Grade 9

Matter In Our Surroundings

Characteristics of matter particles
1. There are spaces between matter particles
2. Matter particles move continuously movement increases with rising temperature
3. Attract each other attraction force highest in solids > liquids > gases
Solid phase
1. Permanent shape change is difficult
2. Negligible compressibility
3. Definite shape, size, and boundary
Liquid phase
1. No fixed shape and boundary
2. Have a fixed volume
3. Low compressibility
Gaseous state
1. No fixed shape, volume, and boundary
2. Highly compressible
3. Gas exerts pressure on its container
Change of state
A change of state occurs because heat energy breaks the bonding between particle
s. Kinetic energy
of the particle increases.
Melting point The temperature at which a solid melts into a liquid at normal atm
ospheric
pressure.
At melting point, the temperature does not change until all solid converts into
liquid.
Latent heat The heat required to break the force of attraction between the parti
cles at transition
temperature. This heat becomes confined within the material and is called the la
tent heat.
Amount of heat required to change 1 kg of material to change its state at normal
atmospheric
pressure is called the latent heat for that transition.
Sublimation
Solid gas [directly]
Ammonium chloride
Effect of change of pressure
If pressure is applied,
Melting temperature decreases
Boiling point increases
Dry Ice Solid CO2 [directly converts to gas]
Evaporation Change of liquid into vapours at any temperature below the boiling p
oint
Factors affecting evaporation
1. Surface area If increases, evaporation rate increases
2. Temperature If increases, evaporation rate increases
3. Humidity If decreases, evaporation rate increases
4. Wind speed If increases, evaporation rate increases
Evaporation Takes the latent heat from body. Thus, the body cools when evaporati
on takes
place.
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