;l
ed;wpAzh;T> nghWik Nghd;w kd re;jh;g;gq;fspd; NghJ kl;Lk; <khd; rpy
epiyfis Vw;gLj;j cjttpy;iyahapd; Ntis ,j;jifNahhplk; tpopg;GWtJz;L.
mtw;wpw;F vd;d nghUspUf;f KbAk;? jdf;F Vw;gLk; ngUj;j mghak;> tPl;by;
ntWk; ,ae;jpuj;jdkhd rlq;F> rk;gpujha epfOk; kuzk;> `[;[pd; NghJ> Nehd;gpd;
khf kl;LNk mit mg;NghJ mike;J Nghjhd rpy re;ju;g;gq;fs; vd;gtw;iw
tpLk;. ,jw;F cjhuzkhff; Fwpg;gplyhk;. me;j
Kjw; fl;lk; tpopg;G nfhQ;r Neuk;> my;yJ rpy
,khk; ,g;Dy; ifapk; jkJ kjhup[; ehl;fSf;Nf epiyf;Fk;. gpd;dh; gioa
m];]hypfPd; vd;w E}ypy; ,g;gazj;jpd; cwf;f epiyf;F kPz;L tpLk;. ehk; ,q;F
tpsf;Fk; fUj;ijg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s fPo;tUk;
Kjw; fl;lkhf ~~afsh - cs tpopg;G
,iw trdq;fis mtjhdpg;Nghk;.
epiyiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. fyhepjp k[;jp
`pyhyp ,f; fUj;ij~~Kjypy; <khd;
,iw gaKs;Nshh; mth;fis i\j;jhd;
mjid vg;gb Muk;gpf;fyhk; vd;w
jPz;bdhy; clNdNa czh;T ngWthh;fs;>
jiyg;gpy; jdp xU E}yhf vOjpAs;shh;.
,q;F ehk; Fwpg;ghf ,uz;lhtJ E}ypd; mg;NghJ mth;fsJ ghh;it njspthFk;.
cjtpAld; Mdhy; jdpahd xU ghzpapy; (]{uh m/uhg; - 201)
,f; fUj;ij tpsf;FfpNwhk;.
mth;fs; xU khdf;Nflhd ghtj;ijr;
K];ypk;fs; midtUk; ,iwaUshy; nra;J tpl;lhy;> my;yJ jkf;Fj; jhNk
<khd; nfhz;NlhNu. vdpDk; me;j <khd; mepahak; nra;J nfhz;lhy; my;yh`;it
ngUk;ghyhNdhhpd; cs;sq;fspy; cwf;f epidT nfhs;thh;fs;. jk; ghtq;fSf;F
epiyapNyNa ,Ug;gJz;L. Mrhghrq; kd;dpg;Gf; NfhUthh;fs;
fspYk;> ,r;irfspYk; %o;fp md;whl tho;T (]{uh My ,k;uhd; - 135)
neuprypy; rpf;Fz;L cod;W tho;tpd;
nghUs; mu; j ; j k; gw; w pa ftiy>

Fh;MDf;fhd ehfuPf tpsf;fk;
jg;]Pu; fiya
fiyappd; xU
tsh;r;rpf; fl;lk;
m\;n\a;f; up\hl; e[pKBd; (esPkp)
epr;rakhf ,e;j mwpTiuia ehk; jhd; fhyj;jpy; jdJ rpe;jidia Kd;itj;j

,wf;fp itj;Njhk;. NkYk;> ehNk ,jidg; ,khk; uh]p ~~kghjP`{y; ifg; vDk;
ghJfhg;NghuhAk; ,Uf;fpNwhk;. jdJ jg;]Pu; Gj;jfj;jpy; jj;JtQhdpfis
( #uh my; `p[;u; - 09) Nehf;fp NgRtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;. ,khk;
Fu;JgP> ,khk; [];]h]; Nghd;Nwhu;fs;
gjpdhd;F E}w;whz;Lfisf; fle;J tpl;l ,];yhkpa rl;lg; gFjpia mbg;gilahf
,e;j thf;if ahuhYk; ngha;g;gpf;f itj;J Fu;Md; tpsf;fq;fis fl;likj;
Kbahky; Ngha;tpl;lJ. Vnddpy; md;W jdu;. tuyhw;wupQu;fshd ,khk; `h]pd;>
cr;rupf;fg;gl;l mNj vOj;Jf;fs;;> md;W r/ygP Nghd;Nwhu; Fu;Md; $Wk; tuyhw;Wf;
Xjg;gl;l mNj uhfk; ,d;Wk; vkJ fUj;Jf;fis kpf Mokhf Muha;fpd;wdu;.
fhJfspy; uP q ; f hukpl; L f; nfhz; b
Uf;fpd;wd. tuyhw;wpy; vj;jidNah Ngu; Muk;g fhyj;jpy; Fu;MDf;F tpQ;Qhd
Fu;Mid mopg;gjw;F Kaw;rpnaLj;jhYk; tp s f; f k; Mq; n fhd; W ,q; n fhd; w hf
mtu;fisg; gilj;jtNdhL Nghl;b Nghl $wg;gl;bUe;jhYk; etPd fhyj;jpNyNa ,J
Kbahky; Njhy;tpAw;wtu;fshfNt ntsp mjpfk; typAWj;jg;gl;lJ. etPd fhy nkhop
NaWfpd;wdu;. ahd tpQ;Qhd tpsf;fj;ij ,];yhkpa
mwpQu;fSk; kpff; ftdkhf ifah
Fu;Mdpd; vOj;Jf;fs; mNj mikg;gpy; z;lhu;fs;. Fwpg;ghf fyhepjp
,Uf; f mJ gw; w pa Gupjy; f Sk; > ]/Yd;d[;[hUila tpQ;Qhd tpsf;fq;fs;
tpsf;fq;fSk; ,lk;> fhyk;> kdpj %is> kp f mw; G jkhdit. urp j ; J Nehf;
Jiw Nghd;w gy;NtW Gwf; fhuzpfshy; fj;jf;fit.
tpj;jpahrg;gl;Nl mikfpd;wd. md;W
njhlf;fk; ,d;W tiu Fu;MDf;F etPd fhyj;jpy; rpyu; tiuaiwfis kPwpr;
gy; N tWgl; l tpsf; f q; f s; Kd; i t nrd;W Fu;Mid KOf;f KOf;f tpQ;Qhd
f; f g; g l; L s; s d. vy; y h mwp Q u; f Sk; uPjpahf tpsf;f Kw;gLfpd;wdu;. \`Pj;
jj;jkJ Jiw> fhy> #oiy mbg;gilahf nra;apj; FJg; Kd;itf;fpd;w eLepiyahd
itj;J Fu;Mid mZfpdu;. ,khk;fshd Nghf;F mtjhdj;jpw;FupaJ.
jguP> ]k`;\uP> uh]p> ga;yhtp> mg+
]{Cj; Nghd;wtu;fsJ Fu;Md; ,Nj Nghy; Muk;g fhyj;jpy; jiyg;G
tpsf;fq;fis thrpg;gtu;fs; ,t;Tz;ikia uPjpahf Fu;Mid mZFk; KiwikAk;
njspthf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;. fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jid ~~mj;jg;]Pu;
mwG ,yf;fzj;jpy; Jiwthupahff; my;kt;Y},a; vd;wiog;Nghk;. Muk;g fhy
fUjg;gl;l mg+à;ahDila ~~my;g`;Uy; mwpQu;fshd ,g;Dy; ifapk;> mg+ cigjh>
K`P j ; vDk; jg; ] P u ; Fu; M dpd; mu;uhfpg; my;m];g`hdp> mg+gf;u; my;
,yf;fzj;ij Ma;tjhfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ. [];]h]; Nghd;Nwhu; jiyg;GthupahfTk;
jj;Jtf; fUj;Jf;fs; #Lgpbj;jpUe;j Fu;;Mid mZfpdu;. etPd fhyj;jpy;

,k;Mrp
Kiwik upau; kpfUj;
f mjp
Jfkhf typAW tpUk;GfpNwhk;. ,t;tpsf;fk; fyhepjp j]{fp
j;jg;gLfpd;wJ. n\a;f; my;f];]hyp vOjpa toq;fpa tpsf;fNk jtpu vkJ nrhe;jf;
my; Fu;Md; $Wk; Ie;J ikaf;fUj;Jf; fUj; J f; f s; vJTkw; w J vd; g ij
fs; > fyhepjp a+]{g; my;fu;shtp vOjpa ftdj;jpw; nfhs;f.
Fu;Mdpy; nghWik Nghd;w Gj;jfq;fs; cjhuzk; 1 : gpd;tUk; Fu;Md;
,t; t ifahd tp s f; f j; J f; F rp w e; j trdq;fis mtjhdpj;Jg; ghUq;fs;
cjhuzq;fshFk;.
,t; T yf tho; f ; i f tpisahl; L k;
,f; fl;LiuapD}lhf ehk; $wtUtJ> Ntbf;ifAkhFk;. ePq;fs; <khd; nfhz;L>
etPd ,];yhkpa vOr;rpapd; tpisthf jf;thTilatu;fshf tho;tPu;fshapd;>
jg;]Pu; fiyapy; Njhd;wpa ehfuPf cq;fSf;Fupa $ypia my;yh`;
tpsf;fj;ijNaahFk;. Fwpg;ghf ehf cq;fSf;F toq;Fthd;. NkYk;
uPfq;fSf;F kj;jpapyhd gdpg;Nghupy; my; cq; f Sila nry; t q; f is mtd;
Fu;Mdpd; thjhl;l KiwikAk;> cq;fsplk; Nfl;fkhl;lhd;. xU Ntis
fhl;rpg;gLj;jYk; ,g;Nghupy; vt;thW cq;fs; nry;tq;fis cq;fsplkpUe;J
gq;Fgw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ,];yhkpa mtd; Nfl;lhy;> NkYk; cq;fsplkpUe;J
mwpQu;fs; Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jpdu;. Fwpg;ghf vy; y htw; i wAk; Nfl; l hy; eP q ; f s;
Fu;Md; $Wk; fijfs; etPd fhy fQ;rj;jdk; nra;tPu;fs;. mJ ePq;fs;
epfo;TfNshL vt;thW xj;Jg; Nghfpd;wJ nfhz;bUf;Fk; FNuhjq;fis ntspf;
vd;gJ ehfuPf tpsf;fj;jpD}lhf ehlg;gL nfhz;L tUk;. (#uh K`k;kj; 36-37)
fpd;w kpf Kf;fpa fUg;nghUshFk;.
etPd fhyj;jpy; Fu;MDf;F ehfuPf ,t;trdj;Jf;F fyhepjp j]{fp
tpsf;fk; nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Kd;itf;Fk; tpsf;fk; mw;GjkhdJ.
gy mwpQu;fs; $wpapUe;jhYk; mjpfk; Nkw;$wpa Fu;Md; trdk; vkf;Nfhu;
typAWj;jpf; $Wgtuhf fyhepjp i]apj; r%ftpay; tpjpia Kd;itg;gjhff; $wp
j]{fp `]idf; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;. ,tu; tpl;L> gy cjhuzq;fisj; jUfpd;whu;.
vOjpa Gj; j fq; f spy; mjpfkhdit mtw;wpy; xd;iw khj;jpuk; ehk; ,q;F
Fu;MDf;fhd ehfuPf tpsf;fj;Jld; jUfpd;Nwhk;. mjhtJ Xu; murhq;fk; jdJ
njhlu;Ggl;litfshfNt ,Uf;fpd;wd. ehl;L kf;fSf;F tup mwtpLk; NghJ
cjhuzkhf: ? ? ? ??? fi? ifahs Ntz;ba kpf Kf;fpa mbg;
giliaf; $Wfpd;wJ. ehl;L kf;fspd;
?fl fi ? ?fl fi? rf;jpf;Nfw;gNt tup mwtplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Nghd;wd mtupd; mw;Gjg; gilg;Gf;fshFk;. rf;jpf;fg;ghw;gl;l Kiwapy; murhq;fk;
,tu; Xu; kj;u]h Mypk; my;y. tpkhdk; mj;JkPWk; NghJ nghJ kf;fs; fQ;rj;jdk;
fl;Lk; Jiwapy; fyhepjpg; gl;lj;ijg; g+u;j;jp fhl;Lthu;fs;. murhq;fj;ij Vkhw;W
nra;j ,tu; Rakhd thrpg;G> Ma;Tfshy; thh;fs;. mjd; rl;lj;Jf;F Kuzhd
,]; y hkpaj; JiwfNshL jd; i d topKiwfisf; iff; nfhs;thu;fs; vd;w
,izj;Jf; nfhz;ltu;. ,d;W ,tu; kpfg; ngUk; cz;ikia Nkw;$wpa trdk;
Kd; i tf; F k; Fu; M Df; f hd ehfuP f Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ.
tpsf;fk; gbg;gbahf Vida mwpQu;fs;
kj;jpapy; xU tpopg;Gzh;it kdpj rf;jp xt;nthU rl;lj;jpYk;
Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ftdj;Jf;FupaJ. mjpy; mj;JkPwy;fs;
elf;Fk; NghJ vkJ vjpu;ghh;g;Gf;fs;
fyhepjp j]{fp Kd;itf;fpd;w epiwNtw;wg;gLtJ rhj;jpakw;Wg; NghFk;
Fu; M Df; f hd ehfuP f tp s f; f khdJ vd;gijNa ,t;trdk; $Wfpd;wJ. xU
Fu;Mdpd; fijfisAk;> ciu Kiw nksyhdh nksJ}jpAk; fyhepjp
ahly;fisAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz; j]{fpAk; fye;Jiuahlypy; <Lgl;bUe;j
Ls;sJ. ,q;F ehk; cjhuzj;jpw;F XupU NghJ ngz; Kfj;ij %LtJ gw;wpa
tp s f; f q; f is khj; j p u k; Kd; i tf; f gpur; r pid NknyOe; j J. mg; N ghJ

nksyhdh u; fUj;J~~ehk; gpj;dhit
MrpupanksJ}jp nfhs;thu; vd;gjpy; re;Njfkpy;iy.
ePf;Ftjw;F Kfj;ij %bNa Mf Ntz;Lk;
vd;w fUj;ij typAWj;jpa NghJ fyhepjp cjhuzk; 3 : #uh ]hj; ,d; 30-33
j]{fp FWf;fpl;L ~~kjpg;Gf;Fhpa MrpupaNu! tiuapyhd trdq;fis rw;W Mokhf
ahu; cq;fSf;Ff; $wpaJ my;yh`; mtjhdp A q; f s; . ~~ ehk; jht+Jf; F
gpj;dhit KOikahf ePf;f ehLfpwhd; Riykhid toq;fpNdhk;. mtu; kpfr; rpwe;j
vd;W. ePf;FtJ vd;gJ NtW> Fiwg;gJ mbahuhfTk; jd; ,iwtd; gf;fk; mjpfk;
vd;gJ NtW vd;W $wp Kbj;jhu;. jpUk;gf; $batuhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;. Ntfkhf
Xlf;$ba Fjpiufs; khiy Neuj;jpy; mtu;
cz;ikapy; `]d; j]{fp Kd;itf;Fk; Kd; dhy; nfhz;L tug;gl;l NghJ
fUj;J kpfTk; Mokhfg; ghu;f;fg;gl vd; D ila ,iwtid ep i dT
Ntz;baJ. kdpj rf;jpf;F mg;ghw;gl;l $u; t jw; f hfNt ehd; ,r; n ry; tj;ij
tplaq;fs; mtDf;F jpzpf;fg;gLk; NghJ Nerpf;fpNwd; vd;whu;. mf;Fjpiufs;
mtd; mr;rl;lj;jpy; tpuf;jpailfpwhd;. fz;iz tpl;L kiwe;j NghJ ~~mtw;iw
mj;JkPWtij tpUk;Gfpd;whd;. vd;dplk; jpUk;g nfhz;L thUq;fs;
vd;whu;. gpwF mtw;wpd; nfz;ilf;
cjhuzk; -2 #uh fhy;fisAk;
my;GW}[; Kd; itf;Fk; Fu;Mdpd; vOj;Jf;fs; mNj mikg;gpy; gplupfisAk;
fUj; J f; f s; . fplq; ,Uf;f mJ gw;wpa Gupjy;fSk;> i f a p d h y ;
FthrpfsJ fijia tpsf;fq;fSk; ,lk;> fhyk;> kdpj %is> jltpdhu;.
fyhepjp j]{fp Jiw Nghd;w gy;NtW Gwf; fhuzpfshy;
tpj;jpahrkhd xU tpj;jpahrg;gl;Nl mikfpd;wd. md;W
njhlf;fk; ,d;W tiu Fu;MDf;F ,e;j Maj;fs;
Nfhzj;jpy; mZFtJ vk; ik Nehf; f p
vk;ik gpukpf;fr; nra; gy;NtWgl;l tpsf;fq;fs; Kd;itf;fg;
gl;Ls;sd. vy;yh mwpQu;fSk; jj;jkJ vjidg; NgR
fpd;wJ. mepahaf;fhu Jiw> fhy> #oiy mbg;gilahf itj;J fpd;wd> ehk;
fplq; Fthrpfs; mf; Fu;Mid mZfpdu;. ,khk;fshd jguP> ngWk; gbg;gpid
fhyj;NjhL RUq; ]k`;\uP> uh]p> ga;yhtp> mg+ ]{Cj; ahJ vd;gd gw;wp
fptpltpy;iy. tuyhW Nghd;wtu;fsJ Fu;Md; tpsf;fq;fis fyhepjp j]{fp
g+uhf fplq;FthrpfsJ thrpg;gtu;fs; ,t;Tz;ikia njspthf m o f h f
ml; l fhrKk; > mepah tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk tpsf; F fpd; w hu; .
aKk; njhlu;e;J nhz;Nl kdp j dp d ; cs
,Uf;fpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf tpaiy ,e;j
,d; i wa etP d cyfpy; mtu; f s; trdq;fs; vLj;Jf; fhl; Lfpd;wd.
iytpupj;jhLfpd;wdu;. mtu;fs; K/kPd;fis mjhtJ kdpjd; vg;NghJk; moif
,iuahf;Ftjw;F Njhz;ba kpf Mokhd Nerpg;gtdhfTk;> ,aw;if fhl;rpfspd;
Fop Mghrk; kpFe;j njhiyj; njhlu;G gpd;dhy; jd;id kwe;jtdhfTk; ,Ogl;Lr;
rhjdq;fs;. mtu;fs; xUtUf;nfhUtu; nry;tJz;L. ,d;W vj;jidNah mofpay;
cjtp xj;jhir Gupe;J nfhs;fpd;wdu;. fiyfs; cUthfpAs;sd. mtw;wpy; ehk;
K];ypk;fis ,f;Fopapy; J } f ; f p ve;jstpw;F Kidg;Gld; <LgLfpd;Nwhk;
tPRfpd;wdu;. ,f;fhl;rpfis mtu;fs; vd;gJ kpfg; ngUk; Nfs;tpNa. mofpaiy
fz;$lhf fz;L kfpo;fpd;wdu;. r%f> urpg;gJ my;yh`;it Qhgf%l;ly; vd;w
cstpay; fiyfis ,tw;Wf;F Jiz tiuaiwia kPwpr; nry;y KbahJ.
MAjq;fshf vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;. ,];yhk; tpjpj;j vy;iyia kPwhky; ehk;
mofpaw; fiyfis Nerpf;f Ntz;Lk;>
fyhepjp `]d; j]{fp Kd; itf;Fk; urpf; f Ntz; L k; . #wh e`; y py;
ehfuPf tpsf;fk; epju;rdkhdJ. ,d;W tu;zpf;fg;gLk; ,t;tpaw;iff; fhl;rpia
K]; y p k ; f s; fp l q; F fsp y ; mwp e ; N jh>
mwpahkNyh tpOe;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdu;. fz;Kd; nfhz;L thUq;fs;. khiy
#uh G&i[ Mokhfg; gbj;Jg; ghu;g;gtu; ,f; Neuj; j p y ; fhy; eilfis ePq;fs; Xl;br;
fplq;Ffis tpl;Lk; jd;id ghJfhj;Jf; nry; Y k; NghJ mit cq; f Sf; F mofhff;
fhl;Mrp
rpaspfu;fpa
pdu;;wd.
fUj;J ,t;thW fyhepjp `]d; j]{fp
Kd; i tf; F k; Fu; M Df; f hd ehfuP f
cjhuzk; 4 : #wh m/uhgpd; 46tJ tpsf;fk; Mfu;\pf;fj;jf;fJ. xU Kiw
Maj;ijg; ghUq;fs;. Rtu;f;fk;> eufj;jpw;F j]{fpapd; ez;gu; xUtu; mtuplk; te;J
kj;jpapy; epiy ehl;lg;gl;Ls;s xU ngUk; jhd; ePz;l fhykhf miog;Gg; gzpapy;
kjpy; my;yJ jpiu gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wJ. <Lgl;ljhfTk;> r%fj;jpy; ngupastpy;
fyhepjp j]{fp ,j;jpiuia rj;jp khw;wk; Vw;glhjjhy; NtW ehl;Lf;F nry;y
aj;ijAk;> mrj;jpaj;ijAk; gpupj;Jf; tpUk;GtjhfTk; $wpdhu;. mjw;F fyhepjp
fhl;lf; $ba jpiu vd tu;zpf;fpd;whu;. j]{fp egp a+Di]g; Nghd;W kPdpd;
,j;jpiuia rupahf ,zq; fhz;gjw;fhfNt tapw;iwah ehbr; nry;fpwPu;? vd;w xNu
my;yh`;> xU rhuhu; khu;f;fj;jpy; Mo;e;j Nfs;tpapy; mtUf;F tpil gfu;e;jhu;. ez;gu;
mwpitg; ngwl;Lk; vd typAWj;Jfpd;whd;. njhlu;e;J vfpg;jpNy ,Ue;J jdJ
i\j;jhDk; mtdJ cjtpahsu;fSk; miog;Gg; gzpia Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.
,j; j piuia eP f ; f Kaw; r pg; g NjhL>
rj;jpaj;ijAk;> mrj;jpaj;ijAk; ,f;fl;Liuapy; ehk; vLj;Jf; $wpaJ
xd;Nwhnlhd;W fye;j fyitfshf;f XupU cjhuzq;fis khj;jpuNk. Nkyjpf
Kaw;rpf;fpd;wdu;. ,d;W Nkw;fj;ija tpsf;fq;;fs; Njitg;gLNthu; fyhepjp
fyhr;rhuk; vkJ fyhr;rhuj;NjhL gpz;zpg; j]{fp a p d ; Gj; j fq; f is thrp j ; J g;
gpize;Js;sikahy; vJ rj;jpak;> vJ ghu;f;fl;Lk;. Fu;MDf;fhd ehfuPf tpsf;fk;
mrj;jpak; vd;w ghFghL vkJ fz;Zf;F toq;Fk; NghJ ehk; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s
njd;glhkNyNa nrd;W tpLfpd;wJ. Ntz;ba ,d;ndhU gFjpAk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
rj;jpaj;jpw;Fk;> mrj;jpaj;jpw;Fk; kj;jp ,];yhkpa mwpQu;fs; Kd;itj;j tiuaiw
apyhd jpiu ,d;W fpopj;njwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. fis xU NghJk; ,t;tpsf;fq;fs; kPwpr;
,j;jpiuia kPs nfhz;L tUtjw;F nry;tjhf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.
r%fj;jpy; xU $l;lk; khu;f;fj;ij
Mokhfg; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,];yhkpaj; jPu;T Njb...
\uPM Nfs;tp gjpy; gFjpf;F

,];yhkpa ek;gpf;if> tzf;ftopghLfs;>
FLk;g tho;T> nghUshjhuk;> murpay;> r%ftpay;...
Fwpj;j cq;fsJ
re;Njfq;fis mDg;gp itf;fTk;
gjpy; toq;Fgtu;:
c];jhj; vk;.V.vk;. kd;#u; (esPkp) B.A (Hons)
mf tsh;r;rpf;F Kf;fpa mbg;gilahf
mikfpwJ. jd;NdhL midtUk; md;ghf
Foe;ij cstpay; cs;sdh;. jd;id vy;NyhUk;
kjpf;fpd;wdh; vd;w czh;T gps;isaplk;
njhlu; - 4 Vw;gLk; NghJ rpwe;jnjhU mj;jpthuk;
,lg; g Lfpd; w J. gps; i saplk; ghJ
fhg;Gzh;T Vw;glTk;> tpRthrk; Vw;glTk;>
ntspr; r%fj;NjhL cwTfis tsh;j;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;Fk; ,t;tj;jpthuNk gpujhdkhf
mikfpwJ.
ngw;Nwhh;fs; gps;isfis vjph;nfhs;Sk;

Kiw> gps;isfNshL ele;J nfhs;Sk;
Kiwapy; gps;isaplk; ghJfhg;Gzh;T
tsh;fpwJ. kdpju;fNshL cwthLfpd;w
Kiwia ngw; N whuplkpUe; N j fw; W f;
nfhs;fpwJ. ey;yJ> nfl;lJ vd;gtw;iw
gphpj;jwpAk; mwpitg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpwJ.
Mspilj; njhlu; G fspdhy; vjid
vjph; g hh; f ; f pd; w dh; vd; g ij Ghpe; J
nfhs;fpwJ.
rpW guhaj;jpy; Vw;gLfpd;w md;ghd

my;yJ frg;ghd cwTfs; tho;f;ifapd;
vk;.MH.vk; esPk; gpw;gFjpapy; Vw;glg; Nghfpd;w cwTfs; /
njlu;GfSf;F mbg;gilahf mikag;
NghfpwJ vd;gjdhy; rpWguha cwT
gps;isapd; cs> r%f> kdntOr;rp Nkk;ghl;by; ngw;Nwhh; fhprid fhl;l
tsh;r;rpapy; ngw;Nwhh;fs; ,uz;L tifapy; Ntz;bAs;sJ. tPl;bDs; Vw;gLk; rz;ilr;
gq;fspg;G nrYj;j Ntz;bAs;sdh;. rr;ruTfs;> Nfhgjhgq;fs; gps;isapd; mf
tsh;r;rpia fLikahf ghjpf;fpwJ vd;gij
1. J}z;ly; kdjpy; ,Uj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
2. cwT / njhlh;G
J}z;ly; gw;wpa Njitia XusT nghJthf gpwg;G Kjy; ,uz;L taJ
fle;j ,jopy; Nehf;fpNdhk;. mjd; tiuAs;s Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;
,uz;lhtJ Njit gw;wp rpwpJ ghh;g;Nghk;. fl;lq;fis RUf;fkhf Nehf;FNthk;. ,g;
gUtj;ij Ghpe;J mjw;Nfw;w J}z;ly;>
II. njhlu;G rk;ge;jg;gl;l Njit. njhlu;Gfis toq;Ftjw;F cjtpahf
midj;Jf; Foe;ijfSk; jd;id mikAk;.
guhkhpf;fpd;wth;fspd; neUq;fpa>
czh;Tg+u;tkhd> md;Gkpf;f cwitg; I. jha; - Foe;ijapd; cwT kpf
ngwNtz;Lk;. Foe;ij tsUk; tiu Kf;fpakhdJ. jhapd; ];ghprk;> md;G>
ghh;j;jpUf;fhky; gpwe;jJ Kjy; cldp U j; j y; > jha; g ; g hy; vd; g dNt
mf;Foe;ijahdJ mj;njhlu;ig czUk; Foe;ijapd; rkepiyahd tsh;r;rpf;F
gb nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;. xU Foe;ijahdJ mj;jpthukhf mikfpwJ.
gpwe;jJ Kjy; md;igg; ngw> czh;
tjw;F> cwTfis Vw;gLj;jpf; II. jir ,af;f tsh;r;rp
nfhs;tjw;fhd Mw;wiyg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. ika euk;Gj; njhFjpAk; %isAk; jhd;
md;gpdhy;> mjid ntspg;gLj;Jtjdhy; ,jw;F $Ljyhd gq;fspg;igr; nra;fpwJ.
fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk; njhlh;ghly; gps;isapd; %is> ika euk;Gj; njhFjpapy; Vw;gLk;
gbKiwahd tsh;r;rp gps;isf;F fpilf;Fk; tUlj;jpd; gpd;dh; midj;J tpuy;fisAk;
tha;g;Gf;fSf;F Vw;gNt jir ,af;f gad;gLj;jp nghUl;fis vLf;f
tsh;r;rp eilngWfpwJ. cl;fhUjy;> Kaw;rpf;Fk;.
jtOjy;> vOe;J epw;wy;> jj;jpj; jj;jp
elj;jy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfs; III. GyDzh;T tsh;r;rp
tsh;r;rpailAk; fl;lkhFk;. gpwf;Fk; NghJ Foe;ij Efh;jy;> Ritj;jy;> Nfl;ly;>
%isapd; ngUk;gFjp tsh;r;rp ghh;j;jy;> njhLjy; Clhf ntsp cyif
mile;jpUg;gNjhL mjpy; $Ljyhf tsh;r;rp mwpa Kaw; r pf; f pwJ. ,g; g Utj; j py;
mile;Js;s gFjp ika %isahFk;. Foe;ijfs; GyDzh;Tfshy;jhd;
J}f;fk;> vOjy;> kyk; fopj;jy;> mtjhdk; midj;ijAk; fw;Wf; nfhs;s
nrYj;jy; Nghd;wd rhpahf ,aq;Ftjw;F njhlq;Ffpd;wJ. Foe;ijahdJ jhapd;
%isap d ; ,g; g Fjp N a mbg; g ilahf fUtiwap y ; ,Uf; F k; NghNj ,g;
mikfpwJ. xU nghUis iffshy; XusT GyDzh; T fs; XusTf; F ,aq; f j;
gpbg;gjw;F 6 khj msT Nghfyhk;. xU njhlq;Ffpd;wJ.
Five windows on the world

(ntsp cyif fhZk; Ie;J thapy;fs;)
njhLjy;
(fUf;fl;lg;gl;L 4 khjj;jpypUe;J)
12
(fUf;fl;lg;gl;L fpoikapypUe;J) Foe;ij

Nfl;ly;
ghh;j;jy;
(fUf;fl;lg;gl;L 7 khjj;jpypUe;J)
7 12
(fUf;fl;lg;gl;L khjj;jpypUe;J)
12
Efh;jy;
(gpwg;gpd; NghJ)
IV.nkhop tsh;r;rp
Foe;ij nkhopia gad;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;dh; nkhopiag; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; Mw;wiy
nfhz;bUf;Fk;. xU Foe;ij nkhopia fw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; Kiwia fPo;tUk; xOq;fpy;
Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.
1. mOjy; 2. nrtpkLj;jy; 3. xyp vOg;gy; (jh> kh> gh) 4. gjpy; rj;jkply; 5. fijj;jy;
gpwe;j clNdNa xyp tUk; jpiria mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAkhfpwJ. ,uz;L fpoikfspd;
gpd;dh; kdpju;fspd; Ngr;ir> czh;Tfis (Nfhgk;> kfpo;r;rp)> Vida rj;jq;fis
gphpj;jwpAk; Mw;wiyg; ngWk;. xU tUlj;jpd; NghJ rpy nrhw;fisg; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk;.
gps;is cstpaypd; gb xU gps;isapd; nkhop tsh;r;rpapy; ,uz;L Kf;fpa fhuzpfs;
gq;fspg;G nra;fpd;wd.
I. Kjpu;r;rp (Mature) II. fw;wy; (Learning)
Kjpu;r;rp vd;gJ gps;isapd; cs> cly; gbKiw tsh;r;rpiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ. fw;wy; vd;gJ
jhd; thOk; #oypy; GyDzh;TfSf;fhd J}z;lYf;F toq;fg;gLk; Jyq;fis
Fwpf;fpwJ.
Nkw;fpd; rpe;jid gilnaLg;G KiwikAk;
,];yhkpa vOr;rpAk; vk;.N[.vk;. mughj; fuPk;
etPd ,];yhkpa vOr;rp Fwpj;J thrpf;Fk; fhzg;gLk;. ,];yhkpa epyq;fis vjpupfs;

NghJ 18k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; ,];yhkpa Mf;fpukpg;gij xU K];ypk; xU NghJk;
fpyhgj;jpd; gytPdj;Jf;F ntspg;Gw mDkjpf;fkhl;lhd;. ,j;jifa
fhuzpahf mike;j Nkw;fj;Nja fhydpj; nfhs;ifg;gw;W Nkw;fpd; MAj uPjpahd
Jtj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs;> Nehf;fq;fis gilnaLg;Gf;F kpfg; ngUk; rthyhf
Mo;e;J Nehf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. JUf;fpia ,Ue;jJ. K];ypkpd; cs;sj;jpy; thOk;
jiyikahff; nfhz; l ,]; y hkpa ,j;jifa nfhs;ifg;gw;iw mtdJ
rhk; u h[; a j; j p d ; rup T k; > Nkw; f j; N ja cs;sj;jpypUe;J gpLq;fp mjpNy Nkw;F
fhydpj;Jtk; K];ypk; cyif jdJ mjp rpe;jidfis tpijg;gNj Vf topnad
fhuj;Jf;Fs;shy; nfhz;Ltu Nkw;nfhz;l Nkw;FyF fUjpaJ. ,jd; tpisthf
ghupa Kaw;rpfSk; rkfhyj;jpy; ,lk; rpe;jdh hPjpahd gilnaLg;nghd;iw
ngw;wd. NguupQu; K`k;kj; FJg; ,]; y hkpa cyfpy; Nkw; n fhz; l J.
thfpcdh KM]h; vd;w jd;Dila E}yp ,];yhj;ij khj;jpuk; Rke;j cs;sq;fs;
Ny Nkw;fpd; fhydpj;Jtk; ,uz;L gpujhd ,U Kuzhd tpRthrq;fis Rkf;f Ntz;b
,yf;FfNshL JUf;fpa c];khdpa rhk; Vw;gl;lJ.
uh[;aj;jpw;Fk; K];ypk; cyFf;Fk; vjpuhf
njhopw;gl;L te;jjhf Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. (1) ,];yhk; rhu;e;j tpRthrk;
(2) Nkw;F rhu;e;j tpRthrk;
(1) c];khdpa rhk;uh[;aj;ij tPo;j;Jjy;.
(2) K];ypk; cyif Nkw;Fkag;gLj;jy;. Nkw;fpd; rpe;jid gilnaLg;gpd; tpis
thf Nkw;if rhu;e;J rpe;jpf;Fk; epiy
gy E}w;whz;Lfs; gyk; kpf;f rhk;uh[;a ,];yhkpa cyfpNy kpfTk; mjpfhpj;jJ.
khf tpsq;fpa K];ypk; Nguuir gykpof;fr; K]; y pkpd; cs; s j; j pNy ,]; y hkpa
nra;a jilahf mike;j fhuzpfis kpfr; czh;Tk;> gw;Wk; kq;fp vjph;j;Jg; NghupLk;
rupahf ,dq;fz;L Nkw;F kpff; ftdkhf kNdhtypik Fd;wpaJ. Nkw;if KOik
jpl;lkpl;L njhopw;gl;lJ. K];ypkpd; ahf mq;fPfhpf;Fk; epiy cs;sj;jstpy;
rpe;jidfspy; ,ioNahLk; [p`hjpa cUthfpaJ. ,JNt Nkw;F rhu;e;j
czu;it Nkw;FyF jd;Dila tpRthrk; vdg;gLk;.
mgpyhirfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;s kpfg;
ngUk; rthyhff; fz;lJ. fpwp];Jt gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kjw; $W
rpYitg; gilnaLg;Gf;F vjpuhd ,];yhkpa fspy; vfpg;jpa ftu;duhf K`k;kj; myp
[p`hjpa czu;T jilf;fy;yhf epakpf;fg;gl;lik Nkw;F rpe;jidf;F mur
mike;jij czh;e;j INuhg;gh K];ypk; mq;fPfhuk; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;f top tFj;jJ.
cs; s q; f spypUe; J mjid mfw; w ftu;du; K`k;kj; myp xU Njrpa
njhopw;gl Muk;gpj;jJ. thjpahfTk;> INuhg;ghtpd; kPJ Mo;e;j
gw;Wf;nfhz;ltuhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;. vfpg;ij
xt;nthU K];ypkpdJk; cs;sj;jpy; fl;bnaOg;g INuhg;gpa rpe;jidfSk;
cah;e;jnjhU nfhs;if tho;fpwJ. jhd; KiwikfSNk nghUj;jk; vdf; fUjpdhu;.
xU K];ypk;. jdpj;Jtkhd xU nfhs;if ,jd; tpisthf K`k;kj; mypapd;
apd; nrhe;jf;fhud;. ,f;nfhs;ifia rPu;jpUj;j rpe;jidapy; Nkw;fj;Nja fy;tp
tpRthrpf;fhjth;fs; fhgpu;fs;. mth;fs; Kiwik> rpe;jidfis fw;f vfpg;
my;yh`;tpd; vjpupfs;. mth;fSf;nfjpuhd jpypUe;J Gj;jp[Ptpfis Gyikg; ghprpy;fis
Nghuhl;l czh;T cs;sj;jpd; Moj;jpy; toq;fp INuhg;ghTf;F mDg;Gjy; vd;gJ
gpujhdkhf mike; j J. ftu; d upd; K];ypkpd; rpe;jidia khw;wp> mtdJ
,j; j pl; l j; j pd; tpisthf Nkw; f pd; cs;sj;jpNy tpijf;fg;gl;bUe;j J}a
fyhr;rhu> rpe;jid gilnaLg;G vfpg;J <khid fyq;fg;gLj;jp Nkw;F jdJ fhy
kw;Wk; Vida K];ypk; ehLfSf;Fs;shy; dpj;Jtj;ij K];ypk; epyq;fspy; nrYj;j
gpuNtrpj;jJ. Kd; K];ypk; cs;sq;fspy; gha;r;rp mjw;
K`k;kj; myp Nkw;Fyfpy; fw;Nwhiu jd; $lhf mjd; ghupa ,yf;Ffis mile;J
Dila MNyhrfu;fshfTk;> mtu;fSf;F nfhz;lJ.
cah;gjtpia toq;fpAk; mtu;fSf;$lhf
Nkw;F E}y;fis muG nkhopf;F ngah;j;Jk; JUf;fp> vfpg;J Mfpa ,U ehLfSk;
Nkw; F rp e ; j idf; F cj; j p N ahfg+u; t fpwp];Jt INuhg;ghtpd; vOr;rpf;Fk; mjd;
mDkjpia toq;fpdhu;. vfpg;jpy; fy;tpf; ru;tNjr mjpfhuj;Jf;Fk; jilahf ,Ue;
nfhs;ifapy; INuhg;gpa xOq;F jd. JUf;fp KO ,];yhkpa rhk;uh[;
GFj;jg;gl;lJ. fy;tp kj> kjr; rhu;gw;w vd aj;jpd; jiyik vd;w tifapYk;> vfpg;J
,U $Wfshf;fg;gl;lJ. ,];yhkpa ,];yhkpa rpe;jidia Nghjpf;Fk; gioik
ehfuP f Kk; > J}a muG nkhopAk; kpf;f my;m];`h; fyhrhiyiaf; nfhz;
Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;ld. Nkw;fj;jpa ghlj;jpl; bUg;gjhYk; ,itapuz;bdJk; gytPdKk;
lq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; mike;j fyhepiy tPo;r;rpAk; KO ,];yhkpa fpyhgj;jpd; tPo;r;rp
aq;fs;> fy;tpf; $lq;fs; ];jhgpf;fg;gl; vd;gij mwpe;J nfhz;l Nkw;FyF
ld. ,t;thW KOikahd kjr;rhu;gw;w JUf;fpNahL vj;jifa njhlh;Gkw;w
Nkw;fj;Nja rpe;jid Mjpf;fk; ,];yhkpa Rje;jpu ehlhf vfpg;J khwNtz;Lk; vd
cyfpNy ];jpuk; ngw;wJ. fdT fz;lJ. mjw;fhd rjpj;jpl;lq;fis
jPl;baJ. vfpg;ij Rje;jpu ehlhf
K];ypk; jiyikj;Jtq;fspd; g+uz K`k;kj; myp gpufldk; nra;jikAk;
cld;ghl;NlhL Nkw;fpd; rpe;jid Mjpf;fk; Nkw;fpd; rpe;jid gilnaLg;Gf;F ,d;Dk;
,];yhkpa cyfpy; Njhd;wpaJ. ftu;du; trjpahf mike;jJ. ,g;gbahf kj;jpa
K`k;kj; mypapd; Ngud; ,];kh<y; (1863- muNrhL njhlu;gw;w kjr;rhu;gw;w rpe;jid
1878) KOikahf kjr; rhu;gw;w rpe;jidia iaf; nfhz;l gy K];ypk; ehLfs; Njhd;wp
tpRthrpj;jhu;. ,tu; jd;Dila Mjpf;f tpisthf fpyhgj; tPo;r;rpAw;wJ.
fhyj;jpNy kpfj; njspthf ~~vfpg;J
INuhg;ghtpd; xU gFjp vd gpufldk; vdNt fpyhgj; tPo;r;rp vd;gJ fpwp];Jt
nra;jhu;. Kjw; jlitahf K];ypk; INuhg;ghtpd; kjr;rhu;gw;w rpe;jidia
ehnlhd;wpd; jiytnuhUth; ,];yhkpa Rke;j K];ypk; jiyikfs;> kjr;rhu;gw;w
epynkhd;iw INuhg;ghTf;F cupj;jhdJ fy;tp epWtdq;fs;> nghUshjhu
vd gpufldg;gLj;jpaik ,JthFk;. xOq;Ffs;> murpayikg;Gf;fs;> epu;thf
,];yhkpa rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; vy;yh tifapYk; Kiwfs;> ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;iffs; vd
gyk;kpf;fjhf tpsq;fpa ehlhfpa vfpg;J tho;tpd; midj;J JiwfspYk;
KOikahf Nkw; F kag; g Lj; j g; g l; l J. kjr;rhu;gw;w rpe;jid nry;thf;Fg; ngw;w
vdNtjhd; cj;jpNahfg+u;tkhf 1924k; ikahFk;. ,jw;nfjpuhd ePz;l> jpl;lkplg;
Mz;L JUf;fpa jiyikapyhd ,];yhkpa gl;l Nghuhl;l xOq;Nf etPd ,];yhkpa
fpyhgj;jpd; tPo;r;rpia gpufldg;gLj;jpa vOr;rpahFk;.
fkhy; mjhJu;f;if Ke;jpa rpwpa mjhJu;f;
vd ,];kh<y; miof;fg;gLfpwhu;.
thrfu;fSf;F !
efu;T kw;Wk; ehw;W Fwpj;j cq;fsJ fUj;Jf;fisAk;>
MNyhridfisAk;> tpku;rdq;fisAk; vkf;F vOjp mDg;Gq;fs;.

gj;th gf;fk;
(1) kidtp jdJ je;ijapd; tPl;by; ,q;F ghtpf;fg;gl;Ls;s rpWtd; (Fyhk;)
,Uf;Fk; NghJ je;ijapd; fl;lisf;F vd;w nrhy; gUt taij milAk;
Kuzhf fztd; fl;lisapl;lhy; tiuAs;s fhyg; gpupit Fwpf;fpwJ
ahUf;Ff; fl;Lg;gLtJ Kjd;ikahdJ ? (n\a;f; ]{iykhd; kh[pj;)
FLk; g tho; N thL rk; g e; j g; g l; l (4) ,UtUf;fpilapy; jpUkz xg;ge;jk;

fl;lisahapd; fztDf;Nf fl;Lg;gl Kbe;J tpLfpwJ. vdpDk; clYwT
Ntz;Lk;. jha; je;ijauJ Njitfs;> elf;ftpy;iy. ,e;epiyapy; fztd; ,we;J
mtHfSf; F gzptpil nra; t NjhL tpLfpwhd;. ,g;NghJ kidtpf;F thupRupik
njhlHGgl; l jhapd; jha; je; i jah; cz;lh ? vd;d gq;F fpilf;Fk;.
fl;lisf;Nf fl;Lg;gl Ntz;Lk;. tho;tpd;
nghJ tplakhapd; mtNdhL Gupe;JzHTld; jpUkz xg;ge;jk; rupahd Kiwapy; ele;J
ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mtid rfpj;Jg; Kbe;J clYwtpd; Kd;dH fztd;
nghWj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,we;jhy; mtSf;fhf KO kìuAk;
- fyhepjp m[Py; epk;\p - mtdJ nrhj;jpypUe;J ngw cupik
ngWfpwhs;. clYwtpd; %yKk;> cupa
(2) i\j;jhid tpul;l tPl;by; ]{uh Kiwapy; ,UtUk; jdpj;jpUg;gjd; %yKk;
gfuhit Nlg; n uNfhby; Nghl; l hy; kìug; ngw kidtp cupik ngwy;
NghJkhdjh my;yJ xUtH mtuhf Xj cWjpahtJ Nghd;Nw fztd; kuzpf;Fk;
Ntz;Lkh ? NghJ k`H ngWk; cupik cWjpahfpwJ.
Fwpg;gpl;l egNuh my;yJ NubNahtpNyh mt;thNw> ,e; epiyapy; fztdplk;
]{uh gfuhit Xjpdhy; ,iw JhjH thupRupik ngwTk; cupik ngWfpwhs;.
(]y;) nrhd;dthW i\j;jhd; mt; ,we;j fztDf;F gps;isfs;
tPl;bypUe;J Xly; rhj;jpak; vd;gJNt
ntspg;gilahf tpsq;Fk; fUj;J. ,y;yhtpl;lhy; kidtp 1/4 IAk; mtUf;Fg;
gps;isfs; ,Ug;gpd; 1/8 ck; ngWk;
- n\a;f; ,g;D gh]; - cupikia mts; ngWfpwhs;. kìu
KOikahf fztdpd; nrhj;jpypUe;J
(3) mfPfhTf;F ,Wjpf; fhyk; vJ ? ngw;wjd; gpwF mts; thupRupik ngWfpwhs;.
mwpQHfSf;F kj;jpapy; mfPfhtpd; ,Wjpf; jpUkz xg;ge;jk; epiwNtwptpl;lhy;
fhyk; gUttaij miljyhFk;. mJ clYwT nfhz;lhYk; ,y;yhtpl;lhYk;
MzhapDk;> rup ngz;zhapDk; rupNa. gUt Kjw; fztd; kuzpj;jhy; fztDk;
taij mile;J tpl;lhy; mfPfhTf;fhd kidtpAk; xUtUf;nfhUtH thupRupik
fhyk; jtwptpLk;. ,jw;fhd Mjhuk; ,iw ngwj; jFjpahfpd;wdH.
JhjH (]y; ) mtHfsp d ; fP o ; t Uk; - my;- m];`H gj;thg; gFjp-
`jP]hFk;.
(5) fztdJ kuzj;Jf;fhf Jf;fk;
xt;nthU rpWtDk; mtdJ mfPfhNthL mD\;bj;jy; gw;wpa jPHntd;d ? mg;NghJ
fl; L z; b Uf; f p w hd; . 7k; ehs; mJ fUg;G cil mzptJ MFkhdjh ?
mWf; f g; g Lk; > jiy ,wf; f g; g Lk; >
mtDf;Fg; ngauplg;gLk;. fztdJ kuzj;Jf;fhf ftiy
(e]haP - my;ghdpapd; fUj;Jg;gb ,J nfhs;sy; th[pghdJ vd;gJ ,];yhkpa
Mjhug+Htkhd `jP];) rl;l mwpQHfspd; VNfhgpj;j KbT. ,j;jhf;
fhyk; KbAk; tiu ,t;thW mts; Jf;fk;

nfhz;
Mrplhly; u; flikahFk;
upamyq; fUj; J . nfhs; jq;fk; cj;jpNahfj;jH ifalf;f njhiyNgrpAk;
mzpjy; > f upj; J f; s y; nfhLf;fg;glyhk;. vdNt mg;nghUspd;
fztDf; f hf ftiy ,Ug; g jw; F nrhe;jf;fhud; Ntz;bf; nfhz;l tifapNa
khw;wkhd fUj;ijf; fhl;Lk; cilfis mjidg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. njhopYf;F
mzpjy; vd;gd $lhJ vd;gJTk; ntspapYk; gad;gLj;j mDkjpj;jpUg;gpd;
mtHfsJ VNfhgpj;j KbT. mj;NjhL gad; g Lj; j yhk; . mt; t hwpy; y htpbd;
fztd; kidtpf;fhd tPl;bNyNa mts; Fwpg;gpl;l tiuaiwfisg; Ngz Ntz;Lk;.
jupj;jpUf;fTk; Ntz;Lk;. fUg;G cil - fyhepjp jhupf; jthup -
mzpjy;> fLk; epw Milfs; Nghd;w
myq;fhuj;ijf; fhl;lhj Milfs; mzpjy; (07) xU ehisf; Fwpg;ghf;fp me;ehspy;
gw;wp vJTk; tutpy;iy. gfypy; mtsJ Njrpa jpdk; Nghd;w tpohf;fis nfhz;lhl
Njitfis epiwNtw; w pf; nfhLf; f KbAkh ?
ahUkp y ; y htp l ; l hy; mtshf mjid
epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;syhk;. vdpDk; rl;l ,d;W Njrpa jpdf; nfhz;lhl;lk; Nghd;w
mwpQHfSf;F kj;jpapy; mJ gw;wp fUj;J ,d;Dk; gy nfhz;lhl;lq;fs; cyfk;
NtWghLs;sJ. vdpDk; gfypy; fztDf;F KOtJk; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;iw
Njitahd nghUl;fis thq;fr; nry;yy;> jLj;J te;Js;s gj;thf;fNs kpfTk;
jdJ gps;isia ghlrhiyapy; tpl;L tuy; gpugy;ak;. mtHfspy; rpyH mj; jpdq;fis
Nghd;wit jtpHf;f Kbahj mtsJ nfhz;lhLtJ ntWf;fj;jf;fJ vd;W $w
eyd;fshFk;. ,it MFkhdJ vd;gNj Vida rpyH ùhk; vdf; $Wfpd;wdH.
cWjpahd fUj;jhFk; rpyH ,t;tpU epiyfSf;Fk; kj;jpapy;
- m\; n\a;f; mg;Jy;yh fj;g; - jLkhWfpd;wdH. Vida rpyH mj;
jpdq;fspy; rpyij ùhkhff; fUJtJld;
(6) njhopYf;fhf jug;gl;l thfdj;ij rpy ehl;fis MFkhdjhff; fUJ
mjw;F ntspNa jdpg;gl;l NjitfSf;fhf fpd;wdH.
gad;gLj;jyhkh ?
vd;idg; nghWj;jtiuapy; Njrpa
jdpahH epWtdkhapDk;> mur jpdj;ijf; nfhz;lhLtjpy; \uPM uPjpahd
epWtdkhapDk; jug;;gl;l mg;nghUs; XH vt; t p j j; jiliaAk; ehd; fz; L
mkhdpjkhf nghUs; nrhe;j nfhs;stpy;iy. ,J Nghd;Nw MrpupaH
f;fhudplkpUe;J jug;gl;Ls;sJ. jpdk;> ngw;NwhH jpdk;> njhopyhsH jpdk;>
kueLif jpdk;> vapl;]; jpdk; Nghd;w
tpRthrpfNs cq;fsJ xg;g e;jq;fis jpdq;fisAk; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;. cyf
epiwNtw;Wq;fs; (khapjh-01) vd;w ,iw ehLfSk;> ru;tNjr xd;wpaq;fSk; ,j;
trdj;jpw;Nfw;g Fwpg;gpl;l egH jd;dplk; jpdq;fspDhlhf Fwpg;gpl;l jiyg;gpy; nghJ
xg;gilf;fg;gl;l mkhdpjj;ij cupa kf;fsJ ftdj;ijf; Ftpj;J mJ
Kiwapy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. rk;ge;jkhf mwpt+l;l Kidfpd;wdH.
vdpDk;> ,J rk;ge;jkhf NkYk; Ma;T
cd;dplk; mkhdpjj;ij je;jtUf;F nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ. vkJ MrpupaHfs; ,g;
mjid cupa Kiwapy; epiwT nra;. gpur;rpid rk;ge;jkhf xU jPHf;fkhd
cdf;F JNuhfk; nra;jtDf;F eP JNuhfk; Kbit ntspapLthu;fs; vd
nra;ahNj vd ,iw JhjH (]y;) vjpHghHf;fpNwhk;.
$wpdhHfs; . jkJ mkhdpjq; f s; > -fyhepjp mg;Jy; m]P]; gt;]hd;-
cld; g bf; i fAk; mtHfs; fhj; J f;
nfhs;thHfs; (kMup[; 32) vd my;FHMd;
mkhdpj;ij ftdj;Jld; NgZNthiug;
Gfo;e;J nrhy;fpwJ.
,e;j tifapy; thfdk; ck;kplk;

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s mkhdpjk;. mt;thNw XH
mg+ `dPghtpd; mz;il tPl;lhd;
myp m`;kj; ghfjPh; ,e;NjhNd~pahtpy;
gpwe;jhh;. gpd;dh; muGyF nrd;W ,Wjpapy; vfpg;jpy; tho;e;J
mq;NfNa kuzpjhh;.
ghfjPh; xU jiy rpwe;j ehlfhrphpah;. ehtyhrphpah;.
,];yhkpathjpahf ,Ue;jikahy; ,];yhkpag; Nghf;fpNyNa
myp m`;kj; ghfjPu;
jdJ ehlfq;fis> ehty;fis vOjpath;. khngUk;
,];yhkpag; Nghuhl;lk; vd;w ngahpy; cku;(uyp) nkhop ngah;g;G : mg+ g`;up
mth;fs; gw;wpa mtuJ ehlfk; kpfg; gpurpj;jp ngw;wJ.
(,khk; mg+ `dPghtpd; tPl;by; Xh; miw. Kd;dhy; kJ epiwe;j ngUk; ghj;jpu
rpwpanjhU tpsf;F mq;F xsp tPRfpwJ. nkhd;wpUf;fpwJ. mtd; kJ mUe;jpf;
,khk; njhOiff;fhd xU ghapy; nfhz;Nl ghLfpwhd;)
cl;fhu;e;jpUf;fpwhu;. mz;il tPl;lhd; vd;id mtu;fs; mope;njhopa tpl;L
,dpa Fuypy; ghLtJ mtUf;Ff; Nfl;fpwJ) tpl;lhu;fs;. vj;jifanjhU ,isQid
mg;gb tpl;L tpl;lhu;fs;. Jujp\;lk; gpbj;j
mz;il tPl;lhdpd; Fuy; :
ehis mDgtpf;fTk;> ntWk; ,ilntsp
vd;id mth;fs; mope;njhopa tpl;L
epug;gTNk mtd; tho;fpwhd;.
tpl;lhu;fs;.
(mtdJ kidtp Nfhgj;Jld; miwapDs;
vj;jifanjhU ,isQid mg;gb
Eiofpwhs;)
tpl;L tpl;lhu;fs;?
kidtp : ,uT KOf;f NghijAld;
Jujp\;lk; gpbj;j ehis
ntwpahl cdf;F ntl;fkhf ,y;iy?!
mDgtpf;fTk;
ntWk; ,ilntsp epug;gTNk M]pk; : gfy; KOf;fTk; ehd; NghijAld;
mtd; tho;fpwhd;. MlNtz;Lnkd;wh epidf;fpwha;. mg;gb
(,khkpd; Kfj;jpy; ftiyAk;> ,uf;fKk; ehd; nra;jhy; cdf;Fk; FLk;gj;jpw;Fk; ahu;
Njhd; W fp w J. gp w F mtuJ Kfk; cioj;Jg; NghLtJ?
Gd; K Wtyhy; gpufhrpf; f pwJ. mth; kidtp : ePh; cioj;J vkf;F vd;d
nkJthfg; gpuhh;;j;jpf;fpwhh;.
vQ;rpapUf;fpwJ?! ePh; ciog;gij kJtpy;
,khk; : ,iwth vd; mz;il tPl;lhDf;F nrytopj;J Kbf;fpwPu;.
topfhl;L. mtDf;F cd;dplk; kPSk; M]pk; : gfypy; ciof;f ,JNt vdf;Fg;
epiyia Vw;gLj;J. eP jt;ghit kpfTk; gyk; jUfpwJ.
Vw;gtd;. kpFe;j ,uf;fKs;std;
(gpd;du; ,khk; njhOiff;fhf vOe;J kpf kidtp : ,y;iy>,y;iy i\j;jhd;
gagf;jpNahL jf;gPu; fl;Lfpwhu;) kJtpd; %yk; ck;ik topnfLj;jjpypUe;J
(mz;il tPl;lhd; njhlu;e;J ghLfpwhd;. ckJ ciog;Gk; rPuope;J> nghUSk;
vdpDk; ,khk; njhOifapy; %o;fp nfl;lopfpwJ.
tpl;likahy; mtUf;F mz;il tPl;lhdpd; M]pk; : ngz;Nz! cz;ikfisj;
Fuy; mwNt Nfl;ftpy;iy Nghd;Nw jiyfPohfg; Gul;bg; ghu;f;fhNj. vd;
njhpfpwJ) nghUl;fs; Njq;fp ciog;G Fiwe;j
(2) NghJjhd; ,g;ghzj;ij ehd; nfhz;Nld;.
rhp> rhp eP ,g;NghJ gLf;iff;Fg; Ngh.
(mz;il tPl;lhd; M]pk; ,g;D mg;Jy; my;yJ ckf;Fk; xU fpz;zk; kJ
m]P]pd; tPl;by; Xh; vspa miw. M]pk; xU jul;Lkh?
,j;Jg; Nghd ghapy; cl;fhu;e;jpUf;fpwhd;.
Mrp:upa
kidtp M]p
u; k;fUj;
cq;fJ
sJ ,e;j rfpf;f
Kbahj gfpbia tpLq;fs;. ehk; tPl;Lf; $yp
M]pk; : (nghUl;gLj;jhky;> gfl;LlDk;)
``; `h! cdf;Fj; njupAkh mth; Vd;
fl;lhJ tpLk; 3tJ khjk; vd;gij mg;gbr; nra;jhnud;W?
epidtpy; nfhs;Sq;fs;. kidtp : Vd;?
M]pk; : (nghUl;gLj;jhky;) gpwF M]pk; : vdJ ghl;L mtiu kaf;fp tpl;lJ.
vy; y htw; i wAk; xd; w hfr; Nrh; j ; J f; vdJ ,dpa Fuiy mth; ,of;f
nfhLj;J tpl;lhy; NghfpwJ. tpUk;gtpy;iy.. mjdhy;jhd; (ghLfpwhd;)
kidtp : vg;NghJ? vd;id mtu;fs; mope;njhopa tpl;L
M]pk; : re;ij epiy rPuhFk; NghJ tpl;lhu;fs;.......
(kidtp ek;gpf;ifapoe;J mOJ nfhz;Nl
kidtp : tPl;Lr; nrhe;jf;fhud; nghWj;Jf; mq;fpUe;J ntspNaWfpwhu;.)
nfhz;bUf;f khl;lhd;.
(3)
M]pk; : mg;gbahdhy; jiyiaf; nfhz;L (NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l ,U epfo;Tfs; ele;J 3
Ngha; Rthpy; mbf;fl;Lk;. (kPz;Lk; ghl ,uTfspd; gpd;dh; mg+ `dPgh toik Nghy;
Muk;gpf;fpwhd;) j`[;[{j; njhOJ nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;. xU
kidtp : rhp! ck; FuiyahtJ njhOifia Kbj;J ]yhk; nfhLj;j
jho;j;JtPu;. mLj;j tPl;lhUf;Fj; njhe;juT NghJ mtuJ kidtp ck;K `dPgh mq;F
nfhLf;fhjPu;fs;. tUfpwhh;)
M]pk; : mz;il tPl;lhh;?! mth;fs; ck;K `dPgh : kd;dpf;fTk;. ePq;fs;
,g;NghJ J}q;fpapUg;ghh;fs;. ehis Nehd;G gpbg;gjhapd; ]`h;
nra;tjw;fhd Neuk; ,Jjhd;.
kidtp : ,Njh cq;fs; mz;il tPl;lhu;
n\a;f; mg+ `dPgh ,uT KOf;f mg+`dPgh : cq;fSf;F ed;wpfs;. cs;Ns
tpopj;jpUe;J tzq;Ffpwhh;. thUq;fs;.
M]pk; : mtNuhL vdf;nfd;d Ntiy? ck;K `dPgh : ,y;iy. ehd; cq;fSf;F
vk; k p U tUf; F k; xt; n thU tifahd ]`h; czT nfhz;L tur; nry;fpNwd;.
j`[;[{j;. mg+`dPgh : ,y;iy. ,q;Nf thUq;fs;.
kidtp : cdJ ,e;jg; ghl;lhy; mtuJ vkJ mz;il tPl;lhupd; epiyik vd;d
njhOifiaAk;> Fh;Md; XjiyAk; Fog;gp vd;W nrhy;Yq;fs;. ,d;W mtuJ
tpLtJ gw;wp ckf;F ntl;fkhapy;iy?! kidtpia ePq;fs; re;jpf;ftpy;iyah?
INah! ckJ epiy?! ck;K `dPgh : ePq;fs; nrhd;dJ Nghy
ehdpd;W mtis re;jpj;Njd;. mts;
M]pk; : vdJ tPl;by; ehd; Rje;jpukhf Neha;tha;g;gl;L gLf;ifapypUe;jhs;.
,Uf;fpNwd;. vdJ Fuiy mtuhy;
rfpj;Jf; nfhs;s Kbahtpl;lhy; jd; tPl;il mg+`dPgh : INah ghtk;! mJjhd; NghYk;
tpl;L tpl;L J}ukhf NtW tPl;by; FbNaw ,e;j ,U ,uTfshf mtsJ fztdpd;
KbAk;. Fuy; Nfl;ftpy;iy.
kidtp : INah! ckf;Fj; njhpatpy;iy. ck;K `dPgh : ,y;iy. ,y;iy. mJty;y
fhuzk;. jdJ fztd; vq;F
M]pk;: vdf;F vd;d njhpatpy;iy? Nghdhnwd;W mtSf;Fj; njhpatpy;iy.
kidtp : ,e;j mg+ `dPgh ,y;yhtpl;lhy; ,uz;L ehl;fSf;F Kd; Nghdtd;jhd;>
xU khjj; j pw; F Kd; d Nu tP l ; L r; ,d;Dk; jpUk;gtpy;iy.
nrhe;jf;fhud; ,e;j tPl;bypUe;J vk;ik mg+`dPgh : mtd; gw;wp ve;jr; nra;jpAk;
tpul;bapUg;ghd;. mtSf;F tutpy;iyah?
M]pk; : vg;gb? ck;K `dPgh : ,y;iy.
kidtp : mtu;jhd; vkJ 3 khj mg+ `dPgh : INah ghtk;! me;j mg;ghtpg;
thlifiar; nrYj;jpdhu;. ngz;!
ck;Mrp
K `dP ghu; : fUj;
upa mtdplJ
kpUe;Jk;> mtdJ mg+ `dPgh : a/$g; vdf;F Ml;Nrgid
Ml;lq;fspypUe;Jk; tpLjiy ngw;W epk;kjp njuptpf;fpwPuh?!
mile;jhs;.
mg+ a+Rg; : Mk;! jiytNu Mk;! khh;f;fk;
mg+`dPgh : ck;K `dPgh! mtd; vd;gNj cgNjrpg;gJjhd;. cgNjrpg;gJ
mtSila fztd;> FLk;gj;jpd; je;ij> a/$ghfTk; cgNjrpf;fg;gLgtu; mg+`
guhkupg;gtd;. dPghthf ,Ue;jhYk; rupNa!
ck;K `dPgh : ,td; jhd; mtSf;F ,e;j
Nehiaf; nfhLj;jhd;. mg+ `dPgh : cz;ikjhd;! ,q;F vd;d
mg+`dPgh : mtSf;fhf mtidj; Njbf; jPikiaf; fz;L tpl;Bu;?
fz;L gpbj;Jf; nfhLg;gJ vkJ flik. mg+ a+Rg; : my;yh`; tpjpj;j jz;lidapd;
INah!,J Vw;fdNt vdf;Fj; njhpe; NghJ ahUf;Fk; rpghupR nra;Ak; cupik
jpUf;ff; $lhjh! fpilahJ.
ck;K `dPgh : cq;fs; khzth; mg+ mg+ `dPgh : a/$g; ehd; mq;Nf
a+]{gplk; ePq;fs; tpUk;gpdhy; ,g;nghWg;ig epw;ftpy;iy. ehd; jz;lid epiwNtw;wy;
tplyhNk? Fwpj;J rpghupR nra;a Kaytpy;iy. mjd;
mg+ `dPgh : Mk;> Mk;> mg+ a+]{g; jtpu gpwF tpLjiy nra;J tpLkhNw Nfl;fg;
NtW ahUk; ,jw;Fg; nghUj;jkpy;iy. NghfpNwd;.
(4) mg+ a+Rg; : ,tDf;F rpiwjhd; nghUj;jk;.
mtdJ Fuy; J}q; F gtu; f Sf; F j;
(mg+ `dPghtpd; tPL@ Kw;gfy; Neuk;@ mg+
njhe;juT.
a+]{g; mq;Nf nry;fpwhh;@ mg+ `dPgh
mtiu kpFe;j MtYld; vjph;nfhs;fpwhh;) mg+ `dPgh : mtdJ Fuy; kpf ,dpikahf>
mg+`dPgh : mg+ a+]{g; ePq;fs; VjhtJ ,uf;f ,ir mikg;G nfhz;ljhf
fz;L gpbj;jpUg;gPu;fs; vd epidf;fpNwd;. ,Ue;jJ. J}q;Fgtid mJ jhyhl;Lk;.
Neha; t ha; g ; g l; L ftiyAld; ,Ug; g
mg+ a+Rg; : Mk;> mt;thWjhd;. tDf;Fk; mJ epk;kjp nfhLf;Fk;. eL eprp
mg+ `dPgh : ,d;\h my;yh`; mJ ,uTfspd; NghJ mJ vdf;F vj;jid
ey;yjhfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;. Kiw MWjiyj; je;Js;sJ.
mg+ a+Rg; : ,uTf; fhtyh;fs; mtidg; mg+A+Rg; : Mdhy; mtd; ghLtNjhL ,uT
ghijapy; NghijAld; fz;L gpbj;Jf; KOf;ff; Fbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhd;.
nfhz;L Ngha;tpl;lhu;fs; vd;W mwpe;Njd;.
mg+`dPgh : (Nfhgkhf) a/$g; fth;duplk;
mg+ `dPgh : yh `t;y tyh Ft;tj nry;y vd;NdhL tUfpwPuh my;yJ ehd;
,y;yh gpy;yh`;. Vd; mtd; tPl;Lf;F kl;Lk; Nghfl;Lkh?
ntspNa NghijAld; jphpa Ntz;Lk;. mg+a+Rg; : ,y;iy! ehDk; $l tUfpNwd;.
mg+ a+Rg; : mtd; ntl;fkw;w Fbfhu kl;il@ Mdhy; mg+`dPgh ,jidr; nra;tJ
tPl;bYk; Fbg;ghd;@ ntspapYk; Fbg;ghd;. rhpjhd; vd;w jpUg;jp vdf;F Vw;gl;ljd;
gpd;dh;.
mg+ `dPgh : INah! ghtk; mg;ghtp. ez;gh mg+`dPgh : a/$g; mtDf;F kidtp>
th NghNthk;. fth;du; <]h ,g;D gps;isfs; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;.
%]htplk; mtDf;fhf rpghupR nra;Nthk;.
mg+ a+Rg; : mtdhy; mtdJ kidtpf;Nfh>
mg+ a+Rg; : ,khk;! ,g;D %]h ePq;fs; gps; i sfSf; N fh ve; j ed; i kAk;
mtuJ tPl;Lf;F tUtjhy; mtiu fpilahJ. ePq;fs; mth;fSf;F
fz;zpag;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd vt;tsNth nrytopf;fpwPu;fs;. mtd; jdJ nry;tj;ij
je;jpuq;fs; nra;jhu;. ePq;fs; Nghftpy;iy. Fbapy; tPzhf;Ffpwhd;. ,Jjhd; njupe;j
,g;NghJ xU ghtp> Fbfhud;> kf;fis tplakhapw;Nw.
mtdJ jPq;fpypUe;J my;yh`;
fhg;ghw;wpAs;shd;. mtDf;fhf rpghupR mg+ `dPgh : ,isQNd eP vd;d
NgRfpwha;! ,e;j vdJ mz;il tPl;lhd;
nra;a fth;dup lk; NghfpwPu;fs;!
vdf;
MrpF u rppa
y u; ed; ikfs;
fUj; Jehd;nra;JVjhtJ
s;shd;. elj;jkhl;lhd;@ ,jid epidj;J ehd;
mjw; F g; gfukhf my;yh`;itg; Gfo;Ntd;.
nra;tJjhd; kdpjj; jd;ik. mg+ a+Rg; : ,J ,uz;lhtJ> %d;whtJ?
mg+ a+Rg; : ,J Nghd;w Mr;rupakhd mg+ `dPgh : ,uTf; fhtyu;fSf;Fj;
nra;jpia vd;Wk; ehd; Nfl;ljpy;iy. xU jd;idf; fhl;bf; nfhLf;Fk; tifapy;
Fbfhud; mg+ `dP g hTf; F vd; d vg;gb ,td; jd; FuYah;j;jpr; rj;jkpl;Lg;
ed;ikfs; nra;jpUf;f KbAk;. ghLfpwhd; vd ehd; Mr;rupag;gLtJz;L.
mg+ `dPgh : a/$g; cq;fSf;F vd;d xU ehs; ehd; epd;W tzq;FfpNwd;. mtd;
ele;jJ. ehd; nrhy;tJ cz;ik vd;gij ghLk; rj;jk; vdf;Ff; Nfl;fpwJ. ehd;
Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbatpy;iyah? ep i dj; J f; nfhs; f p N wd; . my; y h`;
vt;tsT J}uk; mikjpahf ,Uf;fpwhd;.
mg+ a+Rg; : n\a;f; mth;fNs! tp\ak; mtid kiwj;J itj;Js;shd;. ,g;gb
vdf; F j; njsp t hf Ntz; L k; vd gfpuq;fg;gLj;jpg; ghtk; GhpgtidNa mtid
tpUk;GfpNwd;. mjw;fhf tpsf;fkhf ePq;fs; kiwf;fpwhdhapd;> kiwe;J thOk; jd;
nrhy;y Ntz;Lnkd vjpu;ghh;f;fpNwd;. mbahh;fis vt;tsT J}uk; kiwj;J
mg+ `dPgh : (rw;Wf; Nfhgj;Jld;) itg;ghd;...!
mg;gbahdhy; ehd; nrhy;tijf;
(mg+ a+Rg; ,t;tsT Neuk; mg+ `dPgh
Nfs;.tpsq;fpf; nfhs;. ,e;j mz;il
nrhy;tij mtUf;F tpsq;fhky; vOjp
tPl;lhd; J}f;fj;ij ntWj;J ,uT KOf;f
te;jhu;. mg+ `dPgh Nfs;tpf;Fg; gjpy;
me;jg; ghl;ilNa jpUg;gpj; jpUg;gpg;
nrhy;tjpNyNa ftdkhf ,Ue;jhu;. Mdhy;
gbf;fpwhd;. my;yh`;tplkpUe;J mtd; ve;j
mg+ a+Rig jpBnud mtu; mtjhdpf;fpwhh;)
]thigAk; vjpu;ghh;f;ftpy;iy. kf;f
splkpUe;Jk; vjidAk; mtd; vjpu;ghh;f;f mg+ `dPgh : a/$g; vd;d nra;fpwPu;?
tpy;iy. mg;gbapUf;Fk; NghJ ehd; vd;idg; Ngr tpl;L tpl;L NtW Ntiyapy;
my;yh`;tplk; gpuhh;j;jpj;J mtid neUq;fp <Lgl;bUf;fpwPuh?
mtdplkpUg;gtw;iwg; ngWtjpy; Mir
mg+ a+Rg; : jiytNu! ,y;iy ePq;fs;
nfhs;fpNwd;. ,e;epiyapy; ehndg;gb
nrhy;tijj;jhd; ehd; vOjpf;
tzq;;fiyg; ghukhff; nfhs;s KbAk;.
nfhz;bUf;fpNwd;.
mjpy; Nrhk;gy;gl KbAk;. ,t;thW ehd;
vdf;Nf mbf;fb nrhy;ypf; nfhs;Ntd;. mg+ `dPgh : M! ePh; Ntz;Lnkd;Nw vdf;F
mg+ a+Rg; : rhp cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j xU Kuz;gl;L vd;id ,Oj;J te;J tpl;Bu;.
ed;ik> mLj;jJ vd;d? mg;gbj;jhdh?
mg+ `dPgh : Fwpg;gpl;l ,g;ghl;ilNa mtd; mg+ a+Rg; : cz;ikjhd; ,khk; mtu;fNs.
njhpT nra;af; fhuzk; mtd; vjpu;ghh;j;j ,d;W cq;fSld; Nkhrkhf ele;J
rpy kdpju;fshNyNa mtDf;F mepahak; nfhz;likia nghUl;gLj;jhjPu;fs;.
epfo;e;jpUf;ff; $Lk;. ,g;ghl;ilj; jpUg;gpj; mg+ `dPgh : rhp ,g;NghJ fth;duplk;
jpUg;gpg; gbj;J mjd; %yk; csf; NghNthk;. thUq;fs;.
ftiyia ePf;fpf; nfhs;s Kay;fpwhd;.
jdf;Nfw;gl;l mepahaj;jpd; jhf;fj;ijf; mg+ a+Rg; : Kjypy; nrhy;y te;jijj;
Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;s Kay;fpwhd;. ,t;thW njhlUq;fs;. ehd;fhtJ vd;d?
ehd; epidg;Ngd;. my;yh`; vd;id kf;fs; mg+ `dPgh : ckJ je;jpuk; tpsq;fp
vtuJ NjitAk; ,y;yhjtdhf tpl;lJ. ,dp vOk;Gq;fs;. NghNthk;.
Mf;fpdhd;. vdNt mtu;fshy; vd; kPJ
(njhlUk;...)
ve;j mepahaKk; epfotpy;iy. mtdplNk
NjitAilatdhf vd;id Mf;fpdhd;.
my;yh`; ePjpahdtd;@ kpFe;j
,uf; f Ks; s td; @ ahUf; F k; mepaha
kpiof;fkhl;lhd;@ ahiuAk; fLikahf
Mrpupau; fUj;J
tuyhw;wpy; vkJ ck;kj;
mG+ i]g;
(1) ]{y;jhd; E}Uj;jPdpd; kpk;gu; vd;w a+jd;

rpYitg; Nghu; Muk;gj;jpy; igj;Jy; 1969-8-21y;
Kfj; j i] INuhg; g p a f; fp w p ] ; j igj;Jy; Kfj;
tu; f splk; nfhz; L Nrh; j ; j J. j]pw;Fj; jP itj;j
mth;fSf;nfjpuhf Kjy; ngUk; NghJ me;j kpk;gUk;
Nghiuf; nfhz; L nrd; w tu; f s; vhpe;jJ. mjd; rpy
,khJj;jPd;> E}Uj;jPd; vd;w ,U Jz;Lfs; kl;LNk
ngUk; Ml;rpahsh;fshth;. Fwpg;ghf vQ;rpd. vQ;rpa mj;
E}Uj;jPd; igj;Jy; Kfj;ji] kPl;f Jz;Lfs; ,d;W tiuapy;
kpff; ftdkhfj; jpl; l kpl; L g; igj;Jy; Kfj;j]pd; mUk;
Nghuhbdhh;. mt;thW kPl;Fk; NghJ nghUl;fhl;rprhiyapy;
igj;Jy; Kfj;j]; gs;spapy; nfhz;L cs;sJ.
Ngha; itj;J Fj;gh elhj;jntd xU
mofpa kpk;giuAk; nra;J (2) ,e;j ths; Rth;f;fj;jpy;
itj;jpUe;jhu;. vdpDk; mtu; igj;Jy; eP Cd;wp elg;gjw;Nf....!
Kfj;j]; kPl;lg;gl Kd;dNu ]yh`{j;jPd; ma;a+gp `p-
kuzpj;Jtpl;lhu;. 589 fp.gp. 1193y; kuzpj;jhu;.
mtuJ fg;hpy; fhop
mtupd; gpd;dhy; te;j Ml;rpahsu; my; g hop y ; ,wq; f p d hh; .
]yh`{j;jPd; gy];jPid INuhg;gpa mtuJ ifapy; mg;NghJ
up l kp U e; J kP l ; L fp w hu; . mt; t hW xU thSk; ,Ue;jJ.
kPl;bajd; gpd;du; E}Uj;jPd; nra;j ]yh`{j;jPdpdJ
me;j kpd;giu igj;Jy; Kfj;j]pw;Ff; clk;gpd; gf;fj;jpy;
nfhz;L tUfpwhh;. ,J 20 Mz;Lfspd; me;j thisAk; mth;
gpd;dh; elf;fpwJ. itj;jhu;. gpd;dh;:
,e;j ths;
,e;j kpk;gh; 1969 y; igj;Jy; Rth;f;fj;jpy; eP
Kfj;j]pw;F jP itf;fg;gLk; tiuapy; Cd;wp el
mq;NfNa ,Ue;jJ. khapf; nuh`hd; g;gjw;F!
16 Mrp
tUlq;ufpas;u; ,iw
fUj;ghijap
J y; Nghuhb fyPgh mth;fis mioj;J tur;
fpwp];jth;fs; kPJ gy ngUk; ntw;wpfs; nra;J ghh;j;j NghJ fdtpy; ghh;j;j>
fz;likf;F ,e;j ths; rhl;rp ,iw J}ju; (]y;) mtu;fs; vr;rupj;j
nrhy;Yk;! vdf; $wpdhh;. ,Utu; mtu;fs; vd;gJ fyPghTf;F
cWjp a hfp a J. Vd; tp U e; J f; F
(3) ,iw J}ju; (]y;) mth;fspd; tutpy;iy vd tprhupj;j NghJ
cliyf; fsthl Kide;j ,Uth;. mtu;fs; ehk; kjPdhit njhpT
nra;Njhk;. ,iw J}ju; (]y;)
mf; fhyj;jpa K];ypk; Ml;rpahsh;> mtu;fspd; gf;fj;jpypUe;J tzf;f
c]; k hdpa fpyhgj; j pd; fyP g h topghLfs; nra;tJ vkJ Nehf;fk;.
]{y;jhd; mg;Jy; `kPj; xh; ,uT kjPdhtpy; xU GwkpUe;J ehk; tzf;f
Mr;rupakhdnjhU fdT fz;lhu;. topghLfspy; <Lgl;L tUfpNwhk;. cyf
%d;W ehl;fshfj; njhlh;e;J ,f; tptfhuq;fspy; ehk; gw;ww;Ws;Nshk;.
fdit mth; fz;lhu;. ,iw J}ju; ,e; epiyapy; ehk; tpUe;Jf;F
(]y;) mtu;fs; mf;fdtpy; tutpy;iy vdf; $Wfpd;wdh;.
Njhd;Wfpwhh;fs;. vd;id ,t;tpU fyPghTk; mtu;fis tpl;L tpLfpwhu;.
khepw kdpju;fsplkpUe;Jk; fhg;ghw;W
vd;fpwhh;fs;. i\j;jhd; ,iw J}ju; gpd;dh; mtu;fs; ,Uf;Fkplkwpe;J
(]y;) mtu;fsJ tbtpy; tukhl;lhd;. jpBnud mtu;fsplk; nry;fpwhu;.
mj;NjhL gy Kiw ,f;fdT tuTk; mtu;fs; mg;NghJ Fu;Md; Xjpf;
]{y;jhd; mg;Jy; `kPj; fyf;f nfhz; b Uf; f pwhu; f s; . mth; f is
KWfpwhu;. mf; fhyj;jpa NguwpQu; ntspNa epWj;jp tpl;L tPl;il
i\a;Fy; K];jgh ]g;upia mioj;J ghpNrhjid nra;fpwhh;. tPl;by; Xh;
fditr; nrhy; y p MNyhrid mYkhhp ,Uf;fpwJ. mjid fyPghtpd;
Nfl;fpwhu;. n\a;f; K];jgh ]g;up cjtpahsh;fs; ePf;Ffpwhh;fs;. fPohy;
fyPghNt kjPdhTf;F nrd;W ,t; xU tpupg;G cs;sJ. tpupg;igAk;
tplaj;ij MuhAkhW $Wfpwhu;. ePf;fptpl;Lg; ghh;j;j NghJ Fopnahd;W
]{y;jhd; mg;Jy; `kPj; kjPdh Njhz;lg;gl;L epyf;fPo; topnahd;W
Tf; F tUfp w hh; . kjP d hthrp f s; nry;tJ mtjhdpf;fg;gl;;lJ.
midtUf;Fkhf xU nghpa tpUe;ij ,UtUk; tprhuizf;Fl;gLj;j
Vw; g hL nra; f pwhu; . kjP d htpd; g;gLfpwhu;fs;. tprhuizapd; NghJ
fth;dhplk; mt;tpUe;Jf;F kjPdh mtu; f s; cz; i kia ntspapL
tpYs;s midtiuAk; tur; nra;AkhW fpwhu;fs;. mtu;fs; ntspapl;l cz;ik
fl;lisapLfpwhu;. fPo;tUkhW:
tpUe;Jf;F te;j midtiuANk ehq;fs; a+ju;fs;> xy;yhe;ijr;

]{y; j hd; cw; W Nehf; F fp w hu; . Nrh;e;jtu;fs;. mq;fpUe;J
vdpDk; jhd; fdtpy; fz;l mt;tpU kh nkhNuhf;Nfh te;Njhk;. mq;fpUe;J
epw kdpjh;fisAk; mtu; fhztpy;iy. ,q;Nf te;Njhk;. vk;ik ehk; K];ypk;
tpUe;Jf;F tuhNjhh; gw;wp fth;duplk; vd;W fhl;bf; nfhz;Nlhk;. ,iw
tprhupj;jNghJ nkhNuhf;NfhtpypUe;J J}ju; (]y;) mth;fspd; cliyf;
te;Js;s ,Uth; kl;Lk; tutpy;iy. fsthbr; nry;Yk; Nehf;fpNyNa ehk;
mtu;fs; tzf;f topghLfspy; %o;fpg; te;Njhk;. mth;fs; vt;tsT J}uk;
NghAs;sdh; vd ftu;dh; $Wfpwhh;.
Nghap
MrpUf;f
uppwahh;u;fs;
fUj;vd;
JW Muha;e;J jpifj;Jj; jLkhwpg; Nghdhh;. jhd;
ghh;j;j NghJ ,iwJ}ju; (]y;) gzptpilf;F VjhtJ Nfl;f
mtu;fsJ mlf;f];jyj;ij vl;l 2>3 Ntz;Lnkd;w vz;zNk mtUf;Fj;
mbfs; kl;LNk ,Ue;jJ vd njhpa Njhd;wtpy;iy. vdNt vd;d Nfl;gJ
te; j J. fyP g h mt; t p U Fw; w vd;W mth; jLkhwpdhh;.
thspfSf; F k; kuz jz; l id
tpjpj;jhu;. cyf tplaq;fs; vijahtJ Nfl;f
mtUf;Fj; Njhd;wtpy;iy. cyfg;
,t;thW my;yh`; ,iw J}ju; (]y;) gw;wpypUe;J mth; ePq;fp ,Ue;jhu;. ,e;
mtu;fis capUld; ,Uf;Fk; NghJk;> epiyapy; mtuJ gjpy;:
kuzpj;j gpd;dUk; ghJfhj;jhd;.
my;yh`;tpd; J}jNu Rth;f;fj;jpy;
(4) Rth;f;fj;ij Nfl;l ,isQu;. cq;fNshbUf;f Ntz;Lnkdf;
ugPM ,g;D f/g; my; m];yk; ,iw Nfl;fpNwd;.vd;wike;jJ.
J}ju; (]y;) mth;fSf;F gzptpil
nra;ag; Nghl;bapl;l ,isQu;fspy; ,t;Ntz;Ljy; kpfg; nghpa tplak;
xUth;. ,\hj; njhOJ vy;NyhUk; vdf; fz;l ,iwJ}ju; (]y;) ,t;
tPL nrd;W tpl;lhYk; ugPM ,iw J}ju; Ntz; L jypy; mth; gpbthjkhf
(]y;) mth;fs; ,Uf;Fk; miwg; cs;shuh vd cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s
gf;fkhfg; Ngha; miwapd; mUfhikapy; tpUk;gpdhh;fs;. vdNt>
cl;fhh;e;J nfhs;thh;. ,iw J}ju; ugPM! NtnwijAk; Nfl;f
(]y;) mtu;fs; VjhtJ Ntiyf;F tpy;iyah?! vd tpdtpdhh;fs;.
miog;ghh;fs; vd;w vjph;ghh;g;gpNyNa mg;NghJ ugPM cWjpAld;:
,g;gb cl;fhh;e;jpUg;ghu;. rpyNghJ my; y h`; t p d ; J}jNu mJjhd;
,iw J}ju; (]y;) miwapd; fjitj;
NtnwJTky;yvd;whh;.
jpwe;J T* nra;a jz;zPh; nfhz;L
mg;NghJ ,iwJ}ju; (]y;) mth;fs;:
tUkhW Nfl;ghh;fs;.
ehd; nra;J jUfpNwd;. mjpfkhd
clNd ugPM jz;zPiuf; nfhz;L ]{[{jpd; %yk; cdf;F eP cjtpf;
te;J nfhLg;ghu;. NtW VjhtJ nfhs;. vd;whh;fs;.
NtiyfSf;fhf mDg;gpdhYk; gfypy;
Nghd;Nw ,utpYk; mt; Ntiyiar; (5) cyfpy; vj;Jd;gk; Vw;gl;l NghJk;
nra;a cw;rhfkhfg; Nghthh;. mjid ehd; nghUl;gLj;jg;
Nghtjpy;iy.
ugPM jdf;Fg; gzptpil nra;tjpy;
nfhz;bUf;Fk; Mh;tj;ijAk;> ck;K ckhuh vd miof;fg;gl;l
MiriaAk; ,iwJ}ju; (]y; ) e]Pgh gpd;j; f/g; vd;w ngz; jd;
mtjhdpj;jhu;fs;. ,uT> gfy; vd;W fztNuhLk;> ,U kfd;fNshLk;
ghuhJ mjw;F Kd;tUfpd;wikiaAk; c`J Aj;jj;jpy; fye;J nfhs;-
fz;lhh;fs;. ,\hj; njhOifapd; fpwhu;. Muk;gj;jpy; fhag;gl;NlhUf;F
gpd;dhy; xU ehs; ugPMNthL kUe;jpLjy;> jz;zPu; Gfl;ly; Nghd;w
jdpj;jpUf;Fk; NghJ: NtiyfspNyNa <Lgl;l mg;ngz; Aj;j
epiy epuhfhpg;ghsh; gf;fk;
ugPM eP vijahtJ Nfs; ehd; rhjfkhFTijf; fz;L Aj;j fsj;jpy;
jUfpNwd; . vd; w hh; f s; . ugP M ,wq;fpg; NghuhLfpwhu;.
Fwp
Mrp g;ghf
upack; K ckhuh
u; fUj; J ,iw J}ju; (]y;) $Wfpwhh;fs;. mg;NghJ ck;K
(]y; ) mtu; f is ghJfhg; g ij ckhuh my;yh`;tpd; Rth;f;fj;jpy;
,yf;fhff; nfhz;Nl NghuhLfpwhu;. cq;fSld; ehkpUf;fg; gpuhh;j;jid
ehd; tyJ> ,lJ vd;W vq;F jpUk; nra;Aq;fs; vdf; Nfl;fpwhu;.
gpdhYk; vd;idg; ghJfhf;f ck;K mg;NghJ ,iw J}ju; (]y;) mtu;;fs;
ckhuh NghuhLtijf; fz;Nld;. vd ,iwth ,th;fis Rth;f;fj;jpy;
,iw J}ju; (]y; ) mtu; f s; vd;NdhbUf;fr; nra;thahf vdg;
$wpdhh;fs;. 12 fhaq;fSld; ck;K gpuhh;j;jpf;fpwhh;fs;. ,jidf; fz;l
ckhuh tUfpwhh;. fOj;jpYk; xU ck;K ckhuh ,dp cyfpy; vj;Jd;gk;
ngupa fhak;. mjid mtjhdpj;j Vw;gl;lhYk; mjid ehd;
,iw J}ju; (]y;) mtu;fs; ck;K nghUl;gLj;jg; Nghtjpy;iy vd;whu;.
ckhuhtpd; kfidg; ghh;j;J cdJ gpd;dhy; akhkh Aj;jj;jpYk; fye;J
jha;. cdJ jhiaf; ftdp. mtuJ nfhz;l ck;K ckhuh me;j
fOj;jpy; xU fhaKs;sJ. mjidf; Aj;jj;jpy; fhaq;fNshL xU ifiaAk;
fl;b tpL vd;fpwhh;fs;. ,oe;jhu;fs;.
ckhuh FLk;gj;jpdNu my;yh`;
mUs;ghypf;fl;Lk; vd;Wk; K`k;kj;
xU kdpjd; tho;T g+uhf f/ghtpd; gf;fj;jpNyNa cl;fhh;e;J nfhz;L

tzf;fj;jpy; <LgLfpwhd;. ,];yhj;jpd; vjph;fhyk; gw;wp mtd; xU fzk;
$l rpe;jpf;ftpy;iy. ,];yhj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;Fj; Njitahd nghUshjhuk;>
murpay;> mwptpay;> Nghuhl;lq;fs; gw;wp mtDf;F ftiyapy;iy.
,tDila tzf;fk; my;yh`;tplj;jpy; ngWkjp Fiwe;jJ. ngUk;
njhopw;rhiyfis cUthf;FtJ gs;spfis fl;Ltjw;F xg;ghd $ypiag;
ngw;Wj; jUk;.
vk;kplk; tpw;gidf;Fs;s VCDfsJ tpguk;;
nghJj;jiyg;Gf;fs; #uh tpsf;fTiu
01- kWik ehs; (tpQ;Qhd Mjhuq;fs;) 1- my; ghjp`h
02- ,];yhkpa rl;lq;fs; (Xh; mwpKfk;) 2- me;E}h;
03- murpay; gpur;rpid 3- me; egc
04- FLk;g tho;T - 04 4- me; eh[pMj;
05- jpUkz xg;ge;jk; 5- my; m/yh
06- gpj;mj; 6- my; fh~pah
7- my; /g[;h;
07- tpahghuf; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; 8- my; [py;[hy;
08- i]apj; FJg; rpe;jidahsUk; NghuhspAk; 9- my; Mjpahj;
09- Md;kPf tho;T 10- my; fhupM
10- mt;ypahf;fs; vd;Nghh; ahh;? 11- my; m];u;
11- ~Pahf;fspd; nfhs;iffSk; fUj;Jf;fSk; 12- my; `{k[h
12- ,khk;fSk; kj;`GfSk; 13- my; /gPy;
13- jpl;lkply; Xh; ,];yhkpag; ghu;it 14- Fiu~;
14- Nehd;G 15- my; khCd;
15- me;epaUldhd cwT (,];yhkpag; ghu;it) 16- my; ft;]h;
16- njhOif 17- my; fh/gp&d;
18 me; e];h;
`jP]; tpsf;fk; 19- my; gj;`;
17- rNfhjuj;Jtk;> Kf];Jjp 20- khpak;
18- nghJr; nrhj;J 21- me; ek;Y
22- my; [{KM
19- ngUk; ghtq;fs; nghwhik>tWik 23- mu;u`;khd;
20- ,iw ek;gpf;ifAk; mjd; jhf;fKk; 24- my; md;ghy;
21- <khdpd; Rit 25- my; Kdhgp$d;
22- tho;Tf;fhyKk;> kdpjMirfSk; 26- mu;u/J
23- fshfj;u; ek;gpf;if 27- Maj; my;Fu;]p tpsf;fk;
24- Rd;dj;jhd tzf;fq;fs; 28- mj;jf;tPu; (tpQ;Qhd tpsf;fk;)
25- egpkhu;fspd; gzp 29- m`;]hg; 72-73 (my; mkhdj;)
26- ,];yhkpa rl;lthf;fk; 30- My ,k;uhd; 102-107
27- cly;>mwpT> Md;kh 31- md;fg+j;(1-7)
28- ek;gpf;ifg; gFjpapy; Njhd;wpa 32- mg]
fUj;J NtWghLfs; 33- ,d;gpjhu;
29- K];ypk; cyfpd;
,];yhkpa murpay; Nghuhl;lk;
30- gy];jPd; Nghuhl;lk;
31- my;yh`;itg; Ghpe;J nfhs;sYk; thuk;NjhWk; ,lk;
epidT nfhs;sSk; ngWk; c];jhj;
32- cyf tho;T gw;wpa ,];yhkpaf; fz;Nzhl;lk;
33- ,iwj;J}ju;(]y;) Njhw;Wtpj;j r%fk; M.A.M.kd;#u;(esPkp)
34- ,iwj;J}ju; (]y;) mtu;fspd; jpl;lkply; mtu;fsJ ciufs;
35- m`;Yy;igj; VCD fshf
,iwj; J}ju;(]y;) tuyhW ntspaplg;gLfpd;wd
36- 1 egpj;Jtk; tiuapy;
37- 2 E.gp.kf;fh Muk;gf;fhyg; gphpT
38- 3 kf;fh fhyk;1 (gpur;rhu mikg;G)
39-
40-
4 kf;fh fhyk;2 (gfpuq;fg; gpur;rhuk;)
5 kf;fh fhyk;36 kjPdh tho;T MIIR
41-
42-
[p`hjpd; gy;NtW tbtq;fs;
,we;jtUf;F nra;a Ntz;ba flikfs;
400/6, Waragashinna,
43- Md;kPf ju;gpa;aj; vd;gJ vd;d? Dunuwila Road,
44- mj;itjf; nfhs;if Akurana.
45- m~;mhp kj;`g; - xU tpsf;fk;
46- my;Fh;Mdpy; ngz;fs; Tel: 081 7910410
47- gpuhh;j;jid 077 0648987
48- clw;Rfk; gw;wp ,];yhk;
49- thupRupikr; rl;lk;
50- [p`hj; (nghUSk; nfhs;ifAk;)
51- ,];yhkpag; nghUshjhuk; (rpy fUj;Jf;fs;) xU VCD 60/-
52- #dpak; -Xu; ,];yhkpag; ghu;it-
,d;W ehk; xU ]{uhitg; gbg;Nghk;
mj;jpahak;: my;-m];u; - fhyk;
??? ??? ? (2) ?? ??? ? (1) ???

(3) ???
? ??? ?fi??
? ??? ?? ??
]{uhtpd; jiyg;G: ntw;wpf;fhd fhuzpfs;
nrhw;fs; nghUs;
??? fhyk;
? rj;jpakhf
? epr;rakhf
??? kdpjd;

,y;
??? e\;lk;
? jtpu
?

? <khd; nfhz;L ew;nray; GupNthu;
?? ?? gu];guk; cgNjrpj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;
?fi? rj;jpak;
??? nghWik
nkhop ngah;g;G:
(1) fhyj;jpd; kPJ rj;jpakhf.
(2) epr;rakhf kdpjd; e\;lj;jpy; cs;shd;.
(3) ek;gpf;if nfhz;L> ew;nray;fs; Ghpe;J rj;jpaj;ij
Ak;> nghWikiaAk; xUtUf;nfhUtu; cgNjrpj;Jf;
nfhz;Nlhu; jtpu.
ehw;W - 02 khw;wk; ,q;fpUe;J 01
gbg;gpidfs;
(1) my;yh`; fhyj;jpd; kPJ rj;jpak; nra;;fpwhd;.
fhyNk tho;T. mJ %yjdk;.
(2) rj;jpaj;jpd; gjpy; :
epr;rakhf kdpjd; e\;lj;jpy; cs;shd; - mjhtJ nghJthf
kdpjd; fhyk; vd;w %yjdj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; e\;lNk
mile;Js;shd;.
(3) vdpDk; fPo;tUNthu; e\;lj;jpypUe;J jg;gpf;fpd;wdu;.
<khd;> nray;> rj;jpak;> nghWikia cgNjrpj;jy; vd;w gz;G
nfhz;Nlhu;.
(4) <khNdhL ew;nray;fs; ,iza Ntz;Lk;.
rj;jpaj;jpy; epiyj;J epw;wy;> nghWik fhj;jy; vd;gd gw;wp
cgNjrpj;jYk; ,iza Ntz;Lk;. ,e;epiyapNyNa ntw;wp
ngwyhk;.
(5) nghWik 4 tif:
(1) flikfis epiwNtw;wypy; nghWik
(2) ghtq;fspypUe;J jtph;e;J thoypy; nghWik
(3) Jd;gq;fs;> f\;lq;fspd; NghJ nghWik
(4) ey;ytw;iw cgNjrpj;jy;> jPatw;iw jLf;f Kayy;
vd;gtw;wpd; NghJ tUk; Jd;gq;fspd; NghJ nghWik
(6) fhyj;jpd; ngWkjp
(1) nrd;w Neuj;ij jpUg;gpf; nfhz;L tuyhkh?
(2) fhyj;ijg; gzk; nfhLj;J thq;fyhkh?
(3) fhyj;ij XlhJ epWj;jyhkh?
ePq;fs; gbj;jij kjpg;gPL nra;Aq;fs; :
(1) ahu; e\;lthspfs;:
(2) vg;gb ntw;wp ngw KbAk;:
(3) nghWik 4 tif: xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; %d;W %d;W cjhuzq;fs;
jUf.
jk;gp> jq;iffNs!
,f;Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpiy vOjp mDg;Gq;fs;.
ntw;wp ngWNthu; ngah;fs; Nghl;NlhNthL
ehw;W rQ;rpifapy; gpuRupg;Nghk;.
gjpiy vOjp cq;fs; KftupiaAk; vOjp
fPo;tUk; Kftupf;F mDg;Gq;fs;.
ehw;W
,];yhkpa mwpTg; gFjp
400/6,Waragashinna,Dunuwila Road,
Akurana
tspkz;lyKk; my;yh`;tpd; mUSk;
ehk; thOk; G+kpiar; #o xU ,g;gil jiuf;Fs; gy

tsp k z; l yk; gilf; f g; g l; L s; s J. g i l f i s
,g;gilg;G my;yh`;tpd; kpfg;ngUk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. fly;
mUs;fspy; xd;whFk;. kl;lj;;jpypUe;J 10-15 km
mt;tspkz;lyk; gilf;fg;glhtpl;lhy; tiu glu;e;jpUf;Fk; G+kpNahL
G+kpapy; tho;tJ Kbahky; Nru;e;j gFjpapNyNa
NghapUf;Fk;.fhw;iw Rthrpf;fhky; fhyepiy khw;wq;fs;
ve;jnthU capupdj;jhYk; tho epfo;fpd;wd.
KbahJ.
tspkz;lyg;gil thAf;fspd;
,t;tspkz;lyNk #upadpypUe;J gad;fs;
vkf;Fg; NghJkhd ntg;gj;ijf;
flj;Jfpd;wJ. jPq;fpiof;Fk; ntg; epAl;u[d;: gapu;fspd;
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$lhJ. vd;whd;. kfd; fhiy czTf;fhf khspiff;F
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vt;thW Nghuhl Ntz;Lk;> fhl;L ePf;fpdhd;. kd;dd; kfd; ,e;j
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vd; g tw; i w vy; y hk; gbj; J f; jdf;Fj; jUthdh? my;yJ mtNd
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czh;e;jhd;. Kiwiaf; ifahz;lhd;. mq;fpUe;j
fj; j p i a vLj; j hd; . Kl; i lia
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ghPl;rpj;Jg; ghh;f;f fhiy czTf;F ghjpia jhd; itj;Jf; nfhz;lhd;.
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ntl;bapd; kfd; Ke;jpf; nfhz;L tpwF ntl;bapd; kfidf; fl;bf;
,sturidj; jd; Fbirf; F nfhz;lhd;:
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nfhLf;fg;gl;l czit Ritj;J fs;. mtu;fsJ el;Gk; tsh;e;jJ. gy
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vd;w gak; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; ]aPj; NkYk; kfdhfNt ,Ue;jhd;. tpwF
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`p[;up 491 - 690
* rpYit Aj;jk; vd;why; vd;d?

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nry;tq;fis Ruz;Ljy;
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1. ,];yhkpa murpd; gytPdk;
2. INuhg;ghtpypUe;j Nkhrkhd nghUshjhu epiy
3. INuhg;ghtpypUe;j Nkhrkhd r%f epiy
4. fpwp];jtu;fsplkpUe;j kjntwp
5. INuhg;gpa Ml;rpahsu;fs; kw;Wk; kd;du;fs;
,];yhkpa cyfpd; nry;tq;fs; kPJ nfhz;l Mir
Aj;jq;fs; ,lk;ngw;w fhyg;gpupT

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`p[;up - 542-543 `p[;up - 615-618 `p[;up - 668
`p[;up - 545-588 `p[;up - 625-626

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cq;fsJ JMTf;F rkdhf ehd;
JM nra;Njd;. vdNt ehd; je;j
]jfh Nkyjpf ed;ikahf
vQ;rpAs;sJ

நகர்வு - இதழ் 07 (ஜனவரி - ஏப்ரல் 2010)

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நகர்வு - இதழ் 07 (ஜனவரி - ஏப்ரல் 2010)

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Mrpupau; fUj;J

K`u;uk; -ugPcy; Mfpu;

ntspaPl;L MNyhridf; FO 03. ,yq;if epyKk; ,];yhkpag; gzpAk;

08. tl;b jil nra;ag;gl;likf;fhd \uPMtpd;

12; Nkw;fpd ; rpe;jidg; gilnaLg;G KiwikAk;

tYg;ngw;W mz;ikf; fhyq;fspNyNa

efu;T - 07 ,yq;ifapd; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidf;fhd Ma;T rQ;rpif 04

,Jtiuapy; efh;tpy; vOjp te;j ,j;

(jq;fSila Foe;ijfSf;F tpthfuj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl;l jd; kidtpau;fisf;

efu;T - 07 ,yq;ifapd; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidf;fhd Ma;T rQ;rpif 09

fl;Liu Mrpupau; INuhg;gpa ehlhd ngh];dpah je;j jiy

06k; ,jopy; gpuRukhd fl; L iuapd; njhlu;

cikah Ml;rpahsu; 4 ,yl;rk; ,yl;rk; E}y;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.

efu;T - 07 ,yq;ifapd; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidf;fhd Ma;T rQ;rpif 11

GjpanjhU rhjdj;ij fz;Lgpbg;gJ> mwpitg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s cl;fhUtJ

efu;T - 07 ,yq;ifapd; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidf;fhd Ma;T rQ;rpif 14

,j;jifa ajhu;j;jG+u;tkhd gz;Gfs; ePz;l fhykhf ,j;jifa gz;G nfhz;l

fyhepjp Kd;jpu; f/g;

efu;T - 07 ,yq;ifapd; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidf;fhd Ma;T rQ;rpif 17

kdpjd; ,r; rl cyfpy; tho;gtNd. ghl;bd; ,yf;F> mbg;gil ,iwtidf;

efu;T - 07 ,yq;ifapd; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidf;fhd Ma;T rQ;rpif 18

,khk; ,g;Dy; ifapk; jkJ kjhup[; (3) jpUg;jpAk;> gw;ww;w kNdhepiyAk;:

efu;T - 07 ,yq;ifapd; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidf;fhd Ma;T rQ;rpif 19

efu;T - 07 ,yq;ifapd; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidf;fhd Ma;T rQ;rpif 20

efu;T - 07 ,yq;ifapd; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidf;fhd Ma;T rQ;rpif 21

epr;rakhf ,e;j mwpTiuia ehk; jhd; fhyj;jpy; jdJ rpe;jidia Kd;itj;j

efu;T - 07 ,yq;ifapd; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidf;fhd Ma;T rQ;rpif 22

efu;T - 07 ,yq;ifapd; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidf;fhd Ma;T rQ;rpif 23

,];yhkpaj; jPu;T Njb...

\uPM Nfs;tp gjpy; gFjpf;F

ngw;Nwhh;fs; gps;isfis vjph;nfhs;Sk;

rpW guhaj;jpy; Vw;gLfpd;w md;ghd

Five windows on the world

(fUf;fl;lg;gl;L fpoikapypUe;J) Foe;ij

etPd ,];yhkpa vOr;rp Fwpj;J thrpf;Fk; fhzg;gLk;. ,];yhkpa epyq;fis vjpupfs;

efu;T - 07 ,yq;ifapd; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidf;fhd Ma;T rQ;rpif 29

FLk; g tho; N thL rk; g e; j g; g l; l (4) ,UtUf;fpilapy; jpUkz xg;ge;jk;

efu;T - 07 ,yq;ifapd; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidf;fhd Ma;T rQ;rpif 30

,e;j tifapy; thfdk; ck;kplk;

(1) ]{y;jhd; E}Uj;jPdpd; kpk;gu; vd;w a+jd;

tpUe;Jf;F te;j midtiuANk ehq;fs; a+ju;fs;> xy;yhe;ijr;

xU kdpjd; tho;T g+uhf f/ghtpd; gf;fj;jpNyNa cl;fhh;e;J nfhz;L

mj;jpahak;: my;-m];u; - fhyk;

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?? ?? gu];guk; cgNjrpj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;

ehk; thOk; G+kpiar; #o xU ,g;gil jiuf;Fs; gy

kdpjd; jdJ egpia kdpjd; jdJ khu;f;fj;ij kdpjd; jdJ ug;ig

my;yh`;tpd; J}ju; (]y;) mtu;fs; gpd;tUkhW $wpdhu;fs;:

cdJ ,ul;rfd; ahu;? ...

cdJ khu;f;fk; vd;d? ...

cdJ egp ahu;? ...

gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fis FLk;gj;jhUld; my;yJ ez;gu;fSld;

(1) NkNy $wg;gl;l %d;W Nfs;tpfSk; ahuhy;? ahuplk;? vg;NghJ

(2) %d;W Nfs;tpfSf;Fk; rupahd tpiliaf; $w Ntz;Lkhapd;

ehw;W - 02 khw;wk; ,q;fpUe;J 04

mg;J jt;thg; a+Rg;

Xu; murDf;F tpNtfkpf;f

mwpit tpUk;gy; Rth;f;fk; nry;y top

,e;j trdj;ij nfhQ;rk; khw;wp nghUj;jkhd jiyg;ig NkNy

1. ,];yhk; mwptpd; kPJ vOe;j khh;f;fk;.

2. mwpthy; jdf;Fg; gpuNahrdk; nfhLg;gijAk;

3. Rth;f;fk; kpfg; ngWkjp tha;e;jJ. mjid

jPq;F jUk; mwpT gpuNahrdk;

Fg;h; ghtk; cyfpNyh jdpegh;