43 

ก THAI EDITION 1

#

 ก!"
The Immune System

 1 ก  กก!"

KEY CONCEPTS
 #-" !. : #

ก!" (immune system)
 : 1 
 กก  กก ก !
 " !#$%ก &  ก'(! &$
 : 2 
 ก) * +, -+, .*)% /ก/
 : 3 
 ก) /0กก &$!+,!1*%ก
 : 4 ก"1". !!
 ก "1 1"1ก/2*ก !#$

OVERVIEW ก%*@#%1** & P

 กQ ".&%*1 *, 

" : ก  @ ก  A #ก B
" @1.ก.1กก !&$".!%ก
*,%3% &$ (Pathogen)*!(
    &. *  ก  &$  .$ ก%  1  ก    *%  +,
% ก$ /> ".  % ?    1 &$ ". .  *
)+, ".   &$  $  /> "$  1% 1 /> "$  1% 
 *%"./
 1 &$ />)1
". !  %  &$  /)%     *(@  / &$  &%  *
 ".. / 1A %&ก $))%&$/>*
ก*%ก!"$ *,', ก *ก 
*, )ก&$13* B. ".ก%ก/ "
+,
    ก   * " "C "%  "*1+,
/ก/ก!1*%ก +,/ก/ (C"

 1)  colorized scanning electron micrograph -- +,

 ก"..ก*% ( .$ ) -ก, (Macrophage) ก


 2 
@ #

ก!"C"!B@ ก !
ก  ก  ( .  !.  *) +, . , (Yeast cell) กก.$ ก 
 ก *, @ %/>
 กก 
 %ก &$/C/1/ */@# 
 ก) %*/ก !
 กก 
ก1+,! ".. 1 ก!!*%1* @&%*1ก ก!
 ก)

!  /+, %  ก * B.  1%  .$  * B.   3".   %  

Translated from Campbell & Reece Biology 7th Edition. © 2009 SATIT KKU student bio-class
2 THAI EDITION
 43 
 ก

ก/0ก".)$R". +#. *,"ก&   /ก 

 ก".%&$&$$!%ก
&$ก &% C *1 1 /ก1  1%.$ .  * ( &%
 1) กก ก" !ก
/>ก/ก S "."ก กก!&$". /0ก
!#$%ก ก%&$ 
 ก
! %%ก ก"./T"!ก%ก"ก %*$/> ก   C  /.  *  !A ก  *  %   * 
%  /%   )%  กA . กก/.  กU  + ก
    ก  ก    .$  !   ก  1     ".  /> 
ก/. 1 ก)%)B, ก *ก1%.$ ก"?กก+,%ก! %ก)  %$
%ก/>"./T % *
ก ก(..$ *ก. ก!&$ ก! .$"1 @ *%+,
!*&$   &% ก1 .".&%*V%1/0ก&$  />&$ 
 กก 1&$
 &%*/ก/0"..ก/T C ก
ก %ก*3 %Y)& !*ก%
@&$W2/ก!*ก.!*
ก!/ 2. #

ก!


!
 (Acquired immunity) )
%ก A %ก)! %  $ก Y)  *, ".. ก  ก  1  />  ".  ก ก .  & 

. !&$   . & 
  1  ก +, !1* 
ก  (Adaptive immunity) ก !
% ก * &$ กA ก  ก!#$ 
   ก  
 ก& .$ 
1
 กก 
  %   ก &$    * ก  1+, 1  & $  % * ". . ก  %  C ก) Z /%  &  3   *%  P 
/ก/ 
 ก.$ @ก*ก% (acquired)Q .$  11A* ก"!*
1*%ก'(!+,%ก+,/ก/
 ก *% . ก  C ก &$ ก% ". 
  ก 
กกก*ก% (Pathogen) ก/>ก'( & .$" ก !
 ก&  .$ ก
%3 
 ก *, @&* "..ก'() C ก *ก%.ก).) 
 ก 1,
 +,  /ก/1  * ?  ก " B, 2 %   & /. +# $) '! "..V%+,%ก". &$
/&, กก ก ! ก  +#. / %ก '( 
 ก& .$#/. ก  )*B!%ก
)ก%ก/% %*!
 ก "..* * %*
 ก) "1".
1. #

ก!"EFก " (Innate immunity)    ก '(Y)%   % * % !&$  &% % * !
)  *," "ก&   ""..ก ก!Aก ]*&$ "., !! 
*) &$ ก.1%.$% S*%& !&$.$ *% 
 ก)  1&$*ก'()
กก!*1% ก/>
 "".%)  % 

 กก $*@# *ก.!*
ก &% C *1

Translated from Campbell & Reece Biology Seventh Edition. © 2009 SATIT KKU student bio-class

 43 
 ก THAI EDITION 3

CONCEPT I
 : 1 : C" #

ก!"EFก " ก  ก!"A #ก B
" #OP"FNก!
!กQR#M:PE 

 กก )  *,"ก&  () )& & .ก*) กก*ก.*ก 
 ก/
".$ ) *%
 )  *,)*ก%.กก 1/>)*กก 
 ก/
".$&%*/0กกก &$"$  $ /
@# /ก *!.$ / %ก?#ก'ก"!
 ก )%/

ก!"EFก "C"!B@ANก #ก!"S! ก !#$ +,

 ก "..ก*% g.+, (Hemocytes) 1%
)*ก".  ?  % "$   ก$  /
 g. -h (Hemolymph) +#.ก*%/>!
* Aก&.*  )1%$.
 ก $ g. +,  /> +,
  ก /0  ก &$ 

ก    ".  .   "  1 @  กก &$   ก   ?  ก *ก".  .  ก*%  -ก+"+
 ".,  . %  
**  & / ก1  (phagocytosis) +#  ก  %   ".  .  *@#  

ก (Exoskeleton) /> ก".%ก &$ /ก1 /ก/".! (!

 3)
.$ /   ก  *  )  B,  ).  +  , /   
"     กก.$ g.  +,  ก  ก1  ". . C "  
(polysaccharide-chitin) /ก1
ก!$/>*  "., &%* )*ก/  กกก &$
g.
!!*ก &$1&  1)*ก .$ )  %*  -h $& g.+,%*ก +,& 3".1 )*ก
 ! +#&%*/0ก ".,%3".!)ก //",% ".. (Antimicrobial peptides) (!

กก 1 ++ (Lysosome) $  +, ". 4) .$ $ก"1V%&$ "..ก
&%*%C+,!)*ก "., ก.% pH 
 ")  !+,&$
 $ กA&%*/0ก" 1!1/

กก &$.ก*
ก$ &$ & กA @W2*!!*+# 
    ! !   #  . ก %     /  ". 


 4 ก M!ก" ก กก ก #B"ก!" BNก " * 
C @ ก   /"  1   /.      ( Green
Fluorescent Protein: GFP) +#ก !#$
 ก%
ก  @ กก *    @ ก Y.  * ".  . % ** 
%ก  C % % @ กY.  * ". @ กY.  ก .  ".
% "., ก ก!. GFP "1ก  .!.* 
- +,
+,
 ก!?ก"..ก'() ?'

 3 ก #
@"ก ก" (Phagocytosis) Y)$&$ก!&$ "..ก *ก
1ก(,!(ก "&$!+,"&$ (Phagacytic cell) +,/ก/ C+,!&$/ก *
Translated from Campbell & Reece Biology 7th Edition. © 2009 SATIT KKU student bio-class
4 THAI EDITION
 43 
 ก

).,!$ (Polysaccharide) +#.ก'() ?') /   * .  +#  *   ก   1,  /.  1   
!(".C+,! "...).,"./ก *$  antimicrobial peptides Y) %1ก @* &$ก
ก Y)+#%) +, *, %&%   .. Micrococcus luteus .กC /.ก".
ก (Macromolecule) "."1"./>*&.$  %&.$&  ก%ก#"1  antimicrobial peptides ".& ก%
!*ก%กก&$ +,
 ก! ก/*
1/.)  %&.$ (specialized recognition protein) )1*.  1  Antimicrobial peptides ".
+#%ก/ ก ก!&$ &% ก%ก*กก %ก &$$1#
+,!&$1 "..%) +#ก%ก?#ก'ก !//",).$% 
ก !
 ก$ .*%ก &  )1.ก./nS1.$ Bruno Lemitre (ก* &*
%  &  /&  !&$   ".  ก%  ก  W? & " )Bก 1% 1,.".& 
ก*%&% &$ Neurospora crassa !/%ก )"..?#ก'
 ก!* กก
!1*.C (Fruit fly) %*!C+,!&$  " ) *%ก 1,//",% ".. .*
ก /.  ก/
" +#  ก /l ก    " 1 (single antimicrobial peptide) * !* @
/.*  ",(Toll receptor) +#% C *!+, ก%1ก C) ก/0ก&$ก%&$

 ก * % SS(@%" SS( ก Toll receptor 

< 
 5 Yก  Bruno Lemmaitre #R# /.
%&.)%&   / ก ".ก%ก/
 //",".%ก กA%&.)".%& ก* &% +
+  (Drosomycin) .Cก N. crassa  .-+  (Defensin) .C
% M. luteus />

ก!"EFก "C"!B@ก #ก!"S!

 *,.กก 1
 ก%ก "%*กก

 ก".  +#%3)Z3 / *,.$
*/> %*1S% )*  %*1S%$ @#
 ก%
ก ! *,.กก 1/>1ก &% 1 ก%)
@#
 ก%ก +#1ก ! *,%.กก 1 1. ".
ก.!*/0ก
ก (Barrier defenses) 2. -ก+"+ (phagocytosis)  3. //",%&.) (Antimicrobial peptides)
ก$*  1#ก/@#ก'() ?'"$ %!
 ก%ก  *,.กก 1  1. ก  
&$ 2. +,
 กกV%B& (natural killer cells)

Translated from Campbell & Reece Biology Seventh Edition. © 2009 SATIT KKU student bio-class

 43 
 ก THAI EDITION 5

ก@ ก \ก!" F"ก %ก $ ".,".!/ ก1ก/

*,.$ก*. C *"./>"!!&$ 1%  1     ". , %  3 ++$     ก$  
ก ก.!*1%.$กกC *1**@#ก! " "..".%ก%".!/ 11
 %1  1  ! @%   )B, *   "., 11$ @กก /) ก  ก
 ก (mucous membrane) C ก"./>!1* 
*".ก!ก)1V% "..ก%".
1.*)/0ก ".,
%3 1Cilia !/  ก ก1กก%!%
) กก "., &%*/0ก/ &$ .ก"$ก1 1 +#"1C *!. pH 1*%3-5 +#*/>ก".
$ $ก&%*&/l ก  *@#!!* ).)/0กก S!&$ ".,1& 
 S ! ".,

ก!"EFก "C" #!


&$".! %%ก@ก) +,A!* (leukocyte) +,1%.$ ".,&* +#1ก toll
!  *,.$ก* &  toll 1*  & $ %*!&$ &% TLR %!+,A )).
+, (lipopolysaccharide) +#/>ก& ".) C *! "..& %3 *@# TLR3 ".%C *1!* +   (Vesicle)".
ก กก++ (Endocytosis) +#/>* % SS(! RNA % ก *. ก!* (!
 6) +# ก%*
%) %ก! *,.กก 1"*/ % )  %3
&.)
 ก1%.$ก  TLR +#/>*/0ก

 ก *ก-ก+"+ (phagocytosis) A!*
ก&$ ".,".ก!  %%/".* * ก$*
 *"ก% &++ +#ก" ".,.$.
* B. 1.&กU+กU+3".C ++ 2.&+
++,"."1&$ ".,ก*
+,-ก+, (phagocytic cells) "..ก%ก! *,
.$ก* A!*&  *"-T*(Neutrophil) $".
 &$#  *-T* +#  *-T *ก"  ". ,
*"$ -ก, (macrophages)*+, -./0.1 +#ก&$
& ก  *ก-ก+"+ (phagocytosis) />  +,
phagocyte !1S% & /"*%ก !(".
+,   3%   1%  ". @ **  *$    %  3 " 
 6 ก N!.. R TLR TLR !% ก'(
Macrophages   %  $  1  $      3! %   !&$ lipopolysaccharide , flagellin , CpG DNA  RNA
$1"1".Y)ก%&$  ".,$ % ".)  ".,1* %%) +, *, together with
other recognition and response factor /.TLRกก
"%
 % "., Aก1/ %$1
"!
 ก%ก 
"%
%$1 (!
 7) +#
).$ 
)*
% ก1".! $1
 ก

Translated from Campbell & Reece Biology 7th Edition. © 2009 SATIT KKU student bio-class
6 THAI EDITION
 43 
 ก

Phagocytes .ก 2 &  .+ -T* (eosinophils) +,ก  (dendritic cells) +#. " "
 ก.$ก*%
 + -T*.ก *กphagocytic  %กA.* S%ก/0ก%กก!C กก1+, (multicellular
invader) &% 1/  +#  + -T*%! C กก$กก"!+,"."*ก +,ก 
(dendritic cells)%  *($". C ก *+#"1"./>*ก".ก ก *ก% ".,


 7 #

"P S:C""  $1/ก * "%$1+#/>"1*.!$1  %3".&ก  ก& $ %*".
/ก/  1% &% %., %"+  %$1  Peyer|s patches    !$". 1-4  @#ก1*.!$1
E B"# FABNB "M
Sก $ก)%ก!*
%ก &%*
(Antimicrobial peptide and proteins) ก*  ก &$* &% !1* A !* 
ก&$ *,.$ก*ก1ก  & 1 interferon & %3".&%*ก macrophages
กC  /%  //", &   %  3/.  !  . " 1 )   * @!ก-ก+"+ (phagocytosis)
&$ ".,1ก)%)B, & /0กก+#" !(.$  '"
&กC  interferon ก/ก,&
1".1Antimicrobial peptide! * .1 ".DNA )กก'ก &$* ".% &%
1ก &$/>*ก*ก ก*!1+, ก. *  ก &  C
/. ก*ก) * (Interferon)  %*/ก !  ,/ก $/ก */.& 
/.  />   ก '()  ?'!!
    ก  !   *, . ! !  30  * ".  "  1  ". % * ก  ก%   ก &$  
กก 1 /.  1%  .$  1  *.  "$  
*".  %  ก  /l ก   
Interferon />  /.  ". .  % ก    )  /0  ก  (Inactive state) ". @ก /l ก  ก ".%C *1!
%ก &$  &$* %ก1 interferon "  ".,%3(Active state) กก /l ก  "."1ก 
1!/+,ก.".% &$)1C  ". $ก +,". ก กก  ,/ ก  " 1 ". ก
)%)B,!* "..$ ก"! interferon %! ก .ก* 1*@/ )@#ก/0ก
 ก ) ก  +, % +, %ก $ ก *ก.$ กA )
Translated from Campbell & Reece Biology Seventh Edition. © 2009 SATIT KKU student bio-class

 43 
 ก THAI EDITION 7

ก B
"BNก !ก

.!A" "!/$&$C *1!( *A /*ก * SS(/>Cกก %ก
ก */./.$/ %ก1! SS(".%ก.ก A 1 &$ . g. ". (Histamine) />
*ก". S".  g. ".@กกA * ก (Granules) !  +, (mast cell) 2 345678  09.,05.ก:5,; (Connective tissue)= >
? 456 (!
 8)   / ก *กก Y)  ก.!A" $/> ก g. ".+#@ก/%กก
 +, ". . ก A ก 1    ! *  %   @+# C%   ก!#$ 1 ก ก$ -ก,
(Macrophages) ".@ก +,3 .ก % SS()   +#"1  *("./>C1 *ก !#$ *1.$#"
1ก  *  *(".ก %*1W@%"". ".*ก /!1*+#%
 *(ก.ก $".ก กก /> 1"1ก ก *!#$


 8 SBก RS!กc C"ก กก !ก
d
#

1*%  ก  ก *ก ก . ก  % " S S( +#/ก /*+,A!* &$".* ?'
   *("..กก "11!ก) !#$ +ก!+,%ก
&%*1 @ %*ก+# .,/ก />/.ก ก A ).Aกก%1ก กก Y)
 "..*A*!#$ C1กก"!/.  *( %ก &$".* .1ก $%
   +#  &% * 1  g. ".    & ก   1 - ก+, ก$ ก%1ก ก "*%กก) !#$!
(Phagocytes) !  *(".ก ) !#$ กก.$  *( +,A!* +,".ก ก A 1+,". &$
ก 3$  $ กA .ก1 S S(". # & ก   *"-T* , $$ 1 /กก  *"-T* (Neutrophils)
(Neutrophils)  -ก, (Macrophages) ก!1 !กก ก(.".ก ก &$ &% 1 
ก%*&%*ก+#C%!+,A!* ก 1  ก *A!*) ก!#$1
 *(ก ก !#$./ %ก *ก-ก+"+ "%*).%ก.&*
(Phagocytosis) "1 ".,%3 ก />1 (Pus)
ก3".ก.*!ก ก %กก ก! ) ) 'ก&$+#@ก//%ก
-ก,!&$ ) '&%) (Pyrogens) "1(1
 %ก !#$ C)B,"..กก!$/>".@ก@.ก% %
กA.  R1#".B *%ก!&%*) (1
 %ก +#(1
 ". .$ก1ก  Phagocytosis . !#$ %
/l ก  .+#C1ก ก+%+$.ก*

Translated from Campbell & Reece Biology 7th Edition. © 2009 SATIT KKU student bio-class
8 THAI EDITION
 43 
 ก

ก &$ "..&ก1ก ก %กก ".ก ก*%%ก*  *ก$"1

 .&.* ก &$ก 1  (Septic shock) / !ก ก!  * ก1*.".&!
ก 1  ก &$ก .$ก) ก!"..ก 1 ก "$/> 1ก .&.* !!ก
 @# 1  3 !ก .&.* ก%!.$"$1

ก!""!กeN B f M B
+,
 กกV%B& (Natural Killer Cells) &%*ก กก+,". &$ *,.กก 1 
+,/ก %ก"ก& ก*+,A ./.".C *
ก"..ก*% class I MHC +, &$* 1)Zก/>
+,A /..$%  C *+,.ก%/ +,กV% (NK cells) *.+,1%$ก! ก +,
/01 */% .ก)"+,$ ) $กก!* 1A

ก  !
B!@
:S
Sก #

B " "EFก "M:PE 
ก/ * * *Zก1 *ก% (pathogens) 1.ก.กก@ก"ก *ก-ก+"+ *%&% ก
".. /+! ".. &%*+%  )B,).,!$+#.C+, /0กก!
 ก
&% ".. Streptococus pneumoniea +#. " " Sก) *% DNA @&ก!")Bก (!
 16.2) %
 ".. & กA%1 .ก!
 ก %.ก%ก@ก%ก++ก *ก phagocytosis 
*%". S.ก/   "..".ก%1ก *( (Tuberculosis : TB) +#"**
! +,  (Host cells) 
 S )"$* )%)B,%/ * A *1".&$*(.$ @&
 ก"..%ก !
 *(# @%&.* C"*ก "ก3/‚

CONCEPT II
 : 2 : C" #

ก!" 
# B!@ !
C"EgAB @  
#BNก
*,.กก 1 (vertebrate) /> *,)*ก.*"..
 ก)(Acquired immunity) ก1ก
 ก.%
ก  (Innate immunity) +#. *,"ก& ก%**! B-cells  T-cells +#/>A!*& 1# .ก*%  -+,
(Lymphocytes) (  17 
B) . " " Sก%&$!
 ก ).$  -+,กA1ก +,A
"*3/ )@ก ก+, (Stem cells) !กก (Bone marrow)  -+,".กก!กก/%"
(Thymus gland)+#/>**&%ก(thoracic cavity) %  *(11*$  S//> T-cells (T %ก thymus)  -+,".
 S!กกก/> B-cells (B %กก bursa of fabricius +#/>**!ก".) B-cells />$ก % 
*% B %ก bone marrow ". B-cells ก S *,.กก 1 %*1S%)

"$ .+, ".+,"1".ก.*ก ก (Recognize)  $+, 1ก/ก/ "$ & %*ก
) *""
 ก (immunological memory) +#&%*) / "B
)ก %ก/ก/".) ก%
1.$ *""
 ก". !#$.%%ก1 /‚"..* Y$# 1 C". &$$ก (prior
infection) 1Y.*+. (vaccination) ก%)/0กก. ก. 3 *.$/กl/* ? ,ก.ก !

Translated from Campbell & Reece Biology Seventh Edition. © 2009 SATIT KKU student bio-class

 43 
 ก THAI EDITION 9

Thucydides  2,400 /‚ก% ! "#ก*% P .&.* ".)  C @&%*/2* %/2*$".  %/2*.ก
&*&.* Q (for the same man was never attacked twice„never at least fatally)

*% B-cells  T-cells "/

 ก) %
 ก%ก 
 ก)กA.*ก.*ก
  .ก &$ SS(ก-ก+,  %/ 
  ก%ก  +#ก1  -+,  
)กก
 %ก &$!#$%&3 *%&% +,-ก, (macrophage)  +,ก  (Dendritic cells) +#&* B.กก
 ".,!/ *+,ก%*1/.+", (cytokine) +#&%* ) ก -+, $ macrophage 
dendritic cells #. " "ก /ก/ ! B-cells  T-cells "/>C!%*


EF @ก!" 
# 1  /.   *  +#  )  (soluble receptor
ก"!
 ก) @ /.$ protein) +#%ก/ก/ (foreign molecules)
B-cells  T-cells %+,.* "./>/.* +,1*.%ก
ก". ก & $ %*ก/ก/ * ".%  -
+,  1  ก  "$  1 % .   -+, 1   +, ". *%%1ก%1.$ /
 ก)
/./*กก ก & $ %*/ก/)". *. * %กA.1@ &% " -+,
*   *, &$ B-cells  T-cells "..* ". 1+,#.* ".%ก? ก &$ก -
 ".,@กก " ")!
 ก ก +,".% ก ก &$%? 
 กก*
ก B-cells  T-cells . /l ก   ก & $  %*!! ก /ก/%? @1%.$*@#@3
 ".,".% C *+,  -+,".@กก %+,)      1  ก".     .  !
    ก 
/0 ก  ก  &$    ". , &    T-cells  * &% *  )  ก".ก *ก (Recognition)
ก -+, กก$* V%&$ B-cells 

ก  "B" (Antigen) EFEgAB

ก/ก/ ".)@ก -+,/ %กก/ ก  ) +#.ก*%  
(Antigen)   %*ก/>ก1S% /ก * /. 1).+,   *@ก/% %!1*1*%
+, &% ) '". "..1ก !(".  3กC *!*ก% (pathogen) 1 +,/ก/ (foreign
cells)
B-cells  T-cells  &* ". *   .Aก %*". 
)% (antigen-specific receptors) ".% )  ก  . ก$ .ก*% epitope 2A
7B/.. CD
:,ก;E
  (plasma membranes) (!
 9)  -+,& 
., 1 antigenic determinant  ก.
T 1 B . .*  /( 100,000 C *! (epitope) ".ก%ก % @&ก"1ก ก
$ B-cells  %+,  />) +, (plasma  ก -+,+# epitope $3(!
 10)
cells) +#1 * /+#)  (soluble *   (Receptor) "$1%  -+,
form of the antigen receptor) /.".1ก.$.ก*% 1ก * %*$epitope +#!%ก *
 . (antibody) 1 immunoglobulin (Ig) ก%*.*) % epitope $ % -
+,"./0ก pathogen  ก"./ก * epitope
".ก%ก + +

Translated from Campbell & Reece Biology 7th Edition. © 2009 SATIT KKU student bio-class
10THAI EDITION
 43 
 ก

B!@!
"B" B-cells # T-cells

* ! B-cells %* !  ./% Y-shape +#/ก * ).//", 4  2 /> 1ก (heavy
chains) .ก  />   (light chains) +#.)B+-, (disulfide bridge) & "$ 4 !*ก (!
 9a)
transmembrane%ก/! heavy chains ".* Wn%   !+,  *(1 $ (short tail region) +#% /!
heavy chains $ กก/+) +#

light chains  heavy chains % /ก *  *(* (constant region) "..ก ก%ก/* ".%
C *! B-cells C-region /ก * %*"./> cytoplasmic tail  trasmembrane region ".. heavy chains +#@ก&ก*)B
+-, (disulfide bridge)  ! Y-shape . light chains  heavy chains +#% /ก *  *(/C (variable
region)*=05.ก ก
F:5:ก
>.G ?Bก?B, %* heavy-chains V region  light-chains V region /ก ก/>  *( %
 (asymmetrical binding site) (!
 9a) B-cells %+, .  *( (binding site) ".)

 .ก 1ก"ก%ก * ก. (Organization) ก* %*!trasmembrane region 
cytoplasmic tail (
 9 # 10) />C"1"". .1C%ก"..1 (membrane bound) *1".".
ก%ก +#* 1,1*ก.$


 9 B!@!
"B"
"EgAB *  "$1".%  B-cell  T-cell  ก  ".) Variable regions
!* %/+, "1* .*)% -+, Constant regions 1ก1ก*%
*  !T-cell %* /ก * ).//",".%ก    -   . &ก*)B 
+-, (
 9b) *%.). 2-4  %* ! T-cell .(   1กก * ! B-cell ".  *(กR!* ! T-
cell . transmembrane region ". % )   %*".ก  -   . ! variable region  ก/>
/> antigen-binding site %*ก".1/ก ก/>  *(* (constant region)
* B-cells  T-cells $./ ก.ก % ?'   1    ".  % C * !+,  g , (Host
กA.(   %ก "$%1ก".  )B cells) . %  .  ก% .$ .  ก*% major histocompatibility
+#%&%*, (non-covalent bond) "."/l ก   @. complex (MHC) /.!g ,+,". ?' 
1*% epitope  C *". ก'(.$* ! B-cell  1ก * ! T-cell กก/l ก  !?' 
 ก  ".  (,    1 %  . MHC * ! T-cell/>1ก!
 ก) +#
)$C *! pathogen "ก ก * ! T-cell  ก )@#1*!%/
Translated from Campbell & Reece Biology Seventh Edition. © 2009 SATIT KKU student bio-class

 43 
 ก THAI EDITION 11


 10 Epitopes (Antigenic determinants)  *(Aก3".)   .ก*% Epitope />  *(".&ก *
   -+, &%  .".%กก &   ก Epitope ".%ก  .*ก Epitope 
 *(   (Antigen-binding site) ./%!! 
)+ % %$%/%%.ก'( 
! .
)!*


S"  MHC

ก *ก ".+, (T-cells)   *ก% (pathogen) "1ก  ก &$ 1&$$@กก!
/g ,+, (Host cells) *ก%%g ,+, +,
+,/.!&$/>& $Aก3 +#.ก*%//",
  (Peptide antigen) 1& $ %*  (antigen fracment) //", 1%.$% ก กMHC //",".
 * ( )$C *!+, /กl/>ก ก! (Antigen Presentation) (!
 11) +# 11A& $ %*! 
"./กl C *+, 1ก ".@ก $) ก ".+, * ".+,$ @ ก  $3
ก !  MHC /.$ %*%
/กก  !
 ก".% 
1&ก1ก ก.+,". &$ %/>C"1
+, &$@ก" & !+,".  />
*ก1*%ก ก / -ก+,
1    -+, +#  . ก ก  )" ก@# 
  /> SS( % ก@#
 ก*%ก 
&$ก !#$* 
 ก ก) 
ก ! % $*ก%+#
/>1%!  +,%ก.ก ก!
   % SS(@#
 ก*%+,$ 

 11 Class I MHC C%!กก)    /!//", &$   * 
    ก   กก    +,
)1*  !A!* )1& C *1! MHC   1%$ " $กก /0กกC%!!
presents  
ก &$ )ก/
"!+,".  

    ก    &  ก '(".  ก%  1 ก 3 ก % 
MHC กก/> 2 ก% .$

Translated from Campbell & Reece Biology 7th Edition. © 2009 SATIT KKU student bio-class
12THAI EDITION
 43 
 ก

กN 1  MHC Eก (Class I MHC molecules) ) " "ก+,%ก (ก* +,".%. *. (Non-
nucleated cells) *%&% +,A) ก%". 1 ! MHC ก 1 ก //", %*%! 
/ก/".  1,!#$
+, +, %ก3กA ". &$1 />$ @ 1, ".
/ก/  ก+#//", %*%ก%*/ !ก% 1 MHC ก (!
 12a) ก% 1 ! MHC
ก.$   //",".@กก%!".+,"..ก*% +"ก+ ก ".+, (Cytotoxic T cells) 2H3GD
F.ก3ก ก IJDก
ABDK 05.ก>3BBLD>=09. 5 .6
กN 2  MHC Eก (Class II MHC molecules) @กC +,%ก.&   %*ก/> +, (dendritic
cells), - (Macrophage)  .+, +,%31%.$ ก%". 2 ! MHC ก/ก  ก //",". 
ก*@/ก/+#@ก!
+?ก ก/>& $ %*%3. * * B.-ก++ 1
++ (!
 12b)  +,,-  .+, />".ก +,  (Antigen-Presenting
cells) ก " "!)*กก  ".%
 +,   *+"ก+ ".+,".
+,C&%*(Helper T-cells) ก%!".+,ก%*"%*ก "$ .+,+"ก+ ".+,


 12 ก"/ˆ ก  1*% T-cell ก antigen-presenting cell
(a)Class | MHC  & $ %*//",!  % cytotoxic T-cell
(b) Class || MHC  & $ %*//",!  % cytotoxic T-cell  helper T-cell
"$ (a)  (b) * ! T-cells  ก MHC molecule-peptide antigen complex Class | MHC %*1S%  nucleated cell !(". Class II MHC 
ก antigen-presenting cell (macrophages, dendritic cells  B-cells)

!m" ก EgAB ก ก /ก/ *กก. * ก ก%
" **% -+, % % %+, !+,$%3!* *, /ก".
) ( (   3 /ก!
 ก   „ก % +#) *ก%1.$
(Acquired Immunity) /กก„*1ก1%ก .ก ".ก!#$*A*ก*%ก ก)
!& * "1*%)"".%) ก%@ก  $ก (   .$ก ก*""
 ก
*%/> /ก/ /ก". „* @ (Immunological memory)

Translated from Campbell & Reece Biology Seventh Edition. © 2009 SATIT KKU student bio-class

 43 
 ก THAI EDITION 13

1ก(, 3 %!*ˆก! -+, />)$R! 1. *1ก1!* 2. ก%%!

  3.*""
 ก  !กก !#$ -+, SA". %*! 3 ก !#$ -+,". SA$)
  $ก* ก?#ก'C"$ 3 !.$ *?#ก' ".ก !#$ )*!"..

@ S กS F -: @ (Lymphocyte) (6x3) กA/. 1ก ก*ก!,/ก ".*ก

กก
   />
ก".* ".1ก1 & $ %*".Aก3
*ก%ก!   ก  />*/ *!$ ก.*ก *1ก1!*
"..C%*)%*    -+, .ก*% B ) (กimmunoglobulin(lg) +#/./>1 light
cell 1 T-cell +# /กl * /( 100,000 *"$ 1 chain ! . * B cell @#*%ก
1ก @ %ก B cell 1 T-cell %ก%กก *. lg light chain %*   B cell  T-cell กA.
ก*  3ก @# %*/!* ก//".ก
  />*"."1%กกก.*! * @ก1ก   ". 1ก1 @ก   
ก ก+,1# %+,3 )/ !*/.
 . lg light chain * light chain ก 
ก. ก ".)% epitope ".*ก ก% variable (v)segment 1ก1 , a joining
%. B-cell ".ก%กก*%+,  T- (J)segment !%*, a constant (C)segment *% V  J
cell ".  ก%  กก*%  10   +, %      )%  segment %*กC /n" * !(". C segment .
  %)."%$.1 /../( 20,500 " "ก@1  !DNA "1" *% light
.  ! ' ,   @    *    ". chain /ก * 1 C segment ,40 V gene segment ".%ก
1ก1%.$%?  *1ก1!*  5 J gene segment ".%ก V  J segment (!
 13)
/".C ก  *% / ก@ * ก . @ก./>&3 )*%1". .@ก ก 1 copy

"..  . .
ก"..1ก . กA.@# /*ก %/
"# @ @# 200 "".%ก(heavy-
chain gene  .*ก%กก*%.$)

< 
 13 Immunoglobulins
("B
P ) F "  !    F CSN ก
*ก!& $ %*! V  J .
(*%.$& . V19  J5) .C
%   ก '(!.  ".  /1 !
light chain". /> ). //", 
* B-cell ก *กก1
ก% !  ก *ก/1
/>light chain 3  *).//
", ".   กก  .  1%  %  
 ! % * /ก !. 
heavy chain ) * "..
ก'(Y) B-cell ". SA".
 * (*"$  T-cell) %  ก
+,%ก".. DNA 1ก

Translated from Campbell & Reece Biology 7th Edition. © 2009 SATIT KKU student bio-class
14THAI EDITION
 43 
 ก

ก**%-nก,&! light chain gene  .* 1+,ก light chain  heavy-chain gene @ก
.DNA ก% B-cell)Z ก%!+,@กกA * .  ก*%.$ก.%@* %/ %ก*
.ก recombinase-links 1 v gene segment % 1 J gene segment 1ก"$ light chain  heavy-chain gene .
ก**ก DNA ".*1*% %*! exon VJ *  กA@ก 1,!#$ ก..@ก@1
)*%. intron 1*% JC DNA segment * DNA $ /1  ก/1 light chain  heavy-
.ก.".%*ก / JC segment %*ก1ก chain gene @ก*%*ก/ !*   %
@1 *
กก"ก+!RNA %!ก.C)B,".ก%ก )$C ** B
ก**/>/ % &ก 40 V gene cell*!**/( 1.65x106 กก*%$กก
segment % 5 J gene segment %* heavy-chain gene
ก )B,1*% VJ *@#ก**"1ก */>/"..
 ".)%&$

B"ก "ก!"B!@ 

)*%.*  @ก. % "1 -+, * )%ก!%ก! 1กก
 ! -+,%@กก1%.กก 
 กกA% @ก*กก "/.
+,$  -+,! 11" +#*  !@ก"  ก   -+,"./ก *
* ) 1 %ก!  1ก"."1@ก" (apoptosis) 1ก"1% Cกกก %+,".
/ก/ $%%กB! -+, +# @% %*/ก !
 ก.ก self-tolerate +# self-
tolerate @/>
 ก1ก  *%&% multiple sclerosis

  "

E"" 
 14 >
(clonal selection) B-cell ก
   )%  
 SS(ก cell signal B-
cell  %+, %*
1#/./> +,* .ก %*
1 #   / .    />  antibody-
secreting plasma cell T-
cells ".   )%    
ก *ก". 3ก memory
T-cell ". S +,/l  
(Effecter cells)   -+,  .
 *      )   %         ".
1ก1 ( / />* ".
. .ก%ก)

Translated from Campbell & Reece Biology Seventh Edition. © 2009 SATIT KKU student bio-class

 43 
 ก THAI EDITION 15

ก @REgAB C" 

ก E""

%  ก!/ก  *  *    (Antigen
receptor) ก % *  .).  %*  "% $ ".
& $ %*Aก3$)).ก  ) "/ (epitopes) !
  $#ก". antigen ) ก lymphocyte C
".)% $3 @&%$ 
 ก)
 @ %./ "B
) 1? 
%".ก/./*+, )Œ กกก
ก  ! -+,
ก ก! )"".)ก 
%Cก Lymphocyte B cells 1 T cells ".@กก
*) *!ก  ก %+,
13$  +, ".    %  ก/>  2    1. +,
/l   (Effecter cells) +#.&%*&.*   +,/l  

 15 @  
# immunological memory memory cell ".@ก %     +, ) " (Pathogen) +#    
 ".. ก  %  $ ก "1 ก  $ ". 
 !#$ 2. +,* (Memory cells) +#.&.* %
 *.*ก/>/%*A* %%.C%ก % 
&  (B) $ก  % .   *   ก  )       !   
receptors ".)! antigen $3
ก) *%*A*! lymphocyte +, ".  *.$ .ก*%
   (clonal
selection) (!
 14) ** .$/>กR*!
 ก*%ก%กก%*+$ ก  
  (antigen presentation) /* "..%  lymphocyte />C"1.ก %+,13 C "!ก *ก
 +,+,A *1)+, +#"ก+,)% & $
 ก%1ก C ก *ก% (pathogen). ก $". 2 $ !#$%ก *! T 
C%*A* *  * ก ! B memory cells ".กA  *  !ก C &$

 ก Cก+,! -+,1*%) &$/> $ก )*%+,)*ก.$.&.* % +,1%.$#/>
$ ก1 /  ก $ ก (Primary immune %*/ก 1ก !*""
 ก (immunological
response) ก 
 กก.$ C   memory) +#%/>*1"?*'"..* ".

*/( 10-17 * 1กก  C &$  ) antigen  .ก$ .+, (memory cells)  %+,
1*% $ B-cells   +, 1  .
   ก  ". *1?)  .%*A* *1C.$
.ก*% ) +, (plasma cells)  T-cells+#/ก / 
 ก )#./ "B
)  
*+,C&%* +""ก+ ก+, /.1%  *%  ก *ก   1 ก   !   
 / )  "   1ก. ก   &$  &    . ก ก (Recognition) ก +,+,A!*)(Clonal
 %&$*$A*ก*%  (&*). 2-7 * selection) *"  "
    ก  (Immunological
กC  ) กก$.ก*% Cก*%.ก* memory) . %*#ก ,/ก  +, B
ก*
 ก*ก*!!!+. (serum)  +, T %+, -+, 2 & .$%&$* B.
  11A@#*ก%ก*% ก $ "+#%%กก/ ?#ก'1*!@/
ก  $". 2 (
 15)

Translated from Campbell & Reece Biology 7th Edition. © 2009 SATIT KKU student bio-class
16THAI EDITION
 43 
 ก

CONCEPT III
 : 3 : #

ก!" 
# #\ก!"ก BM:P#S@C" N ก F

 ")!#$%ก "$ ก !
 "(antibody-mediated response) )  .$.
"ก!1*%ก (Human immune response)  " "ก

 "".?+,/> ก (cell-mediated immune %!
 "+#?+,/> ก(Cell-
response) (!  
 16) ก "
    ".$ mediated immune response) $ ก.*!ก กกก
/ก *กก1"ก (Clonal) ก clonal ! cytotoxic T cells +#  %&.$"+,
!A1/>+,/l  &  . (Effector B cells) /01 ".+,C&%* (Helper T cells)*78 กB EF:5J/.6
+#.1"./% .!ก $1 ". Lymphocyte &%*1ก "$ 2 & ! * 
.ก*%ก C%!1*%ก (humoral response) ก" +,!
 ก) ก
)".
*$1@ก.ก*%!1*%ก (Body 16 (
B 
 16)
homour) กก.$&*% ก "./> !



 16 
@ก B
"C" #

ก!" 
#

Translated from Campbell & Reece Biology Seventh Edition. © 2009 SATIT KKU student bio-class

 43 
 ก THAI EDITION 17

YMN@F : B
"BNกก:
กM" Helper T cells  antigen-preventing cell  

Helper T Cells @กก+,+#   /l ก  %ก/ (!  17)
  (antigen presenting cells) />*ก %  ก !$ T-cell receptors C *! Helper T-cell 
"  "$  ก "
    " . (humoral ก peptide antigen +## a class II MHC ก 
immune response) ก "
  "+, antigen-preventing cell
ก (cell-mediated response) !(.*ก /.& CD4 (+#) C *helper T cell
Helper T Cells ) *!#$%*A*1ก" %*1S%) CD4  ก class II MHC ก CD4&%* helper
/l ก  ก   +#  antigen-presenting cells T cell  antigen-preventing cell1 &ก
(/ก /> dendritic cells) 1ก/l ก   A $ clone !(".+, 2 & .$"/l ก  ก SS(./
cells *ก+#/./>".+,C&%*". @" ! cytokines @กก/.ก 2 " ?"   cytokines
(Activated Helper T-cells) +,*& ". (memory @ก/%ก dendritic cell "."/l ก  ก**ก antigen
helper T cells) )/ก helper T cell />11 helper T cell C 
Activated helper T cells /% +", cytokines !#$    *1#   / C*  กก 
(cytokines) +# .$/ก B-cells  cytotoxic T cells helper T cell 


 17

 !. Helper T cell C"ก B
"B " ""B
#ก B
" B " ":ก 

Antigen-preventing cells ". S. 3 &   1. dendritic tissue) ". dendritic cells  %C% antigens C% class II
cells 2. macrophages 3. B cells MHC ก / helper T cell
+,ก  (dendritic cells) +#/>*  Sก Maceophages    " "ก !$
ก กก$ก (primary immune response) ก%*/* ". 2 (Secondary immune response)   antigens /
1*!ก%1.$ "1".1"1C *1 memory helper T cell !(". ก  ?!1*
$      3+#  )  %  ก/T     C   /ก/ %ก (humoral response) %*1S%? B cells ก
(Antigens)   antigens % helper T cell
1  ก dendritic cells  antigens )*ก  
ก  *(". &$/$$1 (lymphoid

Translated from Campbell & Reece Biology 7th Edition. © 2009 SATIT KKU student bio-class
18THAI EDITION
 43 
 ก

Cytotoxic T cells : ก B
"BNBM:P

+""ก+ ก ".+, (Cytotoxic T cells) />+,".. $ " "! class I MHC ก  CD8 #
/l ก  ) SS(ก helper T cell &%.*ก ก 1ก class II MHC ก  CD4 ก*%& !
ก /l ก  ก antigen-preventing cell +,"."/l ก  "%$".ก%ก
@กก +,1%.$"+,". &$* ก"/011+,". &$ cytotoxic T
1&$ +,*3 & $ %*!/.".%  cell ก.*!ก ก1/. +#"1+,* 1.*
ก+,". &$ %*ก Class I MHC ก @ก  (!  18)
C *+,/01 +#)*ก@ก cytotoxic T cells ก!+,". &$%).%"1&$1
/.".C *  .ก*% CD8 +# cytotoxic T cells %* /  *(1# %ก%1ก ก+,".&   .
1S%ก @&%*  /l ก  1*%+,/01 ก    +#    !    *  )    ก&$    %  
 cytotoxic T cell  *A* ./ "B
)ก !#$ 1ก C &$$.ก
ก ก!CD8ก class I MHC ก &%*ก' $%/
C 1*% 2 +,1*%". cytotoxic T cell @กก 1กก"+,". &$*1#* T cell 
ก/)/V%+,3". &$& .*ก%/


 18 ก   F Cytotoxic T cell Cytotoxic T cell ".)" 1ก)  1
+,!+,/01 1+,"./"ก"!/. %C1+,

Translated from Campbell & Reece Biology Seventh Edition. © 2009 SATIT KKU student bio-class

 43 
 ก THAI EDITION 19


 19 ก ก #B" B cell C"ก B
"YN "S@C" N ก F   %*1S%ก Helper T cell กก C%!1*
%ก  Macrophage 1%กA Dendritic cell @"1"./> Antigen-presenting cell  Helper T cell  ) +,$. Endoplasmic
reticulum *ก)"1".1 )*ก/.

B cell : ก B
"BNM:PE "ก

ก!    ?  ก *ก   A     ก1ก1& !  %* B cell  ).
clonally selected B cells  * A!ก   ".  )    *1# ก
!1*%ก (humoral response) (!  19) กกก receptors />$ก C * B cell B cell ก ก
  .$ /> Y  ".ก.*!ก B cells  helper /ก/ 2-3 ก ก+"+  ก
T cells &%.*ก ก!/.1 polysaccharides  (receptor-mediated endocytosis) ก$ B cell  % MHC-
C *! "..
 ก%ก  antigen complex +# %ก helper T cell $ Cก
ก/". 19 .$  กก B cell    C 1*%+,%+, +#/ก * กŒ %กก B cell
 cytokines ".! กก helper T cell +#C& S1ก กก B cell / % humoral response ".!!A
antigen .*ก  B cell @กก1" "$   B cell ".@กกก%1ก  clone ! plasma cells  ) B
 cytokines B cell )    *!#$ % *A *  cell %+,+#. 4-5* /% antibody 2000 ก
/./> clone ! antibody-secreting plasma cells  clone "ก3* ".  ก*%$ antigen %*ก".@ก B cell   
! memory B cells  )  "/ (epitopes) * 1 &  )Y$  ก  &$ 
 "!ก ก ก! antigen   & .* /ก ก B-cell 1ก1
B cell ก%  ก antigen-preventing cells   3 )ก ก ก clones ".ก%ก! () +,) plasma
Macrophage 1 dendritic cell @ & $ %* peptide cells +#% epitopes ".ก%ก   $3
Translated from Campbell & Reece Biology 7th Edition. © 2009 SATIT KKU student bio-class
20THAI EDITION
 43 
 ก

ก(..$".  +# C * 1ก1&  +,.*ก ก ! B cell @ก /?กก
ก.*!ก cytokines 1 helper T cells
@#*%ก &%$%C%" memory B cells )*ก B-cells 1%.$  " "ก% "..*
ก

M""B
 (Antibody Classes)

1 ก1 B-cell  .C /./ *
B-cell "%$   *( C !!* (Heavy Chain)   *(
%*1ก/."3! Cytoplasmic %*!*
 % %% ". .)%ก//>  ก
ก 
 . %ก& !  *( C !!*
(Heavy Chain) /> 5 &  1". ก
/..!*$/T1 B-cell กกC  1  .%
1 1 ก(, "% $ ก ก   
*  SS(ก T-cell
)  !%   .  ก ก  !
  ก  .  @ ก *   1  "*   
*  Y  ./>". ก 1 +#C 1
%*ก%! B-cell %ก%ก! Epitope
 .C 1 กก/T% ก 1 
"ก! & ! . .". .* +#
C . 1  clone .*! B-cell  S!#$ "$1
! ". .*! .@กC ก.$".1
Y) 1 Epitope .*ก    . 
 .*/>/&,Y) Y)ก ก*%
&% ก$
, & .  .**) HCG $
HCG @กC !#$%&".*%Wn".ก

<  ."ก& $. ก/>/*

*(Y-shaped) ".   3ก     *(1/> 
*ก1ก'(1".!%&   .
IgM  IgA . J chain %* (%ก.*!ก
& $ %*! J gene) +# J chain &%*#1%*%*

 20 "B
 (S : Immunoglobulin: Ig) !P 5 M"  * ก   . IgA @ ก 1  C%        ก
(Mucous membrane) . &%*/0กก%ก
+,

Translated from Campbell & Reece Biology Seventh Edition. © 2009 SATIT KKU student bio-class

 43 
 ก THAI EDITION 21

. D.>:E6..กD= >/.6
;I C /.6/ ,; (Heavy Chain) H>

78 5 = > (
 20) 
1. IgM [pentamer] /> .*ก".) ก . !$ก ก ก !$ 1 $". 1
(primary immune response) *%*A* IgM .!1S% % @C%!/ก "1".1 กก 

 "   (Complement system)
2. IgG [monomer] ) / (กก  />*". !#$
 ก ". 2 (Secondary immune response) .
!Aก C%!/ก #. " "
 ก".  (passive immunity) !"ก กก.$"1"./0ก ".. *
. %*%* 
 "  
3. IgA [dimer] ก+,$ก (mucous membrane) #) $ $ 1 $ +#&%*/0ก &$" 
1"ก
4. IgD [monomer] ) ".C *! B-cell &*%&%*"1/./> plasma cell  memory cell
5. IgE [monomer] ./ (ก/. ". ก  .&  @กก *  mast cell  +-T* (basophil) *
ก11 "."1ก ก) &% g. . (histamine)


"B
C"ก!" กก กก *!ก C  /n ".. C% 
ก ก! . %   @!* 
 กกก &$
**"1ก 1".1* B. CC (
 21)  .ก ก &$ )*ก&%*1ก
%%ก%! . ก C * !/.  %
 ก ก!ก ก +,1S%ก 
!*  ".. $ @/0ก*ก กก ก+,%3ก % ก Helper T-
 &$!C  .Cก  ) '! %+, cell ก ก B-cell +# ."1". ก 
 .  1 -, (macrophage) ก 1*%%  
 ก
$ ก) กก !/ )% .. 2 "%*ก.C %ก &$
 ".Cก %  . @ ก %& *% ./>)$R!ก 
%ก  ".., * 1  *(". *ก !1%ก />กก)*ก @"1ก 
 . $  "  % * ก   * , / ก ก.  *ก ก!+, ".   &$    * &  +, &. *
/.ก*ก  กCกก!  . 1,C /.!* +#C C". @/กl
ก1+,3 กก% /. C *+, @ .Y) 1 Epitope /.$
%ก/.3%/ "กก.$" Cกก+#%/T /. ก.%!กCกก .". 
11 /!1!+,3  C *+, @) *+,ก  NK-cell "1
$! %+, 1!ก * 1 ก* %กA.ก /.) !#$ ก กก/ +,". &$
ก %*1#$%  ก/0ก  /.

Translated from Campbell & Reece Biology 7th Edition. © 2009 SATIT KKU student bio-class
22THAI EDITION
 43 
 ก


 21 กAกก   ""B
C"ก !ก ก!
"B"  . ก  )/0กก"+,
! "., +,/ก/  ".$

ก!"กN#ก!" !

!
 ก) ก/0ก".ก 
กก &$ก /ก/%ก ก ก
 &$.$ .ก*!.+,(Memory cells) +#"
1ก ก!"กN "ก!
 ก.ก& 1#
ก  . IgG !%+#@%" %กC%"ก
 .& .$&%*"&$ & "..*)
%   *  
    ก   .$  .  ก*%     ก! "  !
 )
 .". ก%%&$ "1%.ก &$
ก )
 ก". %ก.*!ก .1".+,
!C .%/( 1 /1,-1 1ก".
 .@ก %C% (
 22) %กA . IgA
@ก %C%ก%/ %"ก$% +# .& .$
&%*) ก/0ก%ก &$!ก!(".

 ก!กก)Z 
 22 R# ก:"P "N#A !
ก!"
"$ 
    ก  ก%  
    ก    @    (ก!" !
 )
!#$
 กก% @)Zกก % 
".* %*%3!&$&$".%Œ"B  +#
/%กC%
 ก ก.ก*%ก d@!" * ".
%"1ก  )%ก%"&$
/> 11ก  cowpox +#ก) **@ก&ก*% 200
+,.!#$1ก". *+.$ก 1ก
/‚/>*+.*ก กY.*+.ก  cowpox .* S
$@ &$!.กกA.ก%
)&% * )   ก 
    ก  ". .  *ก &  .
กY.*+..$/ * Aก%ก 
กก*%* !") ' /n 11%".. 
&$  ".  $  1#  "  1 / &กก  *ก@#  
@ก"/>*+. *"$) '! "..".%Œ"B  &$
Translated from Campbell & Reece Biology Seventh Edition. © 2009 SATIT KKU student bio-class

 43 
 ก THAI EDITION 23

) ก1* @ ก(,กY.*+.ก"1! ". 1

)+*.%  "1ก ก !
") '@กก//"?*' 1970 /"? 1ก . 1*%ก"?*' 1990 />C1.C .&.* ก*% 5000
ก  
  กก% !Aก"ก &%*" 
*  &% /  1 ก %กA. ".% % * ก   
    ก  ".  $   .  ก
@ก      * *  +.     ก*%  $  *  +.  &    %
 ก! *,@กY. *,".%.
 ก &% ก".
@1)$".".%  (, /"?ก)Z ',@ก) 'ก@กก' *  +#/>+%".
*C )!C/ก %ก 
 ก!Aก กก1"..
 ก%) '!1# & 11
กY.*+.+#ก !3$ &  Y.+%"".1ก@ก) 'ก  . *
*%.ก/0ก%A". &% กกY.*+.   @@) 'ก%".) '$"ก/ก*%$

ก BNB "ก!" (Immune Rejection)

กA1กก &$%3 +,+# กC @@ก.ก/0ก!
 ก &% ก/ก@%
C *1ก1# %.ก"..)Bก%1ก  /1,กกA1. %1ก$กA@ก" (@ก%) ก
 
 ก!C (1  "./>/ ?*%"1S $
,#% @/l  Bก"$".%/>$!)
**%/l ก  ก%!%ก%ก/ก@%$1**1ก@%".&%*ก%/>/l ก  !

 ก".% %3

ก   A  B ก % ".."..
ก u: epitope ก   B "..กU/ A  
) 1.ก . /l ก  
  ก ".  ก@%    .+#./l ก  ก   B %. .3
  1% ABO (ABO blood system) />". @ก !#$)% "..".. epitope ก  
B  +,A@ก %/>กU/ A @+,A A )/l ก  !A!*"..% !@ก
กU/ A .ก!  A C *AกA1ก". "1%1@กก/1*%"..ก)Z @"..
  B @ก) +,AกU/ B "$  A กU/ A  ก@%ก"..กU/ B  . B
 B @ ก ) +,  A    กU / AB % . !$/> 11ก ก"/l ก  ก@%
 3@ก) +,AกU/ O Y ) ก@%&%.$+#ก/>1* !!#$
) 1 ! @# Cก" !ก@%   &A (shock) * &%.*ก@ . A 
1% ABO *%/>% ) (ก 
 ก กU /    B กA  . / l ก   %    C  ". . ก U /    B
! "..กU/ A % "..".. epitope กก

":PF:#@!F@#กvN F
ก(."."ก/ก@%1/.$/** **1$$$.ก MHC ".กก 
 ก+#
 %ก% *,.กก 1%& .. (alles) ".ก%1ก1 1 %. MHC class I  class II "
1 ก'(!//",+#.!/%".1ก1 *1ก1!ก MHC .$ก %.".1ก 2
ก ก*W"".."ก 13ก $1กก". S!C ก/.1/ก@% ก MHC $
!C  1ก%ก C )ก% )",)".&$!C1". ก MHC +#!กก C ". ".
/>/ กก.$C ก )1%1.ก !
 ก %กA.$ @กกC "..*%
ก3". &$1*%กก'

Translated from Campbell & Reece Biology 7th Edition. © 2009 SATIT KKU student bio-class
24THAI EDITION
 43 
 ก

ก/ก@%!กก1*%% /nS1!ก% / "B

).$ 
 ก!C . Aก".
". @ ก   ก  $    !C  1 @%    $     %ก/ก@% %กAA!*!กก!
%ก!C ก/ก@%!กก&กก'.. C1./l ก  %C /l ก  %C ก/ก@%
A& 3.)3ก กก'ก.*ก +,A .$  @ ก   ก  @  ก  MHC !C  1  C  !  ก   .
 (hematological disease) ก%". ก/ก@%!กก /กก1  !ก ก   /  1    )
C @กก'กY .)ก+,!กก!! *".ก/./!ก MHC *
1%$/>ก"1%"..+,C /ก กก'%. 1ก1ก% (pool) !C1". S

CONCEPT IV
 : 4 : ก  S" !"B! #

ก!"  CSE  S : CS ก w@F "  กFOP"
*%ก
 ก )$/>ก/0ก". S )กก "..%%1ก1 *
 ก
กA%&% "./
 / 1*.$  ก*  /nS1".ก !#$ 
 ก />ก!!*1
* *% 1ก$&* *Zก!* 1,ก/ *!*ก%$3 *%./ "B
)". @1
1.ก.ก %
 ก% 
ก 
FN YกBC" B #ก ก B
" #

ก!"
ก* !$ "."/ +#กก!A!* +,%ก  ".! %%ก"1ก ก !

 ก+#1ก/0ก%C /ก ก *ก% % />
 ) 
 ก"* 
 ก ก)%

 ก/>%%ก+#Cก" ".ก !#$%3"*.*ก !#$ก @#

E 
(Allergies) ) &% ก .$ก1 $1 ก$. 1* "

 )/>ก !%ก".*%*/> 11 ก(
 23) ก!1 "..&*% 
%ก (Hypersensitivity) %  1#"./>  g . (anti-histamine) +#/% ก * !g .
* #.ก "."1ก ก)*% ก%
 ) "1ก" @ก ก)%Y. )
(Allergens) +# ก%
 )!%กAก%ก/ 1 ก ก anaphylactic shock )1"*%ก
%กA) ก%ก .*".%"%ก !ก *%*A* "1 .&.* *
&% ก)ก ก (hey fever) ก />ก)  $ +#) กก) ) 'กC#$ ) +   $
%1%1ก&% / ก @* /> ".  />  
   )       )ก  )  -‚ 
กกกก ก) ก ก%
 )$ก". (epinephrine) * )  &  *ก  ก )
) +,  IgE ".)% ก%
 )$ +# IgE epinephrine "1*) !#$ กก.$"./>
 %*/ก".C *  +,(mast cell)  ก% 
 )ก@*  / 113"."1กก

 )$%/ ก%
 ).$ ก IgE ".C * +,"..%  /" ก% 
   ) ).   *A ก   ". />  
""."1 granule +,ก1 g .(histamine)
 )".*%* #ก (Hypersensitivity) "*/1AC/>
ก/>*กกก .กก *ก.$*% . .$)กก ก". g, epinephrine 1 /0ก
ก& (Degranulation) .g ./>* S"."1 ก ก)!#$
ก ก!*!1 "1C *1  ก ก

Translated from Campbell & Reece Biology Seventh Edition. © 2009 SATIT KKU student bio-class

 43 
 ก THAI EDITION 25


 23 Mast cell, IgE #ก B
"BN @#E 

E ก!"  FB"(Autoimmune disease)

 
 ก)%ก%ก /> 1"."1ก 
 ก" .$ก !#$
+,%ก% @ก *(self)ก */ก/(none-self)#1A
+,"ก*/> /ก/1   .%+, 1%$ "
1+,* @ก"  &%   Lupus erythematosus(lupus)ก% 1 ก ก 
/.g .A ก  ."+,*"1C *1
ก />! !!ก ก"!C /ก ก กA /*".!!กก
(
 24)  1*/
"". 1  +   กC   +, ก % 
"
 ก />%1! autoimmune cytotoxic T cell "*/
ก/ "$/>*C /ก ".)Zก
 ก"
/ ""..ก*% Multiple sclerosis+#ก ก   (Myelin)!+,
/ "@ก" .$ T cell"ก+#%".?,ก / ")"
myelin sheath  +#/> %*1#!+,/ " )B? ,
*". %Cก"
 ก*".*% %3 *%&% & ก

 * ก) 
 ก".*% %3 กก.$*C/>

 ก") )?1S กก*%C& %กA/>/".C&

/> multiple sclerosis )Z/> /n (lupus) ก*% "1 
 24 
ก F: Yw@FE BN
" *%ก*  T cell />ก/0กก"+,* %*A!* !ก
 BF
กA"1".!(". SA". ?#ก'กก"+,1%$%
C /ก

Translated from Campbell & Reece Biology 7th Edition. © 2009 SATIT KKU student bio-class
26THAI EDITION
 43 
 ก

ก CM "ก""  #@  F #

ก!"

1 ก&
 กก !กก%.Cก" %
 ก ) (ก*% "*/+,
1%.$".% *%
)ก?".1**%
* &$ ก1!!(กกก&%*/ /
 ก

* .กก &$ "ก ก 1 ก%ก!.$กกกก"11%%%ก 
&$ ก.".* B+#@/>กกกก".1ก1ก !#$%ก* ".* B%ก )
)*ก!.กW‘ก+กกก%   &%*ก3!กกกก"1 #ก1 ".*ก"
 * "กก)"
 ก//./* )B,)*ก g,  / "
 ก%3

%ก

E ก!"
ก
N(Immunodeficiency Disease) "".  ก%  1  ก      * *1  ". ! 
/> * 
   ก  / +#  Immunodeficiency A!*) 1Aกก1" %
.กก*% Immunodeficiency กก 
 ก ก)% . ก".!C/2**.$/>".ก ก+
(Immunodeficiency) ก Cก")Bก1ก)Z % ("..ก*%Y*ก )

 ก ก Immunodeficiency !/)Z &% ".ก ก&$* "."1/ก
"."&.*
)+#
 ก". (Pneumonia) 
*1 ก (meninges) ".  *(
1%.กA!#$%ก  / "g, +#"$  !   1  +# "  1    &%  .  *ก    ก
.$ กA     )  B, ก (,  * # ก . ก  *  &% 
* ก'ก'".  *(!กก/ก@% stem cell
*."1
 ก />11ก  ก&  )    
    ก  "  )  / /
1&  %A$กA. 1ก*.&%ก ")*กA$ Y)% %$1
%  / " (neurotransmitter) 1ก".. ก $(Hodgkin|s disease)+#/" $1
* !"1
 ก !#$ ก Immunodeficiency /
"&**ก ก
กก  Immunodeficiency ก  Cก" .  * " )  ก"     ก  />   , !#$  (Acquired
)  B ก 1 ก ) Z 
    ก  !+,   Immunodeficiency Syndrome, AIDS)!#$ +#ก กก &$

 ก".1ก1 1ก!*@ ".)%/. * &*% Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)  />&$
&%  . ".". !', ก'%1/>).%*
ก%ก/)."%$

ก S
Sก #

ก!"M:PE 
&%.*ก 
 ก"..1".!!*&$)Z*1.* @ !#$ก $&$ กกก)Z.$
ก !#$&$&%ก*%ก&$".ก ', &%*%กกก1 1.ก!&$ .$ ก/./
  ก1 + ก. /0ก
ก F""B"
กกก1 1.กก/0ก%ก!&$%1#ก"1
 ก% @"กกก"
$%ก.ก "#ก".&%&$ @1ก&$ @"1ก%ก "#กกA%@ก""".!
%ก.*)".*1/>/ 1%.ก ) )1%ก %"
&% sleeping sickness &$.$!/%ก*"ก*/>)3/ )%1 /0ก *%*
/>*  1ก$กA @1 1.กก"".  (!
 25)

Translated from Campbell & Reece Biology Seventh Edition. © 2009 SATIT KKU student bio-class

 43 
 ก THAI EDITION 27

/nS11S%!ก/./ ก/./!&$ influenza 1 &$1*"./>/nS11ก! !

)
/n 

.$/>ก- */./! C/2*

 sleeping sickness />*%กC/2*".%!
+#*ก!$/.  C */.!*"
1 @กก@ก"ก
 ก
&%กก ',"./>)1*/ ก CกAก ก
/./*)1)1 1.กก/0ก%/.ก ก
/./.$กA"1ก 1"..*1ก1 ก%/‚
)&$.$.ก)Zก/..  1%ก 

 25 ก F""B" BกNE  Sleeping sickness &$*)1".% )B,&%1ก% $กA  C
*%!C/2*".% &$$! Sleeping ก!#$  . ก   ก
    ก  ก%  ก  ก"  1  &$  
sickness  @#ก/.//>*lก! /.". /./ก"1 /0ก% @"
C *!/  ก &$.$ก/>$)ก/./% &%&%*/‚.?. 1918-1919 .ก!1*.$กก*%1 
/1, %C1/  @1 .ก !
 ก
  *,/ก*%. * "ก *.$! 1* )Z  
)/
* .1%ก
ก N"B!@
&$ & ?%*)1% กก
 ก%&$)กAก"

 ก ก+*!&$$"ก*11ก +,!)1)1 /0ก%ก*%/>&$

กDNA!Aก".1ก *)1)1 ก/>+,!*)1%"

ก EB #

\ก!"EFB  (HIV) &%* ".  &$ HIV -n ก * &$ %  ). % 1  
HIV &$.$ก%1ก  ,&$.$ C % /0ก%)%! % %3!%ก"1%ก.
ก1 1.ก" /0ก !HIV &$* & ก ).*".@ก"%กA).* B.".  (%
.$/>* "..ก)Z .,/ก "..ก*%T-cell .ก 1!) (!  26)
+#"/ $ก"!CD4"..1". % SS( ก %!&HIV$ %C%"!1*".1
ก/
 ก1"&$#"1 /0ก ก%ก %ก % *%&%ก.)? )B,
% "  ก .$ &$  " ก)    *) Z  %/0ก 1/>ก&!A%*ก!C ก ก
* DNAก
!+,! /0ก *@#@#"/กก%*)?"/ก ,.$
) *ก)กA"+,ก/1 ก   กกC"./>%** $3"
/0ก1%.ก3)ก
 ก%/&$HIV#/>* ". 1 %%ก
.*ก /0ก
# -#ก!"
* )B,1*%
 กก A1  %*"./>".%!/>".ก%*%Aก 
 ก
ก?#ก'$/ %ก  'R*%
 ก. +,%ก/>A%กA..ก* *%%ก%"1 &$
% ก &$/>* %A$ ".)
 ก% @% ก +,A./ %) *A

Translated from Campbell & Reece Biology 7th Edition. © 2009 SATIT KKU student bio-class
28THAI EDITION
 43 
 ก

SUMMARY OF KEY CONCEPTS

  #-" !.

CONCEPTS
 : 1 C" #

ก!"EFก " ก  ก!"A #ก B
" #OP"FNก!
!กQR#M:PE 
ก!"EFก "C"!B@ANก #ก!"S!
*,%.กก 1 ก/ก/0*!!*
ก "$"ก
)". ".!ก P
 กQ
%*&$+# @W2*ก.!*ก%*!
%ก$ @กก +, $1 กก.$+,
ก%*.ก1 //",%&.) (anti-crobial peptides) กก
 "ก 1 %&$
.$ ?/.".&ก (recognition protein)
ก!"EFก "C"!B@ก #ก!"S!
C *1"."" ก ก&$.ก)*ก&$%3 ก% pH +#@ก กก+# C *1
 $ ก%++$/>/ ก%&$ %1ก&$ @W2! &$$@กก +, -ก
+, (phagocytes) +#ก *กก%*ก%1ก ก * ก /.   (complement protein) /. ก*
(interferon) /.%&.)3 "1".%  $ก กก!&$ กก />  *($ g. ".
(histamine)  SS(.3  %ก+,". A "11!*1C%!ก!#$ "1-ก+,
/.%&.)) / () !#$)กก &$ กก.$ +,กV%B& (NK-cells) ก"
+,+# *
Innate Immune System Evasion by Pathogens
1&$ก! "..  @*ก!
+,
 ก กก.$ ".. )*ก ""
%ก%!++.ก*

CONCEPTS
 : 2 C" #

ก!" 
# B!@ !
C"EgAB #
@  
#BNก
ก.*ก Lymphocytes ก ก stem cells !กก
&%กก (B-cell)  Thymus (T-cell)
Acquired immunity : An overview : Lymphocytes .C *
/>* "ก*1ก1%./> %*1S%ก%
ก B-cell  T-cell .*%* T-cell &%*1
+,3 B-cell C  ". $+,+# &$
Antigen Recognition * 1**ก antigen : B
cell   )/ "B
)%ก ".
!#$ Antigen T-cell  / Aก3

!m" ก EgAB (!
)

Translated from Campbell & Reece Biology Seventh Edition. © 2009 SATIT KKU student bio-class

 43 
 ก THAI EDITION 29

CONCEPTS
 : 3 #

ก!" 
# #\ก!"ก BM:P#S@C" N ก F
ก &$!!1*%ก+,%ก  ก* กก  g * (humoral response) 
ก ?+,/> ก (cell-mediated responses) %C
Helper T-cell:  %*ก% (antigen) "ก& 
Helper T-cell 1 cytokines 1& ". @ก lymphocytes
Cytoxic T-cell  %+,". * +,A$
T cell cytoxic 1 protein .ก" cell /01
B ’cell:   Extracellular Pathogen  antibody .C% antigen ".C *! Pathogen )ก&$
Active and Passive immune
Active immunity )Z!#$)  /ก/ (Vaccination)
Passive immunity /> /0ก&**ก  IgG C%ก% %   %* IgG C%ก% %" 1ก
Y.
Immune Rejection   C *+,A % ก1%ก! *%/>1%   .+#
% ก%ก %!ก*ก ก กกก (transfusion) "1ก * .1ก +,".@ก กก
$3 ก ก/ * A!ก/ก@%**$ ) !#$* )B,"
 "1*%C1 C
  %1กก ก%"
 ก*C/2* "
 ก (Immunosuppressive drugs) ก/ก@% -
+,!กก  .%ก%%".ก !#$ก C **

CONCEPTS
 : 4 ก   FS"  #

ก!"   v CSกE A S : CS ก w@F "  กFOP"
Exaggerated, Self-Directed, and Dimnished Immune Response ก)Y) IgE  ก  +, (Mast cells) &ก
1+,1 g. ".   %.3 />C1ก ก/.// ก1*.  ก ก)!#$
ก %/
"+,".C )/ %
 ก%* (Self-tolerance) &%กก  sclerosis 

 ก ก)%%ก .Cก* ก)%")Bก "1ก ก ก*ก!
 ก 1!ก

 ก "1 &$% @#ก%&.*  %*
 ก ก)%  , (AIDS) ก กก &$ ,

Acquired immune system evasion by Pathogens *ก% (Pathogen) & ก/C% (antigenic variation) !%ก
)Zก)1 . 1ก".%!
 ก ก &$ , (HIV infection) "".+,C&%*
(helper T cells) "1C/2*/ /nS1ก.*ก ก!
 ก Y)/ &+,/> ก

# -# #

ก!" *%Aก

 ก ก)%1"กA %% @%&*%ก/>
A$  ก "
 ก (immune response) ) กก &$ 1%%".
 ก
ก)% 11A%%&

Translated from Campbell & Reece Biology 7th Edition. © 2009 SATIT KKU student bio-class