©1 09 2010 Analog Electronics Frequency Response + Frequency Response means how a device (circuit vesponds of Mifferent i fed denfeies Frequency of an device on a Civcuit Vainiation of an Output Sigel When the of the input signal Vairiation above Change. in amptitud Phase angie. The change tn Phase angie iS also called Phase vespanse. There gain of an amelifier7 = n rol ug fuokieh oF tie Treguiie Fx fn audio amplifier as a louer cut-off Frequency of 204, and vores id band iia bend aie ee Pie ain Upper cut-off frequengy of 20 KHL. The amplifies delivers AO W to a (3-2 load at kK, @) what is the Amplifier ? (b> What is the at 20k: le) whet is the Bu of the rms load yoltage Tm load voltage lower-cutorp at ky, Prequency * pov Owe A-F, 2 aokH, ~ 20H, Mico oar esissance ~ 20,000 ~20 BH 19,980 Hy a Bw AP by A Band -width ee => Vis 240 iS.5 y P= Qow . 12 m Ve e.gy */ Power at » (Ya) . 0.52 cut-oFe mid bandTk, 20KH aA mid-range , P= a0n ©.5p> 10M Cat sown, > Pe > Vex fe 1 Vso = 10.95 =i 210.98 Vong Ko at aK , We Assume Power is equd 20 ah power in rku V2 5-44 Vom, Am wde And phase Distortion The Signal pass throgh an Ac ampli Pier usually a complex wave form Containing mang different frequency Components vather than a Single frequency © pure sine Wave, Because any Periodic waveform Such as Square or triangular wave form iS a Sumoe large no: of waveform Cfouvier Sevies) it 15 Sufficent to know how an amplifier treats any Single gine wave Amplitude dist Shape distorted due to high frequencies” not eing dmpltel caeeeeNote: Decibles and _logyithmic plots If the Trequency vesponse of an amplifier is such that gain * de 108105. Ph ot a Frequency iS different pore a0 ) than for another Frequency , PL - power at the output the oureut will be distorted f= Power at the input And the Ghape of the output will not be the Same a5 the AB = 10 109.5 (_Y7Ra sinput This is Catted amplitude we) distortion 2 10 109.0 va I ve Pee eee ies opposing sd. ie) +40 loge ( Mey © 10 x 2 10g, (Ye) Phase distortion iS the FPailiey i to cause equal phase Shifts +30 1eg,6(¥2) = 38 ae by the circuit a3 Non-linear distortion results when} * Baten a = 20 tog,, (2) an_amplifier's gain depends On Gingl amplitude rather than the frequency }210 tog a x 10% ig Oa 10 Be Bx ald eoo> ars ge + 16 log Goo [3 fees [sows 9; Boge . + 10 log... 15000 The amplifier shown O25 input +10 (log, 5 +3 log, 10) wesistance 1500-2 and drives Q 100-2 joad. TF the input 4 = 10( 1.196 + an) Curent {8 0-632 mArms and sulla & +20 the load voltage 30 Vrms +8 = 41.46 as Find he power gain in dB. | Jain in b) dB - ' Ve (okvaitagewg dp gc opto gia 2 —29-loag (Ye) (or pet e Y= 30. Wms ae anes sient) ni ae } 520 geomet asc) = 0-394 x18 00x10 i = 0-Ga2 Kes = 598. 5x10 3 = 0-448 } ay, + a0 109,, (30 ontage gain w C22. Pa 2 Bo’. Foo -109 i sae) Lee sOU ASS! +20 log, (31-64) +t eu o ai tox « 30d A Boower gain 10! Sw (sie sxia"e) io + 30 dayNote .-(@) 2-4 Change in voltage <> 6 dB F4s- 90 log (2) + 20 b59,,(.16) Thowiew -cchangelin volkagem>.26 eal. a log ¢ 1) 220.199, C8} -G-03 dp ; = 6dBy i or to Change in Voltage 520d Ca 20 oH (4B) > 20 129,, () = 20d | a (d) 10-1 Change in Voltage © 2048 Ex:-s0 log. (10 +20 99, (82) + 20da ei 2 * Every time voltage 18 dubled, an additional 6 da is added +o the voltage. gain Every Lime the voltage is Wn a Factor of 10 an additional Dodp is added to the voltage gain Ex (a) gain of 100 —> dB? Z lox16 dB = 20 log,4 Clox to) > 20(109,, 10 + log,,16] pao Citi +acxea *40dB,w ico) Be daienda, eeob ike Me 20.(109,¢2 + 09,2) ao ( Gade +6 do) Pag. gain of 400 ox 1248 te o40dB 20 1og,, 400 20 flog, Gx 100) J be 20 flog, 4 4109, 100 | 220 [10g,,2 + 1092 + 109,510 4109, 10]. saof 6tertar) = Dog © question. The is ame with input voltage FOV ems 9 AE fier the veseect voltage to = 2e0 FF of an input amp lifiey point © in gain is the Cot 1% ~4-2 dB and at point @, the voltage gain with respect to point @ is 18-5 de. (@) Find the Voltage ot point ® (> Voltage at point @ ©) the valtage gain in dB at point @ with respect to the input. > - 4.2de@ = a0 109,,(¥ 4.2.48» 20 105.9 (Ys) = 0231 = 10545 Ve ae an val YAg eine Bae dmv ove F4tedmy V,! 233-66 mv = 20 log, (_»") ve 18. sdB a0 tog, ( vs” ) B46 mv + 109,,:( ) 3.4 6x10°% (> 19. 5 de= Semilog and gan tol, feel, gain v logo 08-07-2010 AB 1019 Se) "mit Om © 10 loge (2, 1 dew - 10 10945 (Pa) Tin log-log | plots 000 Ja, levee 4, J, 2345 69 e4t6 fe 10g 1000 logieeDecade Any ten-to-one Frequency range iS Called a decade .Cio times) ex:- tHy - lo Hs lor, - 100 Hy 1OKH,- 100 ku, Boot, - 5 KHe In semi log and log-log plots decade Cetave : Two-to-one vange of Frequency Cdoubled ) ex 5H, - 10H, loo H, ~ 200H, tka - 2k, -ada cut-ore 1 a Effect OF Series Capacitance On law Teguency vespanse The lower cut-off Frequency OF an amplifier iS affected by by the sevies Capacitance in the Signal Flow path. Examples ave the input Coupling Capacitors and the Output Coupling Capacitors . Ye coughing Sapte C,wes) dere, ish temp i(6) ce hnglid Tin Cy [vin ls 1 lil 2 Loner Cur off Frequency, If internal resistance (vs) OF the Source is taken in to account 0,2 4H —®@ Ciatrie Five Nt 2AM A+EIC, [Vin] ¢ Vino Ce Iv. | tL clint IGT 4 ofttn c, lvl Wogl = in 69 ee ly] GDS Test zk Ive) + Come N Garay Cao) +k Wypu! keg ul +O) 4 Phase Shift between Vin 4 Vs ke Vel lsvaniin «Vg < Phase = 0 in 5 Xe) eee = tan (2) j rif ca) without Source resistance TF we consider Source Fesistance | Zin = Aas OC, Chint T = Anal as. S (2B) Frequency response of _ Filters + tar low pass filter Filters High pass Siker RC - low pass Filter :~ Taj Coke) b When ot ReNae ee Vin. y Where Fea Tay THR Nati = 1 - Wind Ga) viheresG. oa Re jwhere & 21 aaRe Question 1 ~| | | | | | | The amplifier rid-band gain Lar the voltage (b> the lower ( the voltage gain IMI Shown hi Wal as WW = 90 - gain Wel Vin ) Find. cut-off Frequency dB at the curoer Answer Ww, Vin = frequency a) In wo Weal) = Veh Ta =\Minl_s Wed wa del = Go \\) wal = Lvel . vel Weel \Vgh 1 Mal > IMI x4 Wl Wal Avy) = 90 xt 2408 VS > a.agy x ea Bese Datne, 2 ax ISOKO-SxLTS sell ide 335619 = 4.244 x 10? Ps 424.4 Wywe dBy = ww |vinl Ve} Fhoxo 5x 15% £2.66 K0" Do 109,48 2OXI.Q5 = c 39.08z° = @450x © Co.sxto%) he one) aCe w?x0-5x10° 0X _2.66 oat Foo = 9945x107 oo Sites > 994. 59x00F 4 (2-66xo SKC) 2 qocKo-03 994. 5x10 a 2 36.94% Cb} 2,2) No a 2% (Tint Ie) C, 2ACqoo) KO SKIOe =o anx50x4 = 108 8 a. 596 K Ko He ae2442 = 253.6 Hy ; —= (a) Ak the mid-band ¢ can be } neglected . ; Wut. x Wel } 1% Vs) | G0 vin \ \al | \ Vind Fo =/ 450 Val reer qo + 450, 1v} G00 “Wielaa-07/2010 Op-amps IVI 2 ¢ox900 inl 450 Feed back Theory - open et = 108 error Ve Min SoS ae Signal ae a . Vin 4 ieee Vout” As Me ba fg al | 24 Ce 4 Hin) C = 353.6% fe B = Ye AVous | LI Led Gain in dB at mid-band ; B > feed back Yatio 220 log, 90 Ve + error } Vp < Peed back + 39.0% dB A + opamp gain SGain at fe + 39.08 -3 = 36.08 dB @1) Find an expression for Vout ? = } Vin Your + A Ve —@ Nes Vin= Ve —© Np = B Vout —@ Nout © ACVin- A Vout) Cfrom@,6 £ Vin - @* Vout A. closed-loop) ‘Vin CrAp gain Feedback theory is used in many practical applications including Automatic control Systems. The System Shown Without the feedback path ig called an open-loop System ond the system Shown with the feedback path is Called a CloSed= loop System aMhen B=! > Unty feedback OP- amp. Non- inverting “2a PN cout pad inverting V= [> Yor AC VV) inpud Main characteristics of 0 p-amps Gvery high input impedance C2imn— 0) @lvery “low output [impedance Cz.—.0) @ very high open-loop gain CA ~s 0) Cp-amp input -~ output relationship Summary va f= vi =p Jo zrrf > Vey OP-amp Applications + @ Tnverting Amplifier But according 40 the civcuits Thai To} QD [Find an expression fox Vo? Impur impedance is Very high * -. There ig mo Current +o the op-amp We Cute ve)io) Sem aleved inst saan tes ® salt @3) Find an expression for Yo? Input impedance is high. -: Theve 1S NO Current to ihe Cp-amp. Cre 8) Ma Be) ve ee Input impedance is very high. where! is no. current 4 the op-amp But according to the wt CreatRy Vo = WyfsRi a0 Rp Ny Since the output is following the input. this is called as Vo-R, * Vin Re +R.) voltage Follower A Voltage Followey make use » a Re) Yon of the cp-amp properties of Rd. high input impedance and low output impedance Alera ee (# es) Yin Speciol case of nan- inverting amplifier @ Voltoge _ Summation Re When Resa and Roo Cvery loge) Re A Qa) Find an expression for Ve? Tnput impedance is very high i .Pheve is no current to | the op-amp . Weise =a tatCSr10m @) Re) i Ceuvent through | 22 Civ pees Va 2a ln ® @ RB Rk According +0 the civcuit , Ne Ro + +h) Ros By wy, Ry * va Re Fe +X +) Rg, Re oiRei } TE, Ree k ; oe = Re CV4N, +¥5) j qe 4 ; Sf _, Rp +8 Nee OM a WEY) = @ Electronic Tntegrarion Aue A ¢ CP.t.0)€ im via et r fea = Et An electyonic tntegrator is a device that produce an Output which is equal to the total area Under the Input waveform upto that point Vand vad QS) Find an expression for Ve Ves ACM Ve) —O Ve 20+ VIX Cx Ate) A | mpud impedance iS very high a Theve is no Current to the op-amp-f Vin Ad mae: Re es et es Bees ie Canis with ae cone 3°. very high)) wo prevent Practical AWis, We use Integrator Practical Integrator we Re a Rg * For Bc: VEE ORAL Vin The practical integrator the output going large values prevents An to yal very For Oc, tk Works ag Gn WnVexting amplifier © Electronic Differentiation (.7.0)@6) Find an expression for vet Ve iA Cyt MT) Ne oe Mitews Cu aa) A wt eM vit 10 Input impedence is very high “Theee is no Cunent fo the ©Pp-amp A Wy -¥) fk Vo = -@re ) Avin aa a Nemo Ry + AVin a Soe Practical Differentiotor stone en ie a Ly, When Frequency is vey. large, Ahis acts as an inverting amplifier Quest}The amplifier shown has @ Voltage gain vil 130 Vial calculate (@ lower Cut-off Frequency duc to the input Coupling Capacitor We) the IW1 1 octave below cut-off Vel ©) phase shift 1 decade above cut-off W) Asymptotic gain IW\ 1 octave s 14) below cut-off © ower cut-off frequency > The gain IM) in dB at F- 10.95 Hd > 1 eT WI Barge DARL HRS DDE Wy es | ‘A, (dav) > 51673 Haye aSumptotic sesponse @ Wl = Can tv (vs) a, W Ka x30 reer = jigde ge iG 28 x10 = 04 a(8) lower cut-off Frequency 1 DAbintts) C me aD Baxaecox 2.24 ~ 36.17 Hy =