Toana2 c1

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i s tuyn tnh Gv : Nguyn Thnh Hin

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Ch-ng 1
nh thc Ma trn
1.1 Ma trn

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1.2 nh thc
1.2.1 nh ngha
1. nh thc cp 2: Cho ma trn A vung cp 2, nh thc ca ma trn vung y gi l nh

thc cp 2 k hiu |A| (hoc det(A)) l mt s i s -c xc nh nh- sau

a a
11 12
|A| = = a11a22 a12a21
a21 a22
2. nh thc cp 3: Cho ma trn A vung cp 3, nh thc ca ma trn vung y gi l nh

thc cp 3 k hiu |A| (hoc det(A)) l mt s i s -c xc nh nh- sau (quy tc Xarauyt)

a a a
11 12 13

|A| = a21 a22 a23 = a11a22a33 + a12.a23a31 + a13a32a21 a13a22a31 a11a23a32 a12a21a33

a31 a32 a33
V d.
1 2 3

|A| = 4 5 6 = 1.5.9 + 2.6.7 + 3.4.8 3.5.7 2.4.9 1.6.8 = 0

7 8 9
3. nh thc cp n: Cho ma trn A vung cp n

a11 a12 . . . a1j ... a1n

a21 a22 . . . a2j ... a2n

... ... ... ... ... ...
|A| =

ai1 ai2 . . . aij ... ain

... ... ... ... ... ...

an1 an2 . . . anj ... ann
Ta ch n phn t aij , b i hng i v ct j ta thu -c ma trn ch cn n 1 hng v

n 1 ct, tc l ma trn cp n 1. Ta k hiu n l Mij v gi n l ma trn con ng vi
phn t aij . Khi
|A| = (1)1+1a11.|M11| + (1)1+2 a12.|M12| + . . . + (1)1+n a1n .|M1n|
K hiu : Aij = (1)i+j .|Mij | gi l phn ph i s ca phn t aij ca ma trn A.
1.2.2 Cc tnh cht
1. Nu i ch hai dng hoc hai ct cho nhau th nh thc i du.
2. Trong nh thc nu c mt dng hoc mt ct no m tt c cc phn t u bng khng

th nh thc bng khng.

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3. Trong nh thc nu c hai dng hoc hai ct t l th nh thc bng khng.
4. Tha s chung ca mt dng hoc mt ct c th -a ra ngoi du nh thc.
5. Trong mt nh thc nu c mt dng (hoc mt ct) no m mi phn t u l tng

ca hai s hng th c th phn tch nh thc y thnh tng ca hai nh thc m cc dng
(hoc ct) khc th gi nguyn, ring dng (hoc ct) c tnh cht va nu : nh thc th
nht ch bao gm s hng
th
nht, nh thc
th hai ch bao gm s hng th hai.
1+3 9 1 9 3 9

V d. |A| = = +
4+5 8 4 8 5 8
6. Ma trn vung v ma trn chuyn v ca n c nh thc bng nhau
|A = |AT |
7. nh thc khng thay i nu ta mang cc phn t ca mt dng (hoc mt ct) nhn vi

mt s ri cng t-ng ng vo mt dng (hoc mt ct) khc.
V d.

1 2 3

|A| = 4 5 6 (h1 (4) + h2 ) , (h1 (7) + h3 )

7 8 9

1 2 3

= 0 3 6 (h2(2) + h3)

0 6 12

1 2 3

= 0 3 6 = 1.(3).0 = 0

0 0 0
Bi tp.

0 1 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 7

0 0 1 1 2 1 4 5 3 0 0 2

1. |A| = , |B| = , |C| =
1 0 0 1 3 2 1 0 1 3 4 5

1 1 0 0 4 0 6 3 2 0 0 3

x 1 1 1 1

1 x x x
1 x 1 1 1 a+x x x
1 a 0 0
2. |D| = , |E| = 1 1 x 1 1 , |F | = a b+x x
1 0 b 0
1 1 1 x 1 x x c+x
1 0 0 c
1 1 1 1 x

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1.3 Ma trn nghch o
1.3.1 nh ngha
Cho ma trn A vung cp n, nu tn ti ma trn B vung cp n sao cho
AB = BA = En
trong En l ma trn n v cng cp th A gi l kh nghch, B gi l ma trn nghch o ca

A k hiu: A1 . Biu thc trn -c vit li nh- sau
AA1 = A1 A = E
1.3.2 nh l
A l ma trn kh nghch khi ch khi |A| 6= 0, v khi ma trn nghch o -c xc nh theo

1
cng thc A1 = .PA vi
|A|

A11 A12 . . . A1n
A
21 A22 . . . A2n
PA =
... ... ... ...
An1 An2 . . . Ann
(Aij : l phn ph i s ca phn t aij ca ma trn A.)
V d. Tm ma trn nghch o ca ma trn A, bit :

1 2 3

A= 4 5 6
7 8 0
Gii.
1
1. C |A| = 27 6= 0 A1 = .PA.
|A|
2. Tnh Aij :

5 6 2 3 2 3

A11 = (1)1+1 . = 48 ; A21 = (1)2+1 . = 24 ; A31 = (1)3+1 . = 3 ;
8 0 8 0 5 6

4 6 1 3 1 3

A12 = (1)1+2 . = 42 ; A22 = (1)2+2 . = 21 ; A32 = (1)3+2 . =6;
7 0 7 0 4 6

4 5 1 2 1 2

A13 = (1)1+3 . = 3 ; A23 = (1)2+3 . = 6 ; A33 = (1)3+3. = 3 ;
7 8 7 8 4 5

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48 24 3 16 8 1
1 1
Suy ra A1 = . 42 21 6 = . 14 7 2
27 9
3 6 3 1 2 1
1.3.3 Tm ma trn nghch o bng php bin i s cp
Cc php bin i s cp tm ma trn nghch o :
1. i ch hai dng cho nhau.
2. Nhn hoc chia mt dng vi mt s khc khng.
3. Mang cc phn t ca mt dng nhn vi mt s ri cng t-ng ng vo mt dng khc.

S ca php bin i :
A E
Dng php bin i s cp 1, 2, 3 n 2n
E A1

1 2 3

V d. Tm ma trn nghch o ca ma trn A, bit : A = 4 5 6
7 8 0
Gii. Ta c |A| = 27 6= 0 A .
1
A E
1 2 3 1 0 0
0
h1 .(4) + h2 = h2
0
4 5 6 0 1 0 h1 .(7) + h3 = h3
7 8 0 0 0 1
0
1 2 3 1 0 0 h2 .( 13 ) = h2
0 0
0 -3 -6 -4 1 0 h2 .(2) + h1 = h1
0 0
0 -6 -21 -7 0 1 h2 .(6) + h3 = h3
0
1 0 -1 53 2
3
0 h3 .( 19 ) = h3
0 0
0 1 2 4
3
3 0
1
h3 .(2) + h2 = h2
0 0
0 0 -9 1 -2 1 h3 + h1 = h1
1 0 0 9 89 19
16
0 1 0 14
9
79 29
0 0 1 19 29 19
E A1

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1.4 Hng ca ma trn
Xt A = [aij ]mn , k N v 1 6 k 6 min{m, n}
1. nh thc con cp k: T ma trn A ly ra cc phn t nm k dng, k ct (gi nguyn

th t) ta -c ma trn vung cp k. nh thc ca ma trn y gi l nh thc con cp k
ca ma trn A.
2. Hng ca ma trn : Cc nh thc con ca ma trn A c th bng hoc khc khng, ng-i
ta gi cp cao nht ca nh thc con khc khng ca ma trn A l hng ca ma trn y. K
hiu : r(A).
3. Ph-ng php tm hng ca ma trn : S dng cc php bin i s cp
(a) i ch hai dng hoc hai ct.

(b) Nhn hoc chia mt dng hoc mt ct vi mt s khc khng.
(c) Mang cc phn t ca mt dng hoc mt ct nhn vi mt s ri cng t-ng ng vo
mt dng hoc mt ct khc.
(d) Loi ra khi ma trn nhng dng hoc ct m tt c cc phn t u bng khng.
S ca php bin i : A (dng cc php bin i s cp) B, vi B l mt ma trn
bc thang.
Kt lun : r(A) chnh l s phn t khc khng trn -ng cho chnh ca B.
V d.

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

A = 4 5 6 0 3 6 0 3 6 r(A) = 2.
7 8 9 0 6 12 0 0 0
1.5 Bi tp tng hp
1.1: Cho
1 3 0 1 2 3

A = 1 2 ; B = 3 2 ; C= 1 2
3 4 2 3 4 1
Tnh
1. (A + B) + C; A + (B + C); 3A.
2. AT , B T , C T

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2 1 2 1 2

1.2: Cho A = A = 3 0 1 v B = 4 6 . Tm A2 , AB, A1.
0 1 2 5 3
1.3: Thc hin php nhn cc ma trn sau
" # " # " # " #
2 1 1 1 3 5 2 1
1. . , .
3 2 1 1 6 1 3 2

3 1 1 1 1 1 " # 3 1
2 1 1
2. 2 1 2 . 2 1 1 , . 2 1
3 0 1
1 2 3 1 0 1 1 0

" # 1 2
3 2 1 h i

3. . 2 , 1 . 1 2 3
0 1 2
3 3
1.4: Tm cc ma trn :
2
" #n 2 1 1 " #4 " #5
1 1 2 1 3 2
a) , b) 3 1 0 , c) , d) .
0 1 1 3 4 2
0 1 2
1.5: Hy
tnh AB BA nu
1 2 1 4 1 1

a)A = 2 1 2 , B = 4 2 0 ,
1 2 3 1 2 1

2 1 0 3 1 2

b)A = 1 1 2 , B = 3 2 4 .
1 2 1 3 5 1
1.6: Chng minh rng nu AB = BA th :
1. (A + B)2 = A2 + 2AB + B 2.
2. A2 B 2 = (A + B)(A B).
" #
2 1
1.7: Tm f (A) bit: f (x) = x2 5x + 3I v A =
3 3
1.8: Tm tt c cc ma trn cp hai c bnh ph-ng bng ma trn khng.
1.9 : Tm tt c cc ma trn cp hai c bnh ph-ng bng ma trn n v.
1.10: Tm ma trn nghch o ca cc ma trn

2 1 0 0 1 3 5 7
3 2 0 0 0 1 2 3

a) A = b) A =
1 1 3 4 0 0 1 2
2 1 2 3 0 0 0 1

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1.11 : Tm ma trn X sao cho

1 2 3 1 3 0 1 1 1 1 1 3

a) 3 2 4 .X = 10 2 7 b) X. 2 1 0 = 4 3 2
2 1 0 10 7 8 1 1 1 1 2 5
" # " # " # " # " # " #
2 1 3 2 2 4 4 1 2 1 5 0
c) .X. = d) .X. =
3 2 5 3 3 1 3 1 5 3 6 1

1 1 1 " # " #
2 1 1 1 0 5
e) X. 0 1 1 2. =
3 0 6 1 2 1
0 0 1

1 2 2 3 5 1 5

f ) 2 5 4 .X + 7 6 = 3. 1 2
2 4 5 2 1 2 0

1 1 1 ... 1 1 2 3 ... n

0 1 1 ... 1 0 1 2 ... n 1

g)
0 0 1 ... 1
.X = 0 0 1 ... n 2 .

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
0 0 0 ... 1 0 0 0 ... 1
1.12: Tm hng ca cc ma trn sau

2 1 1 1 1 2 3 14
2 1 11 2
1 0 4 1 1 3 1 1 3 2 1 11

1) 2) 1 1 4 1
3)
1 1 1 6
11 4 56 5
1 1 1 5 2 3 1 5
2 1 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 3

1 3 2 0 5
2 1 3 5 7 9 1 3 1 3 1 1
6 9 7 12
4) 5) 1 2 3 4 5 2 6) 2 1 7 3 2
2 5 2 4 5
2 11 12 25 22 4 1 3 2 5 3
1 4 8 4 20

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1.13: Bin lun theo a hng ca cc ma trn sau y

1 2 1 1 a 1 2 a 1 1 4

1) 2 a 2 2) 2 1 a 5 3) 1 a 1 3
3 6 (a + 3)(a + 7) 1 10 6 1 1 2a 1 4

3 1 1 4 1 4 3 6 1 2 1 3 2
a 4 10 1 1 0 1 1 2 1 a2 0 4

4) 5) 6)
1 7 17 3 2 1 1 0 3 1 2 5 7
2 2 4 3 0 2 a 4 1 2 a 1 1
1.14

3 4 5 7 1
2 6 3 4 2

1. Cho A = . Tm cc gi tr ca m r(A) = 2.
4 2 13 10 0
5 0 21 13 m

3 1 1 1 2
1 1 3 1 2

1 1 2 1 3
5 5
2 0 2m + 1

1 4 3 6
1 0 1 1

2 1 1 0
0 2 m 4
1.15: Tnh cc nh thc cp 3 sau

1 1 1 0 1 1 1 i 1+i

a) 1 0 1 b) 1 0 1 c) i 1 0

1 1 0 1 1 0 1i 0 1
1.16: Gii ph-ng trnh

1 x x2 x3

1 2 4 8

=0
1 3 9 27

1 4 16 64

2 0 4

1.17: Bit rng cc s 204, 527, 255 chia ht cho 17. Hy chng minh rng 5 2 7 cng chia

2 5 5
ht cho 17.

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1.18: Chng minh rng

b+c c+a a+b a b c

b1 + c1 c1 + a1 a1 + b1 = 2. a1 b1 c1 .

b2 + c2 c2 + a2 a2 + b2 a2 b2 c2
1.19: Tnh cc nh thc sau

3 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1

1 3 1 1 1
2 3 4 1 0 a b

1) 2) 3)
1 1 3 1 4 9 16
1 1 a 0 c

1 1 1 3 1
8 27 64 1 b c 0

1 x x2
x 3 0 x y z
x2 + 1 xy xz
x3 x2 x 1 x 0 z y
2
4) xy y +1 yz 5) 6)
1 2x 3x 4x
2 3 y z 0 x
xz yz z +1
2
4x3 3x2 2x 1 z y x 0

x a a ... a
x 1 x 2 x 0 y 0

1 x 2 x 0 z 0 t a x a ... a

7) 8) 9) a a x ... a

2 1 x x y 0 z 0
... ... ... ... ...
x x 2 1 0 t 0 x
a a a ... x

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Mc lc
1 nh thc Ma trn 5
1.1 Ma trn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 nh thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.1 nh ngha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.2 Cc tnh cht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Ma trn nghch o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.1 nh ngha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.2 nh l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.3Tm ma trn nghch o bng php bin i s cp . . 9
1.4 Hng ca ma trn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.5 Bi tp tng hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

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1

i s tuyn tnh Gv : Nguyn Thnh Hin

i s tuyn tnh Gv : Nguyn Thnh Hin

i s tuyn tnh Gv : Nguyn Thnh Hin

i s tuyn tnh Gv : Nguyn Thnh Hin

i s tuyn tnh Gv : Nguyn Thnh Hin

1. nh thc cp 2: Cho ma trn A vung cp 2, nh thc ca ma trn vung y gi l nh

2. nh thc cp 3: Cho ma trn A vung cp 3, nh thc ca ma trn vung y gi l nh

3. nh thc cp n: Cho ma trn A vung cp n

Ta ch n phn t aij , b i hng i v ct j ta thu -c ma trn ch cn n 1 hng v

|A| = (1)1+1a11.|M11| + (1)1+2 a12.|M12| + . . . + (1)1+n a1n .|M1n|

K hiu : Aij = (1)i+j .|Mij | gi l phn ph i s ca phn t aij ca ma trn A.

1.2.2 Cc tnh cht

1. Nu i ch hai dng hoc hai ct cho nhau th nh thc i du.

2. Trong nh thc nu c mt dng hoc mt ct no m tt c cc phn t u bng khng

i s tuyn tnh Gv : Nguyn Thnh Hin

3. Trong nh thc nu c hai dng hoc hai ct t l th nh thc bng khng.

4. Tha s chung ca mt dng hoc mt ct c th -a ra ngoi du nh thc.

5. Trong mt nh thc nu c mt dng (hoc mt ct) no m mi phn t u l tng

6. Ma trn vung v ma trn chuyn v ca n c nh thc bng nhau

7. nh thc khng thay i nu ta mang cc phn t ca mt dng (hoc mt ct) nhn vi

i s tuyn tnh Gv : Nguyn Thnh Hin

1.3 Ma trn nghch o

Cho ma trn A vung cp n, nu tn ti ma trn B vung cp n sao cho

trong En l ma trn n v cng cp th A gi l kh nghch, B gi l ma trn nghch o ca

A l ma trn kh nghch khi ch khi |A| 6= 0, v khi ma trn nghch o -c xc nh theo

i s tuyn tnh Gv : Nguyn Thnh Hin

1.3.3 Tm ma trn nghch o bng php bin i s cp

Cc php bin i s cp tm ma trn nghch o :

1. i ch hai dng cho nhau.

2. Nhn hoc chia mt dng vi mt s khc khng.

3. Mang cc phn t ca mt dng nhn vi mt s ri cng t-ng ng vo mt dng khc.

i s tuyn tnh Gv : Nguyn Thnh Hin

1.4 Hng ca ma trn

Xt A = [aij ]mn , k N v 1 6 k 6 min{m, n}

1. nh thc con cp k: T ma trn A ly ra cc phn t nm k dng, k ct (gi nguyn

3. Ph-ng php tm hng ca ma trn : S dng cc php bin i s cp

(a) i ch hai dng hoc hai ct.

i s tuyn tnh Gv : Nguyn Thnh Hin

i s tuyn tnh Gv : Nguyn Thnh Hin

1.11 : Tm ma trn X sao cho

1.12: Tm hng ca cc ma trn sau

i s tuyn tnh Gv : Nguyn Thnh Hin

1.13: Bin lun theo a hng ca cc ma trn sau y

1.16: Gii ph-ng trnh

i s tuyn tnh Gv : Nguyn Thnh Hin

1.18: Chng minh rng

1.19: Tnh cc nh thc sau

i s tuyn tnh Gv : Nguyn Thnh Hin

i s tuyn tnh Gv : Nguyn Thnh Hin

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